PT J
AU Taylor, AH
   Allen, JI
   Clark, PA
AF Taylor, AH
   Allen, JI
   Clark, PA
TI Extraction of a weak climatic signal by an ecosystem
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-south shifts; gulf-stream; dynamics; sea; zooplankton; abundance; plankton; atlantic; temperature; carbon
AB The complexity of ecosystems can cause subtle(1) and chaotic responses to changes in external forcing(2). Although ecosystems may not normally behave chaotically(3), sensitivity to external influences associated with nonlinearity can lead to amplification of climatic signals. Strong correlations between an El Nino index and rainfall and maize yield in Zimbabwe have been demonstrated(4); the correlation with maize yield was stronger than that with rainfall. A second example is the 100,000-year ice-age cycle, which may arise from a weak cycle in radiation through its influence on the concentration of atmospheric CO2 (ref. 5). Such integration of a weak climatic signal has yet to be demonstrated in a realistic theoretical system. Here we use a particular climatic phenomenon-the observed association between plankton populations around the UK and the position of the Gulf Stream(6,7)-as a probe to demonstrate how a detailed marine ecosystem model extracts a weak signal that is spread across different meteorological variables. Biological systems may therefore respond to climatic signals other than those that dominate the driving variables.
C1 Plymouth Marine Lab, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, England.
   Univ Plymouth, Dept Math & Stat, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England.
   Univ Sussex, Dept Geog, Brighton BN1 9SJ, E Sussex, England.
C3 Plymouth Marine Laboratory; University of Plymouth; University of Sussex
RP Taylor, AH (corresponding author), Plymouth Marine Lab, Prospect Pl, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, England.
NR 24
TC 160
Z9 178
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6881
BP 629
EP 632
DI 10.1038/416629a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 539YV
UT WOS:000174901900042
PM 11948350
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, P
   Xiong, ZT
   Luo, JZ
   Lin, JY
   Tan, KL
AF Chen, P
   Xiong, ZT
   Luo, JZ
   Lin, JY
   Tan, KL
TI Interaction of hydrogen with metal nitrides and imides
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID walled carbon nanotubes; storage
AB The pursuit of a clean and healthy environment has stimulated much effort in the development of technologies for the utilization of hydrogen-based energy. A critical issue is the need for practical systems for hydrogen storage, a problem that remains unresolved after several decades of exploration. In this context, the possibility of storing hydrogen in advanced carbon materials has generated considerable interest. But confirmation and a mechanistic understanding of the hydrogen-storage capabilities of these materials still require much work(1-5). Our previously published work on hydrogen uptake by alkali-doped carbon nanotubes cannot be reproduced by others(6-8). It was realized by us and also demonstrated by Pinkerton et al.(8) that most of the weight gain was due to moisture, which the alkali oxide picked up from the atmosphere. Here we describe a different material system, lithium nitride, which shows potential as a hydrogen storage medium. Lithium nitride is usually employed as an electrode, or as a starting material for the synthesis of binary or ternary nitrides(9,10). Using a variety of techniques, we demonstrate that this compound can also reversibly take up large amounts of hydrogen. Although the temperature required to release the hydrogen at usable pressures is too high for practical application of the present material, we suggest that more investigations are needed, as the metal-N-H system could prove to be a promising route to reversible hydrogen storage.
C1 Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Phys, Singapore 119260, Singapore.
C3 National University of Singapore
RP Chen, P (corresponding author), Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Phys, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore.
NR 16
TC 1542
Z9 1668
U1 7
U2 601
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6913
BP 302
EP 304
DI 10.1038/nature01210
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 617BM
UT WOS:000179340400038
PM 12447436
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whitfield, J
AF Whitfield, J
TI Behavioural ecology: Nosy neighbours
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vocal interactions; fighting fish; nightingales
NR 13
TC 12
Z9 17
U1 2
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6904
BP 242
EP 243
DI 10.1038/419242a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 594NH
UT WOS:000178056300013
PM 12239533
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Veillet, C
   Parker, JW
   Griffin, I
   Marsden, B
   Doressoundiram, A
   Buie, M
   Tholen, DJ
   Connelley, M
   Holman, MJ
AF Veillet, C
   Parker, JW
   Griffin, I
   Marsden, B
   Doressoundiram, A
   Buie, M
   Tholen, DJ
   Connelley, M
   Holman, MJ
TI The binary Kuiper-belt object 1998 WW31
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hubble-space-telescope; discovery
AB The recent discovery(1,2) of a binary asteroid during a spacecraft fly-by generated keen interest, because the orbital parameters of binaries can provide measures of the masses, and mutual eclipses could allow us to determine individual sizes and bulk densities. Several binary near-Earth(3-5), main-belt(6-10) and Trojan(11) asteroids have subsequently been discovered. The Kuiper belt-the region of space extending from Neptune (at 30 astronomical units) to well over 100 AU and believed to be the source of new short-period comets(12)-has become a fascinating new window onto the formation of our Solar System since the first member object, not counting Pluto, was discovered in 1992 (ref. 13). Here we report that the Kuiper-belt object 1998 WW31 is binary with a highly eccentric orbit (eccentricity e approximate to 0.8) and a long period (about 570 days), very different from the Pluto/Charon system, which was hitherto the only previously known binary in the Kuiper belt. Assuming a density in the range of 1 to 2 g cm(-3), the albedo of the binary components is between 0.05 and 0.08, close to the value of 0.04 generally assumed for Kuiper-belt objects.
C1 Canada France Hawaii Telescope Corp, Kamuela, HI 96743 USA.
   SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
   Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Observ Paris, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ USA.
   Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 Canada France Hawaii Telescope; Space Telescope Science Institute; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris
RP Veillet, C (corresponding author), Canada France Hawaii Telescope Corp, POB 1597, Kamuela, HI 96743 USA.
NR 23
TC 78
Z9 82
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6882
BP 711
EP 713
DI 10.1038/416711a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 542FU
UT WOS:000175033500034
PM 11961547
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, JM
   Xu, F
   Hashimshony, T
   Keshet, N
   Cedar, H
AF Zhang, JM
   Xu, F
   Hashimshony, T
   Keshet, N
   Cedar, H
TI Establishment of transcriptional competence in early and late S phase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID histone acetylation; replication origins; chromatin-structure; dna; chromosome; activation
AB In animal cells, the process of DNA replication takes place in a programmed manner, with each gene region designated to replicate at a fixed time slot in S phase. Housekeeping genes undergo replication in the first half of S phase in all cell types, whereas the replication of many tissue specific genes is developmentally controlled, being late in most tissues but early in the tissue of expression(1). Here we employ nuclear DNA injection as an experimental system to test whether this phenomenon is due to differences in the ability to set up transcriptional competence during S phase(2,3). Our results show that, regardless of sequence, exogenous genes are a better template for transcription when injected into nuclei of cells in early as opposed to late S phase, and this expression state, once initiated, is preserved after cell division. DNA injected in late S phase is apparently repressed because it is packaged into chromatin containing deacetylated histones, and the same is true for late replicating chromosomal DNA. These findings suggest a mechanistic connection between replication timing and gene expression that might help to explain how epigenetic states can be maintained in vivo.
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Cellular Biochem & Human Genet, Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Cedar, H (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Cellular Biochem & Human Genet, Jerusalem, Israel.
EM cedar@md2.huji.ac.il
NR 28
TC 143
Z9 164
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6912
BP 198
EP 202
DI 10.1038/nature01150
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 614QM
UT WOS:000179200900051
PM 12432398
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Crittenden, SL
   Bernstein, DS
   Bachorik, JL
   Thompson, BE
   Gallegos, M
   Petcherski, AG
   Moulder, G
   Barstead, R
   Wickens, M
   Kimble, J
AF Crittenden, SL
   Bernstein, DS
   Bachorik, JL
   Thompson, BE
   Gallegos, M
   Petcherski, AG
   Moulder, G
   Barstead, R
   Wickens, M
   Kimble, J
TI A conserved RNA-binding protein controls germline stem cells in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-suppressor gene; in-vivo; gld-1; pumilio; pathway; glp-1; nanos; roles; line; fbf
AB Germline stem cells are defined by their unique ability to generate more of themselves as well as differentiated gametes(1). The molecular mechanisms controlling the decision between self-renewal and differentiation are central unsolved problems in developmental biology with potentially broad medical implications. In Caenorhabditis elegans, germline stem cells are controlled by the somatic distal tip cell(2,3). FBF-1 and FBF-2, two nearly identical proteins, which together are called FBF ('fem-3 mRNA binding factor'), were originally discovered as regulators of germline sex determination(4). Here we report that FBF also controls germline stem cells: in an fbf-1 fbf-2 double mutant, germline proliferation is initially normal, but stem cells are not maintained. We suggest that FBF controls germline stem cells, at least in part, by repressing gld-1, which itself promotes commitment to the meiotic cell cycle(5,6). FBF belongs to the PUF family ('Pumilio and FBF') of RNA-binding proteins(7). Pumilio controls germline stem cells in Drosophila females(8,9),and, in lower eukaryotes, PUF proteins promote continued mitoses(10,11). We suggest that regulation by PUF proteins may be an ancient and widespread mechanism for control of stem cells.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biochem, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Program Mol & Cellular Biol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Oklahoma Med Res Fdn, Program Mol Biol, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
RP Kimble, J (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
NR 26
TC 345
Z9 456
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6889
BP 660
EP 663
DI 10.1038/nature754
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 559AE
UT WOS:000176001200051
PM 12050669
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pfisterer, AB
   Schmid, B
AF Pfisterer, AB
   Schmid, B
TI Diversity-dependent production can decrease the stability of ecosystem functioning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plant diversity; biodiversity; community
AB There is concern that species loss may adversely affect ecosystem functioning and stability. But although there is evidence that biodiversity loss can lead to reductions in biomass production(1-4), there is no direct evidence that biodiversity loss affects ecosystem resistance (ability to withstand perturbation) or resilience (recovery from perturbation). Yet theory(5,6), laboratory experiments(7-11) and indirect experimental evidence(12-14) strongly suggest that diversity and stability are related. Here we report results from a field experiment with factorially crossed perturbation and diversity manipulations. We simulated drought perturbation on constructed grassland ecosystems containing 1, 2, 4, 8 or 32 plant species. Under unperturbed conditions, the species-poor systems achieved lower biomass production than the species-rich systems. However, the species-poor systems were more resistant to perturbation than the species-rich systems. The species-poor systems also showed a larger initial resilience following perturbation, although the original relationship between diversity and productivity was fully restored after 1 year. Our results confirm that biodiversity increases biomass production, but they also point to the fact that such diversity-production associations may lead to an inverse relationship between biodiversity and the stability of ecosystem functioning.
C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Umweltwissensch, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 University of Zurich
RP Schmid, B (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Inst Umweltwissensch, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM bschmid@uwinst.unizh.ch
NR 21
TC 344
Z9 395
U1 9
U2 333
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6876
BP 84
EP 86
DI 10.1038/416084a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 527WU
UT WOS:000174211600043
PM 11882897
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van't Veer, LJ
   Dai, HY
   van de Vijver, MJ
   He, YDD
   Hart, AAM
   Mao, M
   Peterse, HL
   van der Kooy, K
   Marton, MJ
   Witteveen, AT
   Schreiber, GJ
   Kerkhoven, RM
   Roberts, C
   Linsley, PS
   Bernards, R
   Friend, SH
AF van't Veer, LJ
   Dai, HY
   van de Vijver, MJ
   He, YDD
   Hart, AAM
   Mao, M
   Peterse, HL
   van der Kooy, K
   Marton, MJ
   Witteveen, AT
   Schreiber, GJ
   Kerkhoven, RM
   Roberts, C
   Linsley, PS
   Bernards, R
   Friend, SH
TI Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sporadic breast; brca1; patterns; tumors
AB Breast cancer patients with the same stage of disease can have markedly different treatment responses and overall outcome. The strongest predictors for metastases (for example, lymph node status and histological grade) fail to classify accurately breast tumours according to their clinical behaviour(1-3). Chemotherapy or hormonal therapy reduces the risk of distant metastases by approximately one-third; however 70-80% of patients receiving this treatment would have survived without it(4,5). None of the signatures of breast cancer gene expression reported to date(6-12) allow for patient-tailored therapy strategies. Here we used DNA microarray analysis supervised classification to identify a gene expression signature strongly predictive of a short interval to distant metastases ('poor prognosis' signature) in patients without tumour cells in local lymph nodes at diagnosis (lymph node negative). In addition, we established a signature that identifies tumours of BRCA1 carriers. The poor prognosis signature consists of genes regulating cell cycle, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. This gene expression profile will outperform all currently used clinical parameters in predicting disease outcome. Our findings provide a strategy to select patients who would benefit from adjuvant therapy.
C1 Rosetta Inpharmat, Kirkland, WA 98034 USA.
   Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Diagnost Oncol, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Carcinogenesis, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Canc Inst, Ctr Biomed Genet, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Merck & Company; Netherlands Cancer Institute; Netherlands Cancer Institute; Netherlands Cancer Institute
RP Friend, SH (corresponding author), Rosetta Inpharmat, 12040 115th Ave NE, Kirkland, WA 98034 USA.
NR 26
TC 7425
Z9 8704
U1 12
U2 863
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 31
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6871
BP 530
EP 536
DI 10.1038/415530a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 516PQ
UT WOS:000173564300048
PM 11823860
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heyning, JE
AF Heyning, JE
TI Zoology - New whale from old bones
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Nat Hist Museum Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA.
RP Heyning, JE (corresponding author), Nat Hist Museum Los Angeles, 900 Exposit Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA.
NR 1
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6891
BP 801
EP 801
DI 10.1038/417801a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 563YM
UT WOS:000176285600029
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Judson, H
   Hayward, BE
   Sheridan, E
   Bonthron, DT
AF Judson, H
   Hayward, BE
   Sheridan, E
   Bonthron, DT
TI A global disorder of imprinting in the human female germ line
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beckwith-wiedemann-syndrome; methylated cpg island; hydatidiform mole; snrpn gene; locus; transcript; establishment; proteins; pattern; define
AB Imprinted genes are expressed differently depending on whether they are carried by a chromosome of maternal or paternal origin. Correct imprinting is established by germline-specific modifications; failure of this process underlies several inherited human syndromes(1-5). All these imprinting control defects are cis-acting, disrupting establishment or maintenance of allele-specific epigenetic modifications across one contiguous segment of the genome. In contrast, we report here an inherited global imprinting defect. This recessive maternal-effect mutation disrupts the specification of imprints at multiple, non-contiguous loci, with the result that genes normally carrying a maternal methylation imprint assume a paternal epigenetic pattern on the maternal allele. The resulting conception is phenotypically indistinguishable from an androgenetic complete hydatidiform mole(6),in which abnormal extra-embryonic tissue proliferates while development of the embryo is absent or nearly so. This disorder offers a genetic route to the identification of trans-acting oocyte factors that mediate maternal imprint establishment.
C1 Univ Leeds, St Jamess Univ Hosp, Mol Med Unit, Leeds LS9 7TF, W Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Leeds; Saint James's University Hospital
RP Bonthron, DT (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, St Jamess Univ Hosp, Mol Med Unit, Leeds LS9 7TF, W Yorkshire, England.
EM d.t.bonthron@leeds.ac.uk
NR 27
TC 171
Z9 186
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6880
BP 539
EP 542
DI 10.1038/416539a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 537JY
UT WOS:000174756500044
PM 11932746
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deban, SM
   Olson, WM
AF Deban, SM
   Olson, WM
TI Biomechanics: Suction feeding by a tiny predatory tadpole
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Deban, SM (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
NR 12
TC 44
Z9 49
U1 2
U2 70
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6911
BP 41
EP 42
DI 10.1038/420041a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 612HJ
UT WOS:000179068100029
PM 12422207
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamamoto, K
   Higuchi, M
   Shiki, S
   Tsuruta, M
   Chiba, H
AF Yamamoto, K
   Higuchi, M
   Shiki, S
   Tsuruta, M
   Chiba, H
TI Stepwise radial complexation of imine groups in phenylazomethine dendrimers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dendritic macromolecules; selective synthesis; nanoclusters; molecules; gradient
AB Dendrimers(1-6) are highly branched organic macromolecules with successive layers or 'generations' of branch units surrounding a central core. Organic-inorganic hybrid versions have also been produced, by trapping metal ions or metal clusters within the voids of the dendrimers(7-13). The unusual, tree-like topology endows these nanometre-sized macromolecules with a gradient in branch density from the interior to the exterior, which can give rise to an energy gradient that directs the transfer of charge and energy from the dendrimer periphery to its core(4-6). Here we show that tin ions, Sn2+, complex to the imine groups of a spherical polyphenylazomethine dendrimer in a stepwise fashion. This behaviour reflects a gradient in the electron density associated with the imine groups, with complexation in a more peripheral generation proceeding only after complexation in generations closer to the core has been completed. By attaching an electron-withdrawing group to the dendrimer core, we are able to change the complexation pattern, so that the core imines are complexed last. By further extending this strategy, it should be possible to control the number and location of metal ions incorporated into dendrimer structures, which might find uses as tailored catalysts or building blocks for advanced materials.
C1 Kanagawa Acad Sci & Technol, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2238522, Japan.
   Keio Univ, Fac Sci & Technol, Dept Chem, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2238522, Japan.
C3 Kanagawa Academy Science & Technology; Keio University
RP Yamamoto, K (corresponding author), Kanagawa Acad Sci & Technol, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2238522, Japan.
NR 19
TC 308
Z9 317
U1 0
U2 51
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 31
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6871
BP 509
EP 511
DI 10.1038/415509a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 516PQ
UT WOS:000173564300041
PM 11823855
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Engert, F
   Tao, HZW
   Zhang, LI
   Poo, MM
AF Engert, F
   Tao, HZW
   Zhang, LI
   Poo, MM
TI Moving visual stimuli rapidly induce direction sensitivity of developing tectal neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; developing retinotectal synapses; stroboscopic illumination; receptive-fields; cortex; circuits; map; competition; plasticity; xenopus
AB During development of the visual system, the pattern of visual inputs may have an instructive role in refining developing neural circuits(1-4). How visual inputs of specific spatiotemporal patterns shape the circuit development remains largely unknown. We report here that, in the developing Xenopus retinotectal system, the receptive field of tectal neurons can be 'trained' to become direction-sensitive within minutes after repetitive exposure of the retina to moving bars in a particular direction. The induction of direction-sensitivity depends on the speed of the moving bar, can not be induced by random visual stimuli, and is accompanied by an asymmetric modification of the tectal neuron's receptive field. Furthermore, such training-induced changes require spiking of the tectal neuron and activation of a NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) subtype of glutamate receptors during training, and are attributable to an activity-induced enhancement of glutamate-mediated inputs. Thus, developing neural circuits can be modified rapidly and specifically by visual inputs of defined spatiotemporal patterns, in a manner consistent with predictions based on spike-time-dependent synaptic modification.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Div Neurobiol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Keck Ctr Integrat Neurosci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Poo, MM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Div Neurobiol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM mpoo@uclink.berkeley.edu
NR 30
TC 115
Z9 140
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6906
BP 470
EP 475
DI 10.1038/nature00988
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 599RF
UT WOS:000178348400035
PM 12368854
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Forcet, C
   Stein, E
   Pays, L
   Corset, R
   Llambi, F
   Tessler-Lavigne, M
   Mehlen, P
AF Forcet, C
   Stein, E
   Pays, L
   Corset, R
   Llambi, F
   Tessler-Lavigne, M
   Mehlen, P
TI Netrin-1-mediated axon outgrowth requires deleted in colorectal cancer-dependent MAPK activation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor tyrosine kinase; adenosine a2b receptor; adhesion molecule l1; neurite outgrowth; signaling pathway; netrin receptor; growth cones; pc12 cells; dcc-gene; in-vivo
AB Neuronal growth cones are guided to their targets by attractive and repulsive guidance cues(1). In mammals, netrin-1 is a bifunctional cue, attracting some axons and repelling others(2-5). Deleted in colorectal cancer (Dcc) is a receptor for netrin-1 that mediates its chemoattractive effect on commissural axons(6,7), but the signalling mechanisms that transduce this effect are poorly understood. Here we show that Dcc activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling, by means of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1 and -2, on netrin-1 binding in both transfected cells and commissural neurons. This activation is associated with recruitment of ERK-1/2 to a Dcc receptor complex. Inhibition of ERK-1/2 antagonizes netrin-dependent axon outgrowth and orientation. Thus, activation of MAPK signalling through Dcc contributes to netrin signalling in axon growth and guidance.
C1 Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5534,Apoptosis Differentiat Lab, Mol & Cellular Genet Ctr, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94035 USA.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Mehlen, P (corresponding author), Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5534,Apoptosis Differentiat Lab, Mol & Cellular Genet Ctr, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
NR 29
TC 218
Z9 265
U1 2
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6887
BP 443
EP 447
DI 10.1038/nature748
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 554HZ
UT WOS:000175730900039
PM 11986622
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wootton, JC
   Feng, XR
   Ferdig, MT
   Cooper, RA
   Mu, JB
   Baruch, DI
   Magill, AJ
   Su, XZ
AF Wootton, JC
   Feng, XR
   Ferdig, MT
   Cooper, RA
   Mu, JB
   Baruch, DI
   Magill, AJ
   Su, XZ
TI Genetic diversity and chloroquine selective sweeps in Plasmodium falciparum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human malaria; parasite populations; recent origin; resistance; protein; polymorphisms; pfcrt
AB Widespread use of antimalarial agents can profoundly influence the evolution of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Recent selective sweeps for drug-resistant genotypes may have restricted the genetic diversity of this parasite, resembling effects attributed in current debates(1-4) to a historic population bottleneck. Chloroquine-resistant (CQR) parasites were initially reported about 45 years ago from two foci in southeast Asia and South America(5), but the number of CQR founder mutations and the impact of chlorquine on parasite genomes worldwide have been difficult to evaluate. Using 342 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers from a genetic map(6), here we show that the level of genetic diversity varies substantially among different regions of the parasite genome, revealing extensive linkage disequilibrium surrounding the key CQR gene pfcrt(7) and at least four CQR founder events. This disequilibrium and its decay rate in the pfcrt-flanking region are consistent with strong directional selective sweeps occurring over only similar to20-80 sexual generations, especially a single resistant pfcrt haplotype spreading to very high frequencies throughout most of Asia and Africa. The presence of linkage disequilibrium provides a basis for mapping genes under drug selection in P. falciparum.
C1 NIAID, Lab Malaria & Vector Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIH, Computat Biol Branch, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Natl Lib Med, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
   Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
   Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Div Communicable Dis & Immunol, Washington, DC 20307 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM); University of Notre Dame; Walter Reed National Military Medical Center; United States Department of Defense; United States Army; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR)
RP Su, XZ (corresponding author), NIAID, Lab Malaria & Vector Res, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [ZIAAI000892] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 20
TC 598
Z9 687
U1 0
U2 60
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6895
BP 320
EP 323
DI 10.1038/nature00813
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 574BF
UT WOS:000176868000041
PM 12124623
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Neff, JC
   Townsend, AR
   Gleixner, G
   Lehman, SJ
   Turnbull, J
   Bowman, WD
AF Neff, JC
   Townsend, AR
   Gleixner, G
   Lehman, SJ
   Turnbull, J
   Bowman, WD
TI Variable effects of nitrogen additions on the stability and turnover of soil carbon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID leaf-litter decomposition; forest ecosystems; temperate forest; storage; availability; deposition; dynamics; lignin; cycle
AB Soils contain the largest near-surface reservoir of terrestrial carbon(1) and so knowledge of the factors controlling soil carbon storage and turnover is essential for understanding the changing global carbon cycle. The influence of climate on decomposition of soil carbon has been well documented(2,3), but there remains considerable uncertainty in the potential response of soil carbon dynamics to the rapid global increase in reactive nitrogen (coming largely from agricultural fertilizers and fossil fuel combustion). Here, using C-14, C-13 and compound-specific analyses of soil carbon from long-term nitrogen fertilization plots, we show that nitrogen additions significantly accelerate decomposition of light soil carbon fractions (with decadal turnover times) while further stabilizing soil carbon compounds in heavier, mineral-associated fractions (with multidecadal to century lifetimes). Despite these changes in the dynamics of different soil pools, we observed no significant changes in bulk soil carbon, highlighting a limitation inherent to the still widely used single-pool approach to investigating soil carbon responses to changing environmental conditions. It remains to be seen if the effects observed here-caused by relatively high, short-term fertilizer additions-are similar to those arising from lower, long-term additions of nitrogen to natural ecosystems from atmospheric deposition, but our results suggest nonetheless that current models of terrestrial carbon cycling do not contain the mechanisms needed to capture the complex relationship between nitrogen availability and soil carbon storage.
C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Geol Div, Earth Surface Proc Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Jena, Germany.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Max Planck Society
RP Neff, JC (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Geol Div, Earth Surface Proc Team, MS 980, Denver, CO 80225 USA.
NR 25
TC 651
Z9 891
U1 15
U2 712
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6910
BP 915
EP 917
DI 10.1038/nature01136
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 609MN
UT WOS:000178909700040
PM 12410307
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Egorov, AV
   Hamam, BN
   Fransén, E
   Hasselmo, ME
   Alonso, AA
AF Egorov, AV
   Hamam, BN
   Fransén, E
   Hasselmo, ME
   Alonso, AA
TI Graded persistent activity in entorhinal cortex neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID memory; hippocampal; connections; responses; channels; network; monkey; ca1
AB Working memory represents the ability of the brain to hold externally or internally driven information for relatively short periods of time(1,2). Persistent neuronal activity is the elementary process underlying working memory but its cellular basis remains unknown. The most widely accepted hypothesis is that persistent activity is based on synaptic reverberations in recurrent circuits. The entorhinal cortex in the parahippocampal region is crucially involved in the acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of long-term memory traces for which working memory operations are essential(2). Here we show that individual neurons from layer V of the entorhinal cortex-which link the hippocampus to extensive cortical regions(3)-respond to consecutive stimuli with graded changes in firing frequency that remain stable after each stimulus presentation. In addition, the sustained levels of firing frequency can be either increased or decreased in an input-specific manner. This firing behaviour displays robustness to distractors; it is linked to cholinergic muscarinic receptor activation, and relies on activity-dependent changes of a Ca2+-sensitive cationic current. Such an intrinsic neuronal ability to generate graded persistent activity constitutes an elementary mechanism for working memory.
C1 Montreal Neurol Inst, Dept Neurol & Neurosurg, Montreal, PQ H3A 2B4, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ H3A 2B4, Canada.
   Royal Inst Technol, Dept Numer Anal & Comp Sci, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Boston Univ, Dept Psychol, Program Neurosci, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Ctr Memory & Brain, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 McGill University; Royal Institute of Technology; Boston University; Boston University
RP Alonso, AA (corresponding author), Montreal Neurol Inst, Dept Neurol & Neurosurg, 3801 Univ St, Montreal, PQ H3A 2B4, Canada.
EM angel.alonso@mcgill.ca
NR 30
TC 610
Z9 709
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6912
BP 173
EP 178
DI 10.1038/nature01171
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 614QM
UT WOS:000179200900045
PM 12432392
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Muellbacher, W
   Ziemann, U
   Wissel, J
   Dang, N
   Kofler, M
   Facchini, S
   Boroojerdi, B
   Poewe, W
   Hallett, M
AF Muellbacher, W
   Ziemann, U
   Wissel, J
   Dang, N
   Kofler, M
   Facchini, S
   Boroojerdi, B
   Poewe, W
   Hallett, M
TI Early consolidation in human primary motor cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcranial magnetic stimulation; positron emission tomography; long-term potentiation; horizontal connections; depression; plasticity; implicit; monkeys; memory; safety
AB Behavioural studies indicate that a newly acquired motor skill is rapidly consolidated from an initially unstable state to a more stable state(1), whereas neuroimaging studies demonstrate that the brain engages new regions for performance of the task as a result of this consolidation(2). However, it is not known where a new skill is retained and processed before it is firmly consolidated. Some early aspects of motor skill acquisition involve the primary motor cortex (M1)(3), but the nature of that involvement is unclear. We tested the possibility that the human M1 is essential to early motor consolidation. We monitored changes in elementary motor behaviour while subjects practised fast finger movements that rapidly improved in movement acceleration and muscle force generation. Here we show that low-frequency, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of M1 but not other brain areas specifically disrupted the retention of the behavioural improvement, but did not affect basal motor behaviour, task performance, motor learning by subsequent practice, or recall of the newly acquired motor skill. These findings indicate that the human M1 is specifically engaged during the early stage of motor consolidation.
C1 NINCDS, Human Motor Control Sect, Med Neurol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Innsbruck Hosp, Dept Neurol, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS); NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); Medical University of Innsbruck; University of Innsbruck Hospital
RP Hallett, M (corresponding author), NINCDS, Human Motor Control Sect, Med Neurol Branch, NIH, Bldg 10,Rm 5N226,10 Ctr Dr MSC 1428, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
FU National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [ZIANS002669] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 23
TC 634
Z9 729
U1 0
U2 76
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 7
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6872
BP 640
EP 644
DI 10.1038/nature712
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 519DC
UT WOS:000173709100046
PM 11807497
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Riolo, RL
   Cohen, MD
   Axelrod, R
AF Riolo, RL
   Cohen, MD
   Axelrod, R
TI Behavioural evolution - Does similarity breed cooperation? Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Michigan, Ctr Study Complex Syst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Informat, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Gerald R Ford Sch Publ Policy, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Riolo, RL (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Ctr Study Complex Syst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM rlriolo@umich.edu
NR 3
TC 13
Z9 13
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 500
EP 500
DI 10.1038/418500a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wikelski, M
   Wong, V
   Chevalier, B
   Rattenborg, N
   Snell, HL
AF Wikelski, M
   Wong, V
   Chevalier, B
   Rattenborg, N
   Snell, HL
TI Marine iguanas die from trace oil pollution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID galapagos; spill
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Madison, WI 53719 USA.
   Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
   Charles Darwin Res Stn, Galapagos, Ecuador.
C3 Princeton University; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of New Mexico
RP Wikelski, M (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 11
TC 77
Z9 90
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6889
BP 607
EP 608
DI 10.1038/417607a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 559AE
UT WOS:000176001200033
PM 12050651
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sawamura, M
   Kawai, K
   Matsuo, Y
   Kanie, K
   Kato, T
   Nakamura, E
AF Sawamura, M
   Kawai, K
   Matsuo, Y
   Kanie, K
   Kato, T
   Nakamura, E
TI Stacking of conical molecules with a fullerene apex into polar columns in crystals and liquid crystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supramolecular complex; cone; organization; behavior; c-60; bowl; 1st
AB Polar liquid crystalline materials can be used in optical and electronic applications, and recent interest has turned to formation strategies that exploit the shape of polar molecules and their interactions to direct molecular alignment(1,2). For example, banana-shaped molecules align their molecular bent within smectic layers(3), whereas conical molecules should form polar columnar assemblies(4-9). However, the flatness of the conical molecules used until now(4-6,9) and their ability to flip(7,8) have limited the success of this approach to making polar liquid crystalline materials. Here we show that the attachment of five aromatic groups to one pentagon of a C-60 fullerene molecule yields deeply conical molecules that stack into polar columnar assemblies. The stacking is driven by attractive interactions between the spherical fullerene moiety and the hollow cone formed by the five aromatic side groups of a neighbouring molecule in the same column. This packing pattern is maintained when we extend the aromatic groups by attaching flexible aliphatic chains, which yields compounds with thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystalline properties. In contrast, the previously reported fullerene-containing liquid crystals(10-17) all exhibit thermotropic properties only, and none of them contains the fullerene moiety as a functional part of its mesogen units. Our design strategy should be applicable to other molecules and yield a range of new polar liquid crystalline materials.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Dept Chem, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Sch Engn, Dept Chem & Biotechnol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo
RP Nakamura, E (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Dept Chem, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM nakamura@chem.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 25
TC 360
Z9 382
U1 1
U2 146
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6908
BP 702
EP 705
DI 10.1038/nature01110
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 604JF
UT WOS:000178615200035
PM 12384693
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davies, PCW
   Davis, TM
   Lineweaver, CH
AF Davies, PCW
   Davis, TM
   Lineweaver, CH
TI Cosmology - Black holes constrain varying constants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fine-structure constant
C1 Macquarie Univ, Australian Ctr Astrobiol, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
   Univ New S Wales, Dept Astrophys, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
C3 Macquarie University; University of New South Wales Sydney
RP Davies, PCW (corresponding author), Macquarie Univ, Australian Ctr Astrobiol, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
EM pdavies@els.mq.edu.au
NR 13
TC 52
Z9 57
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 602
EP 603
DI 10.1038/418602a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600029
PM 12167848
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yan, H
   Zhang, XP
   Shen, ZY
   Seeman, NC
AF Yan, H
   Zhang, XP
   Shen, ZY
   Seeman, NC
TI A robust DNA mechanical device controlled by hybridization topology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-crossover molecules; ligation; design
AB Controlled mechanical movement in molecular-scale devices has been realized in a variety of systems-catenanes and rotaxanes(1-3), chiroptical molecular switches(4), molecular ratchets(5) and DNA(6)- by exploiting conformational changes triggered by changes in redox potential or temperature, reversible binding of small molecules or ions, or irradiation. The incorporation of such devices into arrays(7,8) could in principle lead to complex structural states suitable for nanorobotic applications, provided that individual devices can be addressed separately. But because the triggers commonly used tend to act equally on all the devices that are present, they will need to be localized very tightly. This could be readily achieved with devices that are controlled individually by separate and device-specific reagents. A trigger mechanism that allows such specific control is the reversible binding of DNA strands, thereby 'fuelling' conformational changes in a DNA machine(9). Here we improve upon the initial prototype system that uses this mechanism but generates by-products(9), by demonstrating a robust sequence-dependent rotary DNA device operating in a four-step cycle. We show that DNA strands control and fuel our device cycle by inducing the interconversion between two robust topological motifs, paranemic crossover (PX) DNA(10,11) and its topoisomer JX(2) DNA, in which one strand end is rotated relative to the other by 180 degrees. We expect that a wide range of analogous yet distinct rotary devices can be created by changing the control strands and the device sequences to which they bind.
C1 NYU, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10003 USA.
C3 New York University
RP Seeman, NC (corresponding author), NYU, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10003 USA.
NR 16
TC 670
Z9 802
U1 2
U2 280
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 3
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6867
BP 62
EP 65
DI 10.1038/415062a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 507KZ
UT WOS:000173028800038
PM 11780115
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gladstone, GR
   Waite, JH
   Grodent, D
   Lewis, WS
   Crary, FJ
   Elsner, RF
   Weisskopf, MC
   Majeed, T
   Jahn, JM
   Bhardwaj, A
   Clarke, JT
   Young, DT
   Dougherty, MK
   Espinosa, SA
   Cravens, TE
AF Gladstone, GR
   Waite, JH
   Grodent, D
   Lewis, WS
   Crary, FJ
   Elsner, RF
   Weisskopf, MC
   Majeed, T
   Jahn, JM
   Bhardwaj, A
   Clarke, JT
   Young, DT
   Dougherty, MK
   Espinosa, SA
   Cravens, TE
TI A pulsating auroral X-ray hot spot on Jupiter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID io flux tube; middle magnetosphere; energetic oxygen; uv aurora; emission; stratosphere; temperature; abundances; features; galileo
AB Jupiter's X-ray aurora has been thought to be excited by energetic sulphur and oxygen ions precipitating from the inner magnetosphere into the planet's polar regions(1-3). Here we report high-spatial-resolution observations that demonstrate that most of Jupiter's northern auroral X-rays come from a 'hot spot' located significantly poleward of the latitudes connected to the inner magnetosphere. The hot spot seems to be fixed in magnetic latitude and longitude and occurs in a region where anomalous infrared(4-7) and ultraviolet(8) emissions have also been observed. We infer from the data that the particles that excite the aurora originate in the outer magnetosphere. The hot spot X-rays pulsate with an approximately 45-min period, a period similar to that reported for high-latitude radio and energetic electron bursts observed by near-Jupiter spacecraft(9,10). These results invalidate the idea that jovian auroral X-ray emissions are mainly excited by steady precipitation of energetic heavy ions from the inner magnetosphere. Instead, the X-rays seem to result from currently unexplained processes in the outer magnetosphere that produce highly localized and highly variable emissions over an extremely wide range of wavelengths.
C1 SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA.
   Vikram Sarabhai Space Ctr, Trivandrum 695022, Kerala, India.
   Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci & Technol, Blackett Lab, London SW7 2BZ, England.
   Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
   Univ Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
C3 Southwest Research Institute; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; Department of Space (DoS), Government of India; Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO); Vikram Sarabhai Space Center (VSSC); Boston University; Imperial College London; Max Planck Society; University of Kansas
RP Gladstone, GR (corresponding author), SW Res Inst, 6220 Culebra Rd, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA.
NR 26
TC 178
Z9 182
U1 1
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 1000
EP 1003
DI 10.1038/4151000a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000037
PM 11875561
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kiesel, H
   Renz, A
   Hasselbach, F
AF Kiesel, H
   Renz, A
   Hasselbach, F
TI Observation of Hanbury Brown-Twiss anticorrelations for free electrons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID feasibility
AB Fluctuations in the counting rate of photons originating from uncorrelated point sources become, within the coherently illuminated area, slightly enhanced compared to a random sequence of classical particles. This phenomenon, known in astronomy as the Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect(1-5), is a consequence of quantum interference between two indistinguishable photons and Bose-Einstein statistics(6). The latter require that the composite bosonic wavefunction is a symmetric superposition of the two possible paths. For fermions, the corresponding two-particle wavefunction is antisymmetric: this excludes overlapping wave trains, which are forbidden by the Pauli exclusion principle. Here we use an electron field emitter to coherently illuminate two detectors, and find anticorrelations in the arrival times of the free electrons. The particle beam has low degeneracy (about 10(-4) electrons per cell in phase space); as such, our experiment represents the fermionic twin of the Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect for photons.
C1 Univ Tubingen, Inst Angew Phys, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
RP Hasselbach, F (corresponding author), Univ Tubingen, Inst Angew Phys, Morgenstelle 10, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
NR 19
TC 162
Z9 182
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6896
BP 392
EP 394
DI 10.1038/nature00911
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 576MU
UT WOS:000177009700030
PM 12140550
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huber, KE
   Waldor, MK
AF Huber, KE
   Waldor, MK
TI Filamentous phage integration requires the host recombinases XerC and XerD
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID site-specific recombination; vibrio-cholerae; escherichia-coli; ctx-phi; genome sequence; chromosome; dna; plasmids; dif; insertion
AB Many bacteriophages and animal viruses integrate their genomes into the chromosomal DNA of their hosts as a method of promoting vertical transmission. Phages that integrate in a site-specific fashion encode an integrase enzyme that catalyses recombination between the phage and host genomes(1,2). CTXphi is a filamentous bacteriophage that contains the genes encoding cholera toxin, the principal virulence factor of the diarrhoea-causing Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae(3). CTXphi integrates into the V. cholerae genome in a site-specific manner(4,5); however, the similar to6.9-kilobase (kb) CTXphi genome does not encode any protein with significant homology to known recombinases. Here we report that XerC and XerD, two chromosome-encoded recombinases that ordinarily function to resolve chromosome dimers at the dif recombination site(6), are essential for CTXphi integration into the V. cholerae genome. The CTXphi integration site was found to overlap with the dif site of the larger of the two V. cholerae chromosomes. Examination of sequences of the integration sites of other filamentous phages indicates that the XerCD recombinases also mediate the integration of these phage genomes at dif-like sites in various bacterial species.
C1 Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Div Geog Med Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
   Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
C3 Tufts Medical Center; Tufts University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Waldor, MK (corresponding author), Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Div Geog Med Infect Dis, 750 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
NR 22
TC 153
Z9 186
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6889
BP 656
EP 659
DI 10.1038/nature00782
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 559AE
UT WOS:000176001200050
PM 12050668
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dennett-Thorpe, J
   de Bruyn, AG
AF Dennett-Thorpe, J
   de Bruyn, AG
TI Interstellar scintillation as the origin of the rapid radio variability of the quasar J1819+3845
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intraday variability
AB The liberation of gravitational energy as matter falls onto a supermassive black hole at the centre of a galaxy is believed to explain the high luminosity of quasars. The variability of this emission from quasars and other types of active galactic nuclei can provide information on the size of the emitting regions and the physical process of fuelling the black hole. Some active galactic nuclei are variable at optical (and shorter) wavelengths, and display radio outbursts over years and decades. These active galactic nuclei often also show faster intraday variability at radio wavelengths(3,4). The origin of this rapid variability has been extensively debated(5), but a correlation between optical and radio variations in some sources(6,7) suggests that both are intrinsic. This would, however, require radiation brightness temperatures that seem physically implausible, leading to the suggestion that the rapid variations are caused by scattering of the emission by the interstellar medium inside our Galaxy(8,9). Here we show that the rapid variations in the extreme case of quasar J1819+3845 (ref. 10) indeed arise from interstellar scintillation. The transverse velocity of the scattering material reveals the presence of plasma with a surprisingly high velocity close to the Solar System.
C1 Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   ASTRON, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands.
C3 University of Groningen; Kapteyn Astronomical Institute; University of Amsterdam
RP de Bruyn, AG (corresponding author), Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.
EM ger@astron.nl
NR 27
TC 105
Z9 111
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 3
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6867
BP 57
EP 60
DI 10.1038/415057a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 507KZ
UT WOS:000173028800036
PM 11780113
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mecher, E
   Gallego-Gómez, F
   Tillmann, H
   Hörhold, HH
   Hummelen, JC
   Meerholz, K
AF Mecher, E
   Gallego-Gómez, F
   Tillmann, H
   Hörhold, HH
   Hummelen, JC
   Meerholz, K
TI Near-infrared sensitivity enhancement of photorefractive polymer composites by pre-illumination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID holographic storage; scattering media; design
AB Among the various applications for reversible holographic storage media(1,2), a particularly interesting one is time-gated holographic imaging (TGHI)(3-5). This technique could provide a noninvasive medical diagnosis tool, related to optical coherence tomography(6,7). In this technique, biological samples are illuminated within their transparency window with near-infrared light, and information about subsurface features is obtained by a detection method that distinguishes between reflected photons originating from a certain depth and those scattered from various depths. Such an application requires reversible holographic storage media with very high sensitivity in the near-infrared. Photorefractive materials, in particular certain amorphous organic systems, are in principle promising candidate media, but their sensitivity has so far been too low, mainly owing to their long response times in the near-infrared. Here we introduce an organic photorefractive material-a composite based on the poly(arylene vinylene) copolymer TPD-PPV8-that exhibits favourable near-infrared characteristics. We show that pre-illumination of this material at a shorter wavelength before holographic recording improves the response time by a factor of 40. This process was found to be reversible. We demonstrate multiple holographic recording with this technique at video rate under practical conditions.
C1 Univ Munich, Dept Chem, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Munich, Ctr Nanosci, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
   Univ Groningen, Stratingh Inst, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Groningen, Ctr Mat Sci, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
C3 University of Munich; University of Munich; Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; University of Groningen; University of Groningen
RP Meerholz, K (corresponding author), Univ Cologne, Dept Phys Chem, Luxemburgerstr 116, D-50939 Cologne, Germany.
EM klaus.meerholz@uni-koeln.de
NR 28
TC 87
Z9 92
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6901
BP 959
EP 964
DI 10.1038/nature00975
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 588AP
UT WOS:000177677500040
PM 12198543
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carpena, P
   Bernaola-Galván, P
   Ivanov, PC
   Stanley, HE
AF Carpena, P
   Bernaola-Galván, P
   Ivanov, PC
   Stanley, HE
TI RETRACTED: Metal-insulator transition in chains with correlated disorder (Retracted Article. See vol 421, pg 764, 2003)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID long-range correlations; 1d anderson model; electrical-conduction; localization length; dna; absence; exponent; delocalization; transport; spectrum
AB According to Bloch's theorem, electronic wavefunctions in perfectly ordered crystals are extended, which implies that the probability of finding an electron is the same over the entire crystal(1). Such extended states can lead to metallic behaviour. But when disorder is introduced in the crystal, electron states can become localized, and the system can undergo a metal-insulator transition (also known as an Anderson transition)(2-4). Here we theoretically investigate the effect on the physical properties of the electron wavefunctions of introducing long-range correlations in the disorder in one-dimensional binary solids, and find a correlation-induced metal-insulator transition. We perform-numerical simulations using a one-dimensional tight-binding model, and find a threshold value for the exponent characterizing the long-range correlations of the system. Above this threshold, and in the thermodynamic limit, the system behaves as a conductor within a broad energy band; below threshold, the system behaves as an insulator. We discuss the possible relevance of this result for electronic transport in DNA, which displays long-range correlations(5,6) and has recently been reported to be a one-dimensional disordered conductor(7-10)
C1 Univ Malaga, ETSI Telecomunicac, Dept Fis Aplicada 2, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
   Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Universidad de Malaga; Boston University; Boston University
RP Carpena, P (corresponding author), Univ Malaga, ETSI Telecomunicac, Dept Fis Aplicada 2, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
EM pcarpena@ctima.uma.cs
NR 30
TC 206
Z9 215
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6901
BP 955
EP 959
DI 10.1038/nature00948
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 588AP
UT WOS:000177677500039
PM 12198542
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Théry, M
   Casas, J
AF Théry, M
   Casas, J
TI Predator and prey views of spider camouflage - Both hunter and hunted fail to notice crab-spiders blending with coloured petals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID perception; evolution; ecology
C1 Museum Natl Hist Nat, Lab Ecol Gen, CNRS, UMR 8571, F-91800 Brunoy, France.
   Univ Tours, Inst Rech Biol Insecte, CNRS, UMR 6035, F-37200 Tours, France.
C3 Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Tours
RP Théry, M (corresponding author), Museum Natl Hist Nat, Lab Ecol Gen, CNRS, UMR 8571, F-91800 Brunoy, France.
EM thery@mnhn.fr
NR 7
TC 195
Z9 220
U1 1
U2 82
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 10
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6868
BP 133
EP 133
DI 10.1038/415133a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 509PR
UT WOS:000173159300028
PM 11805822
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yanagisawa, H
   Davis, EC
   Starcher, BC
   Ouchi, T
   Yanagisawa, M
   Richardson, JA
   Olson, EN
AF Yanagisawa, H
   Davis, EC
   Starcher, BC
   Ouchi, T
   Yanagisawa, M
   Richardson, JA
   Olson, EN
TI Fibulin-5 is an elastin-binding protein essential for elastic fibre development in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID developing mouse aorta; fibrillin-1; fiber; organization; tropoelastin; matrix
AB Extracellular elastic fibres provide mechanical elasticity to tissues and contribute towards the processes of organ remodelling by affecting cell-cell signalling(1,2). The formation of elastic fibres requires the assembly and crosslinking of tropoelastin monomers, and organization of the resulting insoluble elastin matrix into functional fibres. The molecules and mechanisms involved in this process are unknown. Fibulin-5 (also known as EVEC/DANCE) is an extracellular matrix protein abundantly expressed in great vessels and cardiac valves during embryogenesis, and in many adult tissues including the aorta, lung, uterus and skin, all of which contain abundant elastic fibres(3,4). Here we show that fibulin-5 is a calcium-dependent, elastin-binding protein that localizes to the surface of elastic fibres in vivo. fibulin-5(-/-) mice develop marked elastinopathy owing to the disorganization of elastic fibres, with resulting loose skin, vascular abnormalities and emphysematous lung. This phenotype, which resembles the cutis laxa syndrome in humans(5), reveals a critical function for fibulin-5 as a scaffold protein that organizes and links elastic fibres to cells. This function may be mediated by the RGD motif in fibulin-5, which binds to cell surface integrins, and the Ca2+-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeats, which bind elastin.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas Hlth Ctr, Dept Biochem, Tyler, TX 75708 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Olson, EN (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
NR 18
TC 501
Z9 590
U1 3
U2 41
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 10
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6868
BP 168
EP 171
DI 10.1038/415168a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 509PR
UT WOS:000173159300041
PM 11805834
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deary, IJ
   Whiteman, MC
   Pattie, A
   Starr, JM
   Hayward, C
   Wright, AF
   Carothers, A
   Whalley, LJ
AF Deary, IJ
   Whiteman, MC
   Pattie, A
   Starr, JM
   Hayward, C
   Wright, AF
   Carothers, A
   Whalley, LJ
TI Ageing - Cognitive change and the APOE&4 allele
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID apolipoprotein-e; old-age
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Dept Psychol, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Royal Victoria Hosp, Dept Geriatr Med, Edinburgh EH4 2DN, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Western Gen Hosp, MRC, Human Genet Unit, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Aberdeen, Royal Cornhill Hosp, Clin Res Ctr, Dept Mental Hlth, Aberdeen AB25 2ZH, Scotland.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Edinburgh; University of Aberdeen
RP Deary, IJ (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Dept Psychol, 7 George Sq, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
NR 11
TC 245
Z9 282
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6901
BP 932
EP 932
DI 10.1038/418932a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 588AP
UT WOS:000177677500032
PM 12198535
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ge, K
   Guermah, M
   Yuan, CX
   Ito, M
   Wallberg, AE
   Spiegelman, BM
   Roeder, RG
AF Ge, K
   Guermah, M
   Yuan, CX
   Ito, M
   Wallberg, AE
   Spiegelman, BM
   Roeder, RG
TI Transcription coactivator TRAP220 is required for PPARγ2-stimulated adipogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proliferator-activated receptor; ppar-gamma; nuclear receptors; complex; protein; mediator; differentiation; component; trap/smcc; regulator
AB The TRAP (thyroid hormone receptor-associated proteins) transcription coactivator complex (also known as Mediator) was first isolated as a group of proteins that facilitate the function of the thyroid hormone receptor(1). This complex interacts physically with several nuclear receptors through the TRAP220 subunit, and with diverse activators through other subunits(2). TRAP220 has been reported to show ligand-enhanced interaction with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(2) (PPARgamma2)(3,4),a nuclear receptor essential for adipogenesis(5-8). Here we show that Trap220(-/-) fibroblasts are refractory to PPARgamma(2-)stimulated adipogenesis, but not to MyoD-stimulated myogenesis, and do not express adipogenesis markers or PPARgamma2 target genes. These defects can be restored by expression of exogenous TRAP220. Further indicative of a direct role for TRAP220 in PPARgamma2 function via the TRAP complex, TRAP functions directly as a transcriptional coactivator for PPARgamma2 in a purified in vitro system and interacts with PPARgamma2 in a ligand- and TRAP220-dependent manner. These data indicate that TRAP220 acts, via the TRAP complex, as a PPARgamma2-selective coactivator and, accordingly, that it is specific for one fibroblast differentiation pathway (adipogenesis) relative to another (myogenesis).
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Biochem & Mol Biol Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Roeder, RG (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Biochem & Mol Biol Lab, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 30
TC 275
Z9 330
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6888
BP 563
EP 567
DI 10.1038/417563a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 556QK
UT WOS:000175860300046
PM 12037571
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Long, SB
   Casey, PJ
   Beese, LS
AF Long, SB
   Casey, PJ
   Beese, LS
TI Reaction path of protein farnesyltransferase at atomic resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; angstrom resolution; pyrophosphate binding; conserved residues; substrate-binding; product release; beta-subunit; transferase; geranylgeranyltransferase; inhibitors
AB Protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) catalyses the attachment of a farnesyl lipid group to numerous essential signal transduction proteins, including members of the Ras superfamily(1). The farnesylation of Ras oncoproteins, which are associated with 30% of human cancers, is essential for their transforming activity(2). FTase inhibitors are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer(2-4). Here we present a complete series of structures representing the major steps along the reaction coordinate of this enzyme. From these observations can be deduced the determinants of substrate specificity and an unusual mechanism in which product release requires binding of substrate, analogous to classically processive enzymes. A structural model for the transition state consistent with previous mechanistic studies was also constructed. The processive nature of the reaction suggests the structural basis for the successive addition of two prenyl groups to Rab proteins by the homologous enzyme geranylgeranyltransferase type-II. Finally, known FTase inhibitors seem to differ in their mechanism of inhibiting the enzyme.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
C3 Duke University
RP Long, SB (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
NR 30
TC 175
Z9 212
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6907
BP 645
EP 650
DI 10.1038/nature00986
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 602AT
UT WOS:000178483100052
PM 12374986
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Falkovich, G
   Fouxon, A
   Stepanov, MG
AF Falkovich, G
   Fouxon, A
   Stepanov, MG
TI Acceleration of rain initiation by cloud turbulence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aerosol-particles; heavy-particles; collision; dispersion; velocity; drops
AB Vapour condensation in cloud cores produces small droplets that are close to one another in size. Droplets are believed to grow to raindrop size by coalescence due to collision(1,2). Air turbulence is thought to be the main cause for collisions of similar-sized droplets exceeding radii of a few micrometres, and therefore rain prediction requires a quantitative description of droplet collision in turbulence(1-5). Turbulent vortices act as small centrifuges that spin heavy droplets out, creating concentration inhomogeneities (6-14) and jets of droplets, both of which increase the mean collision rate. Here we derive a formula for the collision rate of small heavy particles in a turbulent flow, using a recently developed formalism for tracing random trajectories(15, 16).We describe an enhancement of inertial effects by turbulence intermittency and an interplay between turbulence and gravity that determines the collision rate. We present a new mechanism, the 'sling effect', for collisions due to jets of droplets that become detached from the air flow. We conclude that air turbulence can substantially accelerate the appearance of large droplets that trigger rain.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Inst Automat & Electrometry, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Institute of Automation & Electrometry SB RAS
RP Falkovich, G (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM fnfal@wicc.weizmann.ac.il
NR 30
TC 532
Z9 572
U1 3
U2 79
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6903
BP 151
EP 154
DI 10.1038/nature00983
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 592HK
UT WOS:000177931200037
PM 12226661
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mishima, O
   Suzuki, Y
AF Mishima, O
   Suzuki, Y
TI Propagation of the polyamorphic transition of ice and the liquid-liquid critical point
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID density amorphous ice; singularity-free interpretation; raman-spectrum; water; pressure; thermodynamics; amorphization; behavior; h2o
AB Water has a rich metastable phase behaviour that includes transitions between high- and low-density amorphous ices, and between high- and low-density supercooled liquids. Because the transitions occur under conditions where crystalline ice is the stable phase, they are challenging to probe directly. In the case of the liquids, it remains unclear(1) whether their mutual transformation at low temperatures is continuous(2,3), or discontinuous(4,5) and terminating at a postulated second critical point of water that is metastable with respect to crystallization. The amorphous ices are more amenable to experiments(6-8), which have shown that their mutual transformation is sharp and reversible. But the non-equilibrium conditions of these studies make a firm thermodynamic interpretation of the results difficult. Here we use Raman spectroscopy and visual inspection to show that the transformation of high- density to low-density amorphous ices involves the propagation of a phase boundary-a region containing a mixture of both ices. We find that the boundary region becomes narrower as the transformation progresses, and at higher transformation temperatures. These findings strongly suggest that the polyamorphic ice transition is discontinuous; a continuous transformation should occur uniformly over the entire sample(9). Because the amorphous ices are structurally similar to their supercooled liquid counterparts, our results also imply that the liquids transform discontinuously at low temperatures and thus support the liquid-liquid critical-point theory(4,5).
C1 NIMS, AML, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan.
C3 National Institute for Materials Science
RP Mishima, O (corresponding author), NIMS, AML, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan.
EM mishima.osamu@nims.go.jp
NR 32
TC 178
Z9 189
U1 2
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6907
BP 599
EP 603
DI 10.1038/nature01106
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 602AT
UT WOS:000178483100040
PM 12374974
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cottam, J
   Paerels, F
   Mendez, M
AF Cottam, J
   Paerels, F
   Mendez, M
TI Gravitationally redshifted absorption lines in the X-ray burst spectra of a neutron star
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photon imaging camera; xmm-newton; millisecond pulsar; mass; spectroscopy; discovery
AB The fundamental properties of neutron stars provide a direct test of the equation of state of cold nuclear matter, a relationship between pressure and density that is determined by the physics of the strong interactions between the particles that constitute the star. The most straightforward method of determining these properties is by measuring the gravitational redshift of spectral lines produced in the neutron star photosphere(1). The equation of state implies a mass-radius relation, while a measurement of the gravitational redshift at the surface of a neutron star provides a direct constraint on the mass-to-radius ratio. Here we report the discovery of significant absorption lines in the spectra of 28 bursts of the low-mass X-ray binary EXO0748-676. We identify the most significant features with the Fe XXVI and XXV n = 2-3 and O VIII n = 1-2 transitions, all with a redshift of z = 0.35, identical within small uncertainties for the respective transitions. For an astrophysically plausible range of masses (M approximate to 1.3-2.0 solar masses; refs 2-5), this value is completely consistent with models of neutron stars composed of normal nuclear matter, while it excludes some models(6,7) in which the neutron stars are made of more exotic matter.
C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Columbia Astrophys Lab, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Astron, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   SRON, Natl Inst Space Res, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Columbia University; Columbia University
RP Cottam, J (corresponding author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
EM jcottam@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov
NR 28
TC 360
Z9 383
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6911
BP 51
EP 54
DI 10.1038/nature01159
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 612HJ
UT WOS:000179068100032
PM 12422210
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Travis, DJ
   Carleton, AM
   Lauritsen, RG
AF Travis, DJ
   Carleton, AM
   Lauritsen, RG
TI Climatology: Contrails reduce daily temperature range - A brief interval when the skies were clear of jets unmasked an effect on climate.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trends; cloud
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geog & Geol, Whitewater, WI 53190 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Geog, University Pk, PA 16801 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Travis, DJ (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geog & Geol, Whitewater, WI 53190 USA.
NR 8
TC 108
Z9 121
U1 1
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 601
EP 601
DI 10.1038/418601a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600027
PM 12167846
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pelletier, L
   Stern, CA
   Pypaert, M
   Sheff, D
   Ngô, HM
   Roper, N
   He, CY
   Hu, K
   Toomre, D
   Coppens, I
   Roos, DS
   Joiner, KA
   Warren, G
AF Pelletier, L
   Stern, CA
   Pypaert, M
   Sheff, D
   Ngô, HM
   Roper, N
   He, CY
   Hu, K
   Toomre, D
   Coppens, I
   Roos, DS
   Joiner, KA
   Warren, G
TI Golgi biogenesis in Toxoplasma gondii
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle; apparatus; complex; er; maintenance; dynamics; mitosis; stage; exit
AB Two models have been put forward to explain the growth of new Golgi during the cell cycle. The first suggests that a new Golgi grows out of the endoplasmic reticulum by de novo synthesis(1). The second suggests that a pre-existing Golgi is needed for the growth of a new one, that is, the Golgi is an autonomously replicating organelle(2). To resolve this issue, we have exploited the simplicity of the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii(3), which has only a single Golgi stack(4). Here we show, by using video fluorescence microscopy and three-dimensional reconstructions of serial thin sections, that the Golgi grows by a process of lateral extension followed by medial fission. Further fission leads to the inheritance by each daughter of a pair of Golgi structures, which then coalesce to re-form a single Golgi. Our results indicate that new Golgi grow by autonomous duplication and raise the possibility that the Golgi is a paired structure that is analogous to centrioles(5).
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Ludwig Inst Canc Res, Dept Cell Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Infect Dis Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Yale University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Yale University; University of Pennsylvania
RP Warren, G (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Ludwig Inst Canc Res, Dept Cell Biol, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 29
TC 160
Z9 198
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 548
EP 552
DI 10.1038/nature00946
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800044
PM 12152082
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU HilleRisLambers, J
   Clark, JS
   Beckage, B
AF HilleRisLambers, J
   Clark, JS
   Beckage, B
TI Density-dependent mortality and the latitudinal gradient in species diversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tropical rain-forest; seed predation; tree; coexistence; recruitment; regeneration; maintenance; herbivores; dynamics; distance
AB Ecologists have long postulated that density-dependent mortality maintains high tree diversity in the tropics(1-6). If species experience greater mortality when abundant, then more rare species can persist(1,2,7-9). Agents of density-dependent mortality (such as host-specific predators, and pathogens) may be more prevalent or have stronger effects in tropical forests, because they are not limited by climatic factors(1-5). If so, decreasing density-dependent mortality with increasing latitude could partially explain the observed latitudinal gradient in tree diversity(4-6). This hypothesis has never been tested with latitudinal data. Here we show that several temperate tree species experience density-dependent mortality between seed dispersal and seedling establishment. The proportion of species affected is equivalent to that in tropical forests(6,10-16), failing to support the hypothesis that this mechanism is more prevalent at tropical latitudes. We further show that density-dependent mortality is misinterpreted in previous studies. Our results and evidence from other studies suggest that density-dependent mortality is important in many forests. Thus, unless the strength of density-dependent mortality varies with latitude, this mechanism is not likely to explain the high diversity of tropical forests.
C1 Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
C3 Duke University
RP HilleRisLambers, J (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
EM hille015@umn.edu
NR 30
TC 273
Z9 335
U1 1
U2 184
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6890
BP 732
EP 735
DI 10.1038/nature00809
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 561QY
UT WOS:000176154700042
PM 12066182
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jiang, KL
   Li, QQ
   Fan, SS
AF Jiang, KL
   Li, QQ
   Fan, SS
TI Nanotechnology: Spinning continuous carbon nanotube yarns - Carbon nanotubes weave their way into a range of imaginative macroscopic applications.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arrays
C1 Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China.
   Tsing Hua Univ, Tsinghua Foxconn Nanotechnol Res Ctr, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China.
C3 Tsinghua University; Tsinghua University
RP Jiang, KL (corresponding author), Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China.
NR 8
TC 1023
Z9 1274
U1 10
U2 790
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6909
BP 801
EP 801
DI 10.1038/419801a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 607BD
UT WOS:000178769800034
PM 12397346
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nesvizhevsky, VV
   Börner, HG
   Petukhov, AK
   Abele, H
   Baessler, S
   Ruess, FJ
   Stöferle, T
   Westphal, A
   Gagarski, AM
   Petrov, GA
   Strelkov, AV
AF Nesvizhevsky, VV
   Börner, HG
   Petukhov, AK
   Abele, H
   Baessler, S
   Ruess, FJ
   Stöferle, T
   Westphal, A
   Gagarski, AM
   Petrov, GA
   Strelkov, AV
TI Quantum states of neutrons in the Earth's gravitational field
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The discrete quantum properties of matter are manifest in a variety of phenomena. Any particle that is trapped in a sufficiently deep and wide potential well is settled in quantum bound states. For example, the existence of quantum states of electrons in an electromagnetic field is responsible for the structure of atoms(16), and quantum states of nucleons in a strong nuclear field give rise to the structure of atomic nuclei(17). In an analogous way, the gravitational field should lead to the formation of quantum states. But the gravitational force is extremely weak compared to the electromagnetic and nuclear force, so the observation of quantum states of matter in a gravitational field is extremely challenging. Because of their charge neutrality and long lifetime, neutrons are promising candidates with which to observe such an effect. Here we report experimental evidence for gravitational quantum bound states of neutrons. The particles are allowed to fall towards a horizontal mirror which, together with the Earth's gravitational field, provides the necessary confining potential well. Under such conditions, the falling neutrons do not move continuously along the vertical direction, but rather jump from one height to another, as predicted by quantum theory(1-3).
C1 Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France.
   Heidelberg Univ, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Petersburg Nucl Phys Inst, R-188350 Gatchina, Leningrad Reg, Russia.
   Joint Nucl Res Inst, R-141980 Dubna, Moscow Reg, Russia.
C3 Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL); Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; National Research Centre - Kurchatov Institute; Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research - Russia
RP Nesvizhevsky, VV (corresponding author), Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, F-38042 Grenoble, France.
EM nesvizhevsky@ill.fr
NR 17
TC 494
Z9 512
U1 0
U2 56
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 17
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6869
BP 297
EP 299
DI 10.1038/415297a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 511YC
UT WOS:000173293500036
PM 11797001
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zheng, HW
   You, H
   Zhou, XZ
   Murray, SA
   Uchida, T
   Wulf, G
   Gu, L
   Tang, XR
   Lu, KP
   Xiao, ZXJ
AF Zheng, HW
   You, H
   Zhou, XZ
   Murray, SA
   Uchida, T
   Wulf, G
   Gu, L
   Tang, XR
   Lu, KP
   Xiao, ZXJ
TI The prolyl isomerase Pin1 is a regulator of p53 in genotoxic response
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent proline isomerization; phosphorylation; protein; apoptosis; binding; jun
AB p53 is activated in response to various genotoxic stresses resulting in cell cycle arrest or apoptosis(1,2). It is well documented that DNA damage leads to phosphorylation and activation of p53 (refs 1-3), yet how p53 is activated is still not fully understood. Here we report that DNA damage specifically induces p53 phosphorylation on Ser/Thr-Pro motifs, which facilitates its interaction with Pin1, a member of peptidyl-prolyl isomerase(4-9). Furthermore, the interaction of Pin1 with p53 is dependent on the phosphorylation that is induced by DNA damage. Consequently, Pin1 stimulates the DNA-binding activity and transactivation function of p53. The Pin1-mediated p53 activation requires the WW domain, a phosphorylated Ser/Thr-Pro motif interaction module, and the isomerase activity of Pin1. Moreover, Pin1-deficient cells are defective in p53 activation and timely accumulation of p53 protein, and exhibit an impaired checkpoint control in response to DNA damage. Together, these data suggest a mechanism for p53 regulation in cellular response to genotoxic stress.
C1 Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
   Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Tohoku Univ, Inst Dev Aging & Canc, Dept Pathol, Sendai, Miyagi 980, Japan.
C3 Boston University; Boston University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Tohoku University
RP Xiao, ZXJ (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
EM jxiao@bu.edu
NR 30
TC 337
Z9 398
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6909
BP 849
EP 853
DI 10.1038/nature01116
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 607BD
UT WOS:000178769800049
PM 12397361
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sherman, G
   Visscher, PK
AF Sherman, G
   Visscher, PK
TI Honeybee colonies achieve fitness through dancing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID communication; behavior; dances
AB The honeybee dance language, in which foragers perform dances containing information about the distance and direction to food sources, is the quintessential example of symbolic communication in non-primates(1,2). The dance language has been the subject of controversy(3,4), and of extensive research into the mechanisms of acquiring(1,5,6), decoding(7,8) and evaluating(9) the information in the dance. The dance language has been hypothesized, but not shown, to increase colony food collection(1,9,10). Here we show that colonies with disoriented dances (lacking direction information) recruit less effectively to syrup feeders than do colonies with oriented dances. For colonies foraging at natural sources, the direction information sometimes increases food collected, but at other times it makes no difference. The food-location information in the dance is presumably important when food sources are hard to find, variable in richness and ephemeral. Recruitment based simply on arousal of foragers and communication of floral odour, as occurs in honeybees(1), bumble bees(11) and some stingless bees(12), can be equally effective under other circumstances. Clarifying the condition-dependent payoffs of the dance language provides new insight into its function in honeybee ecology.
C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Riverside
RP Visscher, PK (corresponding author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
NR 20
TC 140
Z9 158
U1 1
U2 85
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6910
BP 920
EP 922
DI 10.1038/nature01127
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 609MN
UT WOS:000178909700042
PM 12410309
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bonduriansky, R
   Brassil, CE
AF Bonduriansky, R
   Brassil, CE
TI Rapid and costly ageing in wild male flies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolutionary; senescence; mortality
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Evolutionary Ecol Grp, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto
RP Bonduriansky, R (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Evolutionary Ecol Grp, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
EM russell.bonduriansky@utoronto.ca
NR 11
TC 132
Z9 150
U1 0
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6914
BP 377
EP 377
DI 10.1038/420377a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 619TZ
UT WOS:000179494700027
PM 12459773
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wagemaker, M
   Kentgens, APM
   Mulder, FM
AF Wagemaker, M
   Kentgens, APM
   Mulder, FM
TI Equilibrium lithium transport between nanocrystalline phases in intercalated TiO2 anatase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID titanium-dioxide; diffusion; nmr; dynamics; films
AB Microcrystalline TiO2 with an anatase crystal structure is used as an anode material for lithium rechargeable batteries(1,2), and also as a material for electrochromic(3-6) and solar-cell devices(7,8). When intercalated with lithium, as required for battery applications, TiO2 anatase undergoes spontaneous phase separation into lithium-poor (Li0.01TiO2) and lithium-rich (Li0.6TiO2) domains on a scale of several tens of nanometres(9). During discharge, batteries need to maintain a constant electrical potential between their electrodes over a range of lithium concentrations. The two-phase equilibrium system in the electrodes provides such a plateau in potential, as only the relative phase fractions vary on charging (or discharging) of the lithium. Just as the equilibrium between a liquid and a vapour is maintained by a continuous exchange of particles between the two phases, a similar exchange is required to maintain equilibrium in the solid state. But the time and length scales over which this exchange takes place are unclear. Here we report the direct observation by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance of the continuous lithium-ion exchange between the intermixed crystallographic phases of lithium-intercalated TiO2. We find that, at room temperature, the continuous flux of lithium ions across the phase boundaries is as high as 1.2x10(20) s(-1) m(-2).
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Interfac Reactor Inst, NL-2629 JB Delft, Netherlands.
   Univ Nijmegen, Dept Phys Chem Solid State NMR, NSR Ctr Mol Design Synth & Struct, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
C3 Delft University of Technology; Radboud University Nijmegen
RP Mulder, FM (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Interfac Reactor Inst, Mekelweg 15, NL-2629 JB Delft, Netherlands.
EM mulder@iri.tudelft.nl
NR 17
TC 451
Z9 483
U1 7
U2 454
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6896
BP 397
EP 399
DI 10.1038/nature00901
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 576MU
UT WOS:000177009700032
PM 12140552
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blum, R
   Kafitz, KW
   Konnerth, A
AF Blum, R
   Kafitz, KW
   Konnerth, A
TI Neurotrophin-evoked depolarization requires the sodium channel NaV1.9
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-frequency stimulation; long-term potentiation; retinoic acid; bdnf; trkb; hippocampus; expression; saxitoxin; receptors; induction
AB Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and other neurotrophins are essential for normal brain function. Many types of neurons in the central nervous system are excited by BDNF or neurotrophin-4/5, an action that has recently been implicated in synaptic plasticity. The mechanisms involved in this transmitter-like action of neurotrophins remains unclear. Here, by screening candidate genes with an antisense messenger RNA expression approach and by co-expressing the receptor tyrosine kinase TrkB and various sodium channels, we demonstrate that the tetrodotoxin-insensitive sodium channel Na(V)1.9 underlies the neurotrophin-evoked excitation. These results establish the molecular basis of neurotrophin-evoked depolarization and reveal a mechanism of ligand-mediated sodium channel activation.
C1 Univ Munich, Inst Physiol, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Munich
RP Konnerth, A (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Inst Physiol, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
EM konnerth@lrz.uni-muenchen.de
NR 45
TC 218
Z9 254
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6908
BP 687
EP 693
DI 10.1038/nature01085
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 604JF
UT WOS:000178615200031
PM 12384689
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, J
   Körner, S
   Craig, SL
   Rudkevich, DM
   Rebek, J
AF Chen, J
   Körner, S
   Craig, SL
   Rudkevich, DM
   Rebek, J
TI Chemistry -: Amplification by compartmentalization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Duke Univ, Dept Chem, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Univ Texas, Dept Biochem & Chem, Arlington, TX 76019 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Duke University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Arlington
RP Chen, J (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 5
TC 88
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 24
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6870
BP 385
EP 386
DI 10.1038/415385b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 514HR
UT WOS:000173433600036
PM 11807541
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baker, PJ
   Harris, S
   Webbon, CC
AF Baker, PJ
   Harris, S
   Webbon, CC
TI Ecology - Effect of British hunting ban on fox numbers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Biol Sci, Bristol BS8 1UG, Avon, England.
C3 University of Bristol
RP Baker, PJ (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Sch Biol Sci, Woodland Rd, Bristol BS8 1UG, Avon, England.
EM s.harris@bristol.ac.uk
NR 8
TC 34
Z9 34
U1 4
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6902
BP 34
EP 34
DI 10.1038/419034a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 589YF
UT WOS:000177788600029
PM 12214224
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zorzi, M
   Priftis, K
   Umiltà, C
AF Zorzi, M
   Priftis, K
   Umiltà, C
TI Brain damage -: Neglect disrupts the mental number line
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID representation
C1 Univ Padua, Dipartimento Psicol Gen, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
   Univ Vita Salute San Raffaele, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
C3 University of Padua; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University
RP Zorzi, M (corresponding author), Univ Padua, Dipartimento Psicol Gen, Via Venezia 8, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
NR 13
TC 542
Z9 608
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6885
BP 138
EP 139
DI 10.1038/417138a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 549RH
UT WOS:000175460200031
PM 12000950
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, ZM
   Delgutte, B
   Oxenham, AJ
AF Smith, ZM
   Delgutte, B
   Oxenham, AJ
TI Chimaeric sounds reveal dichotomies in auditory perception
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interaural time differences; speech recognition; low-frequency; mechanisms; cortex; cat
AB By Fourier's theorem(1), signals can be decomposed into a sum of sinusoids of different frequencies. This is especially relevant for hearing, because the inner ear performs a form of mechanical Fourier transform by mapping frequencies along the length of the cochlear partition. An alternative signal decomposition, originated by Hilbert(2), is to factor a signal into the product of a slowly varying envelope and a rapidly varying fine time structure. Neurons in the auditory brainstem(3-6) sensitive to these features have been found in mammalian physiological studies. To investigate the relative perceptual importance of envelope and fine structure, we synthesized stimuli that we call 'auditory chimaeras', which have the envelope of one sound and the fine structure of another. Here we show that the envelope is most important for speech reception, and the fine structure is most important for pitch perception and sound localization. When the two features are in conflict, the sound of speech is heard at a location determined by the fine structure, but the words are identified according to the envelope. This finding reveals a possible acoustic basis for the hypothesized 'what' and 'where' pathways in the auditory cortex(7-10).
C1 Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirm, Eaton Peabody Lab, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   MIT, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Harvard Mit Div Hlth Sci & Technol, Speech & Hearing Biosci & Technol Program, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Delgutte, B (corresponding author), Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirm, Eaton Peabody Lab, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R01 DC002258, R01 DC005216] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders [R01DC005216, R01DC002258] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 28
TC 667
Z9 840
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6876
BP 87
EP 90
DI 10.1038/416087a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 527WU
UT WOS:000174211600044
PM 11882898
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tonello, F
   Seveso, M
   Marin, O
   Mock, M
   Montecucco, C
AF Tonello, F
   Seveso, M
   Marin, O
   Mock, M
   Montecucco, C
TI Pharmacology - Screening inhibitors of anthrax lethal factor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinase-kinase; macrophages
C1 Univ Padua, CNR, Ist Neurosci, Dipartimento Sci Biomed, I-35121 Padua, Italy.
   Univ Padua, Ist Veneto Med Mol, I-35121 Padua, Italy.
   Univ Padua, Dipartimento Chim Biol, I-35121 Padua, Italy.
   Univ Padua, CRIBI, I-35121 Padua, Italy.
   Inst Pasteur, Lab Genet Mol Toxines, CNRS, URA 557, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); University of Padua; Veneto Institute Molecular Medicine; University of Padua; University of Padua; University of Padua; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris
RP Tonello, F (corresponding author), Univ Padua, CNR, Ist Neurosci, Dipartimento Sci Biomed, Via G Colombo 3, I-35121 Padua, Italy.
NR 11
TC 103
Z9 127
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6896
BP 386
EP 386
DI 10.1038/418386a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 576MU
UT WOS:000177009700028
PM 12140548
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miyamoto, A
   Nakayama, K
   Imaki, H
   Hirose, S
   Jiang, Y
   Abe, M
   Tsukiyama, T
   Nagahama, H
   Ohno, S
   Hatakeyama, S
   Nakayama, KI
AF Miyamoto, A
   Nakayama, K
   Imaki, H
   Hirose, S
   Jiang, Y
   Abe, M
   Tsukiyama, T
   Nagahama, H
   Ohno, S
   Hatakeyama, S
   Nakayama, KI
TI Increased proliferation of B cells and auto-immunity in mice lacking protein kinase Cδ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phorbol ester; proteolytic activation; tumor promotion; transgenic mice; expression; growth; alpha; differentiation; overexpression; inhibition
AB Protein kinase C (PKC), which comprises 11 closely related isoforms, has been implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as growth, differentiation, secretion, apoptosis and tumour development(1-4). Among the PKC isotypes, PKC-delta is unique in that its overexpression results in inhibition of cell growth(5-11). Here we show that mice that lack PKC-delta exhibit expansion of the B-lymphocyte population with the formation of numerous germinal centres in the absence of stimulation. The rate of proliferation in response to stimulation was greater for B cells from PKC-delta-deficient mice than for those from wild-type mice. Adoptive transfer experiments suggested that the hyperproliferation phenotype is B-cell autonomous. Production of interleukin-6 was markedly increased in B cells of PKC-delta-null mice as a result of an increase in the DNA-binding activity of NF-IL6. Furthermore, the PKC-delta-deficient mice contain circulating autoreactive antibodies and display immune-complex-type glomerulonephritis, as well as lymphocyte infiltration in many organs. These results suggest that PKC-delta has an indispensable function in negative regulation of B-cell proliferation, and is particularly important for the establishment of B-cell tolerance.
C1 Kyushu Univ, Med Inst Bioregulat, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Kyushu Univ, Med Inst Bioregulat, Dept Mol Genet, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan.
   Juntendo Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol 2, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138421, Japan.
   Yokohama City Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Mol, Kanagawa 2360004, Japan.
C3 Kyushu University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Kyushu University; Juntendo University; Yokohama City University
RP Nakayama, KI (corresponding author), Kyushu Univ, Med Inst Bioregulat, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan.
NR 30
TC 354
Z9 406
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6883
BP 865
EP 869
DI 10.1038/416865a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 544MH
UT WOS:000175163800055
PM 11976687
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Williams, JH
   Friedman, WE
AF Williams, JH
   Friedman, WE
TI Identification of diploid endosperm in an early angiosperm lineage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3 genomic compartments; extant gymnosperms; phylogeny; embryology; gnetales; origin; plants; genes; root
AB In flowering plants, the developmental and genetic basis for the establishment of an embryo-nourishing tissue differs from all other lineages of seed plants. Among extant nonflowering seed plants (conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, Gnetales), a maternally derived haploid tissue (female gametophyte) is responsible for the acquisition of nutrients from the maternal diploid plant, and the ultimate provisioning of the embryo. In flowering plants, a second fertilization event, contemporaneous with the fusion of sperm and egg to yield a zygote, initiates a genetically biparental and typically triploid embryo-nourishing tissue called endosperm. For over a century, triploid biparental endosperm has been viewed as the ancestral condition in extant flowering plants(1-3). Here we report diploid biparental endosperm in Nuphar polysepalum, a basal angiosperm. We show that diploid endosperms are common among early angiosperm lineages and may represent the ancestral condition among flowering plants. If diploid endosperm is plesiomorphic, the triploid endosperms of the vast majority of flowering plants must have evolved from a diploid condition through the developmental modification of the unique fertilization process that initiates endosperm.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Friedman, WE (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM ned@colorado.edu
NR 30
TC 133
Z9 147
U1 0
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 31
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6871
BP 522
EP 526
DI 10.1038/415522a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 516PQ
UT WOS:000173564300046
PM 11823859
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Atkinson, L
   Milligan, CJ
   Buckley, NJ
   Deuchars, J
AF Atkinson, L
   Milligan, CJ
   Buckley, NJ
   Deuchars, J
TI Purinergic receptors - An ATP-gated ion channel at the cell nucleus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID p2x(7) receptor; permeability; interneurons; hippocampus
C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Biomed Sci, Leeds LS2 9NQ, W Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Leeds, Sch Biochem & Mol Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Leeds; University of Leeds
RP Atkinson, L (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, Sch Biomed Sci, Leeds LS2 9NQ, W Yorkshire, England.
NR 10
TC 48
Z9 54
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6911
BP 42
EP 42
DI 10.1038/420042a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 612HJ
UT WOS:000179068100030
PM 12422208
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Asai, T
   Tena, G
   Plotnikova, J
   Willmann, MR
   Chiu, WL
   Gomez-Gomez, L
   Boller, T
   Ausubel, FM
   Sheen, J
AF Asai, T
   Tena, G
   Plotnikova, J
   Willmann, MR
   Chiu, WL
   Gomez-Gomez, L
   Boller, T
   Ausubel, FM
   Sheen, J
TI MAP kinase signalling cascade in Arabidopsis innate immunity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacterial elicitor flagellin; activated protein-kinase; transcription factors; pathogen defense; resistance gene; receptor; plants; thaliana; perception; induction
AB There is remarkable conservation in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by innate immune responses of plants, insects and mammals. We developed an Arabidopsis thaliana leaf cell system based on the induction of early-defence gene transcription by flagellin, a highly conserved component of bacterial flagella that functions as a PAMP in plants and mammals. Here we identify a complete plant MAP kinase cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) and WRKY22/WRKY29 transcription factors that function downstream of the flagellin receptor FLS2, a leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) receptor kinase. Activation of this MAPK cascade confers resistance to both bacterial and fungal pathogens, suggesting that signalling events initiated by diverse pathogens converge into a conserved MAPK cascade.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Inst Desarrollo Reg, Secc Biotecnol, E-02071 Albacete, Spain.
   Friedrich Miescher Inst, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research
RP Sheen, J (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
NR 46
TC 2161
Z9 2637
U1 14
U2 626
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 977
EP 983
DI 10.1038/415977a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000031
PM 11875555
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clack, JA
AF Clack, JA
TI An early tetrapod from 'Romer's Gap'
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acanthostega gunnari jarvik; carboniferous tetrapod; evolution; skeleton; anatomy
AB The fossil record of early tetrapods has been increased recently by new finds from the Devonian period(1) and mid-late Early Carboniferous period(2). Despite this, understanding of tetrapod evolution has been hampered by a 20-million-year gap ('Romer's Gap'(3)) that covers the crucial, early period when many key features of terrestrial tetrapods were acquired. Here I describe the only articulated skeleton of a tetrapod, Pederpes, yet found from the Tournaisian epoch (354-344 million years ago (Myr)). The new taxon includes a pes with five robust digits, but a very small, possibly supernumerary digit preserved on the manus suggests the presence of polydactyly. Polydactylous early tetrapods may have survived beyond the end of the Devonian and pentadactyly cannot be assumed for the pes. However, the pes has characteristics that distinguish it from the paddle-like feet of the Devonian forms and resembles the feet of later, more terrestrially adapted Carboniferous forms. Pederpes is the earliest-known tetrapod to show the beginnings of terrestrial locomotion and was at least functionally pentadactyl. With its later American sister-genus, Whatcheeria(4,5), it represents the next most primitive tetrapod clade after those of the Late Devonian, bridging the temporal, morphological and phylogenetic gaps that have hitherto separated Late Devonian and mid-Carboniferous tetrapod faunas.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Museum Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Clack, JA (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Museum Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
EM j.a.clack@zoo.cam.ac.uk
NR 24
TC 111
Z9 130
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6893
BP 72
EP 76
DI 10.1038/nature00824
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 569JL
UT WOS:000176599200040
PM 12097908
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hetzel, R
   Niedermann, S
   Tao, M
   Kubik, PW
   Ivy-Ochs, S
   Gao, B
   Strecker, MR
AF Hetzel, R
   Niedermann, S
   Tao, M
   Kubik, PW
   Ivy-Ochs, S
   Gao, B
   Strecker, MR
TI Low slip rates and long-term preservation of geomorphic features in Central Asia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID altyn-tagh fault; cosmogenic nuclides; active deformation; tibet plateau; qilian-shan; china; mantle; gansu; kinematics; terraces
AB In order to understand the dynamics of the India-Asia collision zone, it is important to know the strain distribution in Central Asia, whose determination relies on the slip rates for active faults(1-5). Many previous slip-rate estimates of faults in Central Asia were based on the assumption that offset landforms are younger than the Last Glacial Maximum (similar to20 kyr ago)(6-11). In contrast, here we present surface exposure ages of 40 to 170 kyr, obtained using cosmogenic nuclide dating, for a series of terraces near a thrust at the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Combined with the tectonic offset, the ages imply a long-term slip rate of only about 0.35 mm yr(-1) for the active thrust, an order of magnitude lower than rates obtained from the assumption that the terraces formed after the Last Glacial Maximum. Our data demonstrate that the preservation potential of geomorphic features in Central Asia is higher than commonly assumed.
C1 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
   Univ Potsdam, Inst Geowissensch, D-14415 Potsdam, Germany.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Lanzhou Inst Geol, State Key Lab Gasgeochem, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China.
   ETH Honggerberg, Inst Particle Phys, Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   ETH Honggerberg, Inst Particle Phys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Helmholtz Association; GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences; University of Potsdam; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Geology & Geophysics, CAS; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Paul Scherrer Institute; ETH Zurich; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Hetzel, R (corresponding author), Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
NR 30
TC 152
Z9 200
U1 1
U2 53
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6887
BP 428
EP 432
DI 10.1038/417428a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 554HZ
UT WOS:000175730900035
PM 12024210
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shalitin, D
   Yang, HY
   Mockler, TC
   Maymon, M
   Guo, HW
   Whitelam, GC
   Lin, CT
AF Shalitin, D
   Yang, HY
   Mockler, TC
   Maymon, M
   Guo, HW
   Whitelam, GC
   Lin, CT
TI Regulation of Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2 by blue-light-dependent phosphorylation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flowering time; receptor cryptochrome-2; phytochrome-b; photoreceptors; plant; mutants; growth; cry1; cop1
AB Cryptochromes are blue/ultraviolet-A light receptors that mediate various light responses in plants and animals(1,2). But the initial photochemical reaction of cryptochrome is still unclear. For example, although most photoreceptors are known to undergo light-dependent protein modification such as phosphorylation (3,4), no blue-light dependent phosphorylation has been reported for a cryptochrome. Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2 (cry2) mediates light regulation of seedling development and photoperiodic flowering(5,6). The physiological activity and cellular level of cry2 protein are light-dependent(5-8), and protein-protein interactions are important for cry2 function(9,10). Here we report that cry2 undergoes a blue-light-dependent phosphorylation, and that cry2 phosphorylation is associated with its function and regulation. Our results suggest that, in the absence of light, cry2 remains unphosphorylated, inactive and stable; absorption of blue light induces the phosphorylation of cry2, triggering photomorphogenic responses and eventually degradation of the photoreceptor.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mol Cell & Dev Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Biol, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Leicester
RP Lin, CT (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mol Cell & Dev Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM clin@mcdb.ucla.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM056265] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute of General Medical Sciences [R01GM056265] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 29
TC 226
Z9 273
U1 1
U2 88
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6890
BP 763
EP 767
DI 10.1038/nature00815
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 561QY
UT WOS:000176154700050
PM 12066190
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jacque, JM
   Triques, K
   Stevenson, M
AF Jacque, JM
   Triques, K
   Stevenson, M
TI Modulation of HIV-1 replication by RNA interference
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-stranded-rna; human-immunodeficiency-virus; gene-expression; drosophila; cells; competent; tissue
AB RNA interference (RNAi) is the process by which double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) directs sequence-specific degradation of messenger RNA in animal and plant cells(1,2). In mammalian cells, RNAi can be triggered by 21-nucleotide duplexes of small interfering RNA (siRNA)(3). Here we describe inhibition of early and late steps of HIV-1 replication in human cell lines and primary lymphocytes by siRNAs targeted to various regions of the HIV-1 genome. We demonstrate that synthetic siRNA duplexes or plasmid-derived siRNAs inhibit HIV-1 infection by specifically degrading genomic HIV-1 RNA, thereby preventing formation of viral complementary-DNA intermediates. These results demonstrate the utility of RNAi for modulating the HIV replication cycle and provide evidence that genomic HIV-1 RNA, as it exists within a nucleoprotein reverse-transcription complex, is amenable to siRNA-mediated degradation.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Mol Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP Stevenson, M (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Mol Med, 373 Plantat St, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
EM mario.stevenson@umassmed.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R33 AI088595, R01 AI037475, R01 AI032890] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 686
Z9 982
U1 0
U2 67
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6896
BP 435
EP 438
DI 10.1038/nature00896
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 576MU
UT WOS:000177009700042
PM 12087358
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ganeshram, RS
   Pedersen, TF
   Calvert, SE
   Francois, R
AF Ganeshram, RS
   Pedersen, TF
   Calvert, SE
   Francois, R
TI Reduced nitrogen fixation in the glacial ocean inferred from changes in marine nitrogen and phosphorus inventories
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID continental-margin sediments; arabian sea; interglacial variability; denitrification; accumulation; pacific; apatite; peru
AB To explain the lower atmospheric CO(2) concentrations during glacial periods, it has been suggested that the productivity of marine phytoplankton was stimulated by an increased flux of iron-bearing dust to the oceans(1,2). One component of this theory is that iron-an essential element/nutrient for nitrogen-fixing organisms-will increase the rate of marine nitrogen fixation, fuelling the growth of other marine phytoplankton and increasing CO(2) uptake. Here we present data that questions this hypothesis. From a sediment core off the northwestern continental margin of Mexico, we show that denitrification and phosphorite formation-processes that occur in oxygen-deficient upwelling regions, removing respectively nitrogen and phosphorus from the ocean-declined in glacial periods, thus increasing marine inventories of nitrogen and phosphorus. But increases in phosphorus were smaller and less rapid, leading to increased N/P ratios in the oceans. Acknowledging that phytoplankton require nitrogen and phosphorus in constant proportions, the Redfield ratio(3), and that N/P ratios greater than the Redfield ratio are likely to suppress nitrogen fixation(4,5), we suggest therefore that marine productivity did not increase in glacial periods in response to either increased nutrient inventories or greater iron supply.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Dept Geol & Geophys, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02540 USA.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of British Columbia; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Ganeshram, RS (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Dept Geol & Geophys, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM Raja.Ganeshram@glg.ed.ac.uk
NR 26
TC 113
Z9 148
U1 0
U2 57
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 10
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6868
BP 156
EP 159
DI 10.1038/415156a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 509PR
UT WOS:000173159300037
PM 11805830
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maldonado, AM
   Doerner, P
   Dixon, RA
   Lamb, CJ
   Cameron, RK
AF Maldonado, AM
   Doerner, P
   Dixon, RA
   Lamb, CJ
   Cameron, RK
TI A putative lipid transfer protein involved in systemic resistance signalling in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID induced disease resistance; syringae pv. tomato; salicylic-acid; acquired-resistance; gene; thaliana; plants; accumulation; transduction; pathogens
AB Localized attack by a necrotizing pathogen induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to subsequent attack by a broad range of normally virulent pathogens. Salicylic acid accumulation is required for activation of local defenses, such as pathogenesis-related protein accumulation, at the initial site of attack, and for subsequent expression of SAR upon secondary, distant challenge(1,2). Although salicylic acid moves through the plant, it is apparently not an essential mobile signal(2). We screened Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfer DNA (tDNA) tagged lines of Arabidopsis thaliana for mutants specifically compromized in SAR. Here we show that Defective in induced resistance 1-1 (dir1-1) exhibits wild-type local resistance to avirulent and virulent Pseudomonas syringae, but that pathogenesis-related gene expression is abolished in uninoculated distant leaves and dir1-1 fails to develop SAR to virulent Pseudomonas or Peronospora parasitica. Petiole exudate experiments indicate that dir1-1 is defective in the production or transmission from the inoculated leaf of an essential mobile signal. DIR1 encodes a putative apoplastic lipid transfer protein and we propose that DIR1 interacts with a lipid-derived molecule to promote long distance signalling.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Bot, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada.
   Noble Fdn Inc, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; University of Toronto; Noble Research Institute
RP Cameron, RK (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 31
TC 601
Z9 735
U1 2
U2 103
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6905
BP 399
EP 403
DI 10.1038/nature00962
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 596ZB
UT WOS:000178195400047
PM 12353036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shiba, T
   Takatsu, H
   Nogi, T
   Matsugaki, N
   Kawasaki, M
   Igarashi, N
   Suzuki, M
   Kato, R
   Earnest, T
   Nakayama, K
   Wakatsuki, S
AF Shiba, T
   Takatsu, H
   Nogi, T
   Matsugaki, N
   Kawasaki, M
   Igarashi, N
   Suzuki, M
   Kato, R
   Earnest, T
   Nakayama, K
   Wakatsuki, S
TI Structural basis for recognition of acidic-cluster dileucine sequence by GGA1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ear homology domain; gamma-adaptin; vhs domain; proteins interact; binding; transport; family; trafficking; receptors; insights
AB GGAs (Golgi-localizing, g-adaptin ear homology domain, ARF-interacting proteins) are critical for the transport of soluble proteins from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to endosomes/lysosomes by means of interactions with TGN-sorting receptors, ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF), and clathrin(1,2). The amino-terminal VHS domains of GGAs form complexes with the cytoplasmic domains of sorting receptors by recognizing acidic-cluster dileucine (ACLL) sequences(1-6). Here we report the X-ray structure of the GGA1 VHS domain alone, and in complex with the carboxyterminal peptide of cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor containing an ACLL sequence. The VHS domain forms a super helix with eight alpha-helices, similar to the VHS domains of TOM1 and Hrs. Unidirectional movements of helices alpha6 and alpha8, and some of their side chains, create a set of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions for correct recognition of the ACLL peptide. This recognition mechanism provides the basis for regulation of protein transport from the TGN to endosomes/lysosomes, which is shared by sortilin and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein.
C1 High Energy Accelerator Res Org, Inst Mat Struct Sci, Photon Factory, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050801, Japan.
   Fdn Advancement Int Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050062, Japan.
   Univ Tsukuba, Inst Biol Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058572, Japan.
   Univ Tsukuba, Ctr Gene Res, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058572, Japan.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley Ctr Struct Biol,Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK); University of Tsukuba; University of Tsukuba; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Wakatsuki, S (corresponding author), High Energy Accelerator Res Org, Inst Mat Struct Sci, Photon Factory, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050801, Japan.
EM soichi.wakatsuki@kek.jp
NR 29
TC 125
Z9 144
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 21
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6874
BP 937
EP 941
DI 10.1038/415937a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 523EL
UT WOS:000173941000052
PM 11859376
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liston, C
   Kagan, J
AF Liston, C
   Kagan, J
TI Brain development - Memory enhancement in early childhood
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human prefrontal cortex; behavioral-development; neurobiological bases; retrieval; explicit; infancy
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Psychol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Liston, C (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Psychol, 33 Kirkland St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM cliston@post.harvard.edu
NR 13
TC 25
Z9 32
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6910
BP 896
EP 896
DI 10.1038/419896a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 609MN
UT WOS:000178909700031
PM 12410299
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sun, Y
   Olson, R
   Horning, M
   Armstrong, N
   Mayer, M
   Gouaux, E
AF Sun, Y
   Olson, R
   Horning, M
   Armstrong, N
   Mayer, M
   Gouaux, E
TI Mechanism of glutamate receptor desensitization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ligand-binding core; ampa receptor; ion channels; tetrameric structure; hippocampal-neurons; crystal-structures; cyclothiazide; kainate; cells; selectivity
AB Ligand-gated ion channels transduce chemical signals into electrical impulses by opening a transmembrane pore in response to binding one or more neurotransmitter molecules. After activation, many ligand-gated ion channels enter a desensitized state in which the neurotransmitter remains bound but the ion channel is closed. Although receptor desensitization is crucial to the functioning of many ligand-gated ion channels in vivo, the molecular basis of this important process has until now defied analysis. Using the GluR2 AMPA-sensitive glutamate receptor, we show here that the ligand-binding cores form dimers and that stabilization of the intradimer interface by either mutations or allosteric modulators reduces desensitization. Perturbations that destabilize the interface enhance desensitization. Receptor activation involves conformational changes within each subunit that result in an increase in the separation of portions of the receptor that are linked to the ion channel. Our analysis defines the dimer interface in the resting and activated state, indicates how ligand binding is coupled to gating, and suggests modes of dimer-dimer interaction in the assembled tetramer. Desensitization occurs through rearrangement of the dimer interface, which disengages the agonist-induced conformational change in the ligand-binding core from the ion channel gate.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   NICHHD, Lab Cellular & Mol Neurophysiol, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
RP Gouaux, E (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, 650 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA.
NR 46
TC 601
Z9 720
U1 0
U2 49
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 245
EP 253
DI 10.1038/417245a
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100037
PM 12015593
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reimann, JDR
   Jackson, PK
AF Reimann, JDR
   Jackson, PK
TI Emi1 is required for cytostatic factor arrest in vertebrate eggs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cleaving xenopus-embryos; mos proto-oncogene; oocyte maturation; metaphase arrest; frog oocytes; map kinase; cyclin-b; activation; extracts; fertilization
AB Vertebrate eggs are arrested at metaphase of meiosis II with stable cyclin B and high cyclin B/Cdc2 kinase activity. The ability of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, to trigger cyclin B destruction and metaphase exit is blocked in eggs by the activity of cytostatic factor (CSF) (reviewed in ref. 1). CSF was defined as an activity in mature oocytes that caused mitotic arrest when injected into dividing embryos(2). Fertilization causes a transient increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration leading to CSF inactivation, APC activation, cyclin B destruction and mitotic exit(3). The APC activator Cdc20 is required for APC activation after fertilization(4,5). We show here that the APC(cdc20) inhibitor Emi1 (ref. 6) is necessary and sufficient to inhibit the APC and to prevent mitotic exit in CSF-arrested eggs. CSF extracts immunodepleted of Emi1 degrade cyclin B, and exit from mitosis prematurely in the absence of calcium. Addition of Emi1 to these Emi1-depleted extracts blocks premature inactivation of the CSF-arrested state. Emi1 is required to arrest unfertilized eggs at metaphase of meiosis II and seems to be the long-sought mediator of CSF activity.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Pathol, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Jackson, PK (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Pathol, Sch Med, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 31
TC 105
Z9 123
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6883
BP 850
EP 854
DI 10.1038/416850a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 544MH
UT WOS:000175163800052
PM 11976684
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hollingsworth, RG
   Armstrong, JW
   Campbell, E
AF Hollingsworth, RG
   Armstrong, JW
   Campbell, E
TI Pest control: Caffeine as a repellent for slugs and snails
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calcium; neurons
C1 ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
   USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Hilo, HI 96721 USA.
C3 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
RP Hollingsworth, RG (corresponding author), ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, USDA, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
NR 11
TC 126
Z9 148
U1 0
U2 75
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6892
BP 915
EP 916
DI 10.1038/417915a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 566RC
UT WOS:000176441200028
PM 12087394
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mehta, MR
   Lee, AK
   Wilson, MA
AF Mehta, MR
   Lee, AK
   Wilson, MA
TI Role of experience and oscillations in transforming a rate code into a temporal code
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hippocampal pyramidal cells; phase-precession; theta-rhythm; receptive-fields; place fields; spatial map; dynamics; sequences; neurons; v1
AB In the vast majority of brain areas, the firing rates of neurons, averaged over several hundred milliseconds to several seconds, can be strongly modulated by, and provide accurate information about, properties of their inputs. This is referred to as the rate code. However, the biophysical laws of synaptic plasticity require precise timing of spikes over short timescales (< 10 ms)(1,2). Hence it is critical to understand the physiological mechanisms that can generate precise spike timing in vivo, and the relationship between such a temporal code and a rate code. Here we propose a mechanism by which a temporal code can be generated through an interaction between an asymmetric rate code and oscillatory inhibition. Consistent with the predictions of our model, the rate(3,4) and temporal(5-7) codes of hippocampal pyramidal neurons are highly correlated. Furthermore, the temporal code becomes more robust with experience. The resulting spike timing satisfies the temporal order constraints of hebbian learning. Thus, oscillations and receptive field asymmetry may have a critical role in temporal sequence learning.
C1 MIT, RIKEN MIT Neurosci Res Ctr, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Ctr Learning & Memory, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); RIKEN
RP Mehta, MR (corresponding author), MIT, RIKEN MIT Neurosci Res Ctr, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Ctr Learning & Memory, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 30
TC 510
Z9 594
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6890
BP 741
EP 746
DI 10.1038/nature00807
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 561QY
UT WOS:000176154700045
PM 12066185
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemper, F
   Jäger, C
   Waters, LBFM
   Henning, T
   Molster, FJ
   Barlow, MJ
   Lim, T
   de Koter, A
AF Kemper, F
   Jäger, C
   Waters, LBFM
   Henning, T
   Molster, FJ
   Barlow, MJ
   Lim, T
   de Koter, A
TI Detection of carbonates in dust shells around evolved stars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interstellar silicate mineralogy; planetary-nebula; iso spectrum; ngc-6302; ice; body; steps; disks
AB Carbonates on large Solar System bodies like Earth and Mars 1,2 (the latter represented by the meteorite ALH84001) form through the weathering of silicates in a watery (CO3)(2-) solution. The presence of carbonates in interplanetary dust particles and asteroids (again, represented by meteorites) is not completely understood, but has been attributed to aqueous alteration on a large parent body, which was subsequently shattered into smaller pieces. Despite efforts(3-5), the presence of carbonates outside the Solar System has hitherto not been established(6,7). Here we report the discovery of the carbonates calcite and dolomite in the dust shells of evolved stars, where the conditions are too primitive for the formation of large parent bodies with liquid water. These carbonates, therefore, are not formed by aqueous alteration, but perhaps through processes on the surfaces of dust or ice grains or gas phase condensation. The presence of carbonates which did not form by aqueous alteration suggests that some of the carbonates found in Solar System bodies no longer provide direct evidence that liquid water was present on large parent bodies early in the history of the Solar System(8).
C1 Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Jena, Inst Astrophys & Univ Observ, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Sterrenkunde, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
   Georgia Tech, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
   ESA, ESTEC, Solar Syst Div, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands.
   UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Rutherford Appleton Lab, Dept Space Sci, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
C3 University of Amsterdam; Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; KU Leuven; University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology; European Space Agency; European Space Research & Technology Centre; University of London; University College London; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
RP Kemper, F (corresponding author), Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, Kruislaan 403, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM ciska@science.uva.nl
NR 28
TC 90
Z9 92
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 17
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6869
BP 295
EP 297
DI 10.1038/415295a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 511YC
UT WOS:000173293500035
PM 11797000
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shinkai, K
   Mohrs, M
   Locksley, RM
AF Shinkai, K
   Mohrs, M
   Locksley, RM
TI Helper T cells regulate type-2 innate immunity in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nippostrongylus-brasiliensis; airway hyperresponsiveness; eosinophils; degranulation; il-5; interleukin-5; expression; responses; induction; proteins
AB Type-2 immunity requires orchestration of innate and adaptive immune responses to protect mucosal sites from pathogens. Dysregulated type-2 responses result in allergy or asthma(1). T helper 2 (T(H)2) cells elaborate cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, which work with toxic mediators of innate immune cells to establish environments that are inhospitable to helminth or arthropod invaders(2). The importance of T(H)2 cells in coordinating innate immune cells at sites of inflammation is not known. Here we show that polarized type-2 immune responses are initiated independently of adaptive immunity. In the absence of B and T cells, IL-4-expressing eosinophils were recruited to tissues of mice infected with the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, but eosinophils failed to degranulate. Reconstitution with CD4 T cells promoted accumulation of degranulated IL-4-expressing cells, but only if T cells were stimulated with cognate antigen. Degranulation correlated with tissue destruction, which was attenuated if eosinophils were depleted. Helper T cells confer antigen specificity on eosinophil cytotoxicity, but not cytokine responses, so defining a novel mechanism that focuses tissue injury at sites of immune challenge.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Immunol Microbiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Locksley, RM (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 30
TC 174
Z9 200
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 26
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6917
BP 825
EP 829
DI 10.1038/nature01202
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 626WR
UT WOS:000179897300059
PM 12490951
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Echtay, KS
   Roussel, D
   St-Pierre, J
   Jekabsons, MB
   Cadenas, S
   Stuart, JA
   Harper, JA
   Roebuck, SJ
   Morrison, A
   Pickering, S
   Clapham, JC
   Brand, MD
AF Echtay, KS
   Roussel, D
   St-Pierre, J
   Jekabsons, MB
   Cadenas, S
   Stuart, JA
   Harper, JA
   Roebuck, SJ
   Morrison, A
   Pickering, S
   Clapham, JC
   Brand, MD
TI Superoxide activates mitochondrial uncoupling proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brown adipose-tissue; skeletal-muscle; fatty-acids; rat; nucleotides; expression; generation; gene; mice; ucp2
AB Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) diverts energy from ATP synthesis to thermogenesis in the mitochondria of brown adipose tissue by catalysing a regulated leak of protons across the inner membrane(1,2). The functions of its homologues, UCP2 and UCP3, in other tissues are debated(3,4). UCP2 and UCP3 are present at much lower abundance than UCP1, and the uncoupling with which they are associated is not significantly thermogenic(5,6). Mild uncoupling would, however, decrease the mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species, which are important mediators of oxidative damage(7,8). Here we show that superoxide increases mitochondrial proton conductance through effects on UCP1, UCP2 and UCP3. Superoxide-induced uncoupling requires fatty acids and is inhibited by purine nucleotides. It correlates with the tissue expression of UCPs, appears in mitochondria from yeast expressing UCP1, and is absent in skeletal muscle mitochondria from UCP3 knockout mice. Our findings indicate that the interaction of superoxide with UCPs may be a mechanism for decreasing the concentrations of reactive oxygen species inside mitochondria.
C1 MRC, Dunn Human Nutr Unit, Cambridge CB2 2XY, England.
   GlaxoSmithKline, Dept Comparat Genome, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
   GlaxoSmithKline, Dept Vasc Biol, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Medical Research Council UK (MRC); MRC Human Nutrition Research; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom
RP Brand, MD (corresponding author), MRC, Dunn Human Nutr Unit, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2XY, England.
NR 30
TC 1165
Z9 1310
U1 2
U2 98
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 3
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6867
BP 96
EP 99
DI 10.1038/415096a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 507KZ
UT WOS:000173028800048
PM 11780125
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Doran, PT
   Priscu, JC
   Lyons, WB
   Walsh, JE
   Fountain, AG
   McKnight, DM
   Moorhead, DL
   Virginia, RA
   Wall, DH
   Clow, GD
   Fritsen, CH
   McKay, CP
   Parsons, AN
AF Doran, PT
   Priscu, JC
   Lyons, WB
   Walsh, JE
   Fountain, AG
   McKnight, DM
   Moorhead, DL
   Virginia, RA
   Wall, DH
   Clow, GD
   Fritsen, CH
   McKay, CP
   Parsons, AN
TI Antarctic climate cooling and terrestrial ecosystem response
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID taylor-valley; dry valleys; community; temperature
AB The average air temperature at the Earth's surface has increased by 0.06degreesC per decade during the 20th century(1), and by 0.19degreesC per decade from 1979 to 1998(2). Climate models generally predict amplified warming in polar regions(3,4), as observed in Antarctica's peninsula region over the second half of the 20th century(5-9). Although previous reports suggest slight recent continental warming(9,10), our spatial analysis of Antarctic meteorological data demonstrates a net cooling on the Antarctic continent between 1966 and 2000, particularly during summer and autumn. The McMurdo Dry Valleys have cooled by 0.7degreesC per decade between 1986 and 2000, with similar pronounced seasonal trends. Summer cooling is particularly important to Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems that are poised at the interface of ice and water. Here we present data from the dry valleys representing evidence of rapid terrestrial ecosystem response to climate cooling in Antarctica, including decreased primary productivity of lakes (6-9% per year) and declining numbers of soil invertebrates (more than 10% per year). Continental Antarctic cooling, especially the seasonality of cooling, poses challenges to models of climate and ecosystem change.
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
   Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Portland State Univ, Dept Geol, Portland, OR 97207 USA.
   Univ Toledo, Dept Earth Ecol & Environm Sci, Toledo, OH 43606 USA.
   Dartmouth Coll, Environm Studies Program, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
   Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Climate Program, Denver, CO 80225 USA.
   Desert Res Inst, Div Earth & Ecosyst Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA.
   NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital; Montana State University System; Montana State University Bozeman; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Portland State University; University System of Ohio; University of Toledo; Dartmouth College; Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); Desert Research Institute NSHE; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center
RP Doran, PT (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, 845 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
NR 29
TC 351
Z9 406
U1 0
U2 116
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 31
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6871
BP 517
EP 520
DI 10.1038/nature710
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 516PQ
UT WOS:000173564300044
PM 11793010
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Callaway, RM
   Brooker, RW
   Choler, P
   Kikvidze, Z
   Lortie, CJ
   Michalet, R
   Paolini, L
   Pugnaire, FI
   Newingham, B
   Aschehoug, ET
   Armas, C
   Kikodze, D
   Cook, BJ
AF Callaway, RM
   Brooker, RW
   Choler, P
   Kikvidze, Z
   Lortie, CJ
   Michalet, R
   Paolini, L
   Pugnaire, FI
   Newingham, B
   Aschehoug, ET
   Armas, C
   Kikodze, D
   Cook, BJ
TI Positive interactions among alpine plants increase with stress
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID competition; gradients; balance; model
AB Plants can have positive effects on each other(1). For example, the accumulation of nutrients, provision of shade, amelioration of disturbance, or protection from herbivores by some species can enhance the performance of neighbouring species. Thus the notion that the distributions and abundances of plant species are independent of other species may be inadequate as a theoretical underpinning for understanding species coexistence and diversity(2). But there have been no large-scale experiments designed to examine the generality of positive interactions in plant communities and their importance relative to competition. Here we show that the biomass, growth and reproduction of alpine plant species are higher when other plants are nearby. In an experiment conducted in subalpine and alpine plant communities with 115 species in 11 different mountain ranges, we find that competition generally, but not exclusively, dominates interactions at lower elevations where conditions are less physically stressful. In contrast, at high elevations where abiotic stress is high the interactions among plants are predominantly positive. Furthermore, across all high and low sites positive interactions are more important at sites with low temperatures in the early summer, but competition prevails at warmer sites.
C1 Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA.
   CEH Banchory Res Stn, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Banchory AB31 4BY, Kincardine, Scotland.
   Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, UMR 5553, Stn Alpine Lautaret, F-38041 Grenoble, France.
   Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, UMR 5553, Lab Biol Populat Altitude, F-38041 Grenoble, France.
   Georgian Acad Sci, Inst Bot, GE-380007 Tbilisi, Georgia.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   UNT, Lab Invest Ecol Yungas, Yerba Buena, Tucuman, Argentina.
   CSIC, Estac Expt Zonas Aridas, Almeria 04001, Spain.
C3 University of Montana System; University of Montana; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Savoie Mont Blanc; CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Universite Savoie Mont Blanc; National Academy of Sciences of Georgia; University of British Columbia; Universidad Nacional de Tucuman; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Estacion Experimental de Zonas Aridas (EEZA)
RP Callaway, RM (corresponding author), Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA.
EM callaway@selway.umt.edu
NR 25
TC 1613
Z9 1915
U1 12
U2 887
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6891
BP 844
EP 848
DI 10.1038/nature00812
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 563YM
UT WOS:000176285600045
PM 12075350
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klarreich, E
AF Klarreich, E
TI Inspired by immunity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 37
Z9 42
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 31
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6871
BP 468
EP 470
DI 10.1038/415468a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 516PQ
UT WOS:000173564300013
PM 11823823
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jung, A
   Maier, R
   Vartanian, JP
   Bocharov, G
   Jung, V
   Fischer, U
   Meese, E
   Wain-Hobson, S
   Meyerhans, A
AF Jung, A
   Maier, R
   Vartanian, JP
   Bocharov, G
   Jung, V
   Fischer, U
   Meese, E
   Wain-Hobson, S
   Meyerhans, A
TI Recombination - Multiply infected spleen cells in HIV patients
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1
C1 Univ Saarland, Dept Virol, D-66421 Homburg, Germany.
   Univ Saarland, Dept Human Genet, D-66421 Homburg, Germany.
   Inst Pasteur, Unite Retrovirol Mol, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Numer Math, Moscow, Russia.
C3 Saarland University; Saarland University; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Meyerhans, A (corresponding author), Univ Saarland, Dept Virol, D-66421 Homburg, Germany.
EM andreas.meyerhans@uniklinik-saarland.de
NR 11
TC 339
Z9 400
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6894
BP 144
EP 144
DI 10.1038/418144a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 571GV
UT WOS:000176710400029
PM 12110879
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU DeLuca, TH
   Zackrisson, O
   Nilsson, MC
   Sellstedt, A
AF DeLuca, TH
   Zackrisson, O
   Nilsson, MC
   Sellstedt, A
TI Quantifying nitrogen-fixation in feather moss carpets of boreal forests
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID community; ecosystem; patterns
AB Biological nitrogen (N) fixation is the primary source of N within natural ecosystems(1), yet the origin of boreal forest N has remained elusive. The boreal forests of Eurasia and North America lack any significant, widespread symbiotic N-fixing plants(1-6). With the exception of scattered stands of alder in early primary successional forests(7), N-fixation in boreal forests is considered to be extremely limited. Nitrogen-fixation in northern European boreal forests has been estimated(2) at only 0.5 kg Nha(-1) yr(-1); however, organic N is accumulated in these ecosystems at a rate of 3 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) (ref. 8). Our limited understanding of the origin of boreal N is unacceptable given the extent of the boreal forest region, but predictable given our imperfect knowledge of N-fixation(1,9). Herein we report on a N-fixing symbiosis between a cyanobacterium (Nostoc sp.) and the ubiquitous feather moss, Pleurozium schreberi (Bird) Mitt. that alone fixes between 1.5 and 2.0 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) in mid- to late-successional forests of northern Scandinavia and Finland. Previous efforts have probably underestimated N-fixation potential in boreal forests.
C1 Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Missoula, MT 59812 USA.
   Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Vegetat Ecol, SE-90183 Umea, Sweden.
   Umea Univ, Dept Plant Physiol, Umea Plant Sci Ctr, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden.
C3 University of Montana System; University of Montana; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Umea University
RP DeLuca, TH (corresponding author), Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Missoula, MT 59812 USA.
NR 29
TC 454
Z9 517
U1 6
U2 259
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6910
BP 917
EP 920
DI 10.1038/nature01051
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 609MN
UT WOS:000178909700041
PM 12410308
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dickson, B
   Yashayaev, I
   Meincke, J
   Turrell, B
   Dye, S
   Holfort, J
AF Dickson, B
   Yashayaev, I
   Meincke, J
   Turrell, B
   Dye, S
   Holfort, J
TI Rapid freshening of the deep North Atlantic Ocean over the past four decades
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oscillation; circulation; trends; water; sea
AB The overflow and descent of cold, dense water from the sills of the Denmark Strait and the Faroe-Shetland channel into the North Atlantic Ocean is the principal means of ventilating the deep oceans, and is therefore a key element of the global thermohaline circulation. Most computer simulations of the ocean system in a climate with increasing atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations predict a weakening thermohaline circulation in the North Atlantic as the subpolar seas become fresher and warmer(1-3), and it is assumed that this signal will be transferred to the deep ocean by the two overflows. From observations it has not been possible to detect whether the ocean's overturning circulation is changing, but recent evidence suggests that the transport over the sills may be slackening(4). Here we show, through the analysis of long hydrographic records, that the system of overflow and entrainment that ventilates the deep Atlantic has steadily changed over the past four decades. We find that these changes have already led to sustained and widespread freshening of the deep ocean.
C1 Ctr Environm Fisheries & Aquaculture Sci, Lowestoft NR33 OHT, Suffolk, England.
   Bedford Inst Oceanog, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada.
   Inst Meereskunde, D-22529 Hamburg, Germany.
   Marine Lab, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, Scotland.
C3 Centre for Environment Fisheries & Aquaculture Science; Bedford Institute of Oceanography
RP Dickson, B (corresponding author), Ctr Environm Fisheries & Aquaculture Sci, Lowestoft NR33 OHT, Suffolk, England.
NR 24
TC 379
Z9 423
U1 0
U2 106
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6883
BP 832
EP 837
DI 10.1038/416832a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 544MH
UT WOS:000175163800047
PM 11976679
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rauhut, OWM
   Martin, T
   Ortiz-Jaureguizar, E
   Puerta, P
AF Rauhut, OWM
   Martin, T
   Ortiz-Jaureguizar, E
   Puerta, P
TI A jurassic mammal from South America
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID australia
AB The Jurassic period is an important stage in early mammalian evolution, as it saw the first diversification of this group, leading to the stem lineages of monotremes and modern therian mammals(1). However, the fossil record of Jurassic mammals is extremely poor, particularly in the southern continents. Jurassic mammals from Gondwanaland are so far only known from Tanzania(2,3) and Madagascar(4), and from trackway evidence from Argentina(5). Here we report a Jurassic mammal represented by a dentary, which is the first, to our knowledge, from South America. The tiny fossil from the Middle to Late Jurassic of Patagonia is a representative of the recently termed Australosphenida, a group of mammals from Gondwanaland that evolved tribosphenic molars convergently to the Northern Hemisphere Tribosphenida, and probably gave rise to the monotremes(1). Together with other mammalian evidence from the Southern Hemisphere(2-4,6-8), the discovery of this new mammal indicates that the Australosphenida had diversified and were widespread in Gondwanaland well before the end of the Jurassic, and that mammalian faunas from the Southern Hemisphere already showed a marked distinction from their northern counterparts by the Middle to Late Jurassic.
C1 Free Univ Berlin, Inst Geol Wissensch, Fachrichtung Palaontol, D-12249 Berlin, Germany.
   Museo Paleontol Egidio Feruglio, RA-9100 Trelew, Argentina.
C3 Free University of Berlin
RP Martin, T (corresponding author), Free Univ Berlin, Inst Geol Wissensch, Fachrichtung Palaontol, Malteserstr 74-100, D-12249 Berlin, Germany.
EM tmartin@zedat.fu-berlin.de
NR 30
TC 100
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6877
BP 165
EP 168
DI 10.1038/416165a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 530FR
UT WOS:000174348100034
PM 11894091
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reif, K
   Ekland, EH
   Ohl, L
   Nakano, H
   Lipp, M
   Förster, R
   Cyster, JG
AF Reif, K
   Ekland, EH
   Ohl, L
   Nakano, H
   Lipp, M
   Förster, R
   Cyster, JG
TI Balanced responsiveness to chemoattractants from adjacent zones determines B-cell position
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID secondary lymphoid organs; dendritic cells; helper-free; high-titer; chemokine; localization; expression; follicles; migration; mice
AB B lymphocytes re-circulate between B-cell-rich compartments (follicles or B zones) in secondary lymphoid organs, surveying for antigen. After antigen binding, B cells move to the boundary of B and T zones to interact with T-helper cells(1-3). Despite the importance of B-T-cell interactions for the induction of antibody responses, the mechanism causing B-cell movement to the T zone has not been defined. Here we show that antigen-engaged B cells have increased expression of CCR7, the receptor for the T-zone chemokines(4,5) CCL19 and CCL21, and that they exhibit increased responsiveness to both chemoattractants. In mice lacking lymphoid CCL19 and CCL21 chemokines, or with B cells that lack CCR7, antigen engagement fails to cause movement to the T zone. Using retroviral-mediated gene transfer we demonstrate that increased expression of CCR7 is sufficient to direct B cells to the T zone. Reciprocally, overexpression of CXCR5, the receptor for the B-zone chemokine CXCL13, is sufficient to overcome antigen-induced B-cell movement to the T zone. These findings define the mechanism of B-cell relocalization in response to antigen, and establish that cell position in vivo can be determined by the balance of responsiveness to chemoattractants made in separate but adjacent zones.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Surg Clin, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
   Toho Univ, Sch Med, Dept Immunol, Tokyo 1438540, Japan.
   Max Delbruck Ctr Mol Med, D-13092 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of Erlangen Nuremberg; Toho University; Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine
RP Cyster, JG (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 30
TC 428
Z9 559
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6876
BP 94
EP 99
DI 10.1038/416094a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 527WU
UT WOS:000174211600046
PM 11882900
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, KC
   Kim, JA
   Sivasankaran, R
   Segal, R
   He, ZG
AF Wang, KC
   Kim, JA
   Sivasankaran, R
   Segal, R
   He, ZG
TI p75 interacts with the Nogo receptor as a co-receptor for Nogo, MAG and OMgp
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neurotrophin receptor; axon regeneration; rho; protein; growth; cns; identification; expression; inhibition; outgrowth
AB In inhibiting neurite outgrowth, several myelin components, including the extracellular domain of Nogo-A (Nogo-66)(1), oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMgp)(2) and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG)(3,4), exert their effects through the same Nogo receptor (NgR). The glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored nature of NgR indicates the requirement for additional transmembrane protein(s) to transduce the inhibitory signals into the interior of responding neurons. Here, we demonstrate that p75, a transmembrane protein known to be a receptor for the neurotrophin family of growth factors(5,6), specifically interacts with NgR. p75 is required for NgR-mediated signalling, as neurons from p75 knockout mice are no longer responsive to myelin and to each of the known NgR ligands. Blocking the p75-NgR interaction also reduces the activities of these inhibitors. Moreover, a truncated p75 protein lacking the intracellular domain, when overexpressed in primary neurons, attenuates the same set of inhibitory activities, suggesting that p75 is a signal transducer of the NgR-p75 receptor complex. Thus, interfering with p75 and its downstream signalling pathways may allow lesioned axons to overcome most of the inhibitory activities associated with central nervous system myelin.
C1 Childrens Hosp, Div Neurosci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Program Neurosci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Pediat Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
RP He, ZG (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp, Div Neurosci, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 25
TC 685
Z9 857
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6911
BP 74
EP 78
DI 10.1038/nature01176
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 612HJ
UT WOS:000179068100039
PM 12422217
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sambrano, GR
   Fraser, I
   Han, HP
   Ni, Y
   O'Connell, T
   Yan, Z
   Stull, JT
AF Sambrano, GR
   Fraser, I
   Han, HP
   Ni, Y
   O'Connell, T
   Yan, Z
   Stull, JT
TI Navigating the signalling network in mouse cardiac myocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID myocardial-contractility; cell-size; phospholamban; mechanism; pathways; heart
AB Cardiac myocytes have a complex network of signals that regulates their essential role in the rhythmic pumping of the heart. This network is an appealing model system in which to study the basic principles underlying cellular signalling mechanisms. Progress in this effort has come through the establishment of standardized myocyte isolation and culture procedures and characterization of important signalling responses.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Physiol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   San Francisco Vet Adm Med Ctr, Dept Cardiol, San Francisco, CA 94121 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; California Institute of Technology; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); San Francisco VA Medical Center
RP Sambrano, GR (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM sambrano@cmp.ucsf.edu
NR 25
TC 72
Z9 81
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP 712
EP 714
DI 10.1038/nature01306
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 624GK
UT WOS:000179751800056
PM 12478303
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moffatt, HK
   Shimomura, Y
AF Moffatt, HK
   Shimomura, Y
TI Spinning eggs - a paradox resolved - An explanation for an odd egg performance is rolled out in time for Easter.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Appl Math & Theoret Phys, Cambridge CB3 9EW, England.
   Keio Univ, Dept Phys, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2238521, Japan.
C3 University of Cambridge; Keio University
RP Moffatt, HK (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Appl Math & Theoret Phys, Silver St, Cambridge CB3 9EW, England.
NR 4
TC 31
Z9 35
U1 1
U2 51
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6879
BP 385
EP 386
DI 10.1038/416385a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 534UX
UT WOS:000174607800032
PM 11919617
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ye, H
   Arron, JR
   Lamothe, B
   Cirilli, M
   Kobayashi, T
   Shevde, NK
   Segal, D
   Dzivenu, OK
   Vologodskaia, M
   Yim, M
   Du, K
   Singh, S
   Pike, JW
   Darnay, BG
   Choi, Y
   Wu, H
AF Ye, H
   Arron, JR
   Lamothe, B
   Cirilli, M
   Kobayashi, T
   Shevde, NK
   Segal, D
   Dzivenu, OK
   Vologodskaia, M
   Yim, M
   Du, K
   Singh, S
   Pike, JW
   Darnay, BG
   Choi, Y
   Wu, H
TI Distinct molecular mechanism for initiating TRAF6 signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf-kappa-b; defective interleukin-1; structural basis; receptor; kinase; activation; cd40; recognition; family; irak
AB Tumour-necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is the only TRAF family member that participates in signal transduction of both the TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamily and the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)/Toll-like receptor (TLR) superfamily(1-5); it is important for adaptive immunity, innate immunity and bone homeostasis. Here we report crystal structures of TRAF6, alone and in complex with TRAF6-binding peptides from CD40 and TRANCE-R (also known as RANK), members of the TNFR superfamily, to gain insight into the mechanism by which TRAF6 mediates several signalling cascades. A 408 difference in the directions of the bound peptides in TRAF6 and TRAF2 shows that there are marked structural differences between receptor recognition by TRAF6 and other TRAFs. The structural determinant of the petide-TRAF6 interaction reveals a Pro-X-Glu-X-X-(aromatic/acidic residue) TRAF6-binding motif, which is present not only in CD40 and TRANCE-R but also in the three IRAK adapter kinases for IL-1R/TLR signalling. Cell-permeable peptides with the TRAF6-binding motif inhibit TRAF6 signalling, which indicates their potential as therapeutic modulators. Our studies identify a universal mechanism by which TRAF6 regulates several signalling cascades in adaptive immunity, innate immunity and bone homeostasis.
C1 Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Biochem, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Tri Inst MD PhD Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Immunol Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Abramson Family Canc Res Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Bioimmunotherapy, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   CNR, Ist Strutturist Chim Giordano Giacomello, Monterotondo Staz, Italy.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biochem, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Imgenex Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; University of Pennsylvania; University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Wu, H (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Biochem, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 30
TC 557
Z9 657
U1 1
U2 61
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6896
BP 443
EP 447
DI 10.1038/nature00888
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 576MU
UT WOS:000177009700044
PM 12140561
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Remondes, M
   Schuman, EM
AF Remondes, M
   Schuman, EM
TI Direct cortical input modulates plasticity and spiking in CA1 pyramidal neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID entorhinal cortex; hippocampus; place; cells; rat; organization; region
AB The hippocampus is necessary for the acquisition and retrieval of declarative memories(1,2). The best-characterized sensory input to the hippocampus is the perforant path projection from layer II of entorhinal cortex (EC) to the dentate gyrus(3,4). Signals are then processed sequentially in the hippocampal CA fields before returning to the cortex via CA1 pyramidal neuron spikes. There is another EC input-the temporoammonic (TA) pathway-consisting of axons from layer III EC neurons that make synaptic contacts on the distal dendrites of CA1 neurons(3,5,6). Here we show that this pathway modulates both the plasticity and the output of the rat hippocampal formation. Bursts of TA activity can, depending on their timing, either increase or decrease the probability of Schaffer-collateral (SC)-evoked CA1 spikes. TA bursts can also significantly reduce the magnitude of synaptic potentiation at SC-CA1 synapses. The TA-CA1 synapse itself exhibits both long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP). This capacity for bi-directional plasticity can, in turn, regulate the TA modulation of CA1 activity: LTP or LTD of the TA pathway either enhances or diminishes the gating of CA1 spikes and plasticity inhibition, respectively.
C1 CALTECH, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Schuman, EM (corresponding author), CALTECH, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Div Biol, 216-76, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 19
TC 170
Z9 206
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6882
BP 736
EP 740
DI 10.1038/416736a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 542FU
UT WOS:000175033500042
PM 11961555
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gergely, G
   Bekkering, H
   Király, I
AF Gergely, G
   Bekkering, H
   Király, I
TI Rational imitation in preverbal infants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID memory
C1 Hungarian Acad Sci, Inst Psychol, H-1132 Budapest, Hungary.
   Max Planck Inst Psychol Res, D-80799 Munich, Germany.
C3 Hungarian Academy of Sciences; HUN-REN; HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences; Max Planck Society
RP Gergely, G (corresponding author), Hungarian Acad Sci, Inst Psychol, H-1132 Budapest, Hungary.
NR 8
TC 794
Z9 926
U1 0
U2 501
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 14
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6873
BP 755
EP 755
DI 10.1038/415755a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 521HE
UT WOS:000173833900035
PM 11845198
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dragon, F
   Gallagher, JEG
   Compagnone-Post, PA
   Mitchell, BM
   Porwancher, KA
   Wehner, KA
   Wormsley, S
   Settlage, RE
   Shabanowitz, J
   Osheim, Y
   Beyer, AL
   Hunt, DF
   Baserga, SJ
AF Dragon, F
   Gallagher, JEG
   Compagnone-Post, PA
   Mitchell, BM
   Porwancher, KA
   Wehner, KA
   Wormsley, S
   Settlage, RE
   Shabanowitz, J
   Osheim, Y
   Beyer, AL
   Hunt, DF
   Baserga, SJ
TI A large nucleolar U3 ribonucleoprotein required for 18S ribosomal RNA biogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; protein; yeast; disruption; component; complexes; snornp; rcl1p; snrnp
AB Although the U3 small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), a member of the box C/D class of snoRNAs, was identified with the spliceosomal small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) over 30 years ago(1,2), its function and its associated protein components have remained more elusive. The U3 snoRNA is ubiquitous in eukaryotes and is required for nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA in all organisms where it has been tested(3,4). Biochemical and genetic analyses suggest that U3-pre-rRNAbase-pairing interactions mediate endonucleolytic pre-rRNA cleavages(3). Here we have purified a large ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that contains the U3 snoRNA and 28 proteins. Seventeen new proteins (Utp1-17) and Rrp5 were present, as were ten known components. The Utp proteins are nucleolar and specifically associated with the U3 snoRNA. Depletion of the Utp proteins impedes production of the 18S rRNA, indicating that they are part of the active pre-rRNA processing complex. On the basis of its large size (80S; calculated relative molecular mass of at least 2,200,000) and function, this complex may correspond to the terminal knobs present at the 5' ends of nascent pre-rRNAs. We have termed this large RNP the small subunit (SSU) processome.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Therapeut Radiol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   ProteoMS LLC, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Chem, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Microbiol, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Pathol, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; University of Virginia; University of Virginia; University of Virginia
RP Baserga, SJ (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Therapeut Radiol, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM susan.baserga@yale.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [F31 GM020905] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 591
Z9 697
U1 1
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6892
BP 967
EP 970
DI 10.1038/nature00769
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 566RC
UT WOS:000176441200043
PM 12068309
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Storch, KF
   Lipan, O
   Leykin, I
   Viswanathan, N
   Davis, FC
   Wong, WH
   Weitz, CJ
AF Storch, KF
   Lipan, O
   Leykin, I
   Viswanathan, N
   Davis, FC
   Wong, WH
   Weitz, CJ
TI Extensive and divergent circadian gene expression in liver and heart
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription; tissue; clock; alpha
AB Many mammalian peripheral tissues have circadian clocks(1-4); endogenous oscillators that generate transcriptional rhythms thought to be important for the daily timing of physiological processes(5,6). The extent of circadian gene regulation in peripheral tissues is unclear, and to what degree circadian regulation in different tissues involves common or specialized pathways is unknown. Here we report a comparative analysis of circadian gene expression in vivo in mouse liver and heart using oligonucleotide arrays representing 12,488 genes. We find that peripheral circadian gene regulation is extensive (greater than or equal to8-10% of the genes expressed in each tissue), that the distributions of circadian phases in the two tissues are markedly different, and that very few genes show circadian regulation in both tissues. This specificity of circadian regulation cannot be accounted for by tissue-specific gene expression. Despite this divergence, the clock-regulated genes in liver and heart participate in overlapping, extremely diverse processes. A core set of 37 genes with similar circadian regulation in both tissues includes candidates for new clock genes and output genes, and it contains genes responsive to circulating factors with circadian or diurnal rhythms.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Northeastern Univ, Dept Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Stat, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Northeastern University; Harvard University
RP Weitz, CJ (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 30
TC 1232
Z9 1434
U1 1
U2 88
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6884
BP 78
EP 83
DI 10.1038/nature744
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 546ZM
UT WOS:000175307200041
PM 11967526
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Altabet, MA
   Higginson, MJ
   Murray, DW
AF Altabet, MA
   Higginson, MJ
   Murray, DW
TI The effect of millennial-scale changes in Arabian Sea denitrification on atmospheric CO2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID indian-ocean; ice core; cycle; monsoon; oscillations; variability; atlantic; methane; ratios
AB Most global biogeochemical processes are known to respond to climate change, some of which have the capacity to produce feedbacks through the regulation of atmospheric greenhouse gases(1). Marine denitrification-the reduction of nitrate to gaseous nitrogen-is an important process in this regard, affecting greenhouse gas concentrations directly through the incidental production of nitrous oxide, and indirectly through modification of the marine nitrogen inventory and hence the biological pump for CO2. Although denitrification has been shown to vary with glacial-interglacial cycles(2,3), its response to more rapid climate change has not yet been well characterized. Here we present nitrogen isotope ratio, nitrogen content and chlorin abundance data from sediment cores with high accumulation rates on the Oman continental margin that reveal substantial millennial-scale variability in Arabian Sea denitrification and productivity during the last glacial period. The detailed correspondence of these changes with Dansgaard-Oeschger events recorded in Greenland ice cores(4) indicates rapid, century-scale reorganization of the Arabian Sea ecosystem in response to climate excursions, mediated through the intensity of summer monsoonal upwelling. Considering the several-thousand-year residence time of fixed nitrogen in the ocean, the response of global marine productivity to changes in denitrification would have occurred at lower frequency and appears to be related to climatic and atmospheric CO2 oscillations observed in Antarctic ice cores between 20 and 60 kyr ago(5).
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, New Bedford, MA 02744 USA.
   Brown Univ, Ctr Environm Studies, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; Brown University
RP Altabet, MA (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, 706 S Rodney French Blvd, New Bedford, MA 02744 USA.
NR 30
TC 369
Z9 427
U1 2
U2 112
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 10
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6868
BP 159
EP 162
DI 10.1038/415159a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 509PR
UT WOS:000173159300038
PM 11805831
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brown, ME
   Bouchez, AH
   Griffith, CA
AF Brown, ME
   Bouchez, AH
   Griffith, CA
TI Direct detection of variable tropospheric clouds near Titan's south pole
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID voyager-1 radio-occultation; atmosphere; telescope; methane; images
AB Atmospheric conditions on Saturn's largest satellite, Titan, allow the possibility that it could possess a methane condensation and precipitation cycle with many similarities to Earth's hydrological cycle. Detailed imaging studies(1-4) of Titan have hitherto shown no direct evidence for tropospheric condensation clouds, although there has been indirect spectroscopic evidence for transient clouds(5,6). Here we report images and spectra of Titan that show clearly transient clouds, concentrated near the south pole, which is currently near the point of maximum solar heating. The discovery of these clouds demonstrates the existence of condensation and localized moist convection in Titan's atmosphere. Their location suggests that methane cloud formation is controlled seasonally by small variations in surface temperature, and that the clouds will move from the south to the north pole on a 15-year timescale.
C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; University of Arizona
RP Brown, ME (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 18
TC 163
Z9 176
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 26
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6917
BP 795
EP 797
DI 10.1038/nature01302
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 626WR
UT WOS:000179897300050
PM 12490943
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Berger, PJ
   Skuza, EM
   Brodecky, V
   Wilkinson, MH
AF Berger, PJ
   Skuza, EM
   Brodecky, V
   Wilkinson, MH
TI Physiology - The ventilatory response to hypoxia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sustained hypoxia; s-nitrosothiols
C1 Monash Med Ctr, Monash Inst Reprod & Dev, Ritchie Ctr Baby Hlth Res, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia.
C3 Monash Health; Monash Medical Centre; Monash University
RP Berger, PJ (corresponding author), Monash Med Ctr, Monash Inst Reprod & Dev, Ritchie Ctr Baby Hlth Res, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia.
EM philip.berger@med.monash.edu.au
NR 11
TC 5
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6908
BP 686
EP 686
DI 10.1038/419686a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 604JF
UT WOS:000178615200029
PM 12384687
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hakimi, MA
   Bochar, DA
   Schmiesing, JA
   Dong, YS
   Barak, OG
   Speicher, DW
   Yokomori, K
   Shiekhattar, R
AF Hakimi, MA
   Bochar, DA
   Schmiesing, JA
   Dong, YS
   Barak, OG
   Speicher, DW
   Yokomori, K
   Shiekhattar, R
TI A chromatin remodelling complex that loads cohesin onto human chromosomes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID schizosaccharomyces-pombe; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; rad21; transcription; methylation; nucleosome; anaphase; protein; family; gene
AB Nucleosomal DNA is arranged in a higher-order structure that presents a barrier to most cellular processes involving protein DNA interactions(1). The cellular machinery involved in sister chromatid cohesion, the cohesin complex, also requires access to the nucleosomal DNA to perform its function in chromosome segregation(2-10). The machineries that provide this accessibility are termed chromatin remodelling factors(11). Here, we report the isolation of a human ISWI (SNF2h)-containing chromatin remodelling complex that encompasses components of the cohesin and NuRD complexes. We show that the hRAD21 subunit of the cohesin complex directly interacts with the ATPase subunit SNF2h. Mapping of hRAD21, SNF2h and Mi2 binding sites by chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments reveals the specific association of these three proteins with human DNA elements containing Alu sequences. We find a correlation between modification of histone tails and association of the SNF2h/cohesin complex with chromatin. Moreover, we show that the association of the cohesin complex with chromatin can be regulated by the state of DNA methylation. Finally, we present evidence pointing to a role for the ATPase activity of SNF2h in the loading of hRAD21 on chromatin.
C1 Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Biol Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
C3 The Wistar Institute; University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Shiekhattar, R (corresponding author), Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, 3601 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
NR 27
TC 233
Z9 274
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6901
BP 994
EP 998
DI 10.1038/nature01024
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 588AP
UT WOS:000177677500048
PM 12198550
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Page, SE
   Siegert, F
   Rieley, JO
   Boehm, HDV
   Jaya, A
   Limin, S
AF Page, SE
   Siegert, F
   Rieley, JO
   Boehm, HDV
   Jaya, A
   Limin, S
TI The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Tropical peatlands are one of the largest near-surface reserves of terrestrial organic carbon, and hence their stability has important implications for climate change(1-3). In their natural state, lowland tropical peatlands support a luxuriant growth of peat swamp forest overlying peat deposits up to 20 metres thick(4,5). Persistent environmental change-in particular, drainage and forest clearing-threatens their stability 2, and makes them susceptible to fire(6). This was demonstrated by the occurrence of widespread fires throughout the forested peatlands of Indonesia(7-10) during the 1997 El Nino event. Here, using satellite images of a 2.5 million hectare study area in Central Kalimantan, Borneo, from before and after the 1997 fires, we calculate that 32% (0.79 Mha) of the area had burned, of which peatland accounted for 91.5% (0.73 Mha). Using ground measurements of the burn depth of peat, we estimate that 0.19-0.23 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon were released to the atmosphere through peat combustion, with a further 0.05 Gt released from burning of the overlying vegetation. Extrapolating these estimates to Indonesia as a whole, we estimate that between 0.81 and 2.57 Gt of carbon were released to the atmosphere in 1997 as a result of burning peat and vegetation in Indonesia. This is equivalent to 13-40% of the mean annual global carbon emissions from fossil fuels, and contributed greatly to the largest annual increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration detected since records began in 1957 (ref. 1).
C1 Univ Leicester, Dept Geog, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
   Univ Munich, Dept Biol 2, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
   Remote Sensing Solut GmbH, D-81667 Munich, Germany.
   Kalteng Consultants, D-81663 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Nottingham, Sch Geog, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
   Univ Palangka Raya, Fac Agr, Ctr Int Cooperat Management Trop Peatland, Palangka Raya 73112, Indonesia.
C3 University of Leicester; University of Munich; University of Nottingham; Universitas Palangka Raya (UPR)
RP Page, SE (corresponding author), Univ Leicester, Dept Geog, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
EM sep5@le.ac.uk
NR 18
TC 1288
Z9 1496
U1 11
U2 369
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6911
BP 61
EP 65
DI 10.1038/nature01131
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 612HJ
UT WOS:000179068100035
PM 12422213
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rämet, M
   Manfruelli, P
   Pearson, A
   Mathey-Prevot, B
   Ezekowitz, RAB
AF Rämet, M
   Manfruelli, P
   Pearson, A
   Mathey-Prevot, B
   Ezekowitz, RAB
TI Functional genomic analysis of phagocytosis and identification of a Drosophila receptor for E-coli
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID peptidoglycan recognition protein; cells; gene; hematopoiesis; melanogaster; mechanisms; expression; regulator; cloning
AB The recognition and phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is a principal aspect of innate immunity that is conserved from insects to humans. Drosophila melanogaster has circulating macrophages that phagocytose microbes similarly to mammalian macrophages(1,2), suggesting that insect macrophages can be used as a model to study cell-mediated innate immunity. We devised a double-stranded RNA interference-based screen in macrophage-like Drosophila S2 cells, and have defined 34 gene products involved in phagocytosis. These include proteins that participate in haemocyte development, vesicle transport, actin cytoskeleton regulation and a cell surface receptor. This receptor, Peptidoglycan recognition protein LC (PGRP-LC), is involved in phagocytosis of Gram-negative but not Gram-positive bacteria. Drosophila humoral immunity also distinguishes between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria through the Imd and Toll pathways, respectively; however, a receptor for the Imd pathway has not been identified. Here we show that PGRP-LC is important for antibacterial peptide synthesis induced by Escherichia coli both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, totem mutants, which fail to express PGRP-LC, are susceptible to Gram-negative (E. coli), but not Gram-positive, bacterial infection. Our results demonstrate that PGRP-LC is an essential component for recognition and signalling of Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, this functional genomic approach is likely to have applications beyond phagocytosis.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp Children, Lab Dev Immunol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Pediat, Dana Faber Canc Inst, Div Pediat Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
RP Rämet, M (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp Children, Lab Dev Immunol, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
NR 31
TC 599
Z9 692
U1 1
U2 67
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6881
BP 644
EP 648
DI 10.1038/nature735
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 539YV
UT WOS:000174901900046
PM 11912489
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jellinek, AM
   Manga, M
AF Jellinek, AM
   Manga, M
TI The influence of a chemical boundary layer on the fixity, spacing and lifetime of mantle plumes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermal-convection; base; hotspots; d''
AB Seismological observations provide evidence that the lowermost mantle contains superposed thermal and compositional boundary layers(1) that are laterally heterogeneous(2,3). Whereas the thermal boundary layer forms as a consequence of the heat flux from the Earth's outer core, the origin of an (intrinsically dense) chemical boundary layer remains uncertain(4). Observed zones of 'ultra-low' seismic velocity(5) suggest that this dense layer may contain metals(6,7) or partial melt(8,) and thus it is reasonable to expect the dense layer to have a relatively low viscosity. Also, it is thought that instabilities in the thermal boundary layer could lead to the intermittent formation and rise of mantle plumes. Flow into ascending plumes can deform the dense layer, leading, in turn, to its gradual entrainment(9-14). Here we use analogue experiments to show that the presence of a dense layer at the bottom of the mantle induces lateral variations in temperature and viscosity that, in turn, determine the location and dynamics of mantle plumes. A dense layer causes mantle plumes to become spatially fixed, and the entrainment of low-viscosity fluid enables plumes to persist within the Earth for hundreds of millions of years.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Jellinek, AM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 29
TC 135
Z9 154
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6899
BP 760
EP 763
DI 10.1038/nature00979
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 583UF
UT WOS:000177428000034
PM 12181562
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Caro, GMM
   Meierhenrich, UJ
   Schutte, WA
   Barbier, B
   Segovia, AA
   Rosenbauer, H
   Thiemann, WHP
   Brack, A
   Greenberg, JM
AF Caro, GMM
   Meierhenrich, UJ
   Schutte, WA
   Barbier, B
   Segovia, AA
   Rosenbauer, H
   Thiemann, WHP
   Brack, A
   Greenberg, JM
TI Amino acids from ultraviolet irradiation of interstellar ice analogues
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID comet halley; dust; hydrocarbons; mixtures; space; life
AB Amino acids are the essential molecular components of living organisms on Earth, but the proposed mechanisms for their spontaneous generation have been unable to account for their presence in Earth's early history(1). The delivery of extraterrestrial organic compounds has been proposed as an alternative to generation on Earth(2-5), and some amino acids have been found in several meteorites(6-9). Here we report the detection of amino acids in the room-temperature residue of an interstellar ice analogue that was ultraviolet-irradiated in a high vacuum at 12 K. We identified 16 amino acids; the chiral ones showed enantiomeric separation. Some of the identified amino acids are also found in meteorites. Our results demonstrate that the spontaneous generation of amino acids in the interstellar medium is possible, supporting the suggestion that prebiotic molecules could have been delivered to the early Earth by cometary dust, meteorites or interplanetary dust particles.
C1 Ctr Biophys Mol, F-45160 Olivet, France.
   Leiden Observ, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Lab Astrophys, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Univ Bremen, Dept Phys Chem, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37189 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
C3 Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; University of Bremen; Max Planck Society
RP Meierhenrich, UJ (corresponding author), Ctr Biophys Mol, Rue Charles Sadron, F-45160 Olivet, France.
NR 31
TC 687
Z9 730
U1 2
U2 180
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6879
BP 403
EP 406
DI 10.1038/416403a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 534UX
UT WOS:000174607800039
PM 11919624
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trachtenberg, JT
   Chen, BE
   Knott, GW
   Feng, GP
   Sanes, JR
   Welker, E
   Svoboda, K
AF Trachtenberg, JT
   Chen, BE
   Knott, GW
   Feng, GP
   Sanes, JR
   Welker, E
   Svoboda, K
TI Long-term in vivo imaging of experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in adult cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat barrel cortex; primary somatosensory cortex; dendritic spines; visual-cortex; functional reorganization; pyramidal cells; in-vivo; synapses; memory; ca1
AB Do new synapses form in the adult cortex to support experience-dependent plasticity? To address this question, we repeatedly imaged individual pyramidal neurons in the mouse barrel cortex over periods of weeks. We found that, although dendritic structure is stable, some spines appear and disappear. Spine lifetimes vary greatly: stable spines, about 50% of the population, persist for at least a month, whereas the remainder are present for a few days or less. Serial-section electron microscopy of imaged dendritic segments revealed retrospectively that spine sprouting and retraction are associated with synapse formation and elimination. Experience-dependent plasticity of cortical receptive fields was accompanied by increased synapse turnover. Our measurements suggest that sensory experience drives the formation and elimination of synapses and that these changes might underlie adaptive remodelling of neural circuits.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Univ Lausanne, Inst Biol Cellulaire & Morphol, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Lausanne; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Svoboda, K (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
NR 43
TC 1527
Z9 1872
U1 0
U2 156
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 26
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6917
BP 788
EP 794
DI 10.1038/nature01273
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 626WR
UT WOS:000179897300049
PM 12490942
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blake, C
   Wall, J
AF Blake, C
   Wall, J
TI A velocity dipole in the distribution of radio galaxies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anisotropy; catalog
AB The motion of our Galaxy through the Universe is reflected in a systematic shift in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background(1)-because of the Doppler effect, the temperature of the background is about 0.1 per cent higher in the direction of motion, with a correspondingly lower temperature in the opposite direction. This effect is known as dipole anisotropy. If our standard cosmological model is correct, a related dipole effect should also be present as an enhancement in the surface density of distant galaxies in the direction of motion(2). The main obstacle to finding this signal is the uneven distribution of galaxies in the local supercluster, which drowns out the small cosmological signal. Here we report a detection of the expected cosmological dipole anisotropy in the distribution of galaxies. We use a survey of radio galaxies that are mainly located at cosmological distances, so the contamination from nearby clusters is small. When local radio galaxies are removed from the sample, the resulting dipole is in the same direction as the temperature anisotropy of the microwave background, and close to the expected amplitude. The result therefore confirms the standard cosmological interpretation of the microwave background.
C1 Univ Oxford, Nucl & Astrophys Lab, Oxford OX1 3RH, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Blake, C (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Nucl & Astrophys Lab, Keble Rd, Oxford OX1 3RH, England.
NR 11
TC 152
Z9 156
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6877
BP 150
EP 152
DI 10.1038/416150a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 530FR
UT WOS:000174348100029
PM 11894086
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhu, S
   Stavrovskaya, IG
   Drozda, M
   Kim, BYS
   Ona, V
   Li, MW
   Sarang, S
   Liu, AS
   Hartley, DM
   Du, CW
   Gullans, S
   Ferrante, RJ
   Przedborski, S
   Kristal, BS
   Friedlander, RM
AF Zhu, S
   Stavrovskaya, IG
   Drozda, M
   Kim, BYS
   Ona, V
   Li, MW
   Sarang, S
   Liu, AS
   Hartley, DM
   Du, CW
   Gullans, S
   Ferrante, RJ
   Przedborski, S
   Kristal, BS
   Friedlander, RM
TI Minocycline inhibits cytochrome c release and delays progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitochondrial permeability transition; transgenic mouse model; cell-death; activation; disease; degeneration; expression; caspase-1; apoptosis; mutation
AB Minocycline mediates neuroprotection in experimental models of neurodegeneration. It inhibits the activity(1-6) of caspase-1, caspase-3, inducible form of nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Although minocycline does not directly inhibit these enzymes, the effects may result from interference with upstream mechanisms resulting in their secondary activation. Because the above-mentioned factors are important in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we tested minocycline in mice with ALS(7-9). Here we report that minocycline delays disease onset and extends survival in ALS mice. Given the broad efficacy of minocycline, understanding its mechanisms of action is of great importance. We find that minocycline inhibits mitochondrial permeability-transition-mediated cytochrome c release. Minocycline-mediated inhibition of cytochrome c release is demonstrated in vivo, in cells, and in isolated mitochondria. Understanding the mechanism of action of minocycline will assist in the development and testing of more powerful and effective analogues. Because of the safety record of minocycline, and its ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, this drug may be a novel therapy for ALS(10).
C1 Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Neurosurg,Neuroapoptosis Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Burke Med Res Inst, White Plains, NY 10605 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Ctr Neurol Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Neurol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Vedford VA Med Ctr, Ctr Geriatr Res Educ & Clin, Bedford, MA 01730 USA.
   Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
   Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
   Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Biochem, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Neurosci, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Columbia University; Columbia University; Geriatric Research Education & Clinical Center; Boston University; Boston University; Boston University; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine
RP Friedlander, RM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Neurosurg,Neuroapoptosis Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 30
TC 895
Z9 1015
U1 0
U2 61
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6884
BP 74
EP 78
DI 10.1038/417074a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 546ZM
UT WOS:000175307200040
PM 11986668
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, JX
   Kinoshita, T
   Pandey, S
   Ng, CKY
   Gygi, SP
   Shimazaki, K
   Assmann, SM
AF Li, JX
   Kinoshita, T
   Pandey, S
   Ng, CKY
   Gygi, SP
   Shimazaki, K
   Assmann, SM
TI Modulation of an RNA-binding protein by abscisic-acid-activated protein kinase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna; guard-cells; arabidopsis; gene; expression; encodes; responses; plants
AB Protein kinases are involved in stress signalling in both plant and animal systems. The hormone abscisic acid mediates the responses of plants to stresses such as drought, salinity and cold. Abscisic-acid-activated protein kinase (AAPK)-found in guard cells, which control stomatal pores-has been shown to regulate plasma membrane ion channels(1). Here we show that AAPK-interacting protein 1 (AKIP1), with sequence homology to heterogeneous nuclear RNA-binding protein A/B, is a substrate of AAPK. AAPK-dependent phosphorylation is required for the interaction of AKIP1 with messenger RNA that encodes dehydrin, a protein implicated in cell protection under stress conditions. AAPK and AKIP1 are present in the guard-cell nucleus, and in vivo treatment of such cells with abscisic acid enhances the partitioning of AKIP1 into subnuclear foci which are reminiscent of nuclear speckles. These results show that phosphorylation-regulated RNA target discrimination by heterogeneous nuclear RNA-binding proteins(2) may be a general phenomenon in eukaryotes, and implicate a plant hormone in the regulation of protein dynamics during rapid subnuclear reorganization.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, Mueller Lab 208, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Kyushu Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biol, Fukuoka 8108560, Japan.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Kyushu University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Li, JX (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, Mueller Lab 208, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
NR 30
TC 146
Z9 162
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6899
BP 793
EP 797
DI 10.1038/nature00936
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 583UF
UT WOS:000177428000043
PM 12181571
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xie, Q
   Guo, HS
   Dallman, G
   Fang, SY
   Weissman, AM
   Chua, NH
AF Xie, Q
   Guo, HS
   Dallman, G
   Fang, SY
   Weissman, AM
   Chua, NH
TI SINAT5 promotes ubiquitin-related degradation of NAC1 to attenuate auxin signals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lateral root development; arabidopsis-thaliana; aux/iaa proteins; ligase; siah-1; pathway; domain; p53; absentia; mutation
AB The plant hormone indole-3 acetic acid (IAA or auxin) controls many aspects of plant development, including the production of lateral roots(1-3). Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis has a central role in this process. The genes AXR1 and TIR1 aid the assembly of an active SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box) complex that probably promotes degradation of the AUX/IAA transcriptional repressors in response to auxin(4-8). The transcription activator NAC1, a member of the NAM/CUC family of transcription factors, functions downstream of TIR1 to transduce the auxin signal for lateral root development(9). Here we show that SINAT5, an Arabidopsis homologue of the RING-finger Drosophila protein SINA, has ubiquitin protein ligase activity and can ubiquitinate NAC1. This activity is abolished by mutations in the RING motif of SINAT5. Overexpressing SINAT5 produces fewer lateral roots, whereas overexpression of a dominant-negative Cys49 --> Ser mutant of SINAT5 develops more lateral roots. These lateral root phenotypes correlate with the expression of NAC1 observed in vivo. Low expression of NAC1 in roots can be increased by treatment with a proteasome inhibitor, which indicates that SINAT5 targets NAC1 for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis to downregulate auxin signals in plant cells.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Plant Mol Biol Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   NCI, Ctr Canc Res, Regulat Prot Funct Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Natl Univ Singapore, Temasek Life Sci Lab, Mol Cell Biol Lab, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
C3 Rockefeller University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); National University of Singapore
RP Chua, NH (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Plant Mol Biol Lab, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 28
TC 420
Z9 521
U1 1
U2 123
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6903
BP 167
EP 170
DI 10.1038/nature00998
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 592HK
UT WOS:000177931200041
PM 12226665
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nishihata, Y
   Mizuki, J
   Akao, T
   Tanaka, H
   Uenishi, M
   Kimura, M
   Okamoto, T
   Hamada, N
AF Nishihata, Y
   Mizuki, J
   Akao, T
   Tanaka, H
   Uenishi, M
   Kimura, M
   Okamoto, T
   Hamada, N
TI Self-regeneration of a Pd-perovskite catalyst for automotive emissions control
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Catalytic converters are widely used to reduce the amounts of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons in automotive emissions. The catalysts are finely divided precious-metal particles dispersed on a solid support. During vehicle use, the converter is exposed to heat, which causes the metal particles to agglomerate and grow, and their overall surface area to decrease. As a result, catalyst activity deteriorates. The problem has been exacerbated in recent years by the trend to install catalytic converters closer to the engine, which ensures immediate activation of the catalyst on engine start-up, but also places demanding requirements on the catalyst's heat resistance. Conventional catalyst systems thus incorporate a sufficient excess of precious metal to guarantee continuous catalytic activity for vehicle use over 50,000 miles (80,000 km). Here we use X-ray diffraction and absorption to show that LaFe0.57Co0.38Pd0.05O3, one of the perovskite-based catalysts investigated(1-4) for catalytic converter applications since the early 1970s, retains its high metal dispersion owing to structural responses to the fluctuations in exhaust-gas composition that occur in state-of-the-art petrol engines(5). We find that as the catalyst is cycled between oxidative and reductive atmospheres typically encountered in exhaust gas, palladium (Pd) reversibly moves into and out of the perovskite lattice. This movement appears to suppress the growth of metallic Pd particles, and hence explains the retention of high catalyst activity during long-term use and ageing.
C1 Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Synchrotron Radiat Res Ctr, Mikazuki, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
   Daihatsu Motor Co Ltd, Ctr Tech, Mat R&D Div, Ryuo, Shiga 5202593, Japan.
   Toyota Cent Res & Dev Labs Inc, Mat Anal & Evaluat Div, Nagakute, Aichi 4801192, Japan.
   Tokyo Univ Sci, Fac Sci & Technol, Chiba 2788510, Japan.
C3 Japan Atomic Energy Agency; Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute; Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd.; Toyota Central R&D Labs Inc; Tokyo University of Science
RP Nishihata, Y (corresponding author), Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Synchrotron Radiat Res Ctr, Mikazuki, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
EM yasuon@spring8.or.jp
NR 18
TC 1056
Z9 1157
U1 11
U2 637
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6894
BP 164
EP 167
DI 10.1038/nature00893
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 571GV
UT WOS:000176710400035
PM 12110885
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Arnqvist, G
   Rowe, L
AF Arnqvist, G
   Rowe, L
TI Antagonistic coevolution between the sexes in a group of insects
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sexual conflict; water striders; arms races; mate choice; evolution; costs; adaptation; speciation; selection; model
AB In coevolutionary 'arms races' between the sexes, the outcome of antagonistic interactions may remain at an evolutionary standstill. The advantage gained by one sex, with any evolutionary exaggeration of arms, is expected to be matched by analogous counteradaptations in the other sex(1,2). This fundamental coevolutionary process may thus be hidden from the evolutionist's eye(3,4), and no natural examples are known. We have studied the effects of male and female armament (clasping and anti-clasping morphologies) on the outcome of antagonistic mating interactions in 15 species of water strider, using a combination of experimental and phylogenetic comparative methods. Here we present, by assessing the independent effects of both species-specific level of arms escalation and small imbalances in the amounts of arms between the sexes within species, the consequences of a sexual arms race. Evolutionary change in the balance of armament between males and females, but not in the species-specific level of escalation, has resulted in evolutionary change in the outcome of sexually antagonistic interactions such as mating rate.
C1 Univ Uppsala, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, Dept Anim Ecol, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada.
C3 Uppsala University; University of Toronto
RP Arnqvist, G (corresponding author), Univ Uppsala, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, Dept Anim Ecol, Norbyvagen 18D, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
NR 30
TC 395
Z9 433
U1 1
U2 154
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 14
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6873
BP 787
EP 789
DI 10.1038/415787a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 521HE
UT WOS:000173833900045
PM 11845208
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shao, ZZ
   Vollrath, F
AF Shao, ZZ
   Vollrath, F
TI Materials: Surprising strength of silkworm silk
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Fudan Univ, Dept Macromol Sci, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China.
   Fudan Univ, Key Lab Polymer Engn Educ Minist, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 PX3, England.
C3 Fudan University; Fudan University; University of Oxford
RP Shao, ZZ (corresponding author), Fudan Univ, Dept Macromol Sci, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China.
NR 10
TC 875
Z9 995
U1 14
U2 676
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6899
BP 741
EP 741
DI 10.1038/418741a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 583UF
UT WOS:000177428000028
PM 12181556
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gershon, D
AF Gershon, D
TI Diy or off-the-shelf?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 115
Z9 153
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6883
BP 885
EP +
DI 10.1038/416885a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 544MH
UT WOS:000175163800061
PM 11976691
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tanaka, H
   Homma, K
   Iwane, AH
   Katayama, E
   Ikebe, R
   Saito, J
   Yanagida, T
   Ikebe, M
AF Tanaka, H
   Homma, K
   Iwane, AH
   Katayama, E
   Ikebe, R
   Saito, J
   Yanagida, T
   Ikebe, M
TI The motor domain determines the large step of myosin-V
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light-chain; actin filament; movement; force; mechanics; molecule; binding; lever; head
AB Class-V myosin proceeds along actin filaments with large (similar to 36 nm) steps(1-3). Myosin-V has two heads, each of which consists of a motor domain and a long (23 nm) neck domain. In accordance with the widely accepted lever-arm model(4), it was suggested that myosin-V steps to successive (36 nm) target zones along the actin helical repeat by tilting its long neck (lever-arm)(5). To test this hypothesis, we measured the mechanical properties of single molecules of myosin-V truncation mutants with neck domains only one-sixth of the native length. Our results show that the processivity and step distance along actin are both similar to those of full-length myosin-V. Thus, the long neck domain is not essential for either the large steps or processivity of myosin-V. These results challenge the lever-arm model. We propose that the motor domain and/or the actomyosin interface enable myosin-V to produce large processive steps during translocation along actin.
C1 JST, ICORP, Single Mol Proc Project, Osaka 5620035, Japan.
   Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Worcester, MA 01655 USA.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Biosignaling, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Div Biomol Imaging, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; University of Osaka; University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Yanagida, T (corresponding author), JST, ICORP, Single Mol Proc Project, 2-4-14 Senba Higashi, Osaka 5620035, Japan.
NR 28
TC 117
Z9 121
U1 1
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 10
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6868
BP 192
EP 195
DI 10.1038/415192a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 509PR
UT WOS:000173159300047
PM 11805840
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fiaux, J
   Bertelsen, EB
   Horwich, AL
   Wüthrich, K
AF Fiaux, J
   Bertelsen, EB
   Horwich, AL
   Wüthrich, K
TI NMR analysis of a 900K GroEL-GroES complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID triple-resonance experiments; nuclear-magnetic-resonance; bacterial chaperonin groel; crystal-structure; biological macromolecules; polarization transfer; large molecules; large proteins; trosy; relaxation
AB Biomacromolecular structures with a relative molecular mass (M-r) of 50, 000 to 100,000 (50K-100K) have been generally considered to be inaccessible to analysis by solution NMR spectroscopy. Here we report spectra recorded from bacterial chaperonin complexes ten times this size limit (up to M-r 900K) using the techniques of transverse relaxation-optimized spectroscopy and cross-correlated relaxation-enhanced polarization transfer(1-5). These techniques prevent deterioration of the NMR spectra by the rapid transverse relaxation of the magnetization to which large, slowly tumbling molecules are otherwise subject. We tested the resolving power of these techniques by examining the isotope-labelled homoheptameric co-chaperonin GroES (M-r 72K), either free in solution or in complex with the homotetradecameric chaperonin GroEL (M-r 800K) or with the single-ring GroEL variant SR1 (M-r 400K). Most amino acids of GroES show the same resonances whether free in solution or in complex with chaperonin; however, residues 17-32 show large chemical shift changes on binding. These amino acids belong to a mobile loop region of GroES that forms contacts with GroEL(6-10). This establishes the utility of these techniques for solution NMR studies that should permit the exploration of structure, dynamics and interactions in large macromolecular complexes.
C1 ETH Zurich, Inst Mol Biol & Biophys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University; Yale University
RP Wüthrich, K (corresponding author), ETH Zurich, Inst Mol Biol & Biophys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 30
TC 331
Z9 408
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6894
BP 207
EP 211
DI 10.1038/nature00860
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 571GV
UT WOS:000176710400046
PM 12110894
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shinohara, M
   Terada, Y
   Iwamatsu, A
   Shinohara, A
   Mochizuki, N
   Higuchi, M
   Gotoh, Y
   Ihara, S
   Nagata, S
   Itoh, H
   Fukui, Y
   Jessberger, R
AF Shinohara, M
   Terada, Y
   Iwamatsu, A
   Shinohara, A
   Mochizuki, N
   Higuchi, M
   Gotoh, Y
   Ihara, S
   Nagata, S
   Itoh, H
   Fukui, Y
   Jessberger, R
TI SWAP-70 is a guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor that mediates signalling of membrane ruffling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gtpase-activating protein; phosphoinositide 3-kinase; lipid products; phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase; pleckstrin homology; ras; binding; transduction; cells
AB Phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase (PI(3) K), activated through growth factor stimulation, generates a lipid second messenger, phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5) P-3)(1-5). PtdIns(3,4,5) P-3 is instrumantal in signalling pathways that trigger cell activation, cytoskeletal rearrangement, survival and other reactions. However, some targets of PtdIns( 3,4,5) P3 are yet to be discovered(1-7). We demonstrate that SWAP-70, a unique signalling protein(8-10), specifically binds PtdIns(3,4,5) P-3.On stimulation by growth factors, cytoplasmic SWAP-70, which is dependent on PI(3) K but independent of Ras, moved to cell membrane rearrangements known as ruffles. However, mutant SWAP-70 lacking the ability to bind PtdIns(3, 4, 5) P-3 blocked membrane ruffling induced by epidermal growth factor or platelet-derived growth factor. SWAP-70 shows low homology with Rac-guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), and catalyses PtdIns( 3,4,5) P-3-dependent guanine nucleotide exchange to Rac. SWAP-70-deficient fibroblasts showed impaired membrane ruffling after stimulation with epidermal growth factor, and failed to activate Rac fully. We conclude that SWAP-70 is a new type of Rac-GEF which, independently of Ras, transduces signals from tyrosine kinase receptors to Rac.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Fac Agr & Life Sci, Dept Appl Biol Chem, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan.
   Kirin Brewery Co Ltd, Cent Labs Key Technol, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360004, Japan.
   Int Med Ctr Japan, Dept Pathol, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1628640, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
   Mt Sinai Sch Med, Carl C Icahn Inst Gene Therapy & Mol Med, New York, NY 10029 USA.
C3 University of Tokyo; Kirin Brewery Company Limited; Japan Institute for Health Security (JIHS); National Center for Global Health & Medicine - Japan; University of Tokyo; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
RP Fukui, Y (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Fac Agr & Life Sci, Dept Appl Biol Chem, Bunkyo Ku, Yayoi 1-1-1, Tokyo 1138657, Japan.
EM ayfukui@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 31
TC 186
Z9 205
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6882
BP 759
EP 763
DI 10.1038/416759a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 542FU
UT WOS:000175033500047
PM 11961559
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Post, E
   Forchhammer, MC
AF Post, E
   Forchhammer, MC
TI Synchronization of animal population dynamics by large-scale climate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic oscillation; density; fluctuations; phenology; ecology; trends; canada; sheep
AB The hypothesis that animal population dynamics may be synchronized by climate(1) is highly relevant in the context of climate change because it suggests that several populations might respond simultaneously to climatic trends if their dynamics are entrained by environmental correlation. The dynamics of many species throughout the Northern Hemisphere are influenced by a single large-scale climate system, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)(2,3), which exerts highly correlated regional effects on local weather(4). But efforts to attribute synchronous fluctuations of contiguous populations to large-scale climate are confounded by the synchronizing influences of dispersal or trophic interactions(5). Here we report that the dynamics of caribou and musk oxen on opposite coasts of Greenland show spatial synchrony among populations of both species that correlates with the NAO index. Our analysis shows that the NAO has an influence in the high degree of cross-species synchrony between pairs of caribou and musk oxen populations separated by a minimum of 1,000 km of inland ice. The vast distances, and complete physical and ecological separation of these species, rule out spatial coupling by dispersal or interaction. These results indicate that animal populations of different species may respond synchronously to global climate change over large regions.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, Mueller Lab 208, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Copenhagen, Inst Zool, Dept Populat Ecol, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of Copenhagen
RP Post, E (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, Mueller Lab 208, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
NR 31
TC 261
Z9 316
U1 3
U2 118
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6912
BP 168
EP 171
DI 10.1038/nature01064
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 614QM
UT WOS:000179200900043
PM 12432390
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bernheim-Groswasser, A
   Wiesner, S
   Golsteyn, RM
   Carlier, MF
   Sykes, C
AF Bernheim-Groswasser, A
   Wiesner, S
   Golsteyn, RM
   Carlier, MF
   Sykes, C
TI The dynamics of actin-based motility depend on surface parameters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arp2/3 complex; dendritic organization; listeria-monocytogenes; protein; polymerization; filaments; networks; wasp; nucleation; propulsion
AB In cells, actin polymerization at the plasma membrane is induced by the recruitment of proteins such as the Arp2/3 complex, and the zyxin/VASP complex(1-3). The physical mechanism of force generation by actin polymerization has been described theoretically using various approaches(4-6), but lacks support from experimental data. By the use of reconstituted motility medium 7,we find that the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein(8,9) (WASP) subdomain, known as VCA, is sufficient to induce actin polymerization and movement when grafted on microspheres. Changes in the surface density of VCA protein or in the microsphere diameter markedly affect the velocity regime, shifting from a continuous to a jerky movement resembling that of the mutated 'hopping' Listeria(10). These results highlight how simple physical parameters such as surface geometry and protein density directly affect spatially controlled actin polymerization, and play a fundamental role in actin-dependent movement.
C1 Inst Curie, Lab Physicochim Curie, CNRS, UMR 168, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
   Lab Enzymol & Biochim Struct, CNRS, UPR A 9063, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Chemistry (INC); Universite PSL; UNICANCER; Institut Curie; Sorbonne Universite; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Sykes, C (corresponding author), Inst Curie, Lab Physicochim Curie, CNRS, UMR 168, 11 Rue Pierre & Marie Curie, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
EM carlier@lebs.caps-gif.fr; cecile.sykes@curie.fr
NR 29
TC 200
Z9 230
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 308
EP 311
DI 10.1038/417308a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100052
PM 12015607
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kirchner, JW
AF Kirchner, JW
TI Evolutionary speed limits inferred from the fossil record
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID time-series analysis; spectral-analysis; extinction; recovery; biodiversity; end
AB The dynamics of extinction and diversification determine the long-term effects of extinction episodes(1). If rapid bursts of extinction are offset by equally rapid bursts of diversification, their biodiversity consequences will be transient. But if diversification rates cannot accelerate rapidly enough, pulses of extinction will lead to long-lasting depletion of biodiversity(2,3). Here I use spectral analysis of the fossil record to test whether diversification rates can accelerate as much as extinction rates, over both short and long spans of geological time. I show that although the long-wavelength variability of diversification rates equals or exceeds that of extinctions, diversification rates are markedly less variable than extinction rates at wavelengths shorter than roughly 25 million years. This implies that there are intrinsic speed limits that constrain how rapidly diversification rates can accelerate in response to pulses of extinction.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Kirchner, JW (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 26
TC 29
Z9 29
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 3
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6867
BP 65
EP 68
DI 10.1038/415065a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 507KZ
UT WOS:000173028800039
PM 11780116
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kerr, B
   Riley, MA
   Feldman, MW
   Bohannan, BJM
AF Kerr, B
   Riley, MA
   Feldman, MW
   Bohannan, BJM
TI Local dispersal promotes biodiversity in a real-life game of rock-paper-scissors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; bacteria; allelopathy; populations; competition; evolution; dynamics; resistance; diversity; plankton
AB One of the central aims of ecology is to identify mechanisms that maintain biodiversity(1,2). Numerous theoretical models have shown that competing species can coexist if ecological processes such as dispersal, movement, and interaction occur over small spatial scales(1-10). In particular, this may be the case for nontransitive communities, that is, those without strict competitive hierarchies(3,6,8,11). The classic non-transitive system involves a community of three competing species satisfying a relationship similar to the children's game rock-paper-scissors, where rock crushes scissors, scissors cuts paper, and paper covers rock. Such relationships have been demonstrated in several natural systems(12-14). Some models predict that local interaction and dispersal are sufficient to ensure coexistence of all three species in such a community, whereas diversity is lost when ecological processes occur over larger scales(6,8). Here, we test these predictions empirically using a non-transitive model community containing three populations of Escherichia coli. We find that diversity is rapidly lost in our experimental community when dispersal and interaction occur over relatively large spatial scales, whereas all populations coexist when ecological processes are localized.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Yale University
RP Kerr, B (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 30
TC 1273
Z9 1459
U1 5
U2 337
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6894
BP 171
EP 174
DI 10.1038/nature00823
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 571GV
UT WOS:000176710400037
PM 12110887
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clayton, RN
AF Clayton, RN
TI Solar System - Self-shielding in the solar nebula
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID meteorites
C1 Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Chicago
RP Clayton, RN (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 9
TC 346
Z9 380
U1 1
U2 49
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 21
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6874
BP 860
EP 861
DI 10.1038/415860b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 523EL
UT WOS:000173941000031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boustany, AM
   Davis, SF
   Pyle, P
   Anderson, SD
   Le Boeuf, BJ
   Block, BA
AF Boustany, AM
   Davis, SF
   Pyle, P
   Anderson, SD
   Le Boeuf, BJ
   Block, BA
TI Satellite tagging - Expanded niche for white sharks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tracking; tags
C1 Stanford Univ, Tuna Res & Conservat Ctr, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA.
   Monterey Bay Aquarium, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Point Reyes Bird Observ, Stinson Beach, CA 94970 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP Boustany, AM (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Tuna Res & Conservat Ctr, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA.
NR 12
TC 197
Z9 221
U1 0
U2 65
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 3
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6867
BP 35
EP 36
DI 10.1038/415035b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 507KZ
UT WOS:000173028800028
PM 11780105
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Richey, JE
   Melack, JM
   Aufdenkampe, AK
   Ballester, VM
   Hess, LL
AF Richey, JE
   Melack, JM
   Aufdenkampe, AK
   Ballester, VM
   Hess, LL
TI Outgassing from Amazonian rivers and wetlands as a large tropical source of atmospheric CO2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon-dioxide; basin; transport; oxidation; exchange; forests
AB Terrestrial ecosystems in the humid tropics play a potentially important but presently ambiguous role in the global carbon cycle. Whereas global estimates of atmospheric CO2 exchange indicate that the tropics are near equilibrium or are a source with respect to carbon(1,2), ground-based estimates indicate that the amount of carbon that is being absorbed by mature rainforests is similar to or greater than that being released by tropical deforestation(3,4) (about 1.6 Gt Cyr(-1)). Estimates of the magnitude of carbon sequestration are uncertain, however, depending on whether they are derived from measurements of gas fluxes above forests(5,6) or of biomass accumulation in vegetation and soils(3,7). It is also possible that methodological errors may overestimate rates of carbon uptake or that other loss processes have yet to be identified(3). Here we demonstrate that outgassing (evasion) of CO2 from rivers and wetlands of the central Amazon basin constitutes an important carbon loss process, equal to 1.2 +/- 0.3 Mg Cha(-1) yr(-1). This carbon probably originates from organic matter transported from upland and flooded forests, which is then respired and outgassed downstream. Extrapolated across the entire basin, this flux-at 0.5 Gt Cyr(-1) -is an order of magnitude greater than fluvial export of organic carbon to the ocean(8). From these findings, we suggest that the overall carbon budget of rainforests, summed across terrestrial and aquatic environments, appears closer to being in balance than would be inferred from studies of uplands alone(3,5-6).
C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Ctr Energia Nucl Agr, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Richey, JE (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM jrichey@u.washington.edu
NR 30
TC 853
Z9 1015
U1 1
U2 357
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6881
BP 617
EP 620
DI 10.1038/416617a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 539YV
UT WOS:000174901900038
PM 11948346
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stixrude, L
   Peacor, DR
AF Stixrude, L
   Peacor, DR
TI First-principles study of illite-smectite and implications for clay mineral systems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interparticle diffraction; mechanisms; rectorite; diagenesis; sandstones; zone
AB Illite-smectite interstratified clay minerals are ubiquitous in sedimentary basins and they have been linked to the maturation, migration and trapping of hydrocarbons(1), rock cementation(2), evolution of porewater chemistry during diagenesis(3) and the development of pore pressure(4). But, despite the importance of these clays, their structures are controversial. Two competing models exist, each with profoundly different consequences for the understanding of diagenetic processes: model A views such interstratified clays as a stacking of layers identical to endmember illite and smectite layers, implying discrete and independently formed units (fundamental particles)(5), whereas model B views the clays as composed of crystallites with a unique structure that maintains coherency over much greater distances, in line with local charge balance about interlayers(6). Here we use first-principles density-functional theory to explore the energetics and structures of these two models for an illite-smectite interstratified clay mineral with a ratio of 1:1 and a Reichweite parameter of 1. We find that the total energy of model B is 2.3 kJ atom(-1) mol(-1) lower than that of model A, and that this energy difference can be traced to structural distortions in model A due to local charge imbalance. The greater stability of model B requires re-evaluation of the evolution of the smectite-to-illite sequence of clay minerals, including the nature of coexisting species, stability relations, growth mechanisms and the model of fundamental particles.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Stixrude, L (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 1006 CC Little Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
NR 30
TC 94
Z9 103
U1 4
U2 97
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6912
BP 165
EP 168
DI 10.1038/nature01155
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 614QM
UT WOS:000179200900042
PM 12432389
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gershon, D
AF Gershon, D
TI Dealing with the data deluge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 8
Z9 13
U1 1
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6883
BP 889
EP 889
DI 10.1038/416889a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 544MH
UT WOS:000175163800062
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Suster, ML
   Bate, M
AF Suster, ML
   Bate, M
TI Embryonic assembly of a central pattern generator without sensory input
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID xenopus-laevis embryos; drosophila; expression; behavior; locomotion; move
AB Locomotion depends on the integration of sensory information with the activity of central circuitry, which generates patterned discharges in motor nerves to appropriate muscles(1,2). Isolated central networks generate fictive locomotor rhythms (recorded in the absence of movement), indicating that the fundamental pattern of motor output depends on the intrinsic connectivity and electrical properties of these central circuits(3,4). Sensory inputs are required to modify the pattern of motor activity in response to the actual circumstances of real movement. A central issue for our understanding of how locomotor circuits are specified and assembled is the extent to which sensory inputs are required as such systems develop(5). Here we describe the effects of eliminating sensory function and structure on the development of the peristaltic motor pattern of Drosophila embryos and larvae. We infer that the circuitry for peristaltic crawling develops in the complete absence of sensory input; however, the integration of this circuitry into actual patterns of locomotion requires additional information from the sensory system. In the absence of sensory inputs, the polarity of movement is deranged, and backward peristaltic waves predominate at the expense of forward peristalsis.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Suster, ML (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
NR 30
TC 133
Z9 157
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6877
BP 174
EP 178
DI 10.1038/416174a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 530FR
UT WOS:000174348100037
PM 11894094
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Corezzi, S
   Fioretto, D
   Rolla, P
AF Corezzi, S
   Fioretto, D
   Rolla, P
TI Bond-controlled configurational entropy reduction in chemical vitrification
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-dynamics; temperature-dependence; dielectric-relaxation; supercooled liquids; energy landscape; polymerization; thermodynamics; fragility
AB Glass formation is usually viewed in terms of physical vitrification: a liquid in a metastable state(1) is cooled or compressed so as to avoid crystallization. However, glasses may also be formed by chemical vitrification, a process involving progressive polymerization of the constituent molecules via the formation of irreversible chemical bonds. The formation of most of the materials used in engineering plastics and the hardening of natural and synthetic resins are based on chemical vitrification. Despite the differences in the molecular processes involved in chemical and physical vitrification, surprising similarities(2-9) are observed in the slowing down of the dynamics and in the thermodynamical properties of the resulting glasses. Explaining such similarities would improve general understanding of the glass transition and may disclose its universal nature. Here we report dielectric and photon-correlation measurements that reveal the origin of the similarity in the dynamical behaviour of physical and chemical glass formers. We find that the evolution of their configurational restrictions proceeds in a similar manner. In particular, we make a connection between the reduction in configurational entropy and the number of chemical bonds, a quantity that can be controlled in experiments.
C1 Univ Perugia, Ist Nazl Fis Mat, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.
   Univ Perugia, Dipartimento Fis, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.
   Univ Pisa, Ist Nazl Fis Mat, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
   Univ Pisa, Dipartimento Fis, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
C3 University of Padua; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); University of Perugia; University of Perugia; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); University of Pisa; University of Pisa
RP Corezzi, S (corresponding author), Univ Perugia, Ist Nazl Fis Mat, Via A Pascoli, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.
EM Silvia.Corezzi@fisica.unipg.it
NR 29
TC 82
Z9 83
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP 653
EP 656
DI 10.1038/nature01261
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 624GK
UT WOS:000179751800041
PM 12478289
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kumar, R
   Wang, RA
   Mazumdar, A
   Talukder, AH
   Mandal, M
   Yang, ZB
   Bagheri-Yarmand, R
   Sahin, A
   Hortobagyi, G
   Adam, L
   Barnes, CJ
   Vadlamudi, RK
AF Kumar, R
   Wang, RA
   Mazumdar, A
   Talukder, AH
   Mandal, M
   Yang, ZB
   Bagheri-Yarmand, R
   Sahin, A
   Hortobagyi, G
   Adam, L
   Barnes, CJ
   Vadlamudi, RK
TI A naturally occurring MTA1 variant sequesters oestrogen receptor-α in the cytoplasm
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID estrogen-receptor; breast-cancer; mcf-7 cells; gene; sequence; expression; growth
AB Oestrogen receptor (ER) is a good prognostic marker for the treatment of breast cancers. Upregulation of metastatic tumour antigen 1 (MTA1) is associated with the invasiveness and metastatic potential of several human cancers(1,2) and acts as a corepressor of nuclear ER-alpha(3). Here we identify a naturally occurring short form of MTA1 (MTA1s) that contains a previously unknown sequence of 33 amino acids with an ER-binding motif, Leu-Arg-Ile-Leu-Leu (LRILL). MTA1s localizes in the cytoplasm, sequesters ER in the cytoplasm, and enhances non-genomic responses of ER. Deleting the LRILL motif in MTA1s abolishes its co-repressor function and its interaction with ER, and restores nuclear localization of ER. Dysregulation of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 in breast cancer cells enhances the expression of MTA1s and the cytoplasmic sequestration of ER. Expression of MTA1s in breast cancer cells prevents ligand-induced nuclear translocation of ER and stimulates malignant phenotypes. MTA1s expression is increased in human breast tumours with no or low nuclear ER. The regulation of the cellular localization of ER by MTA1s represents a mechanism for redirecting nuclear receptor signalling by nuclear exclusion.
C1 Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Mol & Cellular Oncol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Pathol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Breast Med Oncol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center
RP Kumar, R (corresponding author), Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Mol & Cellular Oncol, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
NR 15
TC 192
Z9 223
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 654
EP 657
DI 10.1038/nature00889
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600046
PM 12167865
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abbott, A
AF Abbott, A
TI Talkin' about regeneration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 456
EP 457
DI 10.1038/420456b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600013
PM 12466810
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marder, E
AF Marder, E
TI Non-mammalian models for studying neural development and function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID weakly electric fish; caenorhabditis-elegans; oscillatory dynamics; auditory-system; working-memory; eye-position; retinal rods; brain-stem; responses; network
C1 Brandeis Univ, Volen Ctr, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
C3 Brandeis University
RP Marder, E (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Volen Ctr, MS 013, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
EM marder@brandeis.edu
NR 59
TC 29
Z9 41
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 318
EP 321
DI 10.1038/417318a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100055
PM 12015611
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Doyle, MR
   Davis, SJ
   Bastow, RM
   McWatters, HG
   Kozma-Bognár, L
   Nagy, F
   Millar, AJ
   Amasino, RM
AF Doyle, MR
   Davis, SJ
   Bastow, RM
   McWatters, HG
   Kozma-Bognár, L
   Nagy, F
   Millar, AJ
   Amasino, RM
TI The ELF4 gene controls circadian rhythms and flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hypocotyl elongation; clock; protein; encodes; photomorphogenesis; dysfunction; mutagenesis; expression; phyb; toc1
AB Many plants use day length as an environmental cue to ensure proper timing of the switch from vegetative to reproductive growth. Day-length sensing involves an interaction between the relative length of day and night, and endogenous rhythms that are controlled by the plant circadian clock(1). Thus, plants with defects in circadian regulation cannot properly regulate the timing of the floral transition(2). Here we describe the gene EARLY FLOWERING 4 (ELF4), which is involved in photoperiod perception and circadian regulation. ELF4 promotes clock accuracy and is required for sustained rhythms in the absence of daily light/dark cycles. elf4 mutants show attenuated expression of CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1), a gene that is thought to function as a central oscillator component(3,4). In addition, elf4 plants transiently show output rhythms with highly variable period lengths before becoming arrhythmic. Mutations in elf4 result in early flowering in non-inductive photoperiods, which is probably caused by elevated amounts of CONSTANS (CO), a gene that promotes floral induction(5).
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biochem, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Mol & Cellular Biol Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Warwick, Dept Biol Sci, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
   Biol Res Ctr, Inst Plant Biol, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Warwick; HUN-REN; HUN-REN Biological Research Center; Institute of Plant Biology - HAS
RP Amasino, RM (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biochem, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM Andrew.Millar@warwick.ac.uk; amasino@biochemwisc.edu
NR 25
TC 401
Z9 464
U1 3
U2 127
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6902
BP 74
EP 77
DI 10.1038/nature00954
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 589YF
UT WOS:000177788600039
PM 12214234
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Okazaki, Y
   Furuno, M
   Kasukawa, T
   Adachi, J
   Bono, H
   Kondo, S
   Nikaido, I
   Osato, N
   Saito, R
   Suzuki, H
   Yamanaka, I
   Kiyosawa, H
   Yagi, K
   Tomaru, Y
   Hasegawa, Y
   Nogami, A
   Schönbach, C
   Gojobori, T
   Baldarelli, R
   Hill, DP
   Bult, C
   Hume, DA
   Quackenbush, J
   Schriml, LM
   Kanapin, A
   Matsuda, H
   Batalov, S
   Beisel, KW
   Blake, JA
   Bradt, D
   Brusic, V
   Chothia, C
   Corbani, LE
   Cousins, S
   Dalla, E
   Dragani, TA
   Fletcher, CF
   Forrest, A
   Frazer, KS
   Gaasterland, T
   Gariboldi, M
   Gissi, C
   Godzik, A
   Gough, J
   Grimmond, S
   Gustincich, S
   Hirokawa, N
   Jackson, IJ
   Jarvis, ED
   Kanai, A
   Kawaji, H
   Kawasawa, Y
   Kedzierski, RM
   King, BL
   Konagaya, A
   Kurochkin, IV
   Lee, Y
   Lenhard, B
   Lyons, PA
   Maglott, DR
   Maltais, L
   Marchionni, L
   McKenzie, L
   Miki, H
   Nagashima, T
   Numata, K
   Okido, T
   Pavan, WJ
   Pertea, G
   Pesole, G
   Petrovsky, N
   Pillai, R
   Pontius, JU
   Qi, D
   Ramachandran, S
   Ravasi, T
   Reed, JC
   Reed, DJ
   Reid, J
   Ring, BZ
   Ringwald, M
   Sandelin, A
   Schneider, C
   Semple, CAM
   Setou, M
   Shimada, K
   Sultana, R
   Takenaka, Y
   Taylor, MS
   Teasdale, RD
   Tomita, M
   Verardo, R
   Wagner, L
   Wahlestedt, C
   Wang, Y
   Watanabe, Y
   Wells, C
   Wilming, LG
   Wynshaw-Boris, A
   Yanagisawa, M
   Yang, I
   Yang, L
   Yuan, Z
   Zavolan, M
   Zhu, Y
   Zimmer, A
   Carninci, P
   Hayatsu, N
   Hirozane-Kishikawa, T
   Konno, H
   Nakamura, M
   Sakazume, N
   Sato, K
   Shiraki, T
   Waki, K
   Kawai, J
   Aizawa, K
   Arakawa, T
   Fukuda, S
   Hara, A
   Hashizume, W
   Imotani, K
   Ishii, Y
   Itoh, M
   Kagawa, I
   Miyazaki, A
   Sakai, K
   Sasaki, D
   Shibata, K
   Shinagawa, A
   Yasunishi, A
   Yoshino, M
   Waterston, R
   Lander, ES
   Rogers, J
   Birney, E
   Hayashizaki, Y
AF Okazaki, Y
   Furuno, M
   Kasukawa, T
   Adachi, J
   Bono, H
   Kondo, S
   Nikaido, I
   Osato, N
   Saito, R
   Suzuki, H
   Yamanaka, I
   Kiyosawa, H
   Yagi, K
   Tomaru, Y
   Hasegawa, Y
   Nogami, A
   Schönbach, C
   Gojobori, T
   Baldarelli, R
   Hill, DP
   Bult, C
   Hume, DA
   Quackenbush, J
   Schriml, LM
   Kanapin, A
   Matsuda, H
   Batalov, S
   Beisel, KW
   Blake, JA
   Bradt, D
   Brusic, V
   Chothia, C
   Corbani, LE
   Cousins, S
   Dalla, E
   Dragani, TA
   Fletcher, CF
   Forrest, A
   Frazer, KS
   Gaasterland, T
   Gariboldi, M
   Gissi, C
   Godzik, A
   Gough, J
   Grimmond, S
   Gustincich, S
   Hirokawa, N
   Jackson, IJ
   Jarvis, ED
   Kanai, A
   Kawaji, H
   Kawasawa, Y
   Kedzierski, RM
   King, BL
   Konagaya, A
   Kurochkin, IV
   Lee, Y
   Lenhard, B
   Lyons, PA
   Maglott, DR
   Maltais, L
   Marchionni, L
   McKenzie, L
   Miki, H
   Nagashima, T
   Numata, K
   Okido, T
   Pavan, WJ
   Pertea, G
   Pesole, G
   Petrovsky, N
   Pillai, R
   Pontius, JU
   Qi, D
   Ramachandran, S
   Ravasi, T
   Reed, JC
   Reed, DJ
   Reid, J
   Ring, BZ
   Ringwald, M
   Sandelin, A
   Schneider, C
   Semple, CAM
   Setou, M
   Shimada, K
   Sultana, R
   Takenaka, Y
   Taylor, MS
   Teasdale, RD
   Tomita, M
   Verardo, R
   Wagner, L
   Wahlestedt, C
   Wang, Y
   Watanabe, Y
   Wells, C
   Wilming, LG
   Wynshaw-Boris, A
   Yanagisawa, M
   Yang, I
   Yang, L
   Yuan, Z
   Zavolan, M
   Zhu, Y
   Zimmer, A
   Carninci, P
   Hayatsu, N
   Hirozane-Kishikawa, T
   Konno, H
   Nakamura, M
   Sakazume, N
   Sato, K
   Shiraki, T
   Waki, K
   Kawai, J
   Aizawa, K
   Arakawa, T
   Fukuda, S
   Hara, A
   Hashizume, W
   Imotani, K
   Ishii, Y
   Itoh, M
   Kagawa, I
   Miyazaki, A
   Sakai, K
   Sasaki, D
   Shibata, K
   Shinagawa, A
   Yasunishi, A
   Yoshino, M
   Waterston, R
   Lander, ES
   Rogers, J
   Birney, E
   Hayashizaki, Y
TI Analysis of the mouse transcriptome based on functional annotation of 60,770 full-length cDNAs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human genome; gene; sequence; protein; rna; classification; identification; chromosome-21; evolution; discovery
AB Only a small proportion of the mouse genome is transcribed into mature messenger RNA transcripts. There is an international collaborative effort to identify all full-length mRNA transcripts from the mouse, and to ensure that each is represented in a physical collection of clones. Here we report the manual annotation of 60,770 full-length mouse complementary DNA sequences. These are clustered into 33,409 'transcriptional units', contributing 90.1% of a newly established mouse transcriptome database. Of these transcriptional units, 4,258 are new protein-coding and 11,665 are new non-coding messages, indicating that non-coding RNA is a major component of the transcriptome. 41% of all transcriptional units showed evidence of alternative splicing. In protein-coding transcripts, 79% of splice variations altered the protein product. Whole-transcriptome analyses resulted in the identification of 2,431 sense-antisense pairs. The present work, completely supported by physical clones, provides the most comprehensive survey of a mammalian transcriptome so far, and is a valuable resource for functional genomics.
C1 RIKEN Yokohama Inst, RIKEN Genom Sci Ctr, Lab Genome Explorat Res Grp, Tsurumi KU, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Discovery & Res Inst, Genome Sci Lab, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   NTT Software Corp, Naka Ku, Kanagawa 2318554, Japan.
   Yokohama City Univ, Grad Sch Integrated Sci, Div Genom Informat Resources Sci Biol Supramol Sy, Tsurumi Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Keio Univ, Inst Adv Biosci, Yamagata 9970017, Japan.
   Univ Tsukuba, Inst Basic Med Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058577, Japan.
   RIKEN Yokohama Inst, RIKEN Genom Sci Ctr, Bioinformat Grp, Biomed Knowledge Discovery Team, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Natl Inst Genet, DNA Data Bank Japan, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   Natl Inst Genet, Ctr Informat Biol, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   Jackson Lab, Mouse Genome Informat Grp, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA.
   Univ Queensland, Inst Mol Biosci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
   Univ Queensland, ARC Special Res Ctr Funct & Appl Genom, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
   Inst Genom Res TIGR, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   NIH, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
   European Bioinformat Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SD, England.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Informat Sci & Technol, Osaka 5608531, Japan.
   Novartis Res Fdn, Genom Inst, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
   Boys Town Natl Res Hosp, Omaha, NE 68131 USA.
   Labs Informat Technol, Singapore 119613, Singapore.
   MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   LNCIB, Funct Genom, I-34012 Trieste, Italy.
   Ist Tumori Milano, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
   The Scripps Res Inst, Res Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Oregon, Zebrafish Int Resource Ctr, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab Computat Genom, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Univ Milan, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
   Burnham Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   MRC, Human Genet Unit, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Karolinska Inst, Ctr Genom & Bioinformat, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Addenbrookes Hosp, Cambridge Inst Med Res, JDRF WT Diabet & Inflammat Lab, Cambridge CB2 2XY, England.
   NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Canberra Hosp, Autoimmun Res Unit, Woden, ACT 2606, Australia.
   Appl Genom Inc, Sunnyvale, CA 94085 USA.
   Hirakata Ryoikuen, Osaka 5650874, Japan.
   Hyogo Med Univ, Inst Adv Med Sci, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638501, Japan.
   Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambs, England.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Bonn, Dept Psychiat, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
   Whitehead Inst MIT Ctr Genome Res, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
C3 RIKEN; Yokohama City University; Keio University; University of Tsukuba; RIKEN; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; Jackson Laboratory; University of Queensland; University of Queensland; J. Craig Venter Institute; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); European Bioinformatics Institute; University of Osaka; Novartis; Novartis USA; Boys Town National Research Hospital; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori Milan; Scripps Research Institute; University of Oregon; Rockefeller University; University of Milan; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Tokyo; University of Edinburgh; Duke University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Karolinska Institutet; University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); Australian National University; Canberra Hospital; Hyogo Medical University; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of Bonn; Washington University (WUSTL); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute
RP Hayashizaki, Y (corresponding author), RIKEN Yokohama Inst, RIKEN Genom Sci Ctr, Lab Genome Explorat Res Grp, Tsurumi KU, 1-7-22 Suehiro Cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
EM yosihide@gsc.riken.go.jp
FU National Human Genome Research Institute [ZIAHG000136] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 52
TC 1373
Z9 1707
U1 3
U2 212
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 563
EP 573
DI 10.1038/nature01266
PG 11
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600054
PM 12466851
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jedema, FJ
   Heersche, HB
   Filip, AT
   Baselmans, JJA
   van Wees, BJ
AF Jedema, FJ
   Heersche, HB
   Filip, AT
   Baselmans, JJA
   van Wees, BJ
TI Electrical detection of spin precession in a metallic mesoscopic spin valve
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID injection; accumulation; relaxation; coherence; charge
AB To study and control the behaviour of the spins of electrons that are moving through a metal or semiconductor is an outstanding challenge in the field of 'spintronics', where possibilities for new electronic applications based on the spin degree of freedom are currently being explored(1-5). Recently, electrical control of spin coherence(6) and coherent spin precession during transport(7) was studied by optical techniques in semiconductors. Here we report controlled spin precession of electrically injected and detected electrons in a diffusive metallic conductor, using tunnel barriers in combination with metallic ferromagnetic electrodes as spin injector and detector. The output voltage of our device is sensitive to the spin degree of freedom only, and its sign can be switched from positive to negative, depending on the relative magnetization of the ferromagnetic electrodes. We show that the spin direction can be controlled by inducing a coherent spin precession caused by an applied perpendicular magnetic field. By inducing an average precession angle of 180degrees, we are able to reverse the sign of the output voltage.
C1 Univ Groningen, Dept Appl Phys, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Groningen, Ctr Mat Sci, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
C3 University of Groningen; University of Groningen
RP Jedema, FJ (corresponding author), Univ Groningen, Dept Appl Phys, Nijenborgh 4-13, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
EM jedema@phys.rug.nl
NR 24
TC 628
Z9 701
U1 5
U2 175
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6882
BP 713
EP 716
DI 10.1038/416713a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 542FU
UT WOS:000175033500035
PM 11961548
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yacubova, E
   Komuro, H
AF Yacubova, E
   Komuro, H
TI Stage-specific control of neuronal migration by somatostatin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerebellar granule cells; rat cerebellum; receptors; expression; cortex; k+; patterns; blocks; system
AB Developing neurons transiently express somatostatin and its receptors(1-3), but little is known about their function at these early stages. As we thought that endogenous somatostatin might control the migratory behaviour of immature neurons, we have examined the effects of somatostatin in cerebellar granule cells of early postnatal mice, because these cells express all five types of somatostatin receptors before the initiation of their migration(4,5). Here we show that somatostatin has opposite and stage-specific effects on the migration of cerebellar granule cells. Activation of somatostatin receptors increases the rate of granule cell migration near their birthplace, but decreases the rate near their final destination. Furthermore, somatostatin enhances the size and frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ fluctuations in the early phase of migration, whereas it eliminates spike-like Ca2+ transients in the late phase. Somatostatin-induced changes at both early and late phases are reversed by a blockade of K+ channel activity. These results indicate that somatostatin may provide an essential cue for accelerating the movement of granule cells in the early phase and for terminating the movement in the late phase through altering intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and K+ channel activity.
C1 Cleveland Clin Fdn, Lerner Res Inst, Dept Neurosci, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
C3 Cleveland Clinic Foundation
RP Komuro, H (corresponding author), Cleveland Clin Fdn, Lerner Res Inst, Dept Neurosci, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
NR 28
TC 90
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 3
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6867
BP 77
EP 81
DI 10.1038/415077a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 507KZ
UT WOS:000173028800043
PM 11780120
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coey, JMD
   Venkatesan, M
   Fitzgerald, CB
   Douvalis, AP
   Sanders, IS
AF Coey, JMD
   Venkatesan, M
   Fitzgerald, CB
   Douvalis, AP
   Sanders, IS
TI Ferromagnetism of a graphite nodule from the Canyon Diablo meteorite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon
AB There are recent reports of weak ferromagnetism in graphite(1,2) and synthetic carbon materials(3) such as rhombohedral C-60 (ref. 4), as well as a theoretical prediction of a ferromagnetic instability in graphene sheets(5). With very small ferromagnetic signals, it is difficult to be certain that the origin is intrinsic, rather than due to minute concentrations of iron-rich impurities. Here we take a different experimental approach to study ferromagnetism in graphitic materials, by making use of meteoritic graphite, which is strongly ferromagnetic at room temperature. We examined ten samples of extraterrestrial graphite from a nodule in the Canyon Diablo meteorite. Graphite is the major phase in every sample, but there are minor amounts of magnetite, kamacite, akaganeite, and other phases. By analysing the phase composition of a series of samples, we find that these iron-rich minerals can only account for about two-thirds of the observed magnetization. The remainder is somehow associated with graphite, corresponding to an average magnetization of 0.05 Bohr magnetons per carbon atom. The magnetic ordering temperature is near 570 K. We suggest that the ferromagnetism is a magnetic proximity effect induced at the interface with magnetite or kamacite inclusions.
C1 Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Dept Phys, Dublin 2, Ireland.
   Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Dept Geol, Dublin 2, Ireland.
C3 Trinity College Dublin; Trinity College Dublin
RP Coey, JMD (corresponding author), Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Dept Phys, Dublin 2, Ireland.
EM jcoey@tcd.ie
NR 18
TC 171
Z9 185
U1 0
U2 62
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6912
BP 156
EP 159
DI 10.1038/nature01100
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 614QM
UT WOS:000179200900039
PM 12432386
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brown, S
   Heinisch, I
   Ross, E
   Shaw, K
   Buckley, CD
   Savill, J
AF Brown, S
   Heinisch, I
   Ross, E
   Shaw, K
   Buckley, CD
   Savill, J
TI Apoptosis disables CD31-mediated cell detachment from phagocytes promoting binding and engulfment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor-mediated phagocytosis; vitronectin receptor; neutrophils; migration; clearance; pecam-1; death; recognition; platelets; blood
AB Macrophage recognition and ingestion of 'self' cells undergoing apoptosis in vivo protects tissues from the toxic contents of dying cells and modulates macrophage regulation of inflammatory and immune responses(1,2). However, the complex molecular mechanisms mediating macrophage discrimination between viable and apoptotic cells are poorly understood(2,3). In particular, little is known of why viable nucleated cells are not engulfed by macrophages. To reveal active repulsion of viable cells and to seek specific capture or 'tethering' of apoptotic cells, we studied macrophage binding of viable and apoptotic leukocytes under conditions of flow. We found that homophilic ligation of CD31 (ref. 4) on viable leukocytes promoted their active, temperature-dependent detachment under low shear, whereas such CD31-mediated detachment was disabled in apoptotic leukocytes, promoting tight binding and macrophage ingestion of dying cells. Here we propose that CD31 (also known as platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, PECAM-1) is an example of a cell-surface molecule that prevents phagocyte ingestion of closely apposed viable cells by transmitting 'detachment' signals, and which changes function on apoptosis, promoting tethering of dying cells to phagocytes.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, MRC, Ctr Inflammat Res, Inflammat Repair Grp, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Birmingham, MRC, Ctr Immune Regulat, Div Immun & Infect, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Birmingham
RP Brown, S (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, MRC, Ctr Inflammat Res, Inflammat Repair Grp, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Midlothian, Scotland.
NR 21
TC 292
Z9 361
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6894
BP 200
EP 203
DI 10.1038/nature00811
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 571GV
UT WOS:000176710400044
PM 12110892
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Penterman, R
   Klink, SL
   de Koning, H
   Nisato, G
   Broer, DJ
AF Penterman, R
   Klink, SL
   de Koning, H
   Nisato, G
   Broer, DJ
TI Single-substrate liquid-crystal displays by photo-enforced stratification
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID separated composite films; polymer
AB Data visualization plays a crucial role in our society, as illustrated by the many displays that surround us. In the future, displays may become even more pervasive, ranging from individually addressable image-rendering wall hangings to data displays integrated in clothes(1). Liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) provide most of the flat-panel displays currently used. To keep pace with the ever-increasing possibilities afforded by developments in information technology, we need to develop manufacturing processes that will make LCDs cheaper and larger, with more freedom in design. Existing batch processes for making and filling LCD cells(2,3) are relatively expensive, with size and shape limitations. Here we report a cost-effective, single-substrate technique in which a coated film is transformed into a polymer-covered liquid-crystal layer. This approach is based on photo-enforced stratification: a two-step photopolymerization-induced phase separation of a liquid-crystal blend and a polymer precursor. The process leads to the formation of micrometre-sized containers filled with a switchable liquid-crystal phase. In this way, displays can be produced on a variety of substrates using current coating technology. The developed process may be an important step towards new technologies such as 'display-on-anything' and 'paintable displays'.
C1 Philips Res Labs, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, Netherlands.
   Eindhoven Univ Technol, Dept Polymer Chem & Technol, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands.
C3 Philips; Philips Research; Eindhoven University of Technology
RP Broer, DJ (corresponding author), Philips Res Labs, Prof Holstlaan 4, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, Netherlands.
NR 15
TC 149
Z9 163
U1 0
U2 55
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6884
BP 55
EP 58
DI 10.1038/417055a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 546ZM
UT WOS:000175307200035
PM 11986663
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Retallack, GJ
AF Retallack, GJ
TI Palaeoclimatology -: Triassic-Jurassic atmospheric CO2 spike
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID boundary
C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
C3 University of Oregon
RP Retallack, GJ (corresponding author), Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
NR 7
TC 8
Z9 12
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 24
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6870
BP 387
EP 388
DI 10.1038/415387a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 514HR
UT WOS:000173433600038
PM 11807543
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Raxworthy, CJ
   Forstner, MRJ
   Nussbaum, RA
AF Raxworthy, CJ
   Forstner, MRJ
   Nussbaum, RA
TI Chameleon radiation by oceanic dispersal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID historical biogeography; indian-ocean; madagascar; phylogeny; volcanism; reptilia; breakup; skull
AB Historical biogeography is dominated by vicariance methods that search for a congruent pattern of fragmentation of ancestral distributions produced by shared Earth history(1-3). A focus of vicariant studies has been austral area relationships and the break-up of the supercontinent Gondwana(3-5). Chameleons are one of the few extant terrestrial vertebrates thought to have biogeographic patterns that are congruent with the Gondwanan break-up of Madagascar and Africa(6,7). Here we show, using molecular and morphological evidence for 52 chameleon taxa, support for a phylogeny and area cladogram that does not fit a simple vicariant history. Oceanic dispersal-not Gondwanan breakup-facilitated species radiation, and the most parsimonious biogeographic hypothesis supports a Madagascan origin for chameleons, with multiple 'out-of-Madagascar' dispersal events to Africa, the Seychelles, the Comoros archipelago, and possibly Reunion Island. Although dispersal is evident in other Indian Ocean terrestrial animal groups(8-16), our study finds substantial out-of-Madagascar species radiation, and further highlights the importance of oceanic dispersal as a potential precursor for speciation.
C1 Amer Museum Nat Hist, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   SW Texas State Univ, Dept Biol, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Museum Zool, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); Texas State University System; Texas State University San Marcos; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Raxworthy, CJ (corresponding author), Amer Museum Nat Hist, Cent Pk W & 79th St, New York, NY 10024 USA.
EM rax@amnh.edu
NR 30
TC 261
Z9 299
U1 1
U2 87
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 14
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6873
BP 784
EP 787
DI 10.1038/415784a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 521HE
UT WOS:000173833900044
PM 11845207
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deecke, VB
   Slater, PJB
   Ford, JKB
AF Deecke, VB
   Slater, PJB
   Ford, JKB
TI Selective habituation shapes acoustic predator recognition in harbour seals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID whales orcinus-orca; resident killer whales; genetic differentiation; populations; evolution; behavior
AB Predation is a major force in shaping the behaviour of animals(1-3), so that precise identification of predators will confer substantial selective advantages on animals that serve as food to others. Because experience with a predator can be lethal, early researchers studying birds suggested that predator recognition does not require learning(4,5). However, a predator image that can be modified by learning and experience will be advantageous in situations where cues associated with the predator are highly variable or change over time. In this study, we investigated the response of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) to the underwater calls of different populations of killer whales (Orcinus orca). We found that the seals responded strongly to the calls of mammal-eating killer whales and unfamiliar fish-eating killer whales but not to the familiar calls of the local fish-eating population. This demonstrates that wild harbour seals are capable of complex acoustic discrimination and that they modify their predator image by selectively habituating to the calls of harmless killer whales. Fear in these animals is therefore focused on local threats by learning and experience.
C1 Univ St Andrews, Sch Biol, St Andrews KY16 9TS, Fife, Scotland.
   Vancouver Aquarium Marine Sci Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6B 3X8, Canada.
   Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Pacific Biol Stn, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada.
C3 University of St Andrews; Fisheries & Oceans Canada
RP Deecke, VB (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Sch Biol, St Andrews KY16 9TS, Fife, Scotland.
EM vd2@st-andrews.ac.uk
NR 25
TC 168
Z9 193
U1 1
U2 101
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6912
BP 171
EP 173
DI 10.1038/nature01030
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 614QM
UT WOS:000179200900044
PM 12432391
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cheour, M
   Martynova, O
   Näätänen, R
   Erkkola, R
   Sillanpää, M
   Kero, P
   Raz, A
   Kaipio, ML
   Hiltunen, J
   Aaltonen, O
   Savela, J
   Hämäläinen, H
AF Cheour, M
   Martynova, O
   Näätänen, R
   Erkkola, R
   Sillanpää, M
   Kero, P
   Raz, A
   Kaipio, ML
   Hiltunen, J
   Aaltonen, O
   Savela, J
   Hämäläinen, H
TI Psychobiology - Speech sounds learned by sleeping newborns
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID children
C1 Univ Turku, Ctr Cognit Neurosci, Language & Dev Brain Lab, Turku 20100, Finland.
   Univ Turku, Dept Psychol, Turku 20100, Finland.
   Univ Turku, Dept Phonet, Turku 20100, Finland.
   Univ Helsinki, Cent Hosp, BioMag Lab, Helsinki 00029, Finland.
   Univ Helsinki, Dept Psychol, Cognit Brain Res Unit, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Univ Helsinki, Helsinki Brain Res Ctr, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Turku Univ, Cent Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Turku 20100, Finland.
   Turku Univ, Cent Hosp, Dept Child Neurol, Turku 20100, Finland.
   Turku Univ, Cent Hosp, Dept Pediat, Turku 20100, Finland.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Psychiat, Sackler Inst Dev Psychobiol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 University of Turku; University of Turku; University of Turku; University of Helsinki; Helsinki University Central Hospital; University of Helsinki; University of Helsinki; University of Turku; University of Turku; University of Turku; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine
RP Cheour, M (corresponding author), Univ Turku, Ctr Cognit Neurosci, Language & Dev Brain Lab, Turku 20100, Finland.
EM marie.cheour@utu.fi
NR 8
TC 148
Z9 167
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 7
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6872
BP 599
EP 600
DI 10.1038/415599b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 519DC
UT WOS:000173709100030
PM 11832930
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dudovich, N
   Oron, D
   Silberberg, Y
AF Dudovich, N
   Oron, D
   Silberberg, Y
TI Single-pulse coherently controlled nonlinear Raman spectroscopy and microscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3rd-harmonic generation; scattering
AB Molecular vibrations have oscillation periods that reflect the molecular structure, and are hence being used as a spectroscopic fingerprint for detection and identification. At present, all nonlinear spectroscopy schemes use two or more laser beams to measure such vibrations(1). The availability of ultrashort (femtosecond) optical pulses with durations shorter than typical molecular vibration periods has enabled the coherent excitation of molecular vibrations using a single pulse(2). Here we perform single-pulse vibrational spectroscopy on several molecules in the liquid phase, where both the excitation and the readout processes are performed by the same pulse. The main difficulty with single-pulse spectroscopy is that all vibrational levels with energies within the pulse bandwidth are excited. We achieve high spectral resolution, nearly two orders of magnitude better than the pulse bandwidth, by using quantum coherent control techniques. By appropriately modulating the spectral phase of the pulse we are able to exploit the quantum interference between multiple paths to selectively populate a given vibrational level, and to probe this population using the same pulse. This scheme, using a single broadband laser source, is particularly attractive for nonlinear microscopy applications, as we demonstrate by constructing a coherent anti-Stokes Raman (CARS) microscope operating with a single laser beam.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Phys Complex Syst, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Silberberg, Y (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Phys Complex Syst, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
NR 23
TC 661
Z9 752
U1 7
U2 184
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 512
EP 514
DI 10.1038/nature00933
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800034
PM 12152073
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilmut, I
   Beaujean, N
   de Sousa, PA
   Dinnyes, A
   King, TJ
   Paterson, LA
   Wells, DN
   Young, LE
AF Wilmut, I
   Beaujean, N
   de Sousa, PA
   Dinnyes, A
   King, TJ
   Paterson, LA
   Wells, DN
   Young, LE
TI Somatic cell nuclear transfer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fibroblast cells; dna methylation; mouse cloning; cloned mice; embryos; calves; fetal; expression; cytoplasm; metaphase
AB Cloning by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells is a remarkable demonstration of developmental plasticity. When a nucleus is placed in oocyte cytoplasm, the changes in chromatin structure that govern differentiation can be reversed, and the nucleus can be made to control development to term.
C1 Roslin Inst, Roslin EH25 9PS, Midlothian, Scotland.
   AgResearch, Hamilton, New Zealand.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Roslin Institute; AgResearch - New Zealand
RP Wilmut, I (corresponding author), Roslin Inst, Roslin EH25 9PS, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM ian.wilmut@bbsrc.ac.uk
NR 39
TC 386
Z9 456
U1 1
U2 73
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6907
BP 583
EP 586
DI 10.1038/nature01079
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 602AT
UT WOS:000178483100036
PM 12374931
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bania, TM
   Rood, RT
   Balser, DS
AF Bania, TM
   Rood, RT
   Balser, DS
TI The cosmological density of baryons from observations of 3He+ in the Milky Way
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interstellar-medium; primordial abundance; stellar production; planetary-nebula; deep circulation; red giants; evolution; stars; regions; oxygen
AB Primordial nucleosynthesis after the Big Bang can be constrained by the abundances of the light elements and isotopes (2)H, (3)He, (4)He and (7)Li (ref. 1). The standard theory of stellar evolution predicts that (3)He is also produced by solar-type stars(2), so its abundance is of interest not only for cosmology, but also for understanding stellar evolution and the chemical evolution of the Galaxy. The (3)He abundance in star-forming (H II) regions agrees with the present value for the local interstellar medium(3), but seems to be incompatible(4-6) with the stellar production rates inferred from observations of planetary nebulae(7), which provide a direct test of stellar evolution theory(8). Here we develop our earlier observations(9,10), which, when combined with recent theoretical developments in our understanding of light-element synthesis and destruction in stars(11-14), allow us to determine an upper limit for the primordial abundance of (3)He relative to hydrogen: (3)He/H = (1.1 +/- 0.2) x 10(-5). The primordial density of all baryons determined from the (3)He data is in excellent agreement with the densities calculated from other cosmological probes. The previous conflict is resolved because most solar-mass stars do not produce enough (3)He to enrich the interstellar medium significantly.
C1 Boston Univ, Inst Astrophys Res, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Astron, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Green Bank, WV 24944 USA.
C3 Boston University; University of Virginia; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)
RP Bania, TM (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Inst Astrophys Res, 725 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM bania@bu.edu
NR 29
TC 232
Z9 241
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 3
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6867
BP 54
EP 57
DI 10.1038/415054a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 507KZ
UT WOS:000173028800035
PM 11780112
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schopf, JW
   Kudryavtsev, AB
   Agresti, DG
   Wdowiak, TJ
   Czaja, AD
AF Schopf, JW
   Kudryavtsev, AB
   Agresti, DG
   Wdowiak, TJ
   Czaja, AD
TI Laser-Raman imagery of Earth's earliest fossils
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbonaceous filaments; archean stromatolites; western australia; north-pole; microfossils; bacteria
AB Unlike the familiar Phanerozoic history of life, evolution during the earlier and much longer Precambrian segment of geological time centred on prokaryotic microbes(1). Because such microorganisms are minute, are preserved incompletely in geological materials, and have simple morphologies that can be mimicked by nonbiological mineral microstructures, discriminating between true microbial fossils and microscopic pseudofossil 'lookalikes' can be difficult(2,3). Thus, valid identification of fossil microbes, which is essential to understanding the prokaryote-dominated, Precambrian 85% of life's history, can require more than traditional palaeontology that is focused on morphology. By combining optically discernible morphology with analyses of chemical composition, laser-Raman spectroscopic imagery of individual microscopic fossils provides a means by which to address this need. Here we apply this technique to exceptionally ancient fossil microbe-like objects, including the oldest such specimens reported from the geological record, and show that the results obtained substantiate the biological origin of the earliest cellular fossils known.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Ctr Study Evolut & Origin Life, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Alabama, Dept Phys, Astro & Solar Syst Phys Program, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham
RP Schopf, JW (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 18
TC 437
Z9 510
U1 3
U2 153
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6876
BP 73
EP 76
DI 10.1038/416073a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 527WU
UT WOS:000174211600040
PM 11882894
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carlton, JM
   Angiuoli, SV
   Suh, BB
   Kooij, TW
   Pertea, M
   Silva, JC
   Ermolaeva, MD
   Allen, JE
   Selengut, JD
   Koo, HL
   Peterson, JD
   Pop, M
   Kosack, DS
   Shumway, MF
   Bidwell, SL
   Shallom, SJ
   van Aken, SE
   Riedmuller, SB
   Feldblyum, TV
   Cho, JK
   Quackenbush, J
   Sedegah, M
   Shoaibi, A
   Cummings, LM
   Florens, L
   Yates, JR
   Raine, JD
   Sinden, RE
   Harris, MA
   Cunningham, DA
   Preiser, PR
   Bergman, LW
   Vaidya, AB
   Van Lin, LH
   Janse, CJ
   Waters, AP
   Smith, HO
   White, OR
   Salzberg, SL
   Venter, JC
   Fraser, CM
   Hoffman, SL
   Gardner, MJ
   Carucci, DJ
AF Carlton, JM
   Angiuoli, SV
   Suh, BB
   Kooij, TW
   Pertea, M
   Silva, JC
   Ermolaeva, MD
   Allen, JE
   Selengut, JD
   Koo, HL
   Peterson, JD
   Pop, M
   Kosack, DS
   Shumway, MF
   Bidwell, SL
   Shallom, SJ
   van Aken, SE
   Riedmuller, SB
   Feldblyum, TV
   Cho, JK
   Quackenbush, J
   Sedegah, M
   Shoaibi, A
   Cummings, LM
   Florens, L
   Yates, JR
   Raine, JD
   Sinden, RE
   Harris, MA
   Cunningham, DA
   Preiser, PR
   Bergman, LW
   Vaidya, AB
   Van Lin, LH
   Janse, CJ
   Waters, AP
   Smith, HO
   White, OR
   Salzberg, SL
   Venter, JC
   Fraser, CM
   Hoffman, SL
   Gardner, MJ
   Carucci, DJ
TI Genome sequence and comparative analysis of the model rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii yoelii
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID restriction map; genes; identification; berghei; conservation; alignment; vivax; cell; rearrangements; chromosm
AB Species of malaria parasite that infect rodents have long been used as models for malaria disease research. Here we report the whole-genome shotgun sequence of one species, Plasmodium yoelii yoelii, and comparative studies with the genome of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum clone 3D7. A synteny map of 2,212 P. y. yoelii contiguous DNA sequences (contigs) aligned to 14 P. falciparum chromosomes reveals marked conservation of gene synteny within the body of each chromosome. Of about 5,300 P. falciparum genes, more than 3,300 P. y. yoelii orthologues of predominantly metabolic function were identified. Over 800 copies of a variant antigen gene located in subtelomeric regions were found. This is the first genome sequence of a model eukaryotic parasite, and it provides insight into the use of such systems in the modelling of Plasmodium biology and disease.
C1 Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Ctr Advancement Genom, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Leiden Univ, Dept Parasitol, Med Ctr, NL-2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands.
   USN, Med Res Ctr, Malaria Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Infect & Immun Sect, Dept Biol Sci, London SW7 2AZ, England.
   Celara Genom, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Natl Inst Med Res, Div Parasitol, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Drexel Univ, Div Mol Parasitol, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Coll Med, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA.
C3 J. Craig Venter Institute; J. Craig Venter Institute; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC); United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; Scripps Research Institute; Imperial College London; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; Drexel University
RP Carlton, JM (corresponding author), Inst Genom Res, 9712 Med Ctr Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
EM carlton@tigr.org
FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [R01AI028398] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI028398] Funding Source: Medline
NR 62
TC 609
Z9 759
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6906
BP 512
EP 519
DI 10.1038/nature01099
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 599RF
UT WOS:000178348400046
PM 12368865
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ling, K
   Doughman, RL
   Firestone, AJ
   Bunce, MW
   Anderson, RA
AF Ling, K
   Doughman, RL
   Firestone, AJ
   Bunce, MW
   Anderson, RA
TI Type Iγ phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase targets and regulates focal adhesions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 4-phosphate 5-kinase; talin; binding; domain; actin; tyrosine; association; activation; proteins; vinculin
AB The ability of cells to form cell contacts, adhere to the extracellular matrix, change morphology, and migrate is essential for development, wound healing, metastasis, cell survival and the immune response. These events depend on the binding of integrin to the extracellular matrix, and assembly of focal adhesions, which are complexes comprising scaffolding and signalling proteins organized by adhesion to the extracellular matrix(1-3). Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P-2) regulates interactions between these proteins, including the interaction of vinculin with actin and talin(4-9). The binding of talin to beta-integrin is strengthened by PtdIns(4,5)P-2, suggesting that the basis of focal adhesion assembly is regulated by this lipid mediator(9,10). Here we show that the type I phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase isoform-gamma 661 (PIPKI-gamma661), an enzyme that makes PtdIns(4,5)P-2, is targeted to focal adhesions by an association with talin. PIPKIgamma661 is tyrosine phosphorylated by focal adhesion associated kinase signalling, increasing both the activity of phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase and its association with talin. This defines a mechanism for spatial generation of PtdIns(4,5)P-2 at focal adhesions.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Program Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Anderson, RA (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Program Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, 1300 Univ Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM raanders@facstaff.wisc.edu
NR 31
TC 396
Z9 472
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6911
BP 89
EP 93
DI 10.1038/nature01082
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 612HJ
UT WOS:000179068100042
PM 12422220
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, X
   Chen, HF
   Yin, H
   Kim, SS
   Tan, SL
   Gosden, RG
AF Wang, X
   Chen, HF
   Yin, H
   Kim, SS
   Tan, SL
   Gosden, RG
TI Fertility after intact ovary transplantation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kidneys
C1 Ctr Hosp Univ Montreal, Notre Dame Hosp, Expt Surg Lab, Montreal, PQ H2L 4M1, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Royal Victoria Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1A1, Canada.
   Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
C3 Universite de Montreal; McGill University; Royal Victoria Hospital; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Wang, X (corresponding author), Ctr Hosp Univ Montreal, Notre Dame Hosp, Expt Surg Lab, Montreal, PQ H2L 4M1, Canada.
NR 8
TC 168
Z9 187
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 24
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6870
BP 385
EP 385
DI 10.1038/415385a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 514HR
UT WOS:000173433600035
PM 11807540
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McPhaden, MJ
   Zhang, DX
AF McPhaden, MJ
   Zhang, DX
TI Slowdown of the meridional overturning circulation in the upper Pacific Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tropical pacific; equatorial pacific; north pacific; climate variability; el-nino; enso; model; temperatures; throughflow; ventilation
AB Decadal temperature fluctuations in the Pacific Ocean have a significant effect on marine ecosystems and the climate of North America. The physical mechanisms responsible for these fluctuations are poorly understood. Some theories ascribe a central role to the wind-driven meridional overturning circulation between the tropical and subtropical oceans. Here we show, from observations over the past 50 years, that this overturning circulation has been slowing down since the 1970s, causing a decrease in upwelling of about 25% in an equatorial strip between 9 degreesN and 9 degreesS. This reduction in equatorial upwelling of relatively cool water, from 47 x 10(6) to 35 x 10(6) m(3) s(-1), is associated with a rise in equatorial sea surface temperatures of about 0.8 degreesC. Another effect of the slowing circulation is a reduction in the outgassing of CO2 from the equatorial Pacific Ocean-at present the largest oceanic source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA.
   Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98115 USA.
C3 National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP McPhaden, MJ (corresponding author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA.
EM mcphaden@pmel.noaa.gov
NR 49
TC 460
Z9 555
U1 1
U2 79
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 7
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6872
BP 603
EP 608
DI 10.1038/415603a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 519DC
UT WOS:000173709100036
PM 11832936
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saal, AE
   Hauri, EH
   Langmuir, CH
   Perfit, MR
AF Saal, AE
   Hauri, EH
   Langmuir, CH
   Perfit, MR
TI Vapour undersaturation in primitive mid-ocean-ridge basalt and the volatile content of Earth's upper mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon-dioxide solubility; midocean ridges; trace-elements; atlantic ridge; popping rocks; water; sulfur; h2o; storage; magmas
AB The analysis of volatiles in magmatic systems can be used to constrain the volatile content of the Earth's mantle and the influence that magmatic degassing has on the chemistry of the oceans and the atmosphere. But most volatile elements have very low solubilities in magmas at atmospheric pressure, and therefore virtually all erupted lavas are degassed and do not retain their primary volatile signatures. Here we report the undersaturated pre-eruptive volatile content for a suite of mid-ocean-ridge basalts from the Siqueiros intra-transform spreading centre. The undersaturation leads to correlations between volatiles and refractory trace elements that provide new constraints on volatile abundances and their behaviour in the upper mantle. Our data generate improved limits on the abundances of carbon dioxide, water, fluorine, sulphur and chlorine in the source of normal mid-ocean-ridge basalt. The incompatible behaviour of carbon dioxide, together with the CO2/Nb and CO2/Cl ratios, permit estimates of primitive carbon dioxide and chlorine to be made for degassed and chlorine-contaminated mid-ocean-ridge basalt magmas, and hence constrain degassing and contamination histories of mid-ocean ridges.
C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
   Univ Florida, Dept Geol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Carnegie Institution for Science; State University System of Florida; University of Florida
RP Saal, AE (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
NR 39
TC 684
Z9 775
U1 6
U2 221
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6906
BP 451
EP 455
DI 10.1038/nature01073
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 599RF
UT WOS:000178348400029
PM 12368848
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kukushkin, IV
   Smet, JH
   von Klitzing, K
   Wegscheider, W
AF Kukushkin, IV
   Smet, JH
   von Klitzing, K
   Wegscheider, W
TI Cyclotron resonance of composite fermions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oscillations
AB It is occasionally possible to interpret strongly interacting many-body systems within a single-particle framework by introducing suitable fictitious entities, or 'quasi-particles'. A notable recent example of the successful application of such an approach is for a two-dimensional electron system that is exposed to a strong perpendicular magnetic field. The conduction properties of the system are governed by electron-electron interactions, which cause the fractional quantum Hall effect(1). Composite fermions, electrons that are dressed with magnetic flux quanta pointing opposite to the applied magnetic field, were identified as apposite quasi-particles that simplify our understanding of the fractional quantum Hall effect(2,3). They precess, like electrons, along circular cyclotron orbits, but with a diameter determined by a reduced effective magnetic field(4-10). The frequency of their cyclotron motion has hitherto remained enigmatic, as the effective mass is no longer related to the band mass of the original electrons and is entirely generated from electron-electron interactions. Here we demonstrate enhanced absorption of a microwave field in the composite fermion regime, and interpret it as a resonance with the frequency of their circular motion. From this inferred cyclotron resonance, we derive a composite fermion effective mass that varies from 0.7 to 1.2 times that of the electron mass in vacuum as their density is tuned from 0.6 x 10(11) cm(-2) to 1.2 x 10(11) cm(-2).
C1 Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia.
   Tech Univ Munich, Walter Schottky Inst, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Regensburg, Inst Expt & Angew Phys, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Russian Academy of Sciences; Osipyan Institute of Solid State Physics RAS; Technical University of Munich; University of Regensburg
RP Smet, JH (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
EM jhsmet@klizix.mpi-stuttgart.mpg.de
NR 18
TC 70
Z9 79
U1 1
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 24
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6870
BP 409
EP 412
DI 10.1038/415409a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 514HR
UT WOS:000173433600044
PM 11807549
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boes, M
   Cerny, J
   Massol, R
   Op den Brouw, M
   Kirchhausen, T
   Chen, JZ
   Ploegh, HL
AF Boes, M
   Cerny, J
   Massol, R
   Op den Brouw, M
   Kirchhausen, T
   Chen, JZ
   Ploegh, HL
TI T-cell engagement of dendritic cells rapidly rearranges MHC class II transport
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antigen presentation; invariant chain; expression; mice; activation; degradation; molecules; complexes; genes
AB Assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, which present antigen in the form of short peptides to T lymphocytes, occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum; once assembled, these molecules travel from the endoplasmic reticulum to their final destination. MHC class II molecules follow a route that takes them by means of the endocytic pathway, where they acquire peptide, to the cell surface(1). The transport of MHC class II molecules in 'professional' antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is subject to tight control and responds to inflammatory stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide. To study class II transport in live APCs, we replaced the mouse MHC class II gene with a version that codes for a class II molecule tagged with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). The resulting mice are immunologically indistinguishable from wild type. In bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells, we observed class II molecules in late endocytic structures with transport patterns similar to those in Langerhans cells observed in situ. We show that tubular endosomes extend intracellularly and polarize towards the interacting T cell, but only when antigen-laden dendritic cells encounter T cells of the appropriate specificity. We propose that such tubulation serves to facilitate the ensuing T-cell response.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Blood Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Charles Univ, Fac Sci, Prague, Van Cerny, Czech Republic.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Charles University Prague
RP Ploegh, HL (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 22
TC 339
Z9 406
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6901
BP 983
EP 988
DI 10.1038/nature01004
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 588AP
UT WOS:000177677500046
PM 12198548
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Piazzesi, G
   Reconditi, M
   Linari, M
   Lucii, L
   Sun, YB
   Narayanan, T
   Boesecke, P
   Lombardi, V
   Irving, M
AF Piazzesi, G
   Reconditi, M
   Linari, M
   Lucii, L
   Sun, YB
   Narayanan, T
   Boesecke, P
   Lombardi, V
   Irving, M
TI Mechanism of force generation by myosin heads in skeletal muscle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID striated-muscle; isometric contraction; fine-structure; power stroke; light-chain; fibers; frog; actin; motor; conformation
AB Muscles generate force and shortening in a cyclical interaction between the myosin head domains projecting from the myosin filaments and the adjacent actin filaments. Although many features of the dynamic performance of muscle are determined by the rates of attachment and detachment of myosin and actin 1, the primary event in force generation is thought to be a conformational change or 'working stroke' in the actin-bound myosin head(2-8). According to this hypothesis, the working stroke is much faster than attachment or detachment, but can be observed directly in the rapid force transients that follow step displacement of the filaments(3). Although many studies of the mechanism of muscle contraction(9-13) have been based on this hypothesis, the alternative view-that the fast force transients are caused by fast components of attachment and detachment(14-17) has not been excluded definitively. Here we show that measurements of the axial motions of the myosin heads at angstrom resolution by a new X-ray interference technique(18) rule out the rapid attachment/detachment hypothesis, and provide compelling support for the working stroke model of force generation.
C1 Kings Coll London, Sch Biomed Sci, Randall Ctr, London SE1 1UL, England.
   Univ Florence, I-50134 Florence, Italy.
   European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
C3 University of London; King's College London; University of Florence; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)
RP Irving, M (corresponding author), Kings Coll London, Sch Biomed Sci, Randall Ctr, London SE1 1UL, England.
EM malcolm.irving@kcl.ac.uk
FU Telethon [625] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 124
Z9 133
U1 1
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 7
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6872
BP 659
EP 662
DI 10.1038/415659a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 519DC
UT WOS:000173709100051
PM 11832949
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Piatelli-Palmarini, M
AF Piatelli-Palmarini, M
TI Grammar - The barest essentials
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Linguist, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 University of Arizona
RP Piatelli-Palmarini, M (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Dept Linguist, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
NR 3
TC 4
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6877
BP 129
EP 129
DI 10.1038/416129a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 530FR
UT WOS:000174348100019
PM 11894075
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bostock, MG
   Hyndman, RD
   Rondenay, S
   Peacock, SM
AF Bostock, MG
   Hyndman, RD
   Rondenay, S
   Peacock, SM
TI An inverted continental Moho and serpentinization of the forearc mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subduction; lithosphere; earthquakes; depths; models; plate; wedge
AB Volatiles that are transported by subducting lithospheric plates to depths greater than 100 km are thought to induce partial melting in the overlying mantle wedge, resulting in arc magmatism and the addition of significant quantities of material to the overlying lithosphere(1). Asthenospheric flow and upwelling within the wedge produce increased lithospheric temperatures in this back-arc region, but the forearc mantle (in the corner of the wedge) is thought to be significantly cooler. Here we explore the structure of the mantle wedge in the southern Cascadia subduction zone using scattered teleseismic waves recorded on a dense portable array of broadband seismometers. We find very low shear-wave velocities in the cold forearc mantle indicated by the exceptional occurrence of an 'inverted' continental Moho, which reverts to normal polarity seaward of the Cascade arc. This observation provides compelling evidence for a highly hydrated and serpentinized forearc region(2), consistent with thermal and petrological models of the forearc mantle wedge. This serpentinized material is thought to have low strength and may therefore control the down-dip rupture limit of great thrust earthquakes, as well as the nature of large-scale flow in the mantle wedge.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Geol Survey Canada, Pacific Geosci Ctr, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada.
   Univ Victoria, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
C3 University of British Columbia; Natural Resources Canada; Lands & Minerals Sector - Natural Resources Canada; Geological Survey of Canada; University of Victoria; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP Bostock, MG (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
NR 24
TC 555
Z9 623
U1 0
U2 93
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6888
BP 536
EP 538
DI 10.1038/417536a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 556QK
UT WOS:000175860300038
PM 12037564
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chapelle, FH
   O'Neill, K
   Bradley, PM
   Methé, BA
   Ciufo, SA
   Knobel, LL
   Lovley, DR
AF Chapelle, FH
   O'Neill, K
   Bradley, PM
   Methé, BA
   Ciufo, SA
   Knobel, LL
   Lovley, DR
TI A hydrogen-based subsurface microbial community dominated by methanogens
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ecosystems; deep; indicator; diversity; bacteria; energy
AB The search for extraterrestrial life may be facilitated if ecosystems can be found on Earth that exist under conditions analogous to those present on other planets or moons. It has been proposed, on the basis of geochemical and thermodynamic considerations, that geologically derived hydrogen might support subsurface microbial communities on Mars and Europa in which methanogens form the base of the ecosystem(1-5). Here we describe a unique subsurface microbial community in which hydrogen-consuming, methane-producing Archaea far outnumber the Bacteria. More than 90% of the 16S ribosomal DNA sequences recovered from hydrothermal waters circulating through deeply buried igneous rocks in Idaho are related to hydrogen-using methanogenic microorganisms. Geochemical characterization indicates that geothermal hydrogen, not organic carbon, is the primary energy source for this methanogen-dominated microbial community. These results demonstrate that hydrogen-based methanogenic communities do occur in Earth's subsurface, providing an analogue for possible subsurface microbial ecosystems on other planets.
C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Dept Microbiol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Idaho National Laboratory
RP Chapelle, FH (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA.
EM dlovley@microbio.umass.edu
NR 26
TC 357
Z9 437
U1 0
U2 179
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 17
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6869
BP 312
EP 315
DI 10.1038/415312a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 511YC
UT WOS:000173293500041
PM 11797006
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Palmer, SM
   Driscoll, CT
AF Palmer, SM
   Driscoll, CT
TI Acidic deposition - Decline in mobilization of toxic aluminium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brook experimental forest; hubbard-brook; new-hampshire; chemistry; recovery; calcium; rain
C1 Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA.
C3 Syracuse University
RP Palmer, SM (corresponding author), Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 220 Hinds Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA.
NR 10
TC 29
Z9 34
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 242
EP 243
DI 10.1038/417242a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100034
PM 12015590
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gao, YH
   Bando, Y
AF Gao, YH
   Bando, Y
TI Carbon nanothermometer containing gallium - Gallium's macroscopic properties are retained on a miniature scale in this nanodevice.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nanotubes
C1 Natl Inst Mat Sci, Adv Mat Lab, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan.
   Natl Inst Mat Sci, Nanomat Lab, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan.
C3 National Institute for Materials Science; National Institute for Materials Science
RP Gao, YH (corresponding author), Natl Inst Mat Sci, Adv Mat Lab, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan.
EM bando.yoshio@nims.go.jp
NR 13
TC 477
Z9 514
U1 4
U2 71
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 7
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6872
BP 599
EP 599
DI 10.1038/415599a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 519DC
UT WOS:000173709100029
PM 11832929
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krojer, T
   Garrido-Franco, M
   Huber, R
   Ehrmann, M
   Clausen, T
AF Krojer, T
   Garrido-Franco, M
   Huber, R
   Ehrmann, M
   Clausen, T
TI Crystal structure of DegP (HtrA) reveals a new protease-chaperone machine
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; serine-protease; quality-control; proteins; pdz; recognition; temperature; proteolysis; resolution; domain
AB Molecular chaperones and proteases monitor the folded state of other proteins. In addition to recognizing non-native conformations, these quality control factors distinguish substrates that can be refolded from those that need to be degraded(1). To investigate the molecular basis of this process, we have solved the crystal structure of DegP (also known as HtrA), a widely conserved heat shock protein that combines refolding and proteolytic activities(2). The DegP hexamer is formed by staggered association of trimeric rings. The proteolytic sites are located in a central cavity that is only accessible laterally. The mobile side-walls are constructed by twelve PDZ domains, which mediate the opening and closing of the particle and probably the initial binding of substrate. The inner cavity is lined by several hydrophobic patches that may act as docking sites for unfolded polypeptides. In the chaperone conformation, the protease domain of DegP exists in an inactive state, in which substrate binding in addition to catalysis is abolished.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biochem, Abt Strukturforsch, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
   Cardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Cardiff CF10 3US, S Glam, Wales.
C3 Max Planck Society; Cardiff University
RP Clausen, T (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biochem, Abt Strukturforsch, Klopferspitz 18A, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
NR 30
TC 353
Z9 424
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6879
BP 455
EP 459
DI 10.1038/416455a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 534UX
UT WOS:000174607800053
PM 11919638
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tegus, O
   Brück, E
   Buschow, KHJ
   de Boer, FR
AF Tegus, O
   Brück, E
   Buschow, KHJ
   de Boer, FR
TI Transition-metal-based magnetic refrigerants for room-temperature applications
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetoelastic transition; gd-5(si2ge2)
AB Magnetic refrigeration techniques based on the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) have recently been demonstrated as a promising alternative to conventional vapour-cycle refrigeration(1). In a material displaying the MCE, the alignment of randomly oriented magnetic moments by an external magnetic field results in heating. This heat can then be removed from the MCE material to the ambient atmosphere by heat transfer. If the magnetic field is subsequently turned off, the magnetic moments randomize again, which leads to cooling of the material below the ambient temperature. Here we report the discovery of a large magnetic entropy change in MnFeP0.45As0.55, a material that has a Curie temperature of about 300 K and which allows magnetic refrigeration at room temperature. The magnetic entropy changes reach values of 14.5 J K-1 kg(-1) and 18 J K-1 kg(-1) for field changes of 2 T and 5 T, respectively. The so-called giant-MCE material Gd5Ge2Si2 (ref. 2) displays similar entropy changes, but can only be used below room temperature. The refrigerant capacity of our material is also significantly greater than that of Gd (ref. 3). The large entropy change is attributed to a field-induced first-order phase transition enhancing the effect of the applied magnetic field.
C1 Univ Amsterdam, Van der Waals Zeeman Inst, NL-1018 XE Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 University of Amsterdam
RP Brück, E (corresponding author), Univ Amsterdam, Van der Waals Zeeman Inst, Valckenierstr 65, NL-1018 XE Amsterdam, Netherlands.
NR 12
TC 2569
Z9 2794
U1 16
U2 813
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 10
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6868
BP 150
EP 152
DI 10.1038/415150a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 509PR
UT WOS:000173159300035
PM 11805828
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brand, A
   Behrend, O
   Marquardt, T
   McAlpine, D
   Grothe, B
AF Brand, A
   Behrend, O
   Marquardt, T
   McAlpine, D
   Grothe, B
TI Precise inhibition is essential for microsecond interaural time difference coding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID medial superior olive; auditory-nerve fibers; cochlear nucleus; trapezoid body; sound localization; delay-lines; neurons; projections; cells; sensitivity
AB Microsecond differences in the arrival time of a sound at the two ears (interaural time differences, ITDs) are the main cue for localizing low-frequency sounds in space. Traditionally, ITDs are thought to be encoded by an array of coincidence-detector neurons, receiving excitatory inputs from the two ears via axons of variable length ('delay lines'), to create a topographic map of azimuthal auditory space(1,2). Compelling evidence for the existence of such a map in the mammalian ITD detector, the medial superior olive (MSO), however, is lacking. Equally puzzling is the role of a-temporally very precise(3)-glycine-mediated inhibitory input to MSO neurons. Using in vivo recordings from the MSO of the Mongolian gerbil, we found the responses of ITD-sensitive neurons to be inconsistent with the idea of a topographic map of auditory space. Moreover, local application of glycine and its antagonist strychnine by iontophoresis (through glass pipette electrodes, by means of an electric current) revealed that precisely timed glycine-controlled inhibition is a critical part of the mechanism by which the physiologically relevant range of ITDs is encoded in the MSO. A computer model, simulating the response of a coincidence-detector neuron with bilateral excitatory inputs and a temporally precise contralateral inhibitory input, supports this conclusion.
C1 Max Planck Inst Neurobiol, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
   UCL, Dept Physiol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of London; University College London
RP Grothe, B (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Neurobiol, Klopferspitz 18A, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
EM bgrothe@neuro.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 448
Z9 526
U1 3
U2 50
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6888
BP 543
EP 547
DI 10.1038/417543a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 556QK
UT WOS:000175860300041
PM 12037566
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bachtrog, D
   Charlesworth, B
AF Bachtrog, D
   Charlesworth, B
TI Reduced adaptation of a non-recombining neo-Y chromosome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular evolution; drosophila-miranda; dosage-compensation; sex; pseudoobscura; variability; likelihood; protein; history; genes
AB Sex chromosomes are generally believed to have descended from a pair of homologous autosomes. Suppression of recombination between the ancestral sex chromosomes led to the genetic degeneration of the Y chromosome(1). In response, the X chromosome may become dosage-compensated(1,2). Most proposed mechanisms for the degeneration of Y chromosomes involve the rapid fixation of deleterious mutations on the Y-1. Alternatively, Y-chromosome degeneration might be a response to a slower rate of adaptive evolution, caused by its lack of recombination(3). Here we report patterns of DNA polymorphism and divergence at four genes located on the neo-sex chromosomes of Drosophila miranda. We show that a higher rate of protein sequence evolution of the neo-X-linked copy of Cyclin B relative to the neo-Y copy is driven by positive selection, which is consistent with the adaptive hypothesis for the evolution of the Y chromosome(3). In contrast, the neo-Y-linked copies of even-skipped and roundabout show an elevated rate of protein evolution relative to their neo-X homologues, probably reflecting the reduced effectiveness of selection against deleterious mutations in a non-recombining genome(1). Our results provide evidence for the importance of sexual recombination for increasing and maintaining the level of adaptation of a population.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Edinburgh
RP Bachtrog, D (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
NR 30
TC 168
Z9 196
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6878
BP 323
EP 326
DI 10.1038/416323a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 532NP
UT WOS:000174482200043
PM 11907578
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yao, TT
   Cohen, RE
AF Yao, TT
   Cohen, RE
TI A cryptic protease couples deubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID regulatory particle; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; ubiquitin; enzymes; domain; gene; thermodynamics; signal; atp
AB The 26S proteasome is responsible for most intracellular proteolysis in eukaryotes(1,2). Efficient substrate recognition relies on conjugation of substrates with multiple ubiquitin molecules and recognition of the polyubiquitin moiety by the 19S regulatory complex-a multisubunit assembly that is bound to either end of the cylindrical 20S proteasome core. Only unfolded proteins can pass through narrow axial channels into the central proteolytic chamber of the 20S core, so the attached polyubiquitin chain must be released to allow full translocation of the substrate polypeptide. Whereas unfolding is rate-limiting for the degradation of some substrates and appears to involve chaperone-like activities associated with the proteasome(3-5), the importance and mechanism of degradation-associated deubiquitination has remained unclear. Here we report that the POH1 (also known as Rpn11 in yeast) subunit of the 19S complex is responsible for substrate deubiquitination during proteasomal degradation. The inability to remove ubiquitin can be rate-limiting for degradation in vitro and is lethal to yeast. Unlike all other known deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) that are cysteine proteases(6,7), POH1 appears to be a Zn2+-dependent protease.
C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Biochem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
C3 University of Iowa
RP Cohen, RE (corresponding author), Univ Iowa, Dept Biochem, 51 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
NR 30
TC 596
Z9 778
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6905
BP 403
EP 407
DI 10.1038/nature01071
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 596ZB
UT WOS:000178195400048
PM 12353037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chun, HJ
   Zheng, LX
   Ahmad, M
   Wang, J
   Speirs, CK
   Siegel, RM
   Dale, MK
   Puck, J
   Davis, J
   Hall, CG
   Skoda-Smith, S
   Atkinson, TP
   Straus, SE
   Lenardo, MJ
AF Chun, HJ
   Zheng, LX
   Ahmad, M
   Wang, J
   Speirs, CK
   Siegel, RM
   Dale, MK
   Puck, J
   Davis, J
   Hall, CG
   Skoda-Smith, S
   Atkinson, TP
   Straus, SE
   Lenardo, MJ
TI Pleiotropic defects in lymphocyte activation caused by caspase-8 mutations lead to human immunodeficiency
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome; natural-killer-cells; fas gene-mutations; t-cells; apoptosis; initiation; cleavage; disorder; signal
AB Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is controlled by aspartate-specific cysteine proteases called caspases. In the immune system, apoptosis counters the proliferation of lymphocytes to achieve a homeostatic balance, which allows potent responses to pathogens but avoids autoimmunity(1,2). The CD95 (Fas, Apo-1) receptor triggers lymphocyte apoptosis by recruiting Fas-associated death domain (FADD), caspase-8 and caspase-10 proteins into a death-inducing signalling complex(3,4). Heterozygous mutations in CD95, CD95 ligand or caspase-10 underlie most cases of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), a human disorder that is characterized by defective lymphocyte apoptosis, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and autoimmunity(5-14). Mutations in caspase-8 have not been described in ALPS, and homozygous caspase-8 deficiency causes embryonic lethality in mice. Here we describe a human kindred with an inherited genetic deficiency of caspase-8. Homozygous individuals manifest defective lymphocyte apoptosis and homeostasis but, unlike individuals affected with ALPS, also have defects in their activation of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and natural killer cells, which leads to immunodeficiency. Thus, caspase-8 deficiency in humans is compatible with normal development and shows that caspase-8 has a postnatal role in immune activation of naive lymphocytes.
C1 NIAID, Immunol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIAID, Immunol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NHGRI, Genet & Mol Biol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Alabama, Sch Med, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham
RP Lenardo, MJ (corresponding author), NIAID, Immunol Lab, NIH, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [ZIAAI000718, ZIAAI000732, ZIAAI000769] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 26
TC 568
Z9 662
U1 1
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6905
BP 395
EP 399
DI 10.1038/nature01063
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 596ZB
UT WOS:000178195400046
PM 12353035
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Greiner, M
   Mandel, O
   Hänsch, TW
   Bloch, I
AF Greiner, M
   Mandel, O
   Hänsch, TW
   Bloch, I
TI Collapse and revival of the matter wave field of a Bose-Einstein condensate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID small atomic samples; quantum; coherence; entanglement; oscillator; arrays; phase
AB A Bose-Einstein condensate represents the most 'classical' form of a matter wave, just as an optical laser emits the most classical form of an electromagnetic wave. Nevertheless, the matter wave field has a quantized structure owing to the granularity of the discrete underlying atoms. Although such a field is usually assumed to be intrinsically stable (apart from incoherent loss processes), this is no longer true when the condensate is in a coherent superposition of different atom number states(1-6). For example, in a Bose-Einstein condensate confined by a three-dimensional optical lattice, each potential well can be prepared in a coherent superposition of different atom number states, with constant relative phases between neighbouring lattice sites. It is then natural to ask how the individual matter wave fields and their relative phases evolve. Here we use such a set-up to investigate these questions experimentally, observing that the matter wave field of the Bose-Einstein condensate undergoes a periodic series of collapses and revivals; this behaviour is directly demonstrated in the dynamical evolution of the multiple matter wave interference pattern. We attribute the oscillations to the quantized structure of the matter wave field and the collisions between individual atoms.
C1 Univ Munich, Sekt Phys, D-80799 Munich, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
C3 University of Munich; Max Planck Society
RP Bloch, I (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Sekt Phys, Schellingstr 4-III, D-80799 Munich, Germany.
NR 21
TC 1066
Z9 1125
U1 5
U2 98
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6902
BP 51
EP 54
DI 10.1038/nature00968
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 589YF
UT WOS:000177788600033
PM 12214228
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Serwold, T
   Gonzalez, F
   Kim, J
   Jacob, R
   Shastri, N
AF Serwold, T
   Gonzalez, F
   Kim, J
   Jacob, R
   Shastri, N
TI ERAAP customizes peptides for MHC class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cells; aminopeptidase; proteasome; generation; responses; cleavage; complex; motifs; mice; er
AB The ability of killer T cells carrying the CD8 antigen to detect tumours or intracellular pathogens requires an extensive display of antigenic peptides by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules on the surface of potential target cells(1). These peptides are derived from almost all intracellular proteins and reveal the presence of foreign pathogens and mutations. How cells produce thousands of distinct peptides cleaved to the precise lengths required for binding different MHC class I molecules remains unknown(2,3). The peptides are cleaved from endogenously synthesized proteins by the proteasome in the cytoplasm(4,5) and then trimmed by an unknown aminopeptidase in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(6-8). Here we identify ERAAP, the aminopeptidase associated with antigen processing in the ER. ERAAP has a broad substrate specificity, and its expression is strongly upregulated by interferon-gamma. Reducing the expression of ERAAP through RNA interference prevents the trimming of peptides for MHC class I molecules in the ER and greatly reduces the expression of MHC class I molecules on the cell surface. Thus, ERAAP is the missing link between the products of cytosolic processing and the final peptides presented by MHC class I molecules on the cell surface.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Div Immunol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Shastri, N (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Div Immunol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 26
TC 506
Z9 604
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6906
BP 480
EP 483
DI 10.1038/nature01074
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 599RF
UT WOS:000178348400037
PM 12368856
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kind, PC
   Mitchell, DE
   Ahmed, B
   Blakemore, C
   Bonhoeffer, T
   Sengpiel, F
AF Kind, PC
   Mitchell, DE
   Ahmed, B
   Blakemore, C
   Bonhoeffer, T
   Sengpiel, F
TI Correlated binocular activity guides recovery from monocular deprivation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual-cortex; synaptic plasticity; kittens; strabismus; experience; amblyopia; reversal; monkeys; period; cats
AB Monocular deprivation (MD) has much more rapid and severe effects on the ocular dominance of neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) than does binocular deprivation(1). This finding underlies the widely held hypothesis that the developmental plasticity of ocular dominance reflects competitive interactions for synaptic space between inputs from the two eyes(2). According to this view, the relative levels of evoked activity in afferents representing the two eyes determine functional changes in response to altered visual experience. However, if the deprived eye of a monocularly deprived kitten is simply reopened, there is substantial physiological and behavioural recovery, leading to the suggestion that absolute activity levels, or some other noncompetitive mechanisms, determine the degree of recovery from MD3-7. Here we provide evidence that correlated binocular input is essential for such recovery. Recovery is far less complete if the two eyes are misaligned after a period of MD. This is a powerful demonstration of the importance of cooperative, associative mechanisms in the developing visual cortex.
C1 Univ Oxford, Physiol Lab, Oxford OX1 3PT, England.
   Univ Edinburgh, Dept Biomed Sci, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Dalhousie Univ, Dept Psychol, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada.
   Max Planck Inst Neurobiol, D-82152 Munich, Germany.
   Cardiff Sch Biosci, Cardiff CF10 3US, S Glam, Wales.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Edinburgh; Dalhousie University; Max Planck Society; Cardiff University
RP Kind, PC (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Physiol Lab, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PT, England.
NR 27
TC 69
Z9 79
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6879
BP 430
EP 433
DI 10.1038/416430a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 534UX
UT WOS:000174607800047
PM 11919632
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hubbert, C
   Guardiola, A
   Shao, R
   Kawaguchi, Y
   Ito, A
   Nixon, A
   Yoshida, M
   Wang, XF
   Yao, TP
AF Hubbert, C
   Guardiola, A
   Shao, R
   Kawaguchi, Y
   Ito, A
   Nixon, A
   Yoshida, M
   Wang, XF
   Yao, TP
TI HDAC6 is a microtubule-associated deacetylase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID histone-deacetylase; alpha-tubulin; acetylation; muscle; cells; proteins; dynamics; growth
AB Reversible acetylation of alpha-tubulin has been implicated in regulating microtubule stability and function(1). The distribution of acetylated alpha-tubulin is tightly controlled and stereotypic. Acetylated alpha-tubulin is most abundant in stable microtubules but is absent from dynamic cellular structures such as neuronal growth cones and the leading edges of fibroblasts(1,2). However, the enzymes responsible for regulating tubulin acetylation and deacetylation are not known. Here we report that a member of the histone deacetylase family, HDAC6, functions as a tubulin deacetylase. HDAC6 is localized exclusively in the cytoplasm, where it associates with microtubules and localizes with the microtubule motor complex containing p150(glued) (ref. 3). In vivo, the overexpression of HDAC6 leads to a global deacetylation of alpha-tubulin, whereas a decrease in HDAC6 increases alpha-tubulin acetylation. In vitro, purified HDAC6 potently deacetylates alpha-tubulin in assembled microtubules. Furthermore, overexpression of HDAC6 promotes chemotactic cell movement, supporting the idea that HDAC6-mediated deacetylation regulates microtubule-dependent cell motility. Our results show that HDAC6 is the tubulin deacetylase, and provide evidence that reversible acetylation regulates important biological processes beyond histone metabolism and gene transcription.
C1 Duke Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Biotechnol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST Res Project, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 Duke University; University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Yao, TP (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
NR 21
TC 2020
Z9 2390
U1 4
U2 195
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6887
BP 455
EP 458
DI 10.1038/417455a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 554HZ
UT WOS:000175730900042
PM 12024216
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Bono, M
   Tobin, DM
   Davis, MW
   Avery, L
   Bargmann, CI
AF de Bono, M
   Tobin, DM
   Davis, MW
   Avery, L
   Bargmann, CI
TI Social feeding in Caenorhabditis elegans is induced by neurons that detect aversive stimuli
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neuropeptide-y receptor; c-elegans; vanilloid receptor; natural variation; pathway; protein; gene; environment; expression; responses
AB Natural Caenorhabditis elegans isolates exhibit either social or solitary feeding on bacteria. We show here that social feeding is induced by nociceptive neurons that detect adverse or stressful conditions. Ablation of the nociceptive neurons ASH and ADL transforms social animals into solitary feeders. Social feeding is probably due to the sensation of noxious chemicals by ASH and ADL neurons; it requires the genes ocr-2 and osm-9, which encode TRP-related transduction channels, and odr-4 and odr-8, which are required to localize sensory chemoreceptors to cilia. Other sensory neurons may suppress social feeding, as social feeding in ocr-2 and odr-4 mutants is restored by mutations in osm-3, a gene required for the development of 26 ciliated sensory neurons. Our data suggest a model for regulation of social feeding by opposing sensory inputs: aversive inputs to nociceptive neurons promote social feeding, whereas antagonistic inputs from neurons that express osm-3 inhibit aggregation.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Program Dev Biol, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Program Neurosci, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Genet Program, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Genet Program, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Program Neurosci, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Program Dev Biol, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP de Bono, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Program Dev Biol, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM debono@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL046154] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 40
TC 205
Z9 290
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6910
BP 899
EP 903
DI 10.1038/nature01169
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 609MN
UT WOS:000178909700035
PM 12410303
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cerda, E
   Ravi-Chandar, K
   Mahadevan, L
AF Cerda, E
   Ravi-Chandar, K
   Mahadevan, L
TI Thin films - Wrinkling of an elastic sheet under tension
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Appl Math & Theoret Phys, Cambridge CB3 9EW, England.
   Univ Santiago Chile, Dept Fis, Santiago, Chile.
   Univ Texas, Dept Aerosp Engn & Engn Mech, Austin, TX 78705 USA.
C3 University of Cambridge; Universidad de Santiago de Chile; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Cerda, E (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Appl Math & Theoret Phys, Silver St, Cambridge CB3 9EW, England.
EM l.mahadevan@damtp.cam.ac.uk
NR 4
TC 322
Z9 380
U1 2
U2 237
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6907
BP 579
EP 580
DI 10.1038/419579b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 602AT
UT WOS:000178483100032
PM 12374968
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schneider, ME
   Belyantseva, IA
   Azevedo, RB
   Kachar, B
AF Schneider, ME
   Belyantseva, IA
   Azevedo, RB
   Kachar, B
TI Structural cell biology: Rapid renewal of auditory hair bundles - The recovery time after noise-induced hearing loss is in step with a molecular treadmill.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stereocilia; receptors; cochlea
C1 Natl Inst Deafness & Other Commun Disorders, Sect Struct Cell Biol, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Deafness & Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)
RP Schneider, ME (corresponding author), Natl Inst Deafness & Other Commun Disorders, Sect Struct Cell Biol, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 10
TC 154
Z9 186
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6900
BP 837
EP 838
DI 10.1038/418837a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 585YR
UT WOS:000177555600027
PM 12192399
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Butov, LV
   Lai, CW
   Ivanov, AL
   Gossard, AC
   Chemla, DS
AF Butov, LV
   Lai, CW
   Ivanov, AL
   Gossard, AC
   Chemla, DS
TI Towards Bose-Einstein condensation of excitons in potential traps
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cu2o; statistics; gas
AB An exciton is an electron-hole bound pair in a semiconductor. In the low-density limit, it is a composite Bose quasi-particle, akin to the hydrogen atom(1). Just as in dilute atomic gases(2,3), reducing the temperature or increasing the exciton density increases the occupation numbers of the low-energy states leading to quantum degeneracy and eventually to Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC)(1). Because the exciton mass is small-even smaller than the free electron mass-exciton BEC should occur at temperatures of about 1 K, many orders of magnitude higher than for atoms. However, it is in practice difficult to reach BEC conditions, as the temperature of excitons can considerably exceed that of the semiconductor lattice. The search for exciton BEC has concentrated on long-lived excitons: the exciton lifetime against electron-hole recombination therefore should exceed the characteristic timescale for the cooling of initially hot photo-generated excitons(4-10). Until now, all experiments on atom condensation were performed on atomic gases confined in the potential traps. Inspired by these experiments, and using specially designed semiconductor nanostructures, we have collected quasi-two-dimensional excitons in an in-plane potential trap. Our photoluminescence measurements show that the quasi-two-dimensional excitons indeed condense at the bottom of the traps, giving rise to a statistically degenerate Bose gas.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, EO Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Cardiff Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Cardiff CF24 3YB, S Glam, Wales.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Cardiff University; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Butov, LV (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, EO Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 17
TC 385
Z9 426
U1 1
U2 76
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6884
BP 47
EP 52
DI 10.1038/417047a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 546ZM
UT WOS:000175307200033
PM 11986661
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Minokoshi, Y
   Kim, YB
   Peroni, OD
   Fryer, LGD
   Müller, C
   Carling, D
   Kahn, BB
AF Minokoshi, Y
   Kim, YB
   Peroni, OD
   Fryer, LGD
   Müller, C
   Carling, D
   Kahn, BB
TI Leptin stimulates fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (Publication with Expression of Concern. See vol. 629, 2024)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Publication with Expression of Concern
ID increases glucose-uptake; skeletal-muscle; insulin; coa; mechanism; stress; mice
AB Leptin is a hormone secreted by adipocytes that plays a pivotal role in regulating food intake, energy expenditure and neuroendocrine function(1). Leptin stimulates the oxidation of fatty acids(2) and the uptake of glucose(3,4), and prevents the accumulation of lipids in nonadipose tissues, which can lead to functional impairments known as "lipotoxicity''(5). The signalling pathways that mediate the metabolic effects of leptin remain undefined. The 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) potently stimulates fatty-acid oxidation in muscle by inhibiting the activity of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC)(6,7). AMPK is a heterotrimeric enzyme that is conserved from yeast to humans and functions as a 'fuel gauge' to monitor the status of cellular energy(6). Here we show that leptin selectively stimulates phosphorylation and activation of the alpha2 catalytic subunit of AMPK (alpha2 AMPK) in skeletal muscle, thus establishing a previously unknown signalling pathway for leptin. Early activation of AMPK occurs by leptin acting directly on muscle, whereas later activation depends on leptin functioning through the hypothalamic-sympathetic nervous system axis. In parallel with its activation of AMPK, leptin suppresses the activity of ACC, thereby stimulating the oxidation of fatty acids in muscle. Blocking AMPK activation inhibits the phosphorylation of ACC stimulated by leptin. Our data identify AMPK as a principal mediator of the effects of leptin on fatty-acid metabolism in muscle.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Hammersmith Hosp, Imperial Coll Sch Med, MRC Clin Sci Ctr, Cellular Stress Grp, London W12 0NN, England.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Imperial College London
RP Kahn, BB (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM bkahn@caregroup.harvard.edu
NR 29
TC 1665
Z9 1961
U1 1
U2 179
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 17
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6869
BP 339
EP 343
DI 10.1038/415339a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 511YC
UT WOS:000173293500048
PM 11797013
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gurnett, DA
   Kurth, WS
   Hospodarsky, GB
   Persoon, AM
   Zarka, P
   Lecacheux, A
   Bolton, SJ
   Desch, MD
   Farrell, WM
   Kaiser, ML
   Ladreiter, HP
   Rucker, HO
   Galopeau, P
   Louarn, P
   Young, DT
   Pryor, WR
   Dougherty, MK
AF Gurnett, DA
   Kurth, WS
   Hospodarsky, GB
   Persoon, AM
   Zarka, P
   Lecacheux, A
   Bolton, SJ
   Desch, MD
   Farrell, WM
   Kaiser, ML
   Ladreiter, HP
   Rucker, HO
   Galopeau, P
   Louarn, P
   Young, DT
   Pryor, WR
   Dougherty, MK
TI Control of Jupiter's radio emission and aurorae by the solar wind
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kilometric radiation
AB Radio emissions from Jupiter provided the first evidence that this giant planet has a strong magnetic field(1,2) and a large magnetosphere(3). Jupiter also has polar aurorae(4), which are similar in many respects to Earth's aurorae(5). The radio emissions are believed to be generated along the high-latitude magnetic field lines by the same electrons that produce the aurorae, and both the radio emission in the hectometric frequency range and the aurorae vary considerably(6,7). The origin of the variability, however, has been poorly understood. Here we report simultaneous observations using the Cassini and Galileo spacecraft of hectometric radio emissions and extreme ultraviolet auroral emissions from Jupiter. Our results show that both of these emissions are triggered by interplanetary shocks propagating outward from the Sun. When such a shock arrives at Jupiter, it seems to cause a major compression and reconfiguration of the magnetosphere, which produces strong electric fields and therefore electron acceleration along the auroral field lines, similar to the processes that occur during geomagnetic storms at the Earth.
C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Observ Paris, Space Res Dept, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
   Univ Versailles, CETP, F-78140 Velizy Villacoublay, France.
   CNRS, Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31028 Toulouse, France.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci & Technol, Blackett Lab, London SW7 2BZ, England.
C3 University of Iowa; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Austrian Academy of Sciences; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Imperial College London
RP Gurnett, DA (corresponding author), Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
NR 29
TC 135
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 985
EP 987
DI 10.1038/415985a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000032
PM 11875556
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Henikoff, S
   Malik, HS
AF Henikoff, S
   Malik, HS
TI Selfish drivers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
C3 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Henikoff, S (corresponding author), Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
NR 4
TC 112
Z9 126
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 227
EP 227
DI 10.1038/417227a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100024
PM 12015578
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ito, J
   Ghosh, A
   Moreira, LA
   Wimmer, EA
   Jacobs-Lorena, M
AF Ito, J
   Ghosh, A
   Moreira, LA
   Wimmer, EA
   Jacobs-Lorena, M
TI Transgenic anopheline mosquitoes impaired in transmission of a malaria parasite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yellow-fever mosquito; aedes-aegypti; germline transformation; gene-expression; blood meal; gambiae; vector; gut
AB Malaria is estimated to cause 0.7 to 2.7 million deaths per year, but the actual figures could be substantially higher owing to under-reporting and difficulties in diagnosis(1). If no new control measures are developed, the malaria death toll is projected to double in the next 20 years(1). Efforts to control the disease are hampered by drug resistance in the Plasmodium parasites, insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, and the lack of an effective vaccine. Because mosquitoes are obligatory vectors for malaria transmission, the spread of malaria could be curtailed by rendering them incapable of transmitting parasites. Many of the tools required for the genetic manipulation of mosquito competence for malaria transmission have been developed. Foreign genes can now be introduced into the germ line of both culicine(2,3) and anopheline(4) mosquitoes, and these transgenes can be expressed in a tissue-specific manner(5,6). Here we report on the use of such tools to generate transgenic mosquitoes that express antiparasitic genes in their midgut epithelium, thus rendering them inefficient vectors for the disease. These findings have significant implications for the development of new strategies for malaria control.
C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Genet, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Univ Bayreuth, Lehrstuhl Genet, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
C3 University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University of Bayreuth
RP Jacobs-Lorena, M (corresponding author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Genet, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
NR 14
TC 418
Z9 521
U1 1
U2 100
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6887
BP 452
EP 455
DI 10.1038/417452a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 554HZ
UT WOS:000175730900041
PM 12024215
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stewart, SA
   Allen, PJ
AF Stewart, SA
   Allen, PJ
TI A 20-km-diameter multi-ringed impact structure in the North Sea
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID basins
AB Most craters found on Earth are highly eroded, poorly preserved and only exposed on land(1,2). Here we describe a multi-ringed impact structure discovered in the North Sea from the analysis of three-dimensional seismic reflection data. The structure is 20 km in diameter, and has at least ten distinctive concentric rings located between 2 and 10 km from the crater centre. The structure affects Cretaceous chalk and Jurassic shales, and is well preserved below several hundred metres of post-impact Tertiary strata, which constrains its age to be 60-65 Myr old. The formation of concentric ringed impact structures at this relatively small scale had not previously been thought possible, especially on the terrestrial planets(1,3,4). We have mapped the ring structures at a resolution of tens of metres both laterally and in depth, and show that the rings are fault-bounded graben structures, similar to fault arrays formed in low-strain-rate detachment tectonic settings(5). Strata deeper than 500 m palaeodepth appear unfaulted, and we infer that the concentric ring structures may have accommodated post-impact extension towards the excavated crater, through detachment on weak layers within the chalk(6,7).
C1 BP Plc, Aberdeen AB21 7PB, Scotland.
   Prod Geosci Ltd, Banchory AB31 5YR, Kincardine, Scotland.
C3 BP
RP Stewart, SA (corresponding author), BP Plc, Burnside Rd, Aberdeen AB21 7PB, Scotland.
NR 14
TC 66
Z9 71
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 520
EP 523
DI 10.1038/nature00914
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800037
PM 12152076
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mauk, BH
   Clarke, JT
   Grodent, D
   Waite, JH
   Paranicas, CP
   Williams, DJ
AF Mauk, BH
   Clarke, JT
   Grodent, D
   Waite, JH
   Paranicas, CP
   Williams, DJ
TI Transient aurora on Jupiter from injections of magnetospheric electrons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inner magnetosphere; particle signatures; io footprint; models; field
AB Energetic electrons and ions that are trapped in Earth's magnetosphere can suddenly be accelerated towards the planet(1-5). Some dynamic features of Earth's aurora (the northern and southern lights) are created by the fraction of these injected particles that travels along magnetic field lines and hits the upper atmosphere(4). Jupiter's aurora appears similar to Earth's in some respects; both appear as large ovals circling the poles and both show transient events(6-11). But the magnetospheres of Jupiter and Earth are so different-particularly in the way they are powered-that it is not known whether the magnetospheric drivers(12) of Earth's aurora also cause them on Jupiter. Here we show a direct relationship between Earth-like injections of electrons in Jupiter's magnetosphere and a transient auroral feature in Jupiter's polar region. This relationship is remarkably similar to what happens at Earth, and therefore suggests that despite the large differences between planetary magnetospheres, some processes that generate aurorae are the same throughout the Solar System.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Astron, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Boston University; Boston University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Mauk, BH (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
NR 24
TC 101
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 1003
EP 1005
DI 10.1038/4151003a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000038
PM 11875562
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Toda, S
   Stein, RS
   Sagiya, T
AF Toda, S
   Stein, RS
   Sagiya, T
TI Evidence from the AD 2000 Izu islands earthquake swarm that stressing rate governs seismicity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crustal deformation; kilauea-volcano; central japan; peninsula; magma; iceland; model
AB Magma intrusions and eruptions commonly produce abrupt changes in seismicity far from magma conduits(1-4) that cannot be associated with the diffusion of pore fluids or heat(5). Such 'swarm' seismicity also migrates with time, and often exhibits a 'dog-bone'-shaped distribution(3,4,6-9). The largest earthquakes in swarms produce aftershocks that obey an Omori-type (exponential) temporal decay(10-12), but the duration of the aftershock sequences is drastically reduced, relative to normal earthquake activity(7,13). Here we use one of the most energetic swarms ever recorded to study the dependence of these properties on the stress imparted by a magma intrusion(8,11,14,15). A 1,000-fold increase in seismicity rate and a 1,000-fold decrease in aftershock duration occurred during the two-month-long dyke intrusion. We find that the seismicity rate is proportional to the calculated stressing rate, and that the duration of aftershock sequences is inversely proportional to the stressing rate. This behaviour is in accord with a laboratory-based rate/state constitutive law 16, suggesting an explanation for the occurrence of earthquake swarms. Any sustained increase in stressing rate-whether due to an intrusion, extrusion or creep event-should produce such seismological behaviour.
C1 AIST, Act Fault Res Ctr, Geol Survey Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan.
   US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA.
   Geol Survey Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050811, Japan.
C3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Toda, S (corresponding author), AIST, Act Fault Res Ctr, Geol Survey Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan.
NR 22
TC 348
Z9 368
U1 1
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6902
BP 58
EP 61
DI 10.1038/nature00997
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 589YF
UT WOS:000177788600035
PM 12214230
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parkinson, GN
   Lee, MPH
   Neidle, S
AF Parkinson, GN
   Lee, MPH
   Neidle, S
TI Crystal structure of parallel quadruplexes from human telomeric DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID angstrom resolution; g-quartets; oligonucleotides; derivatives; mechanisms; inhibition; tetraplex; complex; target; design
AB Telomeric ends of chromosomes, which comprise noncoding repeat sequences of guanine-rich DNA, are fundamental in protecting the cell from recombination and degradation(1). Disruption of telomere maintenance leads to eventual cell death, which can be exploited for therapeutic intervention in cancer. Telomeric DNA sequences can form four-stranded (quadruplex) structures(2-4), which may be involved in the structure of telomere ends(5). Here we describe the crystal structure of a quadruplex formed from four consecutive human telomeric DNA repeats and grown at a K+ concentration that approximates its intracellular concentration. K+ ions are observed in the structure. The folding and appearance of the DNA in this intramolecular quadruplex is fundamentally different from the published Na+-containing quadruplex structures(2,4,6). All four DNA strands are parallel, with the three linking trinucleotide loops positioned on the exterior of the quadruplex core, in a propeller-like arrangement. The adenine in each TTA linking trinucleotide loop is swung back so that it intercalates between the two thymines. This DNA structure suggests a straightforward path for telomere folding and unfolding, as well as ways in which it can recognize telomere-associated proteins.
C1 Inst Canc Res, Chester Beatty Labs, Canc Res UK Biomol Struct Unit, London SW3 6JB, England.
C3 Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust; University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK
RP Neidle, S (corresponding author), Inst Canc Res, Chester Beatty Labs, Canc Res UK Biomol Struct Unit, 237 Fulham Rd, London SW3 6JB, England.
NR 29
TC 1839
Z9 2069
U1 3
U2 391
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6891
BP 876
EP 880
DI 10.1038/nature755
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 563YM
UT WOS:000176285600053
PM 12050675
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nelson, G
   Chandrashekar, J
   Hoon, MA
   Feng, LX
   Zhao, G
   Ryba, NJP
   Zuker, CS
AF Nelson, G
   Chandrashekar, J
   Hoon, MA
   Feng, LX
   Zhao, G
   Ryba, NJP
   Zuker, CS
TI An amino-acid taste receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glutamate receptors; mice; g-alpha(16); responses; saccharin; family
AB The sense of taste provides animals with valuable information about the nature and quality of food. Mammals can recognize and respond to a diverse repertoire of chemical entities, including sugars, salts, acids and a wide range of toxic substances(1). Several amino acids taste sweet or delicious (umami) to humans, and are attractive to rodents and other animals(2). This is noteworthy because L-amino acids function as the building blocks of proteins, as biosynthetic precursors of many biologically relevant small molecules, and as metabolic fuel. Thus, having a taste pathway dedicated to their detection probably had significant evolutionary implications. Here we identify and characterize a mammalian amino-acid taste receptor. This receptor, T1R1+3, is a heteromer of the taste-specific T1R1 and T1R3 G-protein-coupled receptors. We demonstrate that T1R1 and T1R3 combine to function as a broadly tuned L-amino-acid sensor responding to most of the 20 standard amino acids, but not to their D-enantiomers or other compounds. We also show that sequence differences in T1R receptors within and between species (human and mouse) can significantly influence the selectivity and specificity of taste responses.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Natl Inst Dent & Craniofacial Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
RP Zuker, CS (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM charles@flyeye.ucsd.edu
FU National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research [ZIADE000561] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 27
TC 1175
Z9 1373
U1 9
U2 341
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6877
BP 199
EP 202
DI 10.1038/nature726
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 530FR
UT WOS:000174348100043
PM 11894099
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Urano, T
   Saito, T
   Tsukui, T
   Fujita, M
   Hosoi, T
   Muramatsu, M
   Ouchi, Y
   Inoue, S
AF Urano, T
   Saito, T
   Tsukui, T
   Fujita, M
   Hosoi, T
   Muramatsu, M
   Ouchi, Y
   Inoue, S
TI Efp targets 14-3-3σ for proteolysis and promotes breast tumour growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ubiquitin-protein ligase; estrogen-responsive gene; finger protein; dna-damage; cell-cycle; ring; p53; proteasome; inhibitor; cloning
AB Oestrogen exerts its influence on target organs through activating oestrogen receptors (ERs) and regulating downstream genes by means of their oestrogen-responsive elements. Efp, a target gene product of ERalpha(1-3), is a member of the RING-finger B-box coiled-coil (RBCC) motif family(4). Efp is predominantly expressed in various female organs 2 as well as in breast cancers 5, and is thought to be essential for oestrogen-dependent cell proliferation and organ development-Efp-disrupted mice display underdeveloped uteri and reduced oestrogen responsiveness(6). Here we show that Efp is a RING-finger-dependent ubiquitin ligase (E3) that targets proteolysis of 14-3-3sigma, a negative cell cycle regulator that causes G2 arrest(7). We demonstrate that tumour growth of breast cancer MCF7 cells implanted in female athymic mice is reduced by treatment with antisense Efp oligonucleotide. Efp-overexpressing MCF7 cells in ovariectomized athymic mice generate tumours in the absence of oestrogen. Loss of Efp function in mouse embryonic fibroblasts results in an accumulation of 14-3-3sigma, which is responsible for reduced cell growth. These data provide an insight into the cell-cycle machinery and tumorigenesis of breast cancer by identifying 14-3-3sigma as a target for proteolysis by Efp, leading to cell proliferation.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Geriatr Med, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138655, Japan.
   Saitama Med Sch, Res Ctr Genom Med, Hidaka, Saitama 3501241, Japan.
   Saitama Med Sch, Dept Mol Biol, Hidaka, Saitama 3501241, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; Saitama Medical University; Saitama Medical University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Inoue, S (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Geriatr Med, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1138655, Japan.
NR 30
TC 317
Z9 373
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6891
BP 871
EP 875
DI 10.1038/nature00826
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 563YM
UT WOS:000176285600052
PM 12075357
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shimizu, K
   Ishikawa, H
   Takao, D
   Yagi, T
   Amaya, K
AF Shimizu, K
   Ishikawa, H
   Takao, D
   Yagi, T
   Amaya, K
TI Superconductivity in compressed lithium at 20 K
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-pressure; temperature
AB Superconductivity at high temperatures is expected in elements with low atomic numbers, based in part on conventional BCS (Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer) theory(1). For example, it has been predicted that when hydrogen is compressed to its dense metallic phase (at pressures exceeding 400 GPa), it will become superconducting with a transition temperature above room temperature(2). Such pressures are difficult to produce in a laboratory setting, so the predictions are not easily confirmed. Under normal conditions lithium is the lightest metal of all the elements, and may become superconducting at lower pressures(3,4); a tentative observation of a superconducting transition in Li has been previously reported(5). Here we show that Li becomes superconducting at pressures greater than 30 GPa, with a pressure-dependent transition temperature (T-c) of 20 K at 48 GPa. This is the highest observed Tc of any element; it confirms the expectation that elements with low atomic numbers will have high transition temperatures, and suggests that metallic hydrogen will have a very high T-c. Our results confirm that the earlier tentative claim(5) of superconductivity in Li was correct.
C1 Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn Sci, Dept Phys Sci, Osaka 5608531, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Res Ctr Mat Sci Extreme Condit, Osaka 5608531, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778581, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Tokyo
RP Shimizu, K (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn Sci, Dept Phys Sci, Osaka 5608531, Japan.
NR 9
TC 316
Z9 343
U1 3
U2 99
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6907
BP 597
EP 599
DI 10.1038/nature01098
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 602AT
UT WOS:000178483100039
PM 12374973
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ramaley, PA
   French, N
   Kaleebu, P
   Gilks, C
   Whitworth, J
   Hill, AVS
AF Ramaley, PA
   French, N
   Kaleebu, P
   Gilks, C
   Whitworth, J
   Hill, AVS
TI HIV in Africa - Chemokine-receptor genes and AIDS risk
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID disease progression; ccr5; polymorphism; haplotypes; variants
C1 Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
   Univ Liverpool, Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England.
   Uganda Virus Res Inst Med Res Council UK Programm, Entebbe, Uganda.
C3 University of Oxford; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine; University of Liverpool
RP Ramaley, PA (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Roosevelt Dr, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
NR 13
TC 20
Z9 22
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6885
BP 140
EP 140
DI 10.1038/417140a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 549RH
UT WOS:000175460200033
PM 12000952
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Laskar, J
   Levrard, B
   Mustard, JF
AF Laskar, J
   Levrard, B
   Mustard, JF
TI Orbital forcing of the martian polar layered deposits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chaotic obliquity; laser altimeter; mars; dust; history; camera; ages; caps; size
AB Since the first images of polar regions on Mars revealed alternating bright and dark layers, there has been speculation that their formation might be tied to the planet's orbital climate forcing(1-4). But uncertainties in the deposition timescale exceed two orders of magnitude: estimates based on assumptions of dust deposition, ice formation and sublimation, and their variations with orbital forcing suggest a deposition rate of 10(-3) to 10(-2) cm yr(-1) (refs 5, 6), whereas estimates based on cratering rate result in values as high as 0.1 to 0.2 cm yr(-1) (ref. 7). Here we use a combination of high-resolution images of the polar layered terrains(8), high-resolution topography(9) and revised calculations of the orbital and rotational parameters of Mars to show that a correlation exists between ice-layer radiance as a function of depth (obtained from photometric data of the images of the layered terrains) and the insolation variations in summer at the martian north pole, similar to what has been shown for palaeoclimate studies of the Earth(10-12). For the best fit between the radiance profile and the simulated insolation parameters, we obtain an average deposition rate of 0.05 cm yr(-1) for the top 250 m of deposits on the ice cap of the north pole of Mars.
C1 IMC, CNRS, UMR 8028, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Brown University
RP Laskar, J (corresponding author), IMC, CNRS, UMR 8028, 77 Av Denfert Rochereau, F-75014 Paris, France.
NR 29
TC 293
Z9 337
U1 1
U2 41
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6905
BP 375
EP 377
DI 10.1038/nature01066
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 596ZB
UT WOS:000178195400039
PM 12353029
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zinner, D
   Alberts, SC
   Nunn, CL
   Altmann, J
AF Zinner, D
   Alberts, SC
   Nunn, CL
   Altmann, J
TI Evolutionary biology - Significance of primate sexual swellings
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID baboons
C1 Deutsch Primatenzentrum GmbH, Abt Verhaltensforsch & Okol, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
   Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 Leibniz Association; Deutsches Primatenzentrum (DPZ); Duke University; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Zinner, D (corresponding author), Deutsch Primatenzentrum GmbH, Abt Verhaltensforsch & Okol, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
NR 10
TC 49
Z9 58
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6912
BP 142
EP 143
DI 10.1038/420142a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 614QM
UT WOS:000179200900032
PM 12432379
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, YG
   Daum, PH
AF Liu, YG
   Daum, PH
TI Anthropogenica erosols - Indirect warming effect from dispersion forcing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cloud susceptibility; effective radius; marine stratus; parameterization; aerosols; contrasts; climate; albedo; tracks
C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory
RP Liu, YG (corresponding author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
NR 15
TC 199
Z9 238
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6907
BP 580
EP 581
DI 10.1038/419580a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 602AT
UT WOS:000178483100033
PM 12374969
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Talwar, SK
   Xu, SH
   Hawley, ES
   Weiss, SA
   Moxon, KA
   Chapin, JK
AF Talwar, SK
   Xu, SH
   Hawley, ES
   Weiss, SA
   Moxon, KA
   Chapin, JK
TI Behavioural neuroscience: Rat navigation guided by remote control - Free animals can be 'virtually' trained by microstimulating key areas of their brains.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-stimulation
C1 Suny Downstate Med Ctr, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA.
   Drexel Univ, Sch Biomed Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University; Drexel University
RP Talwar, SK (corresponding author), Suny Downstate Med Ctr, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, 450 Clarkson Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA.
NR 10
TC 264
Z9 334
U1 3
U2 91
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6884
BP 37
EP 38
DI 10.1038/417037a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 546ZM
UT WOS:000175307200029
PM 11986657
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miquel, C
   Paz, JP
   Saraceno, M
   Knill, E
   Laflamme, R
   Negrevergne, C
AF Miquel, C
   Paz, JP
   Saraceno, M
   Knill, E
   Laflamme, R
   Negrevergne, C
TI Interpretation of tomography and spectroscopy as dual forms of quantum computation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wigner-function; algorithms; states
AB It is important to be able to determine the state of a quantum system and to measure properties of its evolution. State determination can be achieved using tomography(1), in which the system is subjected to a series of experiments, whereas spectroscopy can be used to probe the energy spectrum associated with the system's evolution. Here we show that, for a quantum system whose state or evolution can be modelled on a quantum computer, tomography and spectroscopy can be interpreted as dual forms of quantum computation(2). Specifically, we find that the phase estimation algorithm(3) (which underlies a quantum computer's ability to perform efficient simulations(4) and to factorize large numbers(5)) can be adapted for tomography or spectroscopy. This is analogous to the situation encountered in scattering experiments, in which it is possible to obtain information about both the state of the scatterer and its interactions. We provide an experimental demonstration of the tomographic application by performing a measurement of the Wigner function (a phase space distribution) of a quantum system. For this purpose, we use three qubits formed from spin-1/2 nuclei in a quantum computation involving liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance.
C1 Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Fis, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
   CNEA Buenos Aires, Unidad Act Fis, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
   Perimeter Inst Theoret Phys, Waterloo, ON N2J 2W9, Canada.
C3 University of Buenos Aires; Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica (CNEA); United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; University of Waterloo; Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
RP Paz, JP (corresponding author), Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Fis, Pabellon 1,Ciudad Univ, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
EM paz@df.uba.ar
NR 22
TC 91
Z9 96
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6893
BP 59
EP 62
DI 10.1038/nature00801
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 569JL
UT WOS:000176599200036
PM 12097904
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reymond, A
   Marigo, V
   Yaylaoglu, MB
   Leoni, A
   Ucla, C
   Scamuffa, N
   Cacciopoli, C
   Dermitzakis, ET
   Lyle, R
   Banfi, S
   Eichele, G
   Antonarakis, SE
   Ballabio, A
AF Reymond, A
   Marigo, V
   Yaylaoglu, MB
   Leoni, A
   Ucla, C
   Scamuffa, N
   Cacciopoli, C
   Dermitzakis, ET
   Lyle, R
   Banfi, S
   Eichele, G
   Antonarakis, SE
   Ballabio, A
TI Human chromosome 21 gene expression atlas in the mouse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-chromosome-21; map; vi; mutations; sequence; disease; region; dna
AB Genome-wide expression analyses have a crucial role in functional genomics. High resolution methods, such as RNA in situ hybridization provide an accurate description of the spatiotemporal distribution of transcripts as well as a three-dimensional 'in vivo' gene expression overview(1-5). We set out to analyse systematically the expression patterns of genes from an entire chromosome. We chose human chromosome 21 because of the medical relevance of trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome)(6). Here we show the expression analysis of all identifiable murine orthologues of human chromosome 21 genes (161 out of 178 confirmed human genes) by RNA in situ hybridization on whole mounts and tissue sections, and by polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcription on adult tissues. We observed patterned expression in several tissues including those affected in trisomy 21 phenotypes (that is, central nervous system, heart, gastrointestinal tract, and limbs). Furthermore, statistical analysis suggests the presence of some regions of the chromosome with genes showing either lack of expression or, to a lesser extent, co-expression in either lack of expression or, to a lesser extent, co-expression in specific tissues. This high resolution expression 'atlas' of an entire human chromosome is an important step towards the understanding of gene function and of the pathogenetic mechanisms in Down's syndrome.
C1 Telethon Inst Genet & Med, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
   Univ Geneva, Sch Med, Div Med Genet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
   Univ Hosp Geneva, CMU, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
   Max Planck Inst Expt Endocrinol, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
   Univ Naples 2, Naples, Italy.
C3 Fondazione Telethon; Telethon Institute of Genetics & Medicine (TIGEM); University of Geneva; University of Geneva; Max Planck Society; Universita della Campania Vanvitelli
RP Eichele, G (corresponding author), Telethon Inst Genet & Med, Via Pietro Castellino 111, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
FU Telethon [TGM00S01, TGM06S01] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 181
Z9 197
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 582
EP 586
DI 10.1038/nature01178
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600057
PM 12466854
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Banavar, JR
   Damuth, J
   Maritan, A
   Rinaldo, A
AF Banavar, JR
   Damuth, J
   Maritan, A
   Rinaldo, A
TI Ontogenetic growth - Modelling universality and scaling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, Davey Lab 104, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Scuola Int Super Studi Avanzati, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
   INFM, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
   Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
   Univ Padua, Dipartimento Ingn Idraul Marittima & Geotecn, I-35100 Padua, Italy.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP); University of Padua
RP Banavar, JR (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, Davey Lab 104, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
NR 2
TC 50
Z9 56
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP 626
EP 626
DI 10.1038/420626a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 624GK
UT WOS:000179751800032
PM 12478280
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gitlin, L
   Karelsky, S
   Andino, R
AF Gitlin, L
   Karelsky, S
   Andino, R
TI Short interfering RNA confers intracellular antiviral immunity in human cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-stranded-rna; caenorhabditis-elegans; genetic interference; messenger-rna; poliovirus; plants; cosuppression; immunization; inhibition; expression
AB Gene silencing mediated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a sequence-specific, highly conserved mechanism in eukaryotes. In plants, it serves as an antiviral defence mechanism(1-3). Animal cells also possess this machinery but its specific function is unclear(4-10). Here we demonstrate that dsRNA can effectively protect human cells against infection by a rapidly replicating and highly cytolytic RNA virus. Pre-treatment of human and mouse cells with double-stranded, short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to the poliovirus genome markedly reduces the titre of virus progeny and promotes clearance of the virus from most of the infected cells. The antiviral effect is sequence-specific and is not attributable to either classical antisense mechanisms or to interferon and the interferon response effectors protein kinase R (PKR) and RNaseL. Protection is the result of direct targeting of the viral genome by siRNA, as sequence analysis of escape virus (resistant to siRNAs) reveals one nucleotide substitution in the middle of the targeted sequence. Thus, siRNAs elicit specific intracellular antiviral resistance that may provide a therapeutic strategy against human viruses.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Program Neurosci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Andino, R (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Box 0414, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 26
TC 479
Z9 616
U1 2
U2 40
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6896
BP 430
EP 434
DI 10.1038/nature00873
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 576MU
UT WOS:000177009700041
PM 12087357
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McLellan, JS
   Marcos, S
   Prieto, PM
   Burns, SA
AF McLellan, JS
   Marcos, S
   Prieto, PM
   Burns, SA
TI Imperfect optics may be the eye's defence against chromatic blur
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aberration
AB The optics of the eye cause different wavelengths of light to be differentially focused at the retina. This phenomenon is due to longitudinal chromatic aberration, a wavelength-dependent change in refractive power(1). Retinal image quality may consequently vary for the different classes of cone photoreceptors, cells tuned to absorb bands of different wavelengths. For instance, it has been assumed that when the eye is focused for mid-spectral wavelengths near the peak sensitivities of long- (L) and middle( M) wavelength-sensitive cones, short-wavelength (bluish) light is so blurred that it cannot contribute to and may even impair spatial vision(2,3). These optical effects have been proposed to explain the function of the macular pigment(4), which selectively absorbs short-wavelength light, and the sparsity of short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cones(5). However, such explanations have ignored the effect of monochromatic wave aberrations present in real eyes. Here we show that, when these effects are taken into account, short wavelengths are not as blurred as previously thought, that the potential image quality for S cones is comparable to that for L and M cones, and that macular pigment has no significant function in improving the retinal image.
C1 Schepens Eye Res Inst, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   CSIC, Inst Opt, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
   Univ Murcia, Lab Opt, E-30071 Murcia, Spain.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Schepens Eye Research Institute; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Optica (Daza de Valdes); University of Murcia
RP McLellan, JS (corresponding author), Schepens Eye Res Inst, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM mclellan@vision.eri.harvard.edu
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY004395] Funding Source: Medline
NR 17
TC 128
Z9 151
U1 2
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6885
BP 174
EP 176
DI 10.1038/417174a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 549RH
UT WOS:000175460200043
PM 12000960
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shin, T
   Kraemer, D
   Pryor, J
   Liu, L
   Rugila, J
   Howe, L
   Buck, S
   Murphy, K
   Lyons, L
   Westhusin, M
AF Shin, T
   Kraemer, D
   Pryor, J
   Liu, L
   Rugila, J
   Howe, L
   Buck, S
   Murphy, K
   Lyons, L
   Westhusin, M
TI A cat cloned by nuclear transplantation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID somatic-cells; adult
C1 Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Physiol & Pharmacol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Small Anim Med & Surg, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Populat Hlth & Reprod, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Shin, T (corresponding author), Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Physiol & Pharmacol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
NR 5
TC 395
Z9 502
U1 1
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 21
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6874
BP 859
EP 859
DI 10.1038/nature723
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 523EL
UT WOS:000173941000029
PM 11859353
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Constância, M
   Hemberger, M
   Hughes, J
   Dean, W
   Ferguson-Smith, A
   Fundele, R
   Stewart, F
   Kelsey, G
   Fowden, A
   Sibley, C
   Reik, W
AF Constância, M
   Hemberger, M
   Hughes, J
   Dean, W
   Ferguson-Smith, A
   Fundele, R
   Stewart, F
   Kelsey, G
   Fowden, A
   Sibley, C
   Reik, W
TI Placental-specific IGF-II is a major modulator of placental and fetal growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammalian development; maternal-behavior; postnatal-growth; mouse; gene; h19; translation; gestation; deletion; region
AB Imprinted genes in mammals are expressed from only one of the parental chromosomes, and are crucial for placental development and fetal growth(1-4). The insulin-like growth factor II gene (Igf2) is paternally expressed in the fetus and placenta(5). Here we show that deletion from the Igf2 gene of a transcript (P0)(6,7) specifically expressed in the labyrinthine trophoblast of the placenta leads to reduced growth of the placenta, followed several days later by fetal growth restriction. The fetal to placental weight ratio is thus increased in the absence of the P0 transcript. We show that passive permeability for nutrients of the mutant placenta is decreased, but that secondary active placental amino acid transport is initially upregulated, compensating for the decrease in passive permeability. Later the compensation fails and fetal growth restriction ensues. Our study provides experimental evidence for imprinted gene action in the placenta that directly controls the supply of maternal nutrients to the fetus, and supports the genetic conflict theory of imprinting(8). We propose that the Igf2 gene, and perhaps other imprinted genes, control both the placental supply of, and the genetic demand for, maternal nutrients to the mammalian fetus.
C1 Babraham Inst, Dev Genet Programme, Lab Dev Genet & Imprinting, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England.
   Univ Calgary, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Anat, Cambridge CB2 3DY, England.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Genet, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Babraham Institute; University of Calgary; University of Cambridge; Max Planck Society
RP Constância, M (corresponding author), Babraham Inst, Dev Genet Programme, Lab Dev Genet & Imprinting, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England.
NR 30
TC 832
Z9 950
U1 1
U2 105
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6892
BP 945
EP 948
DI 10.1038/nature00819
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 566RC
UT WOS:000176441200038
PM 12087403
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fujisawa, T
   Austing, DG
   Tokura, Y
   Hirayama, Y
   Tarucha, S
AF Fujisawa, T
   Austing, DG
   Tokura, Y
   Hirayama, Y
   Tarucha, S
TI Allowed and forbidden transitions in artificial hydrogen and helium atoms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum dots; excitation-spectra; electronic states; transport; systems
AB The strength of radiative transitions in atoms is governed by selection rules that depend on the occupation of atomic orbitals with electrons(1). Experiments have shown(2-5) similar electron occupation of the quantized energy levels in semiconductor quantum dots-often described as artificial atoms. But unlike real atoms, the confinement potential of quantum dots is anisotropic, and the electrons can easily couple with phonons of the material(6). Here we report electrical pump-and-probe experiments that probe the allowed and 'forbidden' transitions between energy levels under phonon emission in quantum dots with one or two electrons (artificial hydrogen and helium atoms). The forbidden transitions are in fact allowed by higher-order processes where electrons flip their spin. We find that the relaxation time is about 200 mus for forbidden transitions, 4 to 5 orders of magnitude longer than for allowed transitions. This indicates that the spin degree of freedom is well separated from the orbital degree of freedom, and that the total spin in the quantum dots is an excellent quantum number. This is an encouraging result for potential applications of quantum dots as basic entities for spin-based quantum information storage.
C1 NTT Corp, NTT Basic Res Labs, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
   Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Microstruct Sci M23A, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
   CREST Interacting Carrier Electron Project, Kawaguchi 3310012, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   ERATO, Mesoscop Correlat Project, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
C3 NTT, Inc; National Research Council Canada; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Fujisawa, T (corresponding author), NTT Corp, NTT Basic Res Labs, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
EM fujisawa@will.brl.ntt.co.jp
NR 27
TC 350
Z9 372
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6904
BP 278
EP 281
DI 10.1038/nature00976
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 594NH
UT WOS:000178056300039
PM 12239561
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mohr, JJ
   Forsberg, R
AF Mohr, JJ
   Forsberg, R
TI Remote sensing: Searching for new islands in sea ice - Coastlines concealed in polar seas are now more accessible to cartography.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Tech Univ Denmark, Orsted DTU, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
   Natl Survey & Cadastre, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
C3 Technical University of Denmark
RP Mohr, JJ (corresponding author), Tech Univ Denmark, Orsted DTU, Orsteds Plads B-348, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
NR 3
TC 7
Z9 7
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6876
BP 35
EP 35
DI 10.1038/416035a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 527WU
UT WOS:000174211600028
PM 11882882
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Prokopenko, AA
   Karabanov, EB
   Williams, DF
AF Prokopenko, AA
   Karabanov, EB
   Williams, DF
TI Age of long sediment cores from Lake Baikal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, Siberian Branch, United Inst Geol Geophys & Mineral, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
   Russian Acad Sci, Siberian Branch, Inst Geochem, Irkutsk 664033, Russia.
C3 University of South Carolina System; University of South Carolina Columbia; Russian Academy of Sciences; Sobolev Institute of Geology & Mineralogy of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology & Geophysics; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Irkutsk Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences; A.P. Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the RAS; Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Prokopenko, AA (corresponding author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
NR 5
TC 6
Z9 7
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 976
EP 976
DI 10.1038/415976a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000029
PM 11875553
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johnson, M
AF Johnson, M
TI Spintronics - Spin accumulation in mesoscopic systems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gold-films; polarization; charge; metal
C1 USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA.
C3 United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; United States Naval Research Laboratory; NRL Chesapeake
RP Johnson, M (corresponding author), USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA.
EM mjbooj@anvil.nrl.navy.mil
NR 10
TC 19
Z9 19
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6883
BP 809
EP 810
DI 10.1038/416809a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 544MH
UT WOS:000175163800040
PM 11976672
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Du, HS
   Rosbash, M
AF Du, HS
   Rosbash, M
TI The U1 snRNP protein U1C recognizes the 5′ splice site in the absence of base pairing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pre-messenger-rna; 5' splice-site; complex-formation; sr proteins; yeast; identification; selection; cleavage
AB Splicing of precursor messenger RNA takes place in the spliceosome, a large RNA/protein macromolecular machine(1). Spliceosome assembly occurs in an ordered pathway in vitro and is conserved between yeast and mammalian systems. The earliest step is commitment complex formation in yeast or E complex formation in mammals, which engages the pre-mRNA in the splicing pathway and involves interactions between U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) and the pre-mRNA 5' splice site(2,3). Complex formation depends on highly conserved base pairing between the 5' splice site and the 5' end of U1 snRNA, both in vivo and in vitro(4-7). U1 snRNP proteins also contribute to U1 snRNP activity(8-10). Here we show that U1 snRNP lacking the 5' end of its snRNA retains 5'-splice-site sequence specificity. We also show that recombinant yeast U1C protein, a U1 snRNP protein, selects a 5'-splice-site-like sequence in which the first four nucleotides, GUAU, are identical to the first four nucleotides of the yeast 5'-splice-site consensus sequence. We propose that a U1C 5'-splice-site interaction precedes pre-mRNA/U1 snRNA base pairing and is the earliest step in the splicing pathway.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Dept Biol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
C3 Brandeis University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Rosbash, M (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Dept Biol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, MS008,415 South St, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
EM rosbash@brandeis.edu
NR 29
TC 130
Z9 157
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6902
BP 86
EP 90
DI 10.1038/nature00947
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 589YF
UT WOS:000177788600042
PM 12214237
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jiang, YX
   Lee, A
   Chen, JY
   Cadene, M
   Chait, BT
   MacKinnon, R
AF Jiang, YX
   Lee, A
   Chen, JY
   Cadene, M
   Chait, BT
   MacKinnon, R
TI The open pore conformation of potassium channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gated k+ channel; sodium channel; ion channels; inactivation; activation; site
AB Living cells regulate the activity of their ion channels through a process known as gating. To open the pore, protein conformational changes must occur within a channel's membrane-spanning ion pathway. KcsA and MthK, closed and opened K+ channels, respectively, reveal how such gating transitions occur. Pore-lining 'inner' helices contain a 'gating hinge' that bends by approximately 30degrees. In a straight conformation four inner helices form a bundle, closing the pore near its intracellular surface. In a bent configuration the inner helices splay open creating a wide (12 Angstrom) entryway. Amino-acid sequence conservation suggests a common structural basis for gating in a wide range of K+ channels, both ligand- and voltage-gated. The open conformation favours high conduction by compressing the membrane field to the selectivity filter, and also permits large organic cations and inactivation peptides to enter the pore from the intracellular solution.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mol Neurobiol & Biophys, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mass Spectrometry & Gaseous Ion Chem, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP MacKinnon, R (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mol Neurobiol & Biophys, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 30
TC 1054
Z9 1206
U1 4
U2 162
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6888
BP 523
EP 526
DI 10.1038/417523a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 556QK
UT WOS:000175860300034
PM 12037560
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hoegh-Guldberg, O
   Jones, RJ
   Ward, S
   Loh, WK
AF Hoegh-Guldberg, O
   Jones, RJ
   Ward, S
   Loh, WK
TI Ecology - Is coral bleaching really adaptive?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hypothesis
C1 Univ Queensland, Ctr Marine Studies, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
C3 University of Queensland
RP Hoegh-Guldberg, O (corresponding author), Univ Queensland, Ctr Marine Studies, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
NR 7
TC 86
Z9 102
U1 3
U2 68
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 7
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6872
BP 601
EP 602
DI 10.1038/415601a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 519DC
UT WOS:000173709100032
PM 11832932
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Templeton, AR
AF Templeton, AR
TI Out of Africa again and again
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nested cladistic-analysis; human mitochondrial-dna; geographical-distribution; population history; sequence variation; evolution; haplotypes; origin; phylogeography; hypotheses
AB The publication of a haplotype tree of human mitochondrial DNA variation in 1987 provoked a controversy about the details of recent human evolution that continues to this day. Now many haplotype trees are available, and new analytical techniques exist for testing hypotheses about recent evolutionary history using haplotype trees. Here I present formal statistical analysis of human haplotype trees for mitochondrial DNA, Y-chromosomal DNA, two X-linked regions and six autosomal regions. A coherent picture of recent human evolution emerges with two major themes. First is the dominant role that Africa has played in shaping the modern human gene pool through at least two-not one-major expansions after the original range extension of Homo erectus out of Africa. Second is the ubiquity of genetic interchange between human populations, both in terms of recurrent gene flow constrained by geographical distance and of major population expansion events resulting in interbreeding, not replacement.
C1 Washington Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Templeton, AR (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Dept Biol, Campus Box 1137, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
EM temple_a@biology.wustl.edu
NR 50
TC 397
Z9 478
U1 0
U2 157
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6876
BP 45
EP 51
DI 10.1038/416045a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 527WU
UT WOS:000174211600033
PM 11882887
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Seoane, J
   Le, HV
   Massagué, J
AF Seoane, J
   Le, HV
   Massagué, J
TI Myc suppression of the p21Cip1 Cdk inhibitor influences the outcome of the p53 response to DNA damage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human cancer-cells; tgf-beta; c-myc; cycle arrest; g(1) arrest; growth; expression; transcription; p15(ink4b); miz-1
AB Activation of the tumour suppressor p53 by DNA damage induces either cell cycle arrest or apoptotic cell death(1). The cytostatic effect of p53 is mediated by transcriptional activation of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21(Cip1), whereas the apoptotic effect is mediated by transcriptional activation of mediators including PUMA and PIG3 (ref. 2). What determines the choice between cytostasis and apoptosis is not clear(3). Here we show that the transcription factor Myc is a principal determinant of this choice. Myc is directly recruited to the p21(Cip1) promoter by the DNA-binding protein Miz-1. This interaction blocks p21(Cip1) induction by p53 and other activators. As a result Myc switches, from cytostatic to apoptotic, the p53-dependent response of colon cancer cells to DNA damage. Myc does not modify the ability of p53 to bind to the p21(Cip1) or PUMA promoters, but selectively inhibits bound p53 from activating p21(Cip1) transcription. By inhibiting p21(Cip1) expression Myc favours the initiation of apoptosis, thereby influencing the outcome of a p53 response in favour of cell death.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cell Biol Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Massagué, J (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cell Biol Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 30
TC 569
Z9 676
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6908
BP 729
EP 734
DI 10.1038/nature01119
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 604JF
UT WOS:000178615200043
PM 12384701
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zachos, JC
   Arthur, MA
   Bralower, TJ
   Spero, HJ
AF Zachos, JC
   Arthur, MA
   Bralower, TJ
   Spero, HJ
TI Palaeoclimatology - Tropical temperatures in greenhouse episodes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID paleocene thermal maximum; sea-surface temperatures
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Zachos, JC (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
NR 7
TC 24
Z9 27
U1 1
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6910
BP 897
EP 898
DI 10.1038/419897b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 609MN
UT WOS:000178909700033
PM 12410301
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burrone, J
   O'Byrne, M
   Murthy, VN
AF Burrone, J
   O'Byrne, M
   Murthy, VN
TI Multiple forms of synaptic plasticity triggered by selective suppression of activity in individual neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glutamate receptors; neuromuscular-junction; presynaptic release; hippocampal-neurons; excitatory synapses; silent synapses; nmda receptor; expression; blockade; membrane
AB The rules by which neuronal activity causes long-term modification of synapses in the central nervous system are not fully understood. Whereas competitive or correlation-based rules result in local modification of synapses, homeostatic modifications allow neuron-wide changes in synaptic strength, promoting stability(1,2). Experimental investigations of these rules at central nervous system synapses have relied generally on manipulating activity in populations of neurons(1,3-6). Here, we investigated the effect of suppressing excitability in single neurons within a network of active hippocampal neurons by overexpressing an inward-rectifier potassium channel. Reducing activity in a neuron before synapse formation leads to a reduction in functional synaptic inputs to that neuron; no such reduction was observed when activity of all neurons was uniformly suppressed. In contrast, suppressing activity in a single neuron after synapses are established results in a homeostatic increase in synaptic input, which restores the activity of the neuron to control levels. Our results highlight the differences between global and selective suppression of activity, as well as those between early and late manipulation of activity.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Murthy, VN (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 30
TC 394
Z9 491
U1 1
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6914
BP 414
EP 418
DI 10.1038/nature01242
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 619TZ
UT WOS:000179494700039
PM 12459783
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roberts, G
   Sherratt, TN
AF Roberts, G
   Sherratt, TN
TI Behavioural evolution - Does similarity breed cooperation?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reciprocity; altruism
C1 Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Sch Biol Sci, Evolut & Behav Res Grp, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Univ Durham, Sch Biol & Biomed Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
C3 Newcastle University - UK; Durham University
RP Roberts, G (corresponding author), Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Sch Biol Sci, Evolut & Behav Res Grp, Henry Wellcome Bldg Neuroecol, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, Tyne & Wear, England.
NR 8
TC 71
Z9 81
U1 1
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 499
EP 500
DI 10.1038/418499b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800030
PM 12152069
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fay, JC
   Wyckoff, GJ
   Wu, CI
AF Fay, JC
   Wyckoff, GJ
   Wu, CI
TI Testing the neutral theory of molecular evolution with genomic data from Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID population-genetics; adaptive evolution; substitutions; melanogaster; divergence; protein; nuclear; genes
AB Although positive selection has been detected in many genes, its overall contribution to protein evolution is debatable(1). If the bulk of molecular evolution is neutral, then the ratio of amino-acid (A) to synonymous (S) polymorphism should, on average, equal that of divergence(2). A comparison of the A/S ratio of polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster with that of divergence from Drosophila simulans shows that the A/S ratio of divergence is twice as high-a difference that is often attributed to positive selection. But an increase in selective constraint owing to an increase in effective population size could also explain this observation, and, if so, all genes should be affected similarly. Here we show that the difference between polymorphism and divergence is limited to only a fraction of the genes, which are also evolving more rapidly, and this implies that positive selection is responsible. A higher A/S ratio of divergence than of polymorphism is also observed in other species, which suggests a rate of adaptive evolution that is far higher than permitted by the neutral theory of molecular evolution.
C1 Univ Chicago, Comm Genet, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago
RP Fay, JC (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Dept Genome Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 23
TC 269
Z9 315
U1 0
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 1024
EP 1026
DI 10.1038/4151024a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000045
PM 11875569
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kramer, G
   Rauch, T
   Rist, W
   Vorderwülbecke, S
   Patzelt, H
   Schulze-Specking, A
   Ban, N
   Deuerling, E
   Bukau, B
AF Kramer, G
   Rauch, T
   Rist, W
   Vorderwülbecke, S
   Patzelt, H
   Schulze-Specking, A
   Ban, N
   Deuerling, E
   Bukau, B
TI L23 protein functions as a chaperone docking site on the ribosome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coli trigger factor; binding; hsp70
AB During translation, the first encounter of nascent polypeptides is with the ribosome-associated chaperones that assist the folding process-a principle that seems to be conserved in evolution(1-3).In Escherichia coli, the ribosome-bound Trigger Factor chaperones the folding of cytosolic proteins by interacting with nascent polypeptides(4,5). Here we identify a ribosome-binding motif in the amino-terminal domain of Trigger Factor. We also show the formation of crosslinked products between Trigger Factor and two adjacent ribosomal proteins, L23 and L29, which are located at the exit of the peptide tunnel in the ribosome. L23 is essential for the growth of E. coli and the association of Trigger Factor with the ribosome, whereas L29 is dispensable in both processes. Mutation of an exposed glutamate in L23 prevents Trigger Factor from interacting with ribosomes and nascent chains, and causes protein aggregation and conditional lethality in cells that lack the protein repair function of the DnaK chaperone. Purified L23 also interacts specifically with Trigger Factor in vitro. We conclude that essential L23 provides a chaperone docking site on ribosomes that directly links protein biosynthesis with chaperone-assisted protein folding.
C1 Heidelberg Univ, Zentrum Mol Biol ZMBH, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Freiburg, Inst Mol Biol & Biochem, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
   ETH Honggerberg, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Mol Biol & Biophys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; University of Freiburg; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Bukau, B (corresponding author), Heidelberg Univ, Zentrum Mol Biol ZMBH, INF282, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM E.Deuerling@zmbh.uni-heidelberg.de; bukau@zmbh.uni-heidelberg.de
NR 20
TC 291
Z9 337
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6903
BP 171
EP 174
DI 10.1038/nature01047
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 592HK
UT WOS:000177931200042
PM 12226666
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Perakis, SS
   Hedin, LO
AF Perakis, SS
   Hedin, LO
TI Nitrogen loss from unpolluted South American forests mainly via dissolved organic compounds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon sequestration; temperate forest; ecosystems; soil; deposition; saturation; patterns; storage; fluxes
AB Conceptual(1-4) and numerical(5-8) models of nitrogen cycling in temperate forests assume that nitrogen is lost from these ecosystems predominantly by way of inorganic forms, such as nitrate and ammonium ions. Of these, nitrate is thought to be particularly mobile, being responsible for nitrogen loss to deep soil and stream waters. But human activities-such as fossil fuel combustion, fertilizer production and land-use change-have substantially altered the nitrogen cycle over large regions(9), making it difficult to separate natural aspects of nitrogen cycling from those induced by human perturbations(10). Here we report stream chemistry data from 100 unpolluted primary forests in temperate South America. Although the sites exhibit a broad range of environmental factors that influence ecosystem nutrient cycles(11-13) (such as climate, parent material, time of ecosystem development, topography and biotic diversity), we observed a remarkably consistent pattern of nitrogen loss across all forests. In contrast to findings from forests in polluted regions, streamwater nitrate concentrations are exceedingly low, such that nitrate to ammonium ratios were less than unity, and dissolved organic nitrogen is responsible for the majority of nitrogen losses from these forests. We therefore suggest that organic nitrogen losses should be considered in models of forest nutrient cycling, which could help to explain observations of nutrient limitation in temperate forest ecosystems.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP Perakis, SS (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
EM sperakis@usgs.gov
NR 31
TC 534
Z9 686
U1 3
U2 238
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 24
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6870
BP 416
EP 419
DI 10.1038/415416a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 514HR
UT WOS:000173433600046
PM 11807551
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Soares, D
AF Soares, D
TI An ancient sensory organ in crocodilians - Waiting alligators can detect silent ripples in the water even in total darkness.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Soares, D (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
NR 6
TC 109
Z9 121
U1 2
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 241
EP 242
DI 10.1038/417241a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100033
PM 12015589
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Minetti, AE
   Ardigó, LP
AF Minetti, AE
   Ardigó, LP
TI Biomechanics:: Halteres used in ancient Olympic long jump
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Manchester Metropolitan Univ, Dept Exercise & Sport Sci, Ctr Biophys & Clin Res Human Movement, Alsager ST7 2HL, England.
C3 Manchester Metropolitan University
RP Minetti, AE (corresponding author), Manchester Metropolitan Univ, Dept Exercise & Sport Sci, Ctr Biophys & Clin Res Human Movement, Alsager ST7 2HL, England.
NR 8
TC 33
Z9 38
U1 4
U2 105
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6912
BP 141
EP 142
DI 10.1038/420141a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 614QM
UT WOS:000179200900031
PM 12432378
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, X
   Schauder, S
   Potier, N
   Van Dorsselaer, A
   Pelczer, I
   Bassler, BL
   Hughson, FM
AF Chen, X
   Schauder, S
   Potier, N
   Van Dorsselaer, A
   Pelczer, I
   Bassler, BL
   Hughson, FM
TI Structural identification of a bacterial quorum-sensing signal containing boron
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; vibrio-harveyi; expression; biosynthesis; sequence; systems; family
AB Cell-cell communication in bacteria is accomplished through the exchange of extracellular signalling molecules called autoinducers. This process, termed quorum sensing, allows bacterial populations to coordinate gene expression. Community cooperation probably enhances the effectiveness of processes such as bioluminescence, virulence factor expression, antibiotic production and biofilm development(1-4). Unlike other autoinducers, which are specific to a particular species of bacteria, a recently discovered autoinducer (AI-2)(5) is produced by a large number of bacterial species. AI-2 has been proposed to serve as a 'universal' signal for inter-species communication(1,2,6,7). The chemical identity of AI-2 has, however, proved elusive. Here we present the crystal structure of an AI-2 sensor protein, LuxP, in a complex with autoinducer. The bound ligand is a furanosyl borate diester that bears no resemblance to previously characterized autoinducers. Our findings suggest that addition of naturally occurring borate to an AI-2 precursor generates active AI-2. Furthermore, they indicate a potential biological role for boron, an element required by a number of organisms but for unknown reasons.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Ecol Chim Polymeres & Mat, Lab Spectrometrie Masse Bioorgan, F-67087 Strasbourg, France.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Hughson, FM (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM hughson@princeton.edu
NR 31
TC 1235
Z9 1530
U1 2
U2 436
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 31
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6871
BP 545
EP 549
DI 10.1038/415545a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 516PQ
UT WOS:000173564300051
PM 11823863
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Makova, KD
   Li, WH
AF Makova, KD
   Li, WH
TI Strong male-driven evolution of DNA sequences in humans and apes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mutation-rate; nucleotide; chromosome; rates
AB Studies of human genetic diseases have suggested a higher mutation rate in males than in females 1 and the male-to-female ratio (alpha) of mutation rate has been estimated from DNA sequence and microsatellite data to be about 4-6 in higher primates(2-5). Two recent studies, however, claim that alpha is only about 2 in humans(6,7). This is even smaller than the estimates (alpha > 4) for carnivores and birds(8,9); humans should have a higher alpha than carnivores and birds because of a longer generation time and a larger sex difference in the number of germ cell cycles. To resolve this issue, we sequenced a noncoding fragment on Y of about 10.4 kilobases (kb) and a homologous region on chromosome 3 in humans, greater apes, and lesser apes. Here we show that our estimate of alpha from the internal branches of the phylogeny is 5.25 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.44 to infinity), similar to the previous estimates(2-5), but significantly higher than the two recent ones(6,7). In contrast, for the external (short, species-specific) branches, alpha is only 2.23 (95% CI: 1.47-3.84). We suggest that closely related species are not suitable for estimating alpha, because of ancient polymorphism and other factors. Moreover, we provide an explanation for the small estimate of a in a previous study(6). Our study reinstates a high alpha in hominoids and supports the view that DNA replication errors are the primary source of germline mutation.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Li, WH (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, 1101 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM whli@uchicago.edu
NR 20
TC 195
Z9 223
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6881
BP 624
EP 626
DI 10.1038/416624a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 539YV
UT WOS:000174901900040
PM 11948348
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pritchard, ME
   Simons, M
AF Pritchard, ME
   Simons, M
TI A satellite geodetic survey of large-scale deformation of volcanic centres in the central Andes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lascar-volcano; radar interferometry; magma chamber; mt-etna; chile
AB Surface deformation in volcanic areas usually indicates movement of magma or hydrothermal fluids at depth. Stratovolcanoes tend to exhibit a complex relationship between deformation and eruptive behaviour(1). The characteristically long time spans between such eruptions requires a long time series of observations to determine whether deformation without an eruption is common at a given edifice. Such studies, however, are logistically difficult to carry out in most volcanic arcs, as these tend to be remote regions with large numbers of volcanoes (hundreds to even thousands). Here we present a satellite-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) survey of the remote central Andes volcanic arc, a region formed by subduction of the Nazca oceanic plate beneath continental South America. Spanning the years 1992 to 2000, our survey reveals the background level of activity of about 900 volcanoes, 50 of which have been classified as potentially active(2,3). We find four centres of broad (tens of kilometres wide), roughly axisymmetric surface deformation. None of these centres are at volcanoes currently classified as potentially active, although two lie within about 10 km of volcanoes with known activity. Source depths inferred from the patterns of deformation lie between 5 and 17 km. In contrast to the four new sources found, we do not observe any deformation associated with recent eruptions of Lascar, Chile(4,5).
C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Pritchard, ME (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 24
TC 245
Z9 283
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6894
BP 167
EP 171
DI 10.1038/nature00872
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 571GV
UT WOS:000176710400036
PM 12110886
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bjerrum, CJ
   Canfield, DE
AF Bjerrum, CJ
   Canfield, DE
TI Ocean productivity before about 1.9 Gyr ago limited by phosphorus adsorption onto iron oxides
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transvaal supergroup; formation deposition; carbon; sediments; phosphate; oxygen; transition; limestone; climate; sulfur
AB After the evolution of oxygen-producing cyanobacteria at some time before 2.7 billion years ago(1), oxygen production on Earth is thought to have depended on the availability of nutrients in the oceans, such as phosphorus (in the form of orthophosphate). In the modern oceans, a significant removal pathway for phosphorus occurs by way of its adsorption onto iron oxide deposits(2,3). Such deposits were thought to be more abundant in the past when, under low sulphate conditions, the formation of large amounts of iron oxides resulted in the deposition of banded iron formations(4,5). Under these circumstances, phosphorus removal by iron oxide adsorption could have been enhanced. Here we analyse the phosphorus and iron content of banded iron formations to show that ocean orthophosphate concentrations from 3.2 to 1.9 billion years ago (during the Archaean and early Proterozoic eras) were probably only similar to10-25% of present-day concentrations. We suggest therefore that low phosphorus availability should have significantly reduced rates of photosynthesis and carbon burial, thereby reducing the long-term oxygen production on the early Earth-as previously speculated(4)-and contributing to the low concentrations of atmospheric oxygen during the late Archaean and early Proterozoic.
C1 Univ So Denmark, Inst Biol, Danish Ctr Earth Syst Sci, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark.
   Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst Astron Phys & Geophys, Danish Ctr Earth Syst Sci, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
C3 University of Southern Denmark; University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute
RP Bjerrum, CJ (corresponding author), Univ Copenhagen, Inst Geol, Oster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
EM cjb@geo.geol.ku.dk
NR 30
TC 371
Z9 430
U1 7
U2 157
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6885
BP 159
EP 162
DI 10.1038/417159a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 549RH
UT WOS:000175460200039
PM 12000956
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kwong, PD
   Doyle, ML
   Casper, DJ
   Cicala, C
   Leavitt, SA
   Majeed, S
   Steenbeke, TD
   Venturi, M
   Chaiken, I
   Fung, M
   Katinger, H
   Parren, PWLH
   Robinson, J
   Van Ryk, D
   Wang, LP
   Burton, DR
   Freire, E
   Wyatt, R
   Sodroski, J
   Hendrickson, WA
   Arthos, J
AF Kwong, PD
   Doyle, ML
   Casper, DJ
   Cicala, C
   Leavitt, SA
   Majeed, S
   Steenbeke, TD
   Venturi, M
   Chaiken, I
   Fung, M
   Katinger, H
   Parren, PWLH
   Robinson, J
   Van Ryk, D
   Wang, LP
   Burton, DR
   Freire, E
   Wyatt, R
   Sodroski, J
   Hendrickson, WA
   Arthos, J
TI HIV-1 evades antibody-mediated neutralization through conformational masking of receptor-binding sites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-immunodeficiency-virus; gp120 envelope glycoprotein; human monoclonal-antibody; type-1 gp120; efficient neutralization; cells; retrovirus; epitopes; complex; fusion
AB The ability of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) to persist and cause AIDS is dependent on its avoidance of antibody-mediated neutralization. The virus elicits abundant, envelope-directed antibodies that have little neutralization capacity(1). This lack of neutralization is paradoxical, given the functional conservation and exposure of receptor-binding sites on the gp120 envelope glycoprotein, which are larger than the typical antibody footprint(2) and should therefore be accessible for antibody binding. Because gp120-receptor interactions involve conformational reorganization(3), we measured the entropies of binding for 20 gp120-reactive antibodies. Here we show that recognition by receptor-binding-site antibodies induces conformational change. Correlation with neutralization potency and analysis of receptor-antibody thermodynamic cycles suggested a receptor-binding-site 'conformational masking' mechanism of neutralization escape. To understand how such an escape mechanism would be compatible with virus-receptor interactions, we tested a soluble dodecameric receptor molecule and found that it neutralized primary HIV-1 isolates with great potency, showing that simultaneous binding of viral envelope glycoproteins by multiple receptors creates sufficient avidity to compensate for such masking. Because this solution is available for cell-surface receptors but not for most antibodies, conformational masking enables HIV-1 to maintain receptor binding and simultaneously to resist neutralization.
C1 NIH, Vaccine Res Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   GlaxosmithKline Pharmaceut, Dept Biol Struct, King Of Prussia, PA 19406 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Tanox Biosyst Inc, Cell Biol, Houston, TX 77025 USA.
   Univ Agr & Forestry, Inst Appl Microbiol, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Immunol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Tulane Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Canc Immunol & AIDS, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Div AIDS, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Columbia University; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; Johns Hopkins University; University of Pennsylvania; Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Tulane University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
RP Kwong, PD (corresponding author), NIH, Vaccine Res Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [ZIAAI000883] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 758
Z9 956
U1 1
U2 49
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP 678
EP 682
DI 10.1038/nature01188
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 624GK
UT WOS:000179751800048
PM 12478295
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, WKW
AF Li, WKW
TI Macroecological patterns of phytoplankton in the northwestern North Atlantic Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID size; diversity; chlorophyll; ecology
AB Many issues in biological oceanography are regional or global in scope 1; however, there are not many data sets of extensive areal coverage for marine plankton. In microbial ecology, a fruitful approach to large-scale questions is comparative analysis(2,3) wherein statistical data patterns are sought from different ecosystems, frequently assembled from unrelated studies(4). A more recent approach termed macroecology characterizes phenomena emerging from large numbers of biological units by emphasizing the shapes and boundaries of statistical distributions, because these reflect the constraints on variation(5). Here, I use a set of flow cytometric measurements to provide macroecological perspectives on North Atlantic phytoplankton communities. Distinct trends of abundance in picophytoplankton and both small and large nanophytoplankton underlaid two patterns. First, total abundance of the three groups was related to assemblage mean-cell size according to the 3/4 power law of allometric scaling in biology(6,7). Second, cytometric diversity(8) (an ataxonomic measure of assemblage entropy) was maximal at intermediate levels of water column stratification(9). Here, intermediate disturbance shapes diversity through an equitable distribution of cells in size classes, from which arises a high overall biomass. By subsuming local fluctuations, macroecology reveals meaningful patterns of phytoplankton at large scales.
C1 Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Biol Oceanog Sect, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada.
C3 Fisheries & Oceans Canada; Bedford Institute of Oceanography
RP Li, WKW (corresponding author), Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Biol Oceanog Sect, POB 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada.
EM Lib@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
NR 30
TC 288
Z9 341
U1 3
U2 115
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6903
BP 154
EP 157
DI 10.1038/nature00994
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 592HK
UT WOS:000177931200038
PM 12226662
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Herzog, MH
   Fahle, M
AF Herzog, MH
   Fahle, M
TI Effects of grouping in contextual modulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primary visual-cortex; lateral interactions; range interactions; alert monkeys; contrast; orientation; v1; patterns; discrimination; segmentation
AB Perception of a visual target and the responses of cortical neurons can be strongly influenced by a context surrounding the target(1-27). This observation relates to the fundamental issue of how cortical neurons code objects of the external world. In high-contrast regimes, embedding a target in an iso-oriented context reduces neural responses and deteriorates performance in psychophysical experiments. Performance from orthogonal surrounds is better than that from iso-oriented ones(1-17). This contextual interference is often postulated to be caused by long- or short-range interactions between neurons tuned to orientation. Here we show, using a new illusion called 'shine-through' as a sensitive psychophysical probe, that the orientation difference between target and context does not determine performance. Instead, contextual modulation depends on the overall spatial structure of the context. We propose that contextual suppression vanishes if the contextual elements are grouped to an independent and coherent object.
C1 Univ Bremen, D-28211 Bremen, Germany.
   City Univ London, Dept Optometry & Visual Sci, London EC1V 0HB, England.
C3 University of Bremen; City St Georges, University of London
RP Herzog, MH (corresponding author), Univ Bremen, Argonnenstr 3, D-28211 Bremen, Germany.
NR 29
TC 76
Z9 78
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 24
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6870
BP 433
EP 436
DI 10.1038/415433a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 514HR
UT WOS:000173433600051
PM 11807555
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Butler, S
   Harrowell, P
AF Butler, S
   Harrowell, P
TI Factors determining crystal-liquid coexistence under shear
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colloidal crystals; phase-transitions; flow; simulations
AB The interaction between an imposed shear flow and an order- disorder transition underlies a broad range of phenomena. Under the influence of shear flow, a variety of soft matter(1-4) is observed to spontaneously form bands characterized by different local order-for example, thermotropic liquid crystals subjected to shear flow exhibit rich phase behaviour(5). The stability of order under the influence of shear flow is also fundamental to understanding frictional wear(6) and lubrication(7,8). Although there exists a well developed theoretical approach to the influence of shear flow on continuous transitions in fluid mixtures(9), little is known about the underlying principles governing non-equilibrium coexistence between phases of different symmetry. Here we show, using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of a system of spherical particles, that a stationary coexistence exists between a strained crystal and the shearing liquid, and that this coexistence cannot be accounted for by invoking a non-equilibrium analogue of the chemical potential. Instead of such thermodynamic arguments(10,11), we argue that a balancing of the crystal growth rate with the rate of surface erosion by the shearing melt can account for the observed coexistence.
C1 Univ Sydney, Sch Chem, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
C3 University of Sydney
RP Harrowell, P (corresponding author), Univ Sydney, Sch Chem, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
NR 19
TC 56
Z9 59
U1 0
U2 40
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 1008
EP 1011
DI 10.1038/4151008a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000040
PM 11875564
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ying, QL
   Nichols, J
   Evans, EP
   Smith, AG
AF Ying, QL
   Nichols, J
   Evans, EP
   Smith, AG
TI Changing potency by spontaneous fusion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic stem-cells; marrow; brain; blood; hybridization; expression
AB Recent reports have suggested that mammalian stem cells residing in one tissue may have the capacity to produce differentiated cell types for other tissues and organs(1-9). Here we define a mechanism by which progenitor cells of the central nervous system can give rise to non-neural derivatives. Cells taken from mouse brain were co-cultured with pluripotent embryonic stem cells. Following selection for a transgenic marker carried only by the brain cells, undifferentiated stem cells are recovered in which the brain cell genome has undergone epigenetic reprogramming. However, these cells also carry a transgenic marker and chromosomes derived from the embryonic stem cells. Therefore the altered phenotype does not arise by direct conversion of brain to embryonic stem cell but rather through spontaneous generation of hybrid cells. The tetraploid hybrids exhibit full pluripotent character, including multilineage contribution to chimaeras. We propose that transdetermination consequent to cell fusion 10 could underlie many observations otherwise attributed to an intrinsic plasticity of tissue stem cells(9).
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Genome Res, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Oxford
RP Smith, AG (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Genome Res, Kings Bldg,W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM austin.smith@ed.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 1204
Z9 1412
U1 0
U2 56
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6880
BP 545
EP 548
DI 10.1038/nature729
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 537JY
UT WOS:000174756500046
PM 11932748
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Groh, V
   Wu, J
   Yee, C
   Spies, T
AF Groh, V
   Wu, J
   Yee, C
   Spies, T
TI Tumour-derived soluble MIC ligands impair expression of NKG2D and T-cell activation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor; recognition; engagement; peptide
AB Engagement of the NKG2D receptor by tumour-associated ligands may promote tumour rejection by stimulating innate and adaptive lymphocyte responses(1-5). In humans, NKG2D is expressed on most natural killer cells, gammadelta T cells and CD8alphabeta T cells(1). Ligands of NKG2D include the major histocompatibility complex class I homologues MICA and MICB, which function as signals of cellular stress(6,7). These molecules are absent from most cells and tissues but can be induced by viral and bacterial infections and are frequently expressed in epithelial tumours(8-11). MIC engagement of NKG2D triggers natural killer cells and costimulates antigen-specific effector T cells(1,10). Here we show that binding of MIC induces endocytosis and degradation of NKG2D. Expression of NKG2D is reduced markedly on large numbers of tumour-infiltrating and matched peripheral blood T cells from individuals with cancer. This systemic deficiency is associated with circulating tumour-derived soluble MICA, causing the downregulation of NKG2D and in turn severe impairment of the responsiveness of tumour-antigen-specific effector T cells. This mode of T-cell silencing may promote tumour immune evasion and, by inference, compromise host resistance to infections.
C1 Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Clin Res, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
C3 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
RP Groh, V (corresponding author), Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Clin Res, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
EM vgroh@fhcrc.org
NR 20
TC 1324
Z9 1557
U1 1
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6908
BP 734
EP 738
DI 10.1038/nature01112
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 604JF
UT WOS:000178615200044
PM 12384702
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Konner, M
AF Konner, M
TI Development: Weaving life's pattern
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
C3 Emory University
RP Konner, M (corresponding author), Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
NR 4
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6895
BP 279
EP 279
DI 10.1038/418279a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 574BF
UT WOS:000176868000022
PM 12124603
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heilbron, JL
AF Heilbron, JL
TI Coming to terms - Caloric, cathode, curium and quark - coinage from the mint of science.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford Worcester Coll, Oxford OX1 2HB, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Heilbron, JL (corresponding author), Univ Oxford Worcester Coll, Oxford OX1 2HB, England.
NR 0
TC 8
Z9 9
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 7
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6872
BP 585
EP 585
DI 10.1038/415585a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 519DC
UT WOS:000173709100021
PM 11832919
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Devlin, JP
   Uras, N
   Sadlej, J
   Buch, V
AF Devlin, JP
   Uras, N
   Sadlej, J
   Buch, V
TI Discrete stages in the solvation and ionization of hydrogen chloride adsorbed on ice particles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID infrared-spectra; acid ionization; water clusters; hcl; surface; hcl(h2o)(n); adsorption; molecules; mechanism; model
AB Ionization and dissociation reactions play a fundamental role in aqueous chemistry. A basic and well-understood example is the reaction between hydrogen chloride (HCl) and water to form chloride ions (Cl-) and hydrated protons (H3O+ or H5O2+). This acid ionization process also occurs in small water clusters(1-4) and on ice surfaces(5-17), and recent attention has focused on the mechanism of this reaction in confined-water media and the extent of solvation needed for it to proceed(1-4,9,15-17). In fact, the transformation of HCl adsorbed on ice surfaces from a predominantly molecular form to ionic species during heating from 50 to 140 K has been observed(8,13,14). But the molecular details of this process remain poorly understood. Here we report infrared transmission spectroscopic signatures of distinct stages in the solvation and ionization of HCl adsorbed on ice nanoparticles kept at progressively higher temperatures. By using Monte Carlo and ab initio simulations to interpret the spectra, we are able to identify slightly stretched HCl molecules, strongly stretched molecules on the verge of ionization, contact ion pairs comprising H3O+ and Cl-, and an ionic surface phase rich in Zundel ions, H5O2+.
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fritz Haber Inst Mol Dynam, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Drug Inst, PL-00725 Warsaw, Poland.
   Univ Warsaw, Dept Chem, PL-02093 Warsaw, Poland.
   Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Chem, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; University of Warsaw; Oklahoma State University System; Oklahoma State University - Stillwater
RP Buch, V (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fritz Haber Inst Mol Dynam, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
EM viki@fh.huji.ac.il
NR 28
TC 181
Z9 188
U1 0
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 269
EP 271
DI 10.1038/417269a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100042
PM 12015598
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nakamura, T
   Lozano, PR
   Ikeda, Y
   Iwanaga, Y
   Hinek, A
   Minamisawa, S
   Cheng, CF
   Kobuke, K
   Dalton, N
   Takada, Y
   Tashiro, K
   Ross, J
   Honjo, T
   Chien, KR
AF Nakamura, T
   Lozano, PR
   Ikeda, Y
   Iwanaga, Y
   Hinek, A
   Minamisawa, S
   Cheng, CF
   Kobuke, K
   Dalton, N
   Takada, Y
   Tashiro, K
   Ross, J
   Honjo, T
   Chien, KR
TI Fibulin-5/DANCE is essential for elastogenesis in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID extracellular-matrix; elastin; artery
AB The elastic fibre system has a principal role in the structure and function of various types of organs that require elasticity, such as large arteries, lung and skin(1,2). Although elastic fibres are known to be composed of microfibril proteins (for example, fibrillins and latent transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta -binding proteins) and polymerized elastin, the mechanism of their assembly and development is not well understood. Here we report that fibulin-5 (also known as DANCE), a recently discovered integrin ligand(3), is an essential determinant of elastic fibre organization. fibulin-5(-/-) mice generated by gene targeting exhibit a severely disorganized elastic fibre system throughout the body. fibulin-5(-/-) mice survive to adulthood, but have a tortuous aorta with loss of compliance, severe emphysema, and loose skin (cutis laxa). These tissues contain fragmented elastin without an increase of elastase activity, indicating defective development of elastic fibres. Fibulin-5 interacts directly with elastic fibres in vitro, and serves as a ligand for cell surface integrins alphav beta3, alphav beta5 and alpha9 beta1 through its aminoterminal domain. Thus, fibulin-5 may provide anchorage of elastic fibres to cells, thereby acting to stabilize and organize elastic fibres in the skin, lung and vasculature.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, UCSD Salk Program Mol Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, UCSD Inst Mol Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Hosp Sick Children, Div Cardiovasc Res, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Med Chem, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Ctr Mol Biol & Genet, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Research Institute; University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); Kyoto University; Kyoto University
RP Chien, KR (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, UCSD Salk Program Mol Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 23
TC 504
Z9 607
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 10
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6868
BP 171
EP 175
DI 10.1038/415171a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 509PR
UT WOS:000173159300042
PM 11805835
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Enomoto, R
   Tanimori, T
   Naito, T
   Yoshida, T
   Yanagita, S
   Mori, M
   Edwards, PG
   Asahara, A
   Bicknell, GV
   Gunji, S
   Hara, S
   Hara, T
   Hayashi, S
   Itoh, C
   Kabuki, S
   Kajino, F
   Katagiri, H
   Kataoka, J
   Kawachi, A
   Kifune, T
   Kubo, H
   Kushida, J
   Maeda, S
   Maeshiro, A
   Matsubara, Y
   Mizumoto, Y
   Moriya, M
   Muraishi, H
   Muraki, Y
   Nakase, T
   Nishijima, K
   Ohishi, M
   Okumura, K
   Patterson, JR
   Sakurazawa, K
   Suzuki, R
   Swaby, DL
   Takano, K
   Takano, T
   Tokanai, F
   Tsuchiya, K
   Tsunoo, H
   Uruma, K
   Watanabe, A
   Yoshikoshi, T
AF Enomoto, R
   Tanimori, T
   Naito, T
   Yoshida, T
   Yanagita, S
   Mori, M
   Edwards, PG
   Asahara, A
   Bicknell, GV
   Gunji, S
   Hara, S
   Hara, T
   Hayashi, S
   Itoh, C
   Kabuki, S
   Kajino, F
   Katagiri, H
   Kataoka, J
   Kawachi, A
   Kifune, T
   Kubo, H
   Kushida, J
   Maeda, S
   Maeshiro, A
   Matsubara, Y
   Mizumoto, Y
   Moriya, M
   Muraishi, H
   Muraki, Y
   Nakase, T
   Nishijima, K
   Ohishi, M
   Okumura, K
   Patterson, JR
   Sakurazawa, K
   Suzuki, R
   Swaby, DL
   Takano, K
   Takano, T
   Tokanai, F
   Tsuchiya, K
   Tsunoo, H
   Uruma, K
   Watanabe, A
   Yoshikoshi, T
TI The acceleration of cosmic-ray protons in the supernova remnant RX J1713.7-3946
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tev gamma-rays; shock acceleration; sn 1006; emission; radiation; shell; discovery; origin
AB Protons with energies up to similar to10(15) eV are the main component(1) of cosmic rays, but evidence for the specific locations where they could have been accelerated to these energies has been lacking(2). Electrons are known to be accelerated to cosmic-ray energies in supernova remnants(3,4), and the shock waves associated with such remnants, when they hit the surrounding interstellar medium, could also provide the energy to accelerate protons. The signature of such a process would be the decay of pions (pi(0)), which are generated when the protons collide with atoms and molecules in an interstellar cloud: pion decay results in gamma-rays with a particular spectral-energy distribution(5,6). Here we report the observation of cascade showers of optical photons resulting from g-rays at energies of similar to10(12) eV hitting Earth's upper atmosphere, in the direction of the supernova remnant RX J1713.7-3946. The spectrum is a good match to that predicted by pion decay, and cannot be explained by other mechanisms.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Cosm Ray Res, Chiba 2778582, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Dept Phys, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
   Yamanashi Gakuin Univ, Fac Management Informat, Yamanashi 4008575, Japan.
   Ibaraki Univ, Fac Sci, Ibaraki 3108512, Japan.
   Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan.
   Australian Natl Univ, Mt Stromlo & Siding Spring Observ, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia.
   Yamagata Univ, Dept Phys, Yamagata 9008560, Japan.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
   Konan Univ, Dept Phys, Kobe, Hyogo 6588501, Japan.
   Shinshu Univ, Fac Engn, Nagano 3808553, Japan.
   Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Aichi 4648601, Japan.
   Natl Astron Observ Japan, Tokyo 1818588, Japan.
   Ibaraki Prefectural Univ Hlth Sci, Ibaraki 3000394, Japan.
   Tokai Univ, Dept Phys, Kanagawa 2591292, Japan.
   Univ Adelaide, Dept Phys & Math Phys, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
   Osaka City Univ, Dept Phys, Osaka 5588585, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; Kyoto University; Ibaraki University; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); Institute of Space & Astronautical Science (ISAS); Australian National University; Yamagata University; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Konan University; Shinshu University; Nagoya University; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); Tokai University; Adelaide University; University of Adelaide; Osaka Metropolitan University
RP Enomoto, R (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Cosm Ray Res, Chiba 2778582, Japan.
EM enomoto@icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 220
Z9 228
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6883
BP 823
EP 826
DI 10.1038/416823a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 544MH
UT WOS:000175163800044
PM 11976676
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abbott, A
AF Abbott, A
TI Proteomics: The society of proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cryoelectron microscopy; ribosome
NR 9
TC 38
Z9 41
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6892
BP 894
EP 896
DI 10.1038/417894a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 566RC
UT WOS:000176441200012
PM 12087375
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yasui, D
   Miyano, M
   Cai, ST
   Varga-WEisz, P
   Kohwi-Shigematsu, T
AF Yasui, D
   Miyano, M
   Cai, ST
   Varga-WEisz, P
   Kohwi-Shigematsu, T
TI SATB1 targets chromatin remodelling to regulate genes over long distances
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-specific demethylation; dna-binding protein; nuclear-matrix; histone deacetylase; in-vivo; complex; enhancer; region; acetylation; expression
AB Eukaryotic chromosomes are organized inside the nucleus in such a way that only a subset of the genome is expressed in any given cell type, but the details of this organization are largely unknown(1-3). SATB1 ('special AT-rich sequence binding 1'), a protein found predominantly in thymocytes(4), regulates genes by folding chromatin into loop domains, tethering specialized DNA elements to an SATB1 network structure(5). Ablation of SATB1 by gene targeting results in temporal and spatial mis-expression of numerous genes and arrested T-cell development, suggesting that SATB1 is a cell-type specific global gene regulator(6). Here we show that SATB1 targets chromatin remodelling to the IL-2Ralpha ('interleukin-2 receptor alpha') gene, which is ectopically transcribed in SATB1 null thymocytes. SATB1 recruits the histone deacetylase contained in the NURD chromatin remodelling complex to a SATB1-bound site in the IL-2Ralpha locus, and mediates the specific deacetylation of histones in a large domain within the locus. SATB1 also targets ACF1 and ISWI, subunits of CHRAC and ACF nucleosome mobilizing complexes, to this specific site and regulates nucleosome positioning over seven kilobases. SATB1 defines a class of transcriptional regulators that function as a 'landing platform' for several chromatin remodelling enzymes and hence regulate large chromatin domains.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Marie Curie Res Inst, Surrey RH8 OTL, England.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Kohwi-Shigematsu, T (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM terumiks@lbl.gov
FU NIA NIH HHS [AG00266] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 418
Z9 489
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6907
BP 641
EP 645
DI 10.1038/nature01084
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 602AT
UT WOS:000178483100051
PM 12374985
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tavaré, S
   Marshall, CR
   Will, O
   Soligo, C
   Martin, RD
AF Tavaré, S
   Marshall, CR
   Will, O
   Soligo, C
   Martin, RD
TI Using the fossil record to estimate the age of the last common ancestor of extant primates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammals; evolution; diversity; origins
AB Divergence times estimated from molecular data often considerably predate the earliest known fossil representatives of the groups studied. For the order Primates, molecular data calibrated with various external fossil dates uniformly suggest a mid-Cretaceous divergence from other placental mammals, some 90 million years (Myr) ago(1-9), whereas the oldest known fossil primates are from the basal Eocene epoch (54-55 Myr ago). The common ancestor of primates should be earlier than the oldest known fossils(10,11), but adequate quantification is needed to interpret possible discrepancies between molecular and palaeontological estimates. Here we present a new statistical method, based on an estimate of species preservation derived from a model of the diversification pattern, that suggests a Cretaceous last common ancestor of primates, approximately 81.5 Myr ago, close to the initial divergence time inferred from molecular data. It also suggests that no more than 7% of all primate species that have ever existed are known from fossils. The approach unites all the available palaeontological methods of timing evolutionary events: the fossil record, extant species and clade diversification models.
C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Dept Math, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Dept Prevent Med, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Stat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Zurich Irchel, Inst Anthropol, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Zurich Irchel, Museum, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Nat Hist Museum, Human Origins Grp, London SW7 5BD, England.
   Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
C3 University of Southern California; University of Southern California; University of Southern California; Harvard University; Harvard University; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Zurich; University of Zurich; Natural History Museum London; Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago)
RP Tavaré, S (corresponding author), Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
NR 28
TC 201
Z9 221
U1 0
U2 45
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6882
BP 726
EP 729
DI 10.1038/416726a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 542FU
UT WOS:000175033500039
PM 11961552
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bloxham, J
   Zatman, S
   Dumberry, M
AF Bloxham, J
   Zatman, S
   Dumberry, M
TI The origin of geomagnetic jerks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID secular variation; core; fluid; field
AB Geomagnetic jerks, which in the second half of the twentieth century occurred in 1969 (refs 1, 2), 1978 (refs 3, 4), 1991 (ref. 5) and 1999 (ref. 6), are abrupt changes in the second time-derivative (secular acceleration) of the Earth's magnetic field. Jerks separate periods of almost steady secular acceleration, so that the first time-derivative (secular variation) appears as a series of straight-line segments separated by geomagnetic jerks. The fact that they represent a reorganization of the secular variation implies that they are of internal origin (as has been established through spherical harmonic analysis(7)), and their short timescale implies that they are due to a change in the fluid flow at the surface of the Earth's core (as has also been established through mapping the time-varying flow at the core surface(8)). However, little is understood of their physical origin. Here we show that geomagnetic jerks can be explained by the combination of a steady flow and a simple time-varying, axisymmetric, equatorially symmetric, toroidal zonal flow. Such a flow is consistent with torsional oscillations in the Earth's core, which are simple oscillatory flows in the core that are expected on theoretical grounds(9), and observed in both core flow models(10) and numerical dynamo models(11).
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Bloxham, J (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM Jeremy_Bloxham@harvard.edu
NR 19
TC 129
Z9 140
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6911
BP 65
EP 68
DI 10.1038/nature01134
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 612HJ
UT WOS:000179068100036
PM 12422214
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wabnitz, H
   Bittner, L
   de Castro, ARB
   Döhrmann, R
   Gürtler, P
   Laarmann, T
   Laasch, W
   Schulz, J
   Swiderski, A
   von Haeften, K
   Möller, T
   Faatz, B
   Fateev, A
   Feldhaus, J
   Gerth, C
   Hahn, U
   Saldin, E
   Schneidmiller, E
   Sytchev, K
   Tiedtke, K
   Treusch, R
   Yurkov, M
AF Wabnitz, H
   Bittner, L
   de Castro, ARB
   Döhrmann, R
   Gürtler, P
   Laarmann, T
   Laasch, W
   Schulz, J
   Swiderski, A
   von Haeften, K
   Möller, T
   Faatz, B
   Fateev, A
   Feldhaus, J
   Gerth, C
   Hahn, U
   Saldin, E
   Schneidmiller, E
   Sytchev, K
   Tiedtke, K
   Treusch, R
   Yurkov, M
TI Multiple ionization of atom clusters by intense soft X-rays from a free-electron laser
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID explosion; emission; dynamics; pulses; field
AB Intense radiation from lasers has opened up many new areas of research in physics and chemistry, and has revolutionized optical technology. So far, most work in the field of nonlinear processes has been restricted to infrared, visible and ultraviolet light(1), although progress in the development of X-ray lasers has been made recently(2). With the advent of a free-electron laser in the soft-X-ray regime below 100 nm wavelength(3), a new light source is now available for experiments with intense, short-wavelength radiation that could be used to obtain deeper insights into the structure of matter. Other free-electron sources with even shorter wavelengths are planned for the future. Here we present initial results from a study of the interaction of soft X-ray radiation, generated by a free-electron laser, with Xe atoms and clusters. We find that, whereas Xe atoms become only singly ionized by the absorption of single photons, absorption in clusters is strongly enhanced. On average, each atom in large clusters absorbs up to 400 eV, corresponding to 30 photons. We suggest that the clusters are heated up and electrons are emitted after acquiring sufficient energy. The clusters finally disintegrate completely by Coulomb explosion.
C1 DESY, HASYLAB, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany.
   LNLS, BR-13084971 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Estadual Campinas, IFGW, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
   Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna 141980, Moscow Region, Russia.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY); Laboratorio Nacional de Luz Sincrotron (LNLS); Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research - Russia
RP Möller, T (corresponding author), DESY, HASYLAB, Notkestr 85, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany.
EM thomas.moeller@desy.de
NR 29
TC 399
Z9 418
U1 1
U2 85
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 482
EP 485
DI 10.1038/nature01197
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600039
PM 12466837
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Check, E
AF Check, E
TI All mutants great and small
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 457
EP 457
DI 10.1038/420457a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600014
PM 12466811
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thompson, JN
   Cunningham, BM
AF Thompson, JN
   Cunningham, BM
TI Geographic structure and dynamics of coevolutionary selection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yucca moth lineage; lodgepole pine; gene flow; mutualism; plant; crossbills; gradients; evolution; virulence; parasites
AB Coevolution of species is one of the major processes organizing the Earth's biodiversity. Recent coevolutionary theory has indicated that the geographic structure of species has the potential to impose powerful and continuing effects on coevolutionary dynamics, if that structure creates selection mosaics and coevolutionary hotspots across landscapes(1-7). Here we confirm that current coevolutionary selection in interspecific interactions can be highly divergent across both narrow and broad geographic scales, thereby fuelling continuing coevolution of taxa. Study of a widespread plant-insect interaction across a broad range of habitats for several years showed that an insect functioning both as a pollinator and a floral parasite can be strongly mutualistic in some habitats but commensal or antagonistic in neighbouring habitats. The results for one of the habitats span seven years, demonstrating that the local structure of coevolutionary selection can remain stable across multiple generations. Conservation of the evolutionary processes maintaining long-term biological diversity may require preservation of the conditions that allow a long-term shifting geographic mosaic of coevolutionary hotspots and coldspots.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Washington State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Washington State University
RP Thompson, JN (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Earth & Marine Sci Bldg, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
NR 24
TC 380
Z9 448
U1 4
U2 273
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6890
BP 735
EP 738
DI 10.1038/nature00810
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 561QY
UT WOS:000176154700043
PM 12066183
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Herlihy, CR
   Eckert, CG
AF Herlihy, CR
   Eckert, CG
TI Genetic cost of reproductive assurance in a self-fertilizing plant
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inbreeding depression; cross-fertilization; system evolution; mating system; inferences; ecology
AB The transition from outcrossing to self-fertilization is one of the most common evolutionary trends in plants(1). Reproductive assurance, where self-fertilization ensures seed production when pollinators and/or potential mates are scarce, is the most long-standing and most widely accepted explanation for the evolution of selfing(2-8), but there have been few experimental tests of this hypothesis. Moreover, many apparently adaptive floral mechanisms that ensure the autonomous production of selfed seed might use ovules that would have otherwise been outcrossed. This seed discounting is costly if selfed offspring are less viable than their outcrossed counterparts, as often happens. The fertility benefit of reproductive assurance has never been examined in the light of seed discounting. Here we combine experimental measures of reproductive assurance with marker-gene estimates of self-fertilization, seed discounting and inbreeding depression to show that, during 2 years in 10 Ontario populations of Aquilegia canadensis (Ranunculaceae), reproductive assurance through self-fertilization increases seed production, but this benefit is greatly outweighed by severe seed discounting and inbreeding depression.
C1 Queens Univ, Dept Biol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
C3 Queens University - Canada
RP Eckert, CG (corresponding author), Queens Univ, Dept Biol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
EM eckertc@biology.queensu.ca
NR 30
TC 270
Z9 304
U1 1
U2 78
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6878
BP 320
EP 323
DI 10.1038/416320a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 532NP
UT WOS:000174482200042
PM 11907577
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zettler, LAA
   Gómez, F
   Zettler, E
   Keenan, BG
   Amils, R
   Sogin, ML
AF Zettler, LAA
   Gómez, F
   Zettler, E
   Keenan, BG
   Amils, R
   Sogin, ML
TI Eukaryotic diversity in Spain's River of Fire -: This ancient and hostile ecosystem hosts a surprising variety of microbial organisms.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amebas
C1 Marine Biol Lab, Josephine Bay Paul Ctr Comparat Mol Biol & Evolut, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   INTA, CSIC, Ctr Astrobiol, Torrejon De Ardoz 28850, Spain.
   Sea Educ Assoc, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   UAM, CSIC, Ctr Biol Mol, Madrid 28049, Spain.
   Univ Connecticut, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA.
C3 Marine Biological Laboratory - Woods Hole; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Astrobiologia (INTA); Autonomous University of Madrid; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM); University of Connecticut
RP Zettler, LAA (corresponding author), Marine Biol Lab, Josephine Bay Paul Ctr Comparat Mol Biol & Evolut, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM sogin@evol5.mbl.edu
NR 5
TC 101
Z9 106
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6885
BP 137
EP 137
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 549RH
UT WOS:000175460200030
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Althorpe, SC
   Fernández-Alonso, F
   Bean, BD
   Ayers, JD
   Pomerantz, AE
   Zare, RN
   Wrede, E
AF Althorpe, SC
   Fernández-Alonso, F
   Bean, BD
   Ayers, JD
   Pomerantz, AE
   Zare, RN
   Wrede, E
TI Observation and interpretation of a time-delayed mechanism in the hydrogen exchange reaction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID differential cross-sections; wave-packet method; h+h2 reaction; state; scattering; dynamics; resonances; energy
AB Extensive theoretical(1-13) and experimental(2,13-22) studies have shown the hydrogen exchange reaction H + H-2 --> H-2 + H to occur predominantly through a 'direct recoil' mechanism: the H-H bonds break and form concertedly while the system passes straight over a collinear transition state, with recoil from the collision causing the H-2 product molecules to scatter backward. Theoretical predictions agree well with experimental observations of this scattering process(15-20,22). Indirect exchange mechanisms involving H-3 intermediates have been suggested to occur as well(8-13), but these are difficult to test because bimolecular reactions cannot be studied by the femtosecond spectroscopies(23) used to monitor unimolecular reactions. Moreover, full quantum simulations of the time evolution of bimolecular reactions have not been performed. For the isotopic variant of the hydrogen exchange reaction, H + D-2 --> HD + D, forward scattering features(21) observed in the product angular distribution have been attributed(21,12) to possible scattering resonances associated with a quasibound collision complex. Here we extend these measurements to a wide range of collision energies and interpret the results using a full time-dependent quantum simulation of the reaction, thus showing that two different reaction mechanisms modulate the measured product angular distribution features. One of the mechanisms is direct and leads to backward scattering, the other is indirect and leads to forward scattering after a delay of about 25 femtoseconds.
C1 Univ Durham, Dept Chem, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   CNR, Ist Struttura Mat, Area Ric Roma, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Durham University; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR); Stanford University
RP Althorpe, SC (corresponding author), Univ Exeter, Sch Chem, Stocker Rd, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, England.
NR 30
TC 182
Z9 190
U1 0
U2 77
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6876
BP 67
EP 70
DI 10.1038/416067a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 527WU
UT WOS:000174211600038
PM 11882892
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Honaramooz, A
   Snedaker, A
   Boiani, M
   Schöler, H
   Dobrinski, I
   Schlatt, S
AF Honaramooz, A
   Snedaker, A
   Boiani, M
   Schöler, H
   Dobrinski, I
   Schlatt, S
TI Sperm from neonatal mammalian testes grafted in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID germ-cell transplantation; mouse testes; estrogen-receptor; spermatogenesis; rat; spermatozoa; oocytes; host
AB Spermatogenesis is a productive and highly organized process that generates virtually unlimited numbers of sperm during adulthood. Continuous proliferation and differentiation of germ cells occur in a delicate balance with other testicular compartments, especially the supporting Sertoli cells(1). Many complex aspects of testis function in humans and large animals have remained elusive because of a lack of suitable in vitro or in vivo models. Germ cell transplantation has produced complete donor-derived spermatogenesis in rodents(2-6) but not in other mammalian species(7-9). Production of sperm in grafted tissue from immature mammalian testes and across species has not yet been accomplished. Here we report the establishment of complete spermatogenesis by grafting testis tissue from newborn mice, pigs or goats into mouse hosts. This approach maintains structural integrity and provides the accessibility that is essential for studying and manipulating the function of testes and for preserving the male germ line. Our results indicate that this approach is applicable to diverse mammalian species.
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Vet Med, New Bolton Ctr,Male Germ Cell Biol Grp, Ctr Anim Transgenesis & Germ Cell Res, Kennett Sq, PA 19348 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Vet Med, New Bolton Ctr,Germline Dev Grp, Ctr Anim Transgenesis & Germ Cell Res, Kennett Sq, PA 19348 USA.
   Univ Munster, Inst Reprod Med, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; University of Munster
RP Dobrinski, I (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Vet Med, New Bolton Ctr,Male Germ Cell Biol Grp, Ctr Anim Transgenesis & Germ Cell Res, Kennett Sq, PA 19348 USA.
NR 27
TC 335
Z9 392
U1 1
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6899
BP 778
EP 781
DI 10.1038/nature00918
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 583UF
UT WOS:000177428000039
PM 12181567
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kelber, A
   Balkenius, A
   Warrant, EJ
AF Kelber, A
   Balkenius, A
   Warrant, EJ
TI Scotopic colour vision in nocturnal hawkmoths
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wavelength discrimination; light; sensitivity
AB Humans are colour-blind at night, and it has been assumed that this is true of all animals. But colour vision is as useful for discriminating objects(1) at night as it is during the day. Here we show, through behavioural experiments, that the nocturnal hawkmoth Deilephila elpenor uses colour vision to discriminate coloured stimuli at intensities corresponding to dim starlight (0.0001 cd m(-2)). It can do this even if the illumination colour changes, thereby showing colour constancy-a property of true colour vision systems(2). In identical conditions humans are completely colour-blind. Our calculations show that the possession of three photoreceptor classes reduces the absolute sensitivity of the eye, which indicates that colour vision has a high ecological relevance in nocturnal moths. In addition, the photoreceptors of a single ommatidium absorb too few photons for reliable discrimination, indicating that spatial and/or temporal summation must occur for colour vision to be possible. Taken together, our results show that colour vision occurs at nocturnal intensities in a biologically relevant context.
C1 Lund Univ, Dept Cell Organism Biol, Vis Grp, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
C3 Lund University
RP Kelber, A (corresponding author), Lund Univ, Dept Cell Organism Biol, Vis Grp, Helgonavagen 3, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
EM almut.kelber@zool.lu.se
NR 24
TC 200
Z9 234
U1 1
U2 107
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6910
BP 922
EP 925
DI 10.1038/nature01065
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 609MN
UT WOS:000178909700043
PM 12410310
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rhee, I
   Bachman, KE
   Park, BH
   Jair, KW
   Yen, RWC
   Schuebel, KE
   Cui, HM
   Feinberg, AP
   Lengauer, C
   Kinzler, KW
   Baylin, SB
   Vogelstein, B
AF Rhee, I
   Bachman, KE
   Park, BH
   Jair, KW
   Yen, RWC
   Schuebel, KE
   Cui, HM
   Feinberg, AP
   Lengauer, C
   Kinzler, KW
   Baylin, SB
   Vogelstein, B
TI DNMT1 and DNMT3b cooperate to silence genes in human cancer cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID de-novo methylation; dna methylation; cytosine-5 methyltransferases; wilms-tumor; hypermethylation; relaxation; neoplasia; lethality; tissue
AB Inactivation of tumour suppressor genes is central to the development of all common forms of human cancer(1). This inactivation often results from epigenetic silencing associated with hypermethylation rather than intragenic mutations(2-7). In human cells, the mechanisms underlying locus-specific or global methylation patterns remain unclear(8,9). The prototypic DNA methyltransferase, Dnmt1, accounts for most methylation in mouse cells(10,11), but human cancer cells lacking DNMT1 retain significant genomic methylation and associated gene silencing(12). We disrupted the human DNMT3b gene in a colorectal cancer cell line. This deletion reduced global DNA methylation by less than 3%. Surprisingly, however, genetic disruption of both DNMT1 and DNMT3b nearly eliminated methyltransferase activity, and reduced genomic DNA methylation by greater than 95%. These marked changes resulted in demethylation of repeated sequences, loss of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) imprinting, abrogation of silencing of the tumour suppressor gene p16(INK4a), and growth suppression. Here we demonstrate that two enzymes cooperatively maintain DNA methylation and gene silencing in human cancer cells, and provide compelling evidence that such methylation is essential for optimal neoplastic proliferation.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Sidney Kimmel Comprehens Canc Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Program Human Genet, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Inst Med Genet, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Oncol, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Program Cellular & Mol Med, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
RP Baylin, SB (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Sidney Kimmel Comprehens Canc Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
EM sbaylin@jhmi.edu; vogelbe@welch.jhu.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [R37 CA054358, R01 CA054358] Funding Source: Medline; National Cancer Institute [R01CA054358] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 1034
Z9 1235
U1 0
U2 108
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6880
BP 552
EP 556
DI 10.1038/416552a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 537JY
UT WOS:000174756500048
PM 11932749
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wu, L
   Bauer, CS
   Zhen, XG
   Xie, C
   Yang, J
AF Wu, L
   Bauer, CS
   Zhen, XG
   Xie, C
   Yang, J
TI Dual regulation of voltage-gated calcium channels by PtdIns(4,5)P2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phospholipase-c; atp; modulation; inhibition; expression; mechanism; currents; receptor; neurons; synapse
AB Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) conduct calcium into cells after membrane depolarization and are vital for diverse biological events(1). They are regulated by various signalling pathways, which has profound functional consequences(1,2). The activity of VGCCs decreases with time in whole-cell and inside-out patch-clamp recordings(3). This rundown reflects persistent intrinsic modulation of VGCCs in intact cells. Although several mechanisms have been reported to contribute to rundown of L-type channels(3-6), the mechanism of rundown of other types of VGCC is poorly understood. Here we show that phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P-2), an essential regulator of ion channels and transporters(7-14), is crucial for maintaining the activity of P/Q- and N-type channels. Activation of membrane receptors that stimulate hydrolysis of PtdIns(4,5)P-2 causes channel inhibition in oocytes and neurons. PtdIns(4,5)P-2 also inhibits P/Q- type channels by altering the voltage dependence of channel activation and making the channels more difficult to open. This inhibition is alleviated by phosphorylation by protein kinase A. The dual actions of PtdIns(4,5)P-2 and the crosstalk between PtdIns(4,5)P-2 and protein kinase A set up a dynamic mechanism through which the activity of VGCCs can be finely tuned by various neurotransmitters, hormones and trophic factors.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Yang, J (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
EM jy160@columbia.edu
NR 30
TC 190
Z9 245
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6910
BP 947
EP 952
DI 10.1038/nature01118
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 609MN
UT WOS:000178909700049
PM 12410316
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Musser, RO
   Hum-Musser, SM
   Eichenseer, H
   Peiffer, M
   Ervin, G
   Murphy, JB
   Felton, GW
AF Musser, RO
   Hum-Musser, SM
   Eichenseer, H
   Peiffer, M
   Ervin, G
   Murphy, JB
   Felton, GW
TI Herbivory: Caterpillar saliva beats plant defences - A new weapon emerges in the evolutionary arms race between plants and herbivores.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Entomol, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA.
   Univ Arkansas, Dept Hort, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Entomol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 University of Arkansas System; University of Arkansas Fayetteville; University of Arkansas System; University of Arkansas Fayetteville; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Musser, RO (corresponding author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Entomol, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA.
NR 7
TC 426
Z9 553
U1 3
U2 263
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6881
BP 599
EP 600
DI 10.1038/416599a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 539YV
UT WOS:000174901900029
PM 11948341
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Patz, JA
   Hulme, M
   Rosenzweig, C
   Mitchell, TD
   Goldberg, RA
   Githeko, AK
   Lele, S
   McMichael, AJ
   Le Sueur, D
AF Patz, JA
   Hulme, M
   Rosenzweig, C
   Mitchell, TD
   Goldberg, RA
   Githeko, AK
   Lele, S
   McMichael, AJ
   Le Sueur, D
TI Climate change - Regional warming and malaria resurgence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID variability
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Tyndall Ctr Climate Change Res, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA.
   Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10025 USA.
   Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr, Ctr Vector Biol & Control Res, Climate & Human Hlth Res Unit, Kisumu, Kenya.
   Univ Alberta, Dept Math & Stat Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G1, Canada.
   Australian Natl Univ, Natl Ctr Epidemiol & Populat Hlth, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   S Africa MRC, ZA-4013 Congella, Durban, South Africa.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; University of East Anglia; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Goddard Institute for Space Studies; Columbia University; Kenya Medical Research Institute; University of Alberta; Australian National University
RP Patz, JA (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
NR 9
TC 129
Z9 141
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP 627
EP 628
DI 10.1038/420627a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 624GK
UT WOS:000179751800034
PM 12478282
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lauhon, LJ
   Gudiksen, MS
   Wang, CL
   Lieber, CM
AF Lauhon, LJ
   Gudiksen, MS
   Wang, CL
   Lieber, CM
TI Epitaxial core-shell and core-multishell nanowire heterostructures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID building-blocks; semiconductor nanocrystals; dependence; technology; devices
AB Semiconductor heterostructures with modulated composition and/or doping enable passivation of interfaces and the generation of devices with diverse functions(1). In this regard, the control of interfaces in nanoscale building blocks with high surface area will be increasingly important in the assembly of electronic and photonic devices(2-10). Core-shell heterostructures formed by the growth of crystalline overlayers on nanocrystals offer enhanced emission efficiency 7, important for various applications(8-10). Axial heterostructures have also been formed by a one-dimensional modulation of nanowire composition(11-13) and doping(11). However, modulation of the radial composition and doping in nanowire structures has received much less attention than planar 1 and nanocrystal(7) systems. Here we synthesize silicon and germanium core-shell and multishell nanowire heterostructures using a chemical vapour deposition method applicable to a variety of nanoscale materials(14). Our investigations of the growth of boron-doped silicon shells on intrinsic silicon and silicon-silicon oxide core-shell nanowires indicate that homoepitaxy can be achieved at relatively low temperatures on clean silicon. We also demonstrate the possibility of heteroepitaxial growth of crystalline germanium-silicon and silicon-germanium core-shell structures, in which band-offsets drive hole injection into either germanium core or shell regions. Our synthesis of core-multi-shell structures, including a high-performance coaxially gated field-effect transistor, indicates the general potential of radial heterostructure growth for the development of nanowire-based devices.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Lieber, CM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 27
TC 1900
Z9 2257
U1 7
U2 1175
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6911
BP 57
EP 61
DI 10.1038/nature01141
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 612HJ
UT WOS:000179068100034
PM 12422212
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grüninger, M
   Rückamp, R
   Windt, M
   Reutler, P
   Zobel, C
   Lorenz, T
   Freimuth, A
   Revcolevschi, A
AF Grüninger, M
   Rückamp, R
   Windt, M
   Reutler, P
   Zobel, C
   Lorenz, T
   Freimuth, A
   Revcolevschi, A
TI Orbital physics -: Experimental quest for orbital waves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lamno3; scattering
C1 Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 2, D-50937 Cologne, Germany.
   Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
   Univ Paris 11, Lab Physicochim Etat Solide, F-91405 Orsay, France.
C3 University of Cologne; RWTH Aachen University; Universite Paris Saclay
RP Grüninger, M (corresponding author), Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 2, D-50937 Cologne, Germany.
NR 11
TC 57
Z9 61
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6893
BP 39
EP 40
DI 10.1038/418039a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 569JL
UT WOS:000176599200031
PM 12097901
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martin, A
   Bardwell, PD
   Woo, CJ
   Fan, MX
   Shulman, MJ
   Scharff, MD
AF Martin, A
   Bardwell, PD
   Woo, CJ
   Fan, MX
   Shulman, MJ
   Scharff, MD
TI Activation-induced cytidine deaminase turns on somatic hypermutation in hybridomas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID b-cell line; msh2-deficient mice; mismatch repair; immune-response; in-vitro; sequences; genes; nucleotide; induction; mutation
AB The production of high-affinity protective antibodies requires somatic hypermutation (SHM) of the antibody variable (V) region genes. SHM is characterized by a high frequency of point mutations that occur only during the centroblast stage of B-cell differentiation. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), which is expressed specifically in germinal-centre centroblasts(1), is required for this process, but its exact role is unknown(2). Here we show that AID is required for SHM in the centroblast-like Ramos cells, and that expression of AID is sufficient to induce SHM in hybridoma cells, which represent a later stage of B-cell differentiation that does not normally undergo SHM. In one hybridoma, mutations were exclusively in G.C base pairs that were mostly within RGYW or WRCY motifs, suggesting that AID has primary responsibility for mutations at these nucleotides. The activation of SHM in hybridomas indicates that AID does not require other centroblast-specific cofactors to induce SHM, suggesting either that it functions alone or that the factors it requires are expressed at other stages of B-cell differentiation.
C1 Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Immunol, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
C3 Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; University of Toronto
RP Scharff, MD (corresponding author), Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, 1300 Morris Pk Ave Chanin 403, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
NR 27
TC 215
Z9 255
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 14
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6873
BP 802
EP 806
DI 10.1038/nature714
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 521HE
UT WOS:000173833900049
PM 11823785
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grutzendler, J
   Kasthuri, N
   Gan, WB
AF Grutzendler, J
   Kasthuri, N
   Gan, WB
TI Long-term dendritic spine stability in the adult cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual-cortex; macaca-nemestrina; ocular dominance; striate cortex; living mice; plasticity; neurons; synaptogenesis; filopodia; synapses
AB The structural dynamics of synapses probably has a crucial role in the development and plasticity of the nervous system. In the mammalian brain, the vast majority of excitatory axo-dendritic synapses occur on dendritic specializations called 'spines'. However, little is known about their long-term changes in the intact developing or adult animal. To address this question we developed a transcranial two-photon imaging technique to follow identified spines of layer-5 pyramidal neurons in the primary visual cortex of living transgenic mice expressing yellow fluorescent protein. Here we show that filopodia-like dendritic protrusions, extending and retracting over hours, are abundant in young animals but virtually absent from the adult. In young mice, within the 'critical period' for visual cortex development, similar to73% of spines remain stable over a one-month interval; most changes are associated with spine elimination. In contrast, in adult mice, the overwhelming majority of spines (similar to96%) remain stable over the same interval with a half-life greater than 13 months. These results indicate that spines, initially plastic during development, become remarkably stable in the adult, providing a potential structural basis for long-term information storage.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Neurosci, Skirball Inst,Mol Neurobiol Program, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 New York University
RP Gan, WB (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Neurosci, Skirball Inst,Mol Neurobiol Program, 540 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 USA.
NR 29
TC 947
Z9 1187
U1 0
U2 78
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 26
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6917
BP 812
EP 816
DI 10.1038/nature01276
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 626WR
UT WOS:000179897300056
PM 12490949
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Darveau, CA
   Suarez, RK
   Andrews, RD
   Hochachka, PW
AF Darveau, CA
   Suarez, RK
   Andrews, RD
   Hochachka, PW
TI Allometric cascade as a unifying principle of body mass effects on metabolism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oxygen-consumption; skeletal-muscle; atp utilization; mammals; turnover; birds; heart; capacity; animals; rates
AB The power function of basal metabolic rate scaling is expressed as aM(b), where a corresponds to a scaling constant (intercept), M is body mass, and b is the scaling exponent. The 3/4 power law (the best-fit b value for mammals) was developed from Kleiber's original analysis(1) and, since then, most workers have searched for a single cause to explain the observed allometry. Here we present a multiple-causes model of allometry, where the exponent b is the sum of the influences of multiple contributors to metabolism and control. The relative strength of each contributor, with its own characteristic exponent value, is determined by the control contribution. To illustrate its use, we apply this model to maximum versus basal metabolic rates to explain the differing scaling behaviour of these two biological states in mammals. The main difference in scaling is that, for the basal metabolic rate, the O-2 delivery steps contribute almost nothing to the global b scaling exponent, whereas for the maximum metabolic rate, the O-2 delivery steps significantly increase the global b value.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of British Columbia; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Hochachka, PW (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, 6270 Univ Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
EM pwh@zoology.ubc.ca
NR 30
TC 400
Z9 436
U1 1
U2 96
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6885
BP 166
EP 170
DI 10.1038/417166a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 549RH
UT WOS:000175460200041
PM 12000958
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Suzuki, N
   Suzuki, S
   Duncan, GS
   Millar, DG
   Wada, T
   Mirtsos, C
   Takada, H
   Wakeham, A
   Itie, A
   Li, SY
   Penninger, JM
   Wesche, H
   Ohashi, PS
   Mak, TW
   Yeh, WC
AF Suzuki, N
   Suzuki, S
   Duncan, GS
   Millar, DG
   Wada, T
   Mirtsos, C
   Takada, H
   Wakeham, A
   Itie, A
   Li, SY
   Penninger, JM
   Wesche, H
   Ohashi, PS
   Mak, TW
   Yeh, WC
TI Severe impairment of interleukin-1 and Toll-like receptor signalling in mice lacking IRAK-4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signaling pathways; kinase; myd88; deficiency; protein; family; gene; responses; adapter; member
AB Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and members of the pro-inflammatory interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) family, share homologies in their cytoplasmic domains called Toll/IL-1R/plant R gene homology (TIR) domains(1-3). Intracellular signalling mechanisms mediated by TIRs are similar(4), with MyD88 (refs 5-8) and TRAF6 (refs 9, 10) having critical roles. Signal transduction between MyD88 and TRAF6 is known to involve the serine-threonine kinase IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK-1)(11) and two homologous proteins, IRAK-2 (ref. 12) and IRAK-M-13. However, the physiological functions of the IRAK molecules remain unclear, and gene-targeting studies have shown that IRAK-1 is only partially required for IL-1R and TLR signalling(14,15). Here we show by gene-targeting that IRAK-4, an IRAK molecule closely related to the Drosophila Pelle protein 16, is indispensable for the responses of animals and cultured cells to IL-1 and ligands that stimulate various TLRs. IRAK-4-deficient animals are completely resistant to a lethal dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, animals lacking IRAK-4 are severely impaired in their responses to viral and bacterial challenges. Our results indicate that IRAK-4 has an essential role in innate immunity.
C1 Univ Toronto, Ontario Canc Inst, Amgen Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Immunol, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
   Tularik Inc, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
C3 University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Tularik, Inc.
RP Yeh, WC (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Ontario Canc Inst, Amgen Inst, 620 Univ Ave,Suite 706, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
NR 30
TC 668
Z9 906
U1 0
U2 67
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6882
BP 750
EP 754
DI 10.1038/nature736
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 542FU
UT WOS:000175033500045
PM 11923871
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Herndon, LA
   Schmeissner, PJ
   Dudaronek, JM
   Brown, PA
   Listner, KM
   Sakano, Y
   Paupard, MC
   Hall, DH
   Driscoll, M
AF Herndon, LA
   Schmeissner, PJ
   Dudaronek, JM
   Brown, PA
   Listner, KM
   Sakano, Y
   Paupard, MC
   Hall, DH
   Driscoll, M
TI Stochastic and genetic factors influence tissue-specific decline in ageing C-elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nematode caenorhabditis-elegans; life-span; stress resistance; quantitative measures; cell-death; germ-line; expression; mechanisms; mutations; longevity
AB The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an important model for studying the genetics of ageing, with over 50 life-extension mutations known so far. However, little is known about the pathobiology of ageing in this species, limiting attempts to connect genotype with senescent phenotype. Using ultrastructural analysis and visualization of specific cell types with green fluorescent protein, we examined cell integrity in different tissues as the animal ages. We report remarkable preservation of the nervous system, even in advanced old age, in contrast to a gradual, progressive deterioration of muscle, resembling human sarcopenia. The age-1 (hx546) mutation, which extends lifespan by 60-100%, delayed some, but not all, cellular biomarkers of ageing. Strikingly, we found strong evidence that stochastic as well as genetic factors are significant in C. elegans ageing, with extensive variability both among same-age animals and between cells of the same type within individuals.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Biochem, Nelson Biol Labs A232, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Neurosci, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine
RP Driscoll, M (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Biochem, Nelson Biol Labs A232, 604 Allison Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM hall@aecom.yu.edu; driscoll@mbcl.rutgers.edu
FU NIH Office of the Director [R24OD010943] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NCRR NIH HHS [R24 RR012596] Funding Source: Medline; NIH HHS [R24 OD010943] Funding Source: Medline
NR 48
TC 912
Z9 1088
U1 4
U2 150
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6909
BP 808
EP 814
DI 10.1038/nature01135
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 607BD
UT WOS:000178769800038
PM 12397350
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Foley, S
   Tiepolo, M
   Vannucci, R
AF Foley, S
   Tiepolo, M
   Vannucci, R
TI Growth of early continental crust controlled by melting of amphibolite in subduction zones
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID partition-coefficients; trace-elements; titanian pargasite; ortho-pyroxene; high-pressure; icp-ms; mantle; plagioclase; nb; ta
AB It is thought that the first continental crust formed by melting of either eclogite or amphibolite, either at subduction zones 1 or on the underside of thick oceanic crust(2). However, the observed compositions of early crustal rocks and experimental studies have been unable to distinguish between these possibilities(3-5). Here we show a clear contrast in trace-element ratios of melts derived from amphibolites and those from eclogites. Partial melting of low-magnesium amphibolite can explain the low niobium/tantalum and high zirconium/samarium ratios in melts, as required for the early continental crust, whereas the melting of eclogite cannot. This indicates that the earliest continental crust formed by melting of amphibolites in subductionzone environments and not by the melting of eclogite or magnesium-rich amphibolites in the lower part of thick oceanic crust. Moreover, the low niobium/tantalum ratio seen in subductionzone igneous rocks of all ages is evidence that the melting of rutile-eclogite has never been a volumetrically important process.
C1 Univ Greifswald, Inst Geol Wissensch, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
   Univ Pavia, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
   CNR, Ist Geosci & Georisorse, Sez Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
C3 Universitat Greifswald; University of Pavia; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse (IGG-CNR)
RP Foley, S (corresponding author), Univ Greifswald, Inst Geol Wissensch, FL Jahnstr 17A, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
NR 30
TC 957
Z9 1105
U1 3
U2 201
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6891
BP 837
EP 840
DI 10.1038/nature00799
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 563YM
UT WOS:000176285600043
PM 12075348
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Milad, MR
   Quirk, GJ
AF Milad, MR
   Quirk, GJ
TI Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID conditioned fear; potentiated startle; frontal-cortex; amygdala; rat; stimulation; brain; projections; acquisition
AB Conditioned fear responses to a tone previously paired with a shock diminish if the tone is repeatedly presented without the shock, a process known as extinction. Since Pavlov(1) it has been hypothesized that extinction does not erase conditioning, but forms a new memory. Destruction of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex, which consists of infralimbic and prelimbic cortices, blocks recall of fear extinction(2,3), indicating that medial prefrontal cortex might store long-term extinction memory. Here we show that infralimbic neurons recorded during fear conditioning and extinction fire to the tone only when rats are recalling extinction on the following day. Rats that froze the least showed the greatest increase in infralimbic tone responses. We also show that conditioned tones paired with brief electrical stimulation of infralimbic cortex elicit low freezing in rats that had not been extinguished. Thus, stimulation resembling extinction-induced infralimbic tone responses is able to simulate extinction memory. We suggest that consolidation of extinction learning potentiates infralimbic activity, which inhibits fear during subsequent encounters with fear stimuli.
C1 Ponce Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Ponce, PR 00732 USA.
RP Quirk, GJ (corresponding author), Ponce Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Ponce, PR 00732 USA.
NR 30
TC 1436
Z9 1750
U1 1
U2 145
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6911
BP 70
EP 74
DI 10.1038/nature01138
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 612HJ
UT WOS:000179068100038
PM 12422216
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gabbiani, F
   Krapp, HG
   Koch, C
   Laurent, G
AF Gabbiani, F
   Krapp, HG
   Koch, C
   Laurent, G
TI Multiplicative computation in a visual neuron sensitive to looming
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signaling impending collision; object approach; wide-field; motion; organization; threshold; variables; circuit; locust
AB Multiplicative operations are important in sensory processing(1-5), but their biophysical implementation remains largely unknown(5-10). We investigated an identified neuron ( the lobula giant movement detector, LGMD, of locusts) whose output firing rate in response to looming visual stimuli has been described by two models, one of which involves a multiplication. In this model, the LGMD multiplies postsynaptically two inputs ( one excitatory, one inhibitory) that converge onto its dendritic tree(11,12); in the other model, inhibition is presynaptic to the LGMD(13,14). By using selective activation and inactivation of pre- and postsynaptic inhibition, we show that postsynaptic inhibition has a predominant role, suggesting that multiplication is implemented within the neuron itself. Our pharmacological experiments and measurements of firing rate versus membrane potential also reveal that sodium channels act both to advance the response of the LGMD in time and to map membrane potential to firing rate in a nearly exponential manner. These results are consistent with an implementation of multiplication based on dendritic subtraction of two converging inputs encoded logarithmically, followed by exponentiation through active membrane conductances.
C1 CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Div Neurosci, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Baylor College of Medicine; University of Cambridge
RP Gabbiani, F (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 30
TC 319
Z9 357
U1 2
U2 66
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6913
BP 320
EP 324
DI 10.1038/nature01190
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 617BM
UT WOS:000179340400043
PM 12447440
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Keller, LP
   Hony, S
   Bradley, JP
   Molster, FJ
   Waters, LBFM
   Bouwman, J
   de Koter, A
   Brownlee, DE
   Flynn, GJ
   Henning, T
   Mutschke, H
AF Keller, LP
   Hony, S
   Bradley, JP
   Molster, FJ
   Waters, LBFM
   Bouwman, J
   de Koter, A
   Brownlee, DE
   Flynn, GJ
   Henning, T
   Mutschke, H
TI Identification of iron sulphide grains in protoplanetary disks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interplanetary dust; circumstellar dust; interstellar abundances; optical-property; iso spectroscopy; ab-aur; hd-163296; spectrum; systems; stars
AB Sulphur is depleted in cold dense molecular clouds with embedded young stellar objects(1), indicating that most of it probably resides in solid grains. Iron sulphide grains are the main sulphur species in cometary dust particles(2,3), but there has been no direct evidence for FeS in astronomical sources(4), which poses a considerable problem, because sulphur is a cosmically abundant element. Here we report laboratory infrared spectra of FeS grains from primitive meteorites, as well as from pyrrhotite ([Fe,Ni](1-x)S) grains in interplanetary dust, which show a broad FeS feature centred at similar to23.5 micrometres. A similar broad feature is seen in the infrared spectra of young stellar objects, implying that FeS grains are an important but previously unrecognized component of circumstellar dust. The feature had previously been attributed to FeO5-7. The observed astronomical line strengths are generally consistent with the depletion of sulphur from the gas phase(1), and with the average Galactic sulphur/silicon abundance ratio(8). We conclude that the missing sulphur has been found.
C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA.
   Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
   ESA, ESTEC, RSSD ST, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands.
   Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   SUNY Coll Plattsburgh, Dept Phys, Plattsburgh, NY 12901 USA.
   Astrophys Inst & Univ Observ, Jena, Germany.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Sterrenkunde, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
   CENS, CEA, DSM, DAPNIA,Serv Astrophys, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Johnson Space Center; University of Amsterdam; University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology; European Space Agency; European Space Research & Technology Centre; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; State University of New York (SUNY) System; SUNY Plattsburgh; KU Leuven; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA
RP Keller, LP (corresponding author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Mail Code SR, Houston, TX 77058 USA.
NR 25
TC 112
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6885
BP 148
EP 150
DI 10.1038/417148a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 549RH
UT WOS:000175460200035
PM 12000914
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cardinale, BJ
   Palmer, MA
   Collins, SL
AF Cardinale, BJ
   Palmer, MA
   Collins, SL
TI Species diversity enhances ecosystem functioning through interspecific facilitation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID changing biodiversity; particle capture; plant diversity; flow; consequences; productivity; sediments
AB Facilitation between species is thought to be a key mechanism by which biodiversity affects the rates of resource use that govern the efficiency and productivity of ecosystems(1-4); however, there is no direct empirical evidence to support this hypothesis. Here we show that increasing the species diversity of a functional group of aquatic organisms induces facilitative interactions, leading to non-additive changes in resource consumption. We increased the richness and evenness of suspension-feeding caddisfly larvae (Insecta, Trichoptera) in stream mesocosms and found that the increased topographical complexity of the benthic habitat alters patterns of near-bed flow such that the feeding success of individuals is enhanced. Species diversity reduces 'current shading' (that is, the deceleration of flow from upstream to downstream neighbours), allowing diverse assemblages to capture a greater fraction of suspended resources than is caught by any species monoculture. The fundamental nature of this form of hydrodynamic facilitation suggests that it is broadly applicable to freshwater and marine habitats; in addition, it has several analogues in terrestrial ecosystems where fluxes of energy and matter can be influenced by biophysical complexity(3,5,6). Thus, changes in species diversity may alter the probability of positive species interactions, resulting in disproportionately large changes in the functioning of ecosystems.
C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Cardinale, BJ (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
NR 30
TC 673
Z9 821
U1 10
U2 613
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 24
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6870
BP 426
EP 429
DI 10.1038/415426a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 514HR
UT WOS:000173433600049
PM 11807553
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wood, WT
   Gettrust, JF
   Chapman, NR
   Spence, GD
   Hyndman, RD
AF Wood, WT
   Gettrust, JF
   Chapman, NR
   Spence, GD
   Hyndman, RD
TI Decreased stability of methane hydrates in marine sediments owing to phase-boundary roughness
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gas hydrate
AB Below water depths of about 300 metres, pressure and temperature conditions cause methane to form ice-like crystals of methane hydrate(1). Marine deposits of methane hydrate are estimated to be large, amassing about 10, 000 gigatonnes of carbon(2), and are thought to be important to global change(3,4) and seafloor stability(5,6), as well as representing a potentially exploitable energy resource(7). The extent of these deposits can usually be inferred from seismic imaging, in which the base of the methane hydrate stability zone is frequently identifiable as a smooth reflector that runs parallel to the sea floor. Here, using high-resolution seismic sections of seafloor sediments in the Cascadia margin off the coast of Vancouver Island, Canada, we observe lateral variations in the base of the hydrate stability zone, including gas-rich vertical intrusions into the hydrate stability zone. We suggest that these vertical intrusions are associated with upward flow of warmer fluids. Therefore, where seafloor fluid expulsion and methane hydrate deposits coincide, the base of the hydrate stability zone might exhibit significant roughness and increased surface area. Increased area implies that significantly more methane hydrate lies close to being unstable and hence closer to dissociation in the event of a lowering of pressure due to sea-level fall.
C1 USN, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA.
   Univ Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada.
   Pacific Geosci Ctr, Sydney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada.
C3 United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; United States Naval Research Laboratory; NRL Stennis; University of Victoria
RP Wood, WT (corresponding author), USN, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA.
EM warren.wood@nrlssc.navy.mil
NR 21
TC 184
Z9 213
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP 656
EP 660
DI 10.1038/nature01263
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 624GK
UT WOS:000179751800042
PM 12478290
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Didenko, YT
   Suslick, KS
AF Didenko, YT
   Suslick, KS
TI The energy efficiency of formation of photons, radicals and ions during single-bubble cavitation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aqueous-solutions; sonoluminescence; ultrasound; oh; terephthalate; emissions; dosimeter; spectra; light; water
AB It is extremely difficult to perform a quantitative analysis of the chemistry(1,2) associated with multibubble cavitation: unknown parameters include the number of active bubbles, the acoustic pressure acting on each bubble and the bubble size distribution. Single-bubble sonoluminescence(3-7) (characterized by the emission of picosecond flashes of light) results from nonlinear pulsations of an isolated vapour-gas bubble in an acoustic field. Although the latter offers a much simpler environment in which to study the chemical activity of cavitation, quantitative measurements have been hindered by the tiny amount of reacting gas within a single bubble (typically <10(-13) mol). Here we demonstrate the existence of chemical reactions within a single cavitating bubble, and quantify the sources of energy dissipation during bubble collapse. We measure the yields of nitrite ions, hydroxyl radicals and photons. The energy efficiency of hydroxyl radical formation is comparable to that in multibubble cavitation, but the energy efficiency of light emission is much higher. The observed rate of nitrite formation is in good agreement with the calculated diffusion rate of nitrogen into the bubble. We note that the temperatures attained in single-bubble cavitation in liquids with significant vapour pressures will be substantially limited by the endothermic chemical reactions of the polyatomic species inside the collapsing bubble.
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Suslick, KS (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, 1209 W Calif St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
EM ksuslick@uiuc.edu
NR 31
TC 315
Z9 366
U1 4
U2 176
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6896
BP 394
EP 397
DI 10.1038/nature00895
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 576MU
UT WOS:000177009700031
PM 12140551
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Greffet, JJ
   Carminati, R
   Joulain, K
   Mulet, JP
   Mainguy, SP
   Chen, Y
AF Greffet, JJ
   Carminati, R
   Joulain, K
   Mulet, JP
   Mainguy, SP
   Chen, Y
TI Coherent emission of light by thermal sources
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB A thermal light-emitting source, such as a black body or the incandescent filament of a light bulb, is often presented as a typical example of an incoherent source and is in marked contrast to a laser. Whereas a laser is highly monochromatic and very directional, a thermal source has a broad spectrum and is usually quasi-isotropic. However, as is the case with many systems, different behaviour can be expected on a microscopic scale. It has been shown recently(1,2) that the field emitted by a thermal source made of a polar material is enhanced by more than four orders of magnitude and is partially coherent at a distance of the order of 10 to 100 nm. Here we demonstrate that by introducing a periodic microstructure into such a polar material (SiC) a thermal infrared source can be fabricated that is coherent over large distances (many wavelengths) and radiates in well defined directions. Narrow angular emission lobes similar to antenna lobes are observed and the emission spectra of the source depends on the observation angle-the so-called Wolf effect(3,4). The origin of the coherent emission lies in the diffraction of surface-phonon polaritons by the grating.
C1 CNRS, Microstruct & Microelect Lab, F-92220 Bagneux, France.
   CNRS, Lab EM2C, F-92295 Chatenay Malabry, France.
   CEA, CESTA, F-33114 Le Barp, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; CEA
RP Greffet, JJ (corresponding author), Univ Rochester, Inst Opt, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
NR 12
TC 1256
Z9 1424
U1 17
U2 410
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6876
BP 61
EP 64
DI 10.1038/416061a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 527WU
UT WOS:000174211600036
PM 11882890
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alben, S
   Shelley, M
   Zhang, J
AF Alben, S
   Shelley, M
   Zhang, J
TI Drag reduction through self-similar bending of a flexible body
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID soap films; turbulence; organisms; dynamics; laminar; water; flows; wind
AB The classical theory of high-speed flow(1) predicts that a moving rigid object experiences a drag proportional to the square of its speed. However, this reasoning does not apply if the object in the flow is flexible, because its shape then becomes a function of its speed-for example, the rolling up of broad tree leaves in a stiff wind(2). The reconfiguration of bodies by fluid forces is common in nature, and can result in a substantial drag reduction that is beneficial for many organisms(3,4). Experimental studies of such flow-structure interactions(5) generally lack a theoretical interpretation that unifies the body and flow mechanics. Here we use a flexible fibre immersed in a flowing soap film to measure the drag reduction that arises from bending of the fibre by the flow. Using a model that couples hydrodynamics to bending, we predict a reduced drag growth compared to the classical theory. The fibre undergoes a bending transition, producing shapes that are self-similar; for such configurations, the drag scales with the length of self-similarity, rather than the fibre profile width. These predictions are supported by our experimental data.
C1 NYU, Courant Inst Math Sci, Appl Math Lab, New York, NY 10012 USA.
   NYU, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10003 USA.
C3 New York University; New York University
RP Shelley, M (corresponding author), NYU, Courant Inst Math Sci, Appl Math Lab, 251 Mercer St, New York, NY 10012 USA.
NR 20
TC 255
Z9 286
U1 7
U2 150
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 479
EP 481
DI 10.1038/nature01232
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600038
PM 12466836
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wood, D
   Greener, V
   Hampshire, DP
AF Wood, D
   Greener, V
   Hampshire, DP
TI Physics - Oxygen drips upwards from superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Durham, Sch Engn, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   Univ Durham, Dept Phys, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
C3 Durham University; Durham University
RP Wood, D (corresponding author), Univ Durham, Sch Engn, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 21
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6874
BP 860
EP 860
DI 10.1038/415860a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 523EL
UT WOS:000173941000030
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuruvilla, FG
   Shamji, AF
   Sternson, SM
   Hergenrother, PJ
   Schreiber, SL
AF Kuruvilla, FG
   Shamji, AF
   Sternson, SM
   Hergenrother, PJ
   Schreiber, SL
TI Dissecting glucose signalling with diversity-oriented synthesis and small-molecule microarrays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; ure2p; tor; protein; expression; regulator; ligand; gln3p
AB Small molecules that alter protein function provide a means to modulate biological networks with temporal resolution. Here we demonstrate a potentially general and scalable method of identifying such molecules by application to a particular protein, Ure2p, which represses the transcription factors Gln3p and Nil1p(1-3). By probing a high-density microarray of small molecules generated by diversity-oriented synthesis with fluorescently labelled Ure2p, we performed 3,780 protein-binding assays in parallel and identified several compounds that bind Ure2p. One compound, which we call uretupamine, specifically activates a glucose-sensitive transcriptional pathway downstream of Ure2p. Whole-genome transcription profiling and chemical epistasis demonstrate the remarkable Ure2p specificity of uretupamine and its ability to modulate the glucose-sensitive subset of genes downstream of Ure2p. These results demonstrate that diversity-oriented synthesis and small-molecule microarrays can be used to identify small molecules that bind to a protein of interest, and that these small molecules can regulate specific functions of the protein.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Bauer Ctr Genom Res, Inst Chem & Cell Biol,Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Biophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Schreiber, SL (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Bauer Ctr Genom Res, Inst Chem & Cell Biol,Howard Hughes Med Inst, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM-38627] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 325
Z9 384
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6881
BP 653
EP 657
DI 10.1038/416653a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 539YV
UT WOS:000174901900048
PM 11948353
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ioffe, LB
   Feigel'man, MV
   Ioselevich, A
   Ivanov, D
   Troyer, M
   Blatter, G
AF Ioffe, LB
   Feigel'man, MV
   Ioselevich, A
   Ivanov, D
   Troyer, M
   Blatter, G
TI Topologically protected quantum bits using Josephson junction arrays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID valence-bond state; phase; lattice; superconductivity; superposition; computation
AB All physical implementations of quantum bits (or qubits, the logical elements in a putative quantum computer) must overcome conflicting requirements: the qubits should be manipulable through external signals, while remaining isolated from their environment. Proposals based on quantum optics emphasize optimal isolation(1-3), while those following the solid-state route exploit the variability and scalability of nanoscale fabrication techniques(4-8). Recently, various designs using superconducting structures have been successfully tested for quantum coherent operation(9-11), however, the ultimate goal of reaching coherent evolution over thousands of elementary operations remains a formidable task. Protecting qubits from decoherence by exploiting topological stability is a qualitatively new proposal(12) that holds promise for long decoherence times, but its physical implementation has remained unclear. Here we show how strongly correlated systems developing an isolated twofold degenerate quantum dimer liquid ground state can be used in the construction of topologically stable qubits; we discuss their implementation using Josephson junction arrays. Although the complexity of their architecture challenges the technology base available today, such topological qubits greatly benefit from their built-in fault-tolerance.
C1 ETH Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   LD Landau Theoret Phys Inst, Moscow 117940, Russia.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Russian Academy of Sciences; Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics
RP Blatter, G (corresponding author), ETH Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM blatterj@itp.phys.ethz.ch
NR 25
TC 191
Z9 211
U1 2
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 31
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6871
BP 503
EP 506
DI 10.1038/415503a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 516PQ
UT WOS:000173564300039
PM 11823853
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huber, H
   Hohn, MJ
   Rachel, R
   Fuchs, T
   Wimmer, VC
   Stetter, KO
AF Huber, H
   Hohn, MJ
   Rachel, R
   Fuchs, T
   Wimmer, VC
   Stetter, KO
TI A new phylum of Archaea represented by a nanosized hyperthermophilic symbiont
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna; visualization; diversity; sequences; bacteria
AB According to small subunit ribosomal RNA (ss rRNA) sequence comparisons all known Archaea belong to the phyla Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, and-indicated only by environmental DNA sequences-to the 'Korarchaeota'(1,2). Here we report the cultivation of a new nanosized hyperthermophilic archaeon from a submarine hot vent. This archaeon cannot be attached to one of these groups and therefore must represent an unknown phylum which we name 'Nanoarchaeota' and species, which we name 'Nanoarchaeum equitans'. Cells of 'N. equitans' are spherical, and only about 400 nm in diameter. They grow attached to the surface of a specific archaeal host, a new member of the genus Ignicoccus(3) . The distribution of the 'Nanoarchaeota' is so far unknown. Owing to their unusual ss rRNA sequence, members remained undetectable by commonly used ecological studies based on the polymerase chain reaction(4). 'N. equitans' harbours the smallest archaeal genome; it is only 0.5 megabases in size. This organism will provide insight into the evolution of thermophily, of tiny genomes and of interspecies communication.
C1 Univ Regensburg, Lehrstuhl Mikrobiol & Archaeenzentrum, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Med Res, Dept Cell Physiol, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 University of Regensburg; Max Planck Society
RP Stetter, KO (corresponding author), Univ Regensburg, Lehrstuhl Mikrobiol & Archaeenzentrum, Univ Str 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
NR 26
TC 562
Z9 712
U1 1
U2 146
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6884
BP 63
EP 67
DI 10.1038/417063a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 546ZM
UT WOS:000175307200037
PM 11986665
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hayashi, K
   Matsuishi, S
   Kamiya, T
   Hirano, M
   Hosono, H
AF Hayashi, K
   Matsuishi, S
   Kamiya, T
   Hirano, M
   Hosono, H
TI Light-induced conversion of an insulating refractory oxide into a persistent electronic conductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anion
AB Materials that are good electrical conductors are not in general optically transparent, yet a combination of high conductivity and transparency is desirable for many emerging opto-electronic applications(1-6). To this end, various transparent oxides composed of transition or post-transition metals (such as indium tin oxide) are rendered electrically conducting by ion doping(1-6). But such an approach does not work for the abundant transparent oxides of the main-group metals. Here we demonstrate process by which the transparent insulating oxide 12CaO.7Al(2)O(3) (refs 7-13) can be converted into an electrical conductor. H- ions are incorporated into the subnanometre-sized cages of the oxide by a thermal treatment in a hydrogen atmosphere; subsequent irradiation of the material with ultraviolet light results in a conductive state that persists after irradiation ceases. The photo-activated material exhibits moderate electrical conductivity (similar to0.3 S cm(-1)) at room temperature, with visible light absorption losses of only one per cent for 200-nm-thick films. We suggest that this concept can be applied to other main-group metal oxides, for the direct optical writing of conducting wires in insulating transparent media and the formation of a high-density optical memory.
C1 Japan Sci & Technol Corp, Exploratory Res Adv Technol, Transparent Electroact Mat Project, Tatatsu Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 2130012, Japan.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Mat & Struct Lab, Midori Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268503, Japan.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology
RP Hayashi, K (corresponding author), Japan Sci & Technol Corp, Exploratory Res Adv Technol, Transparent Electroact Mat Project, Tatatsu Ku, KSP C-1232,3-2-1 Sakado, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 2130012, Japan.
EM k-hayashi@net.ksp.or.jp
NR 22
TC 417
Z9 453
U1 4
U2 203
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6906
BP 462
EP 465
DI 10.1038/nature01053
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 599RF
UT WOS:000178348400032
PM 12368851
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lever, C
   Wills, T
   Cacucci, F
   Burgess, N
   O'Keefe, J
AF Lever, C
   Wills, T
   Cacucci, F
   Burgess, N
   O'Keefe, J
TI Long-term plasticity in hippocampal place-cell representation of environmental geometry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptive-fields; cortex; memory; rat; lesions; neurons; inputs; task
AB The hippocampus is widely believed to be involved in the storage or consolidation of long-term memories(1-4). Several reports have shown short-term changes in single hippocampal unit activity during memory and plasticity experiments(5-12), but there has been no experimental demonstration of long-term persistent changes in neuronal activity in any region except primary cortical areas(13-16). Here we report that, in rats repeatedly exposed to two differently shaped environments, the hippocampal-place-cell representations of those environments gradually and incrementally diverge; this divergence is specific to environmental shape, occurs independently of explicit reward, persists for periods of at least one month, and transfers to new enclosures of the same shape. These results indicate that place cells may be a neural substrate for long-term incidental learning, and demonstrate the long-term stability of an experience-dependent firing pattern in the hippocampal formation.
C1 UCL, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, Inst Cognit Neurosci, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London
RP Lever, C (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, Mortimer St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM John@maze.ucl.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [G117/433] Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [G117/433] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [G117/433] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 30
TC 368
Z9 427
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6876
BP 90
EP 94
DI 10.1038/416090a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 527WU
UT WOS:000174211600045
PM 11882899
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vassylyev, DG
   Sekine, S
   Laptenko, O
   Lee, J
   Vassylyeva, MN
   Borukhov, S
   Yokoyama, S
AF Vassylyev, DG
   Sekine, S
   Laptenko, O
   Lee, J
   Vassylyeva, MN
   Borukhov, S
   Yokoyama, S
TI Crystal structure of a bacterial RNA polymerase holoenzyme at 2.6 Å resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli sigma-70; sigma(70) subunit; promoter recognition; mutational analysis; conserved regions; transcription; binding; dna; elongation; complex
AB In bacteria, the binding of a single protein, the initiation factor sigma, to a multi-subunit RNA polymerase core enzyme results in the formation of a holoenzyme, the active form of RNA polymerase essential for transcription initiation. Here we report the crystal structure of a bacterial RNA polymerase holoenzyme from Thermus thermophilus at 2.6 Angstrom resolution. In the structure, two amino-terminal domains of the sigma subunit form a V-shaped structure near the opening of the upstream DNA-binding channel of the active site cleft. The carboxy-terminal domain of sigma is near the outlet of the RNA-exit channel, about 57 Angstrom from the N-terminal domains. The extended linker domain forms a hairpin protruding into the active site cleft, then stretching through the RNA-exit channel to connect the N- and C-terminal domains. The holoenzyme structure provides insight into the structural organization of transcription intermediate complexes and into the mechanism of transcription initiation.
C1 RIKEN, Spring 8, Harima Inst, Cellular Signaling Lab, Sayo, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
   RIKEN, Spring 8, Harima Inst, Structurome Res Grp, Sayo, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
   SUNY Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA.
   RIKEN, Genom Sci Ctr, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biophys & Biochem, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute; RIKEN; RIKEN; Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute; State University of New York (SUNY) System; SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University; RIKEN; University of Tokyo
RP Vassylyev, DG (corresponding author), RIKEN, Spring 8, Harima Inst, Cellular Signaling Lab, 1-1-1 Kouto,Mikazuki Cho, Sayo, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
EM dmitry@yumiyoshi.harima.riken.go.jp; serbor@asan.com; yokoyama@biochem.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 48
TC 644
Z9 779
U1 1
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6890
BP 712
EP 719
DI 10.1038/nature752
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 561QY
UT WOS:000176154700037
PM 12000971
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kanamaru, S
   Leiman, PG
   Kostyuchenko, VA
   Chipman, PR
   Mesyanzhinov, VV
   Arisaka, F
   Rossmann, MG
AF Kanamaru, S
   Leiman, PG
   Kostyuchenko, VA
   Chipman, PR
   Mesyanzhinov, VV
   Arisaka, F
   Rossmann, MG
TI Structure of the cell-puncturing device of bacteriophage T4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tail lysozyme; baseplate; program; protein
AB Bacteriophage T4 has a very efficient mechanism for infecting cells(1). The key component of this process is the baseplate, located at the end of the phage tail, which regulates the interaction of the tail fibres and the DNA ejection machine(2). A complex of gene product (gp) 5 (63K) and gp27 (44K), the central part of the baseplate, is required to penetrate the outer cell membrane of Escherichia coli and to disrupt the intermembrane peptidoglycan layer, promoting subsequent entry of phage DNA into the host. We present here a crystal structure of the (gp5-gp27)(3) 321K complex, determined to 2.9 Angstrom resolution and fitted into a cryoelectron microscopy map at 17 Angstrom resolution of the baseplate-tail tube assembly. The carboxy-terminal domain of gp5 is a triple-stranded beta-helix that forms an equilateral triangular prism, which acts as a membrane-puncturing needle. The middle lysozyme domain of gp5, situated on the periphery of the prism, serves to digest the peptidoglycan layer. The amino-terminal, antiparallel beta-barrel domain of gp5 is inserted into a cylinder formed by three gp27 monomers, which may serve as a channel for DNA ejection.
C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Biol Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
   Shemyakin Ovchinnikov Inst Bioorgan Chem, Lab Mol Bioengn, Moscow, Russia.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Fac Biosci & Biotechnol, Dept Life Sci, Midori Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268501, Japan.
C3 Purdue University System; Purdue University; Russian Academy of Sciences; Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research (PSCBI) of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology
RP Rossmann, MG (corresponding author), Purdue Univ, Dept Biol Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
EM mgr@indiana.bio.purdue.edu
NR 23
TC 319
Z9 375
U1 1
U2 81
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 31
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6871
BP 553
EP 557
DI 10.1038/415553a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 516PQ
UT WOS:000173564300053
PM 11823865
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sin, WC
   Haas, K
   Ruthazer, ES
   Cline, HT
AF Sin, WC
   Haas, K
   Ruthazer, ES
   Cline, HT
TI Dendrite growth increased by visual activity requires NMDA receptor and Rho GTPases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calcium current; in-vivo; inhibition; plasticity; interacts; proteins; syngap; family; domain; rac
AB Previous studies suggest that neuronal activity may guide the development of synaptic connections in the central nervous system through mechanisms involving glutamate receptors and GTPase-dependent modulation of the actin cytoskeleton(1-7). Here we demonstrate by in vivo time-lapse imaging of optic tectal cells in Xenopus laevis tadpoles that enhanced visual activity driven by a light stimulus promotes dendritic arbor growth. The stimulus-induced dendritic arbor growth requires glutamate-receptor-mediated synaptic transmission, decreased RhoA activity and increased Rac and Cdc42 activity. The results delineate a role for Rho GTPases in the structural plasticity driven by visual stimulation in vivo.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
RP Cline, HT (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, POB 100, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM cline@cshl.org
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY012102, F32 EY006963] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 368
Z9 448
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6906
BP 475
EP 480
DI 10.1038/nature00987
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 599RF
UT WOS:000178348400036
PM 12368855
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bustamante, CD
   Nielsen, R
   Sawyer, SA
   Olsen, KM
   Purugganan, MD
   Hartl, DL
AF Bustamante, CD
   Nielsen, R
   Sawyer, SA
   Olsen, KM
   Purugganan, MD
   Hartl, DL
TI The cost of inbreeding in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID selection; polymorphism; populations; divergence; drosophila; patterns; mutation; thaliana; locus
AB Population geneticists have long sought to estimate the distribution of selection intensities among genes of diverse function across the genome. Only recently have DNA sequencing and analytical techniques converged to make this possible. Important advances have come from comparing genetic variation within species (polymorphism) with fixed differences between species (divergence)(1,2). These approaches have been used to examine individual genes for evidence of selection. Here we use the fact that the time since species divergence allows combination of data across genes. In a comparison of amino-acid replacements among species of the mustard weed Arabidopsis with those among species of the fruitfly Drosophila, we find evidence for predominantly beneficial gene substitutions in Drosophila but predominantly detrimental substitutions in Arabidopsis. We attribute this difference to the Arabidopsis mating system of partial self-fertilization, which corroborates a prediction of population genetics theory(3-6) that species with a high frequency of inbreeding are less efficient in eliminating deleterious mutations owing to their reduced effective population size.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Biometr, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Math, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   N Carolina State Univ, Dept Genet, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Cornell University; Washington University (WUSTL); North Carolina State University
RP Hartl, DL (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, 16 Divin Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 18
TC 243
Z9 273
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6880
BP 531
EP 534
DI 10.1038/416531a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 537JY
UT WOS:000174756500042
PM 11932744
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Szabó, P
   Scheuring, I
   Czárán, T
   Szathmáry, E
AF Szabó, P
   Scheuring, I
   Czárán, T
   Szathmáry, E
TI In silico simulations reveal that replicators with limited dispersal evolve towards higher efficiency and fidelity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-polymerase; crystal-structure; evolution; polymerization; mechanisms; life
AB The emergence of functional replicases, acting quickly and with high accuracy, was crucial to the origin of life(1). Although where the first RNA molecules came from is still unknown, it is nevertheless assumed that catalytic RNA enzymes (ribozymes) with replicase function emerged at some early stage of evolution(1). The fidelity of copying is especially important because the mutation load limits the length of replicating templates that can be maintained by natural selection(2). An increase in template length is disadvantageous for a fixed digit copying fidelity, however, longer molecules are expected to be better replicases. An iteration for longer molecules with better replicase function has been suggested(3,4) and analysed mathematically(5). Here we show that more efficient replicases can spread, provided they are adsorbed to a prebiotic mineral surface. A cellular automaton(6) simulation reveals that copying fidelity, replicase speed and template efficiency all increase with evolution, despite the presence of molecular parasites, essentially because of reciprocal atruism(7) ('within-species mutualism') on the surface(8), thus making a gradual improvement of replicase function more plausible.
C1 Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Plant Taxon & Ecol, Res Grp Ecol & Theoret Biol, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
   Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, Adapt Dynam Network, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
   Collegium Budapest Inst Adv Study, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary.
C3 HUN-REN; HUN-REN Centre for Agricultural Research; Eotvos Lorand University; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)
RP Szathmáry, E (corresponding author), Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Plant Taxon & Ecol, Res Grp Ecol & Theoret Biol, 1-C Pazmany P Setany, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
EM szathmary@colbud.hu
NR 27
TC 117
Z9 127
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6913
BP 340
EP 343
DI 10.1038/nature01187
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 617BM
UT WOS:000179340400048
PM 12447445
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Waks, E
   Inoue, K
   Santori, C
   Fattal, D
   Vuckovic, J
   Solomon, GS
   Yamamoto, Y
AF Waks, E
   Inoue, K
   Santori, C
   Fattal, D
   Vuckovic, J
   Solomon, GS
   Yamamoto, Y
TI Secure communication: Quantum cryptography with a photon turnstile
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID key distribution
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, EL Ginzton Labs, MURI, IST,ICORP,Quantum Entanglement Project, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Solid State Photon Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   NTT Corp, Basic Res Labs, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Stanford University; NTT, Inc
RP Waks, E (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, EL Ginzton Labs, MURI, IST,ICORP,Quantum Entanglement Project, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA.
EM edo@stanford.edu
NR 10
TC 285
Z9 310
U1 2
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 26
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6917
BP 762
EP 762
DI 10.1038/420762a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 626WR
UT WOS:000179897300046
PM 12490939
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Zuilen, MA
   Lepland, A
   Arrhenius, G
AF van Zuilen, MA
   Lepland, A
   Arrhenius, G
TI Reassessing the evidence for the earliest traces of life
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID isua supracrustal belt; west-greenland; greenstone-belt; isotopic composition; sedimentary-rocks; iron-formation; carbon; origin; metamorphism; earth
AB The isotopic composition of graphite is commonly used as a biomarker in the oldest (> 3.5 Gyr ago) highly metamorphosed terrestrial rocks. Earlier studies on isotopic characteristics of graphite occurring in rocks of the approximately 3.8-Gyr-old Isua supracrustal belt (ISB) in southern West Greenland have suggested the presence of a vast microbial ecosystem in the early Archean(1-4). This interpretation, however, has to be approached with extreme care(5). Here we show that graphite occurs abundantly in secondary carbonate veins in the ISB that are formed at depth in the crust by injection of hot fluids reacting with older crustal rocks (metasomatism). During these reactions, graphite forms from the disproportionation of Fe(II)-bearing carbonates at high temperature. These metasomatic rocks, which clearly lack biological relevance, were earlier thought to be of sedimentary origin and their graphite association provided the basis for inferences about early life(1-4). The new observations thus call for a reassessment of previously presented evidence for ancient traces of life in the highly metamorphosed Early Archaean rock record.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Geol Survey Norway, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
   Tallinn Univ Technol, Inst Geol, Tallinn, Estonia.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Geological Survey of Norway; Tallinn University of Technology
RP van Zuilen, MA (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM mvanzuil@ucsd.edu
NR 29
TC 247
Z9 269
U1 1
U2 55
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 627
EP 630
DI 10.1038/nature00934
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600039
PM 12167858
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mottram, DS
   Wedzicha, BL
   Dodson, AT
AF Mottram, DS
   Wedzicha, BL
   Dodson, AT
TI Acrylamide is formed in the Maillard reaction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Reading, Sch Food Biosci, Reading RG6 6AP, Berks, England.
   Univ Leeds, Procter Dept Food Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Reading; University of Leeds
RP Mottram, DS (corresponding author), Univ Reading, Sch Food Biosci, Reading RG6 6AP, Berks, England.
EM d.s.mottram@reading.ac.uk
NR 7
TC 1842
Z9 2159
U1 11
U2 645
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6906
BP 448
EP 449
DI 10.1038/419448a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 599RF
UT WOS:000178348400025
PM 12368844
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Béjà, O
   Suzuki, MT
   Heidelberg, JF
   Nelson, WC
   Preston, CM
   Hamada, T
   Eisen, JA
   Fraser, CM
   DeLong, EF
AF Béjà, O
   Suzuki, MT
   Heidelberg, JF
   Nelson, WC
   Preston, CM
   Hamada, T
   Eisen, JA
   Fraser, CM
   DeLong, EF
TI Unsuspected diversity among marine aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photosynthesis gene-cluster; rhodobacter-capsulatus; bacteriochlorophyll alpha; bacteria; organization; subunit; region
AB Aerobic, anoxygenic, phototrophic bacteria containing bacteriochlorophyll a (Bchla) require oxygen for both growth and Bchla synthesis(1-6). Recent reports suggest that these bacteria are widely distributed in marine plankton, and that they may account for up to 5% of surface ocean photosynthetic electron transport 7 and 11% of the total microbial community(8). Known planktonic anoxygenic phototrophs belong to only a few restricted groups within the Proteobacteria a-subclass. Here we report genomic analyses of the photosynthetic gene content and operon organization in naturally occurring marine bacteria. These photosynthetic gene clusters included some that most closely resembled those of Proteobacteria from the beta-subclass, which have never before been observed in marine environments. Furthermore, these photosynthetic genes were broadly distributed in marine plankton, and actively expressed in neritic bacterioplankton assemblages, indicating that the newly identified phototrophs were photosynthetically competent. Our data demonstrate that planktonic bacterial assemblages are not simply composed of one uniform, widespread class of anoxygenic phototrophs, as previously proposed(8); rather, these assemblages contain multiple, distantly related, photosynthetically active bacterial groups, including some unrelated to known and cultivated types.
C1 Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA.
   Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Marine Biotechnol Inst, Kamaishi Labs, Kamaishi, Iwate 0260001, Japan.
C3 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute; J. Craig Venter Institute
RP DeLong, EF (corresponding author), Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA.
NR 25
TC 335
Z9 381
U1 1
U2 76
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 7
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6872
BP 630
EP 633
DI 10.1038/415630a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 519DC
UT WOS:000173709100043
PM 11832943
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Frazzetta, TH
   Kardong, KV
AF Frazzetta, TH
   Kardong, KV
TI Biomechanics - Prey attack by a large theropod dinosaur
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Biol Ecol Ethol & Evolut, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Washington State University
RP Frazzetta, TH (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Biol Ecol Ethol & Evolut, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
NR 10
TC 9
Z9 10
U1 1
U2 89
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6879
BP 387
EP 388
DI 10.1038/416387a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 534UX
UT WOS:000174607800034
PM 11919619
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beall, EL
   Manak, JR
   Zhou, S
   Bell, M
   Lipsick, JS
   Botchan, MR
AF Beall, EL
   Manak, JR
   Zhou, S
   Bell, M
   Lipsick, JS
   Botchan, MR
TI Role for a Drosophila Myb-containing protein complex in site-specific DNA replication
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chorion gene amplification; origin recognition complex; binding domain; identification; element; cells
AB There is considerable interest in the developmental, temporal and tissue-specific patterns of DNA replication in metazoans(1,2). Site-specific DNA replication at the chorion loci in Drosophila follicle cells leads to extensive gene amplification, and the organization of the cis-acting DNA elements that regulate this process may provide a model for how such regulation is achieved(3). Two elements important for amplification of the third chromosome chorion gene cluster, ACE3 and Ori-beta, are directly bound by Orc(4-6) (origin recognition complex), and two-dimensional gel analysis has revealed that the primary origin used is Ori-beta (refs 7-9). Here we show that the Drosophila homologue of the Myb (Myeloblastosis) oncoprotein family is tightly associated with four additional proteins, and that the complex binds site-specifically to these regulatory DNA elements. Drosophila Myb is required in trans for gene amplification, showing that a Myb protein is directly involved in DNA replication. A Drosophila Myb binding site, as well as the binding site for another Myb complex member (p120), is necessary in cis for replication of reporter transgenes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments localize both proteins to the chorion loci in vivo. These data provide evidence that specific protein complexes bound to replication enhancer elements work together with the general replication machinery for site-specific origin utilization during replication.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Botchan, MR (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 229 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 26
TC 193
Z9 237
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 26
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6917
BP 833
EP 837
DI 10.1038/nature01228
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 626WR
UT WOS:000179897300061
PM 12490953
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aono, N
   Sutani, T
   Tomonaga, T
   Mochida, S
   Yanagida, M
AF Aono, N
   Sutani, T
   Tomonaga, T
   Mochida, S
   Yanagida, M
TI Cnd2 has dual roles in mitotic condensation and interphase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chromosome condensation; fission yeast; schizosaccharomyces-pombe; s-phase; cdc2 phosphorylation; topoisomerase-ii; protein-kinase; checkpoint; mitosis; gene
AB Chromosome condensation requires condensin(1-4), which comprises five subunits(5,6). Two of these subunits-both being structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) proteins-are coiled-coils with globular terminal domains that interact with ATP and DNA. The remaining three, non-SMC subunits also have essential, albeit undefined, roles in condensation. Here we report that Cnd2 (ref. 6), a non-SMC subunit of fission yeast similar to Drosophila Barren 7 and the budding yeast protein Brn1 (refs 8, 9), is required for both interphase and mitotic condensation. In cnd2-1 mutants, ultraviolet-induced DNA damage is not repaired, and cells arrested by hydroxyurea do not recover. A definitive defect of interphase is abolishment of Cds1 (a checkpoint kinase) activation in the presence of hydroxyurea in both cnd2-1 mutant cells and in cells where other condensin subunits have been genetically disrupted. In the absence of hydroxyurea, a G2 checkpoint delay occurred in cnd2-1 mutants in a manner dependent on Cds1 and ATM-like Rad3, but not Chk1 (refs 10-13), before the mitotic condensation defect. Furthermore, cnd2-1 was synthetic-lethal with mutations of excision repair, RecQ helicase and DNA replication enzymes. These interphase and mitotic defects provide insight into the mechanistic role of non-SMC subunits that interact with the globular SMC domains in the heteropentameric holocomplex(14).
C1 Kyoto Univ, Dept Gene Mech, Grad Sch Biostudies, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068582, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University
RP Yanagida, M (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Dept Gene Mech, Grad Sch Biostudies, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068582, Japan.
NR 30
TC 119
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6885
BP 197
EP 202
DI 10.1038/417197a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 549RH
UT WOS:000175460200048
PM 12000964
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sarrao, JL
   Morales, LA
   Thompson, JD
   Scott, BL
   Stewart, GR
   Wastin, F
   Rebizant, J
   Boulet, P
   Colineau, E
   Lander, GH
AF Sarrao, JL
   Morales, LA
   Thompson, JD
   Scott, BL
   Stewart, GR
   Wastin, F
   Rebizant, J
   Boulet, P
   Colineau, E
   Lander, GH
TI Plutonium-based superconductivity with a transition temperature above 18 K
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID critical-field
AB Plutonium is a metal of both technological relevance and fundamental scientific interest. Nevertheless, the electronic structure of plutonium, which directly influences its metallurgical properties(1), is poorly understood. For example, plutonium's 5f electrons are poised on the border between localized and itinerant, and their theoretical treatment pushes the limits of current electronic structure calculations(2). Here we extend the range of complexity exhibited by plutonium with the discovery of superconductivity in PuCoGa5. We argue that the observed superconductivity results directly from plutonium's anomalous electronic properties and as such serves as a bridge between two classes of spin-fluctuation-mediated superconductors: the known heavy-fermion superconductors and the high-T-c copper oxides. We suggest that the mechanism of superconductivity is unconventional; seen in that context, the fact that the transition temperature, T-c approximate to 18.5 K, is an order of magnitude greater than the maximum seen in the U- and Ce-based heavy-fermion systems may be natural. The large critical current displayed by PuCoGa5, which comes from radiation-induced self damage that creates pinning centres, would be of technological importance for applied superconductivity if the hazardous material plutonium were not a constituent.
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
   European Commiss, JRC, Inst Transuranium Elements, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; European Commission Joint Research Centre; EC JRC Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU)
RP Sarrao, JL (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM sarrao@lanl.gov
NR 14
TC 458
Z9 481
U1 3
U2 128
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6913
BP 297
EP 299
DI 10.1038/nature01212
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 617BM
UT WOS:000179340400036
PM 12447434
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, HE
   Stanley, TB
   Montana, VG
   Lambert, MH
   Shearer, BG
   Cobb, JE
   McKee, DD
   Galardi, CM
   Plunket, KD
   Nolte, RT
   Parks, DJ
   Moore, JT
   Kliewer, SA
   Willson, TM
   Stimmel, JB
AF Xu, HE
   Stanley, TB
   Montana, VG
   Lambert, MH
   Shearer, BG
   Cobb, JE
   McKee, DD
   Galardi, CM
   Plunket, KD
   Nolte, RT
   Parks, DJ
   Moore, JT
   Kliewer, SA
   Willson, TM
   Stimmel, JB
TI Structural basis for antagonist-mediated recruitment of nuclear co-repressors by PPARα
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated receptor-gamma; histone deacetylase; transcriptional repression; promyelocytic leukemia; hormone receptors; binding; coactivator; recognition; smrt; corepressors
AB Repression of gene transcription by nuclear receptors is mediated by interactions with co-repressor proteins such as SMRT and NCoR1,2, which in turn recruit histone deacetylases to the chromatin(3-5). Aberrant interactions between nuclear receptors and co-repressors contribute towards acute promyelocytic leukaemia and thyroid hormone resistance syndrome (6-8). The binding of co-repressors to nuclear receptors occurs in the unliganded state, and can be stabilized by antagonists(9). Here we report the crystal structure of a ternary complex containing the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha ligand-binding domain bound to the antagonist GW6471 and a SMRT co-repressor motif. In this structure, the co-repressor motif adopts a three-turn alpha-helix that prevents the carboxy-terminal activation helix (AF-2) of the receptor from assuming the active conformation. Binding of the co-repressor motif is further reinforced by the antagonist, which blocks the AF-2 helix from adopting the active position. Biochemical analyses and structure-based mutagenesis indicate that this mode of co-repressor binding is highly conserved across nuclear receptors.
C1 GlaxoSmithKline, Nucl Receptor Discovery Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
C3 GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA
RP Xu, HE (corresponding author), GlaxoSmithKline, Nucl Receptor Discovery Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
EM ex11957@gsk.com
NR 30
TC 551
Z9 636
U1 1
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 14
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6873
BP 813
EP 817
DI 10.1038/415813a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 521HE
UT WOS:000173833900052
PM 11845213
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gaggiotti, OE
   Jones, F
   Lee, WM
   Amos, W
   Harwood, J
   Nichols, RA
AF Gaggiotti, OE
   Jones, F
   Lee, WM
   Amos, W
   Harwood, J
   Nichols, RA
TI Patterns of colonization in a metapopulation of grey seals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID population-structure
AB The colonization of a new habitat is a fundamental process in metapopulation biology(1), but it is difficult to study. The emigration of colonists from established populations might be induced by resource competition owing to high local population density(2,3). Migration distances are also important because they determine the frequency and scale of recolonization and hence the spatial scale of the metapopulation(4). Traditionally, these factors have been investigated with demographic approaches that are labour-intensive and are only possible in amenable species. In many cases, genetic differentiation is minimal, preventing traditional genetic approaches from identifying the source of colonists unambiguously. Here we present a bayesian approach that integrates genetic, demographic and geographic distance data. We apply the method to study the British metapopulation of grey seals, which has been growing at 6% per year over the last few decades(5). Our method reveals differential recruitment to three newly founded colonies and implicates density-dependent dispersal in metapopulation dynamics by using genetic data.
C1 Queen Mary Univ London, Sch Biol Sci, London E1 4NS, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ St Andrews, NERC, Sea Mammal Res Unit, Gatty Marine Lab, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland.
C3 University of London; Queen Mary University London; University of Cambridge; University of Edinburgh; University of St Andrews; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
RP Nichols, RA (corresponding author), Queen Mary Univ London, Sch Biol Sci, Mile End Rd, London E1 4NS, England.
EM r.a.nichols@qmul.ac.uk
NR 15
TC 74
Z9 82
U1 0
U2 55
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6879
BP 424
EP 427
DI 10.1038/416424a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 534UX
UT WOS:000174607800045
PM 11919630
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ohtomo, A
   Muller, DA
   Grazul, JL
   Hwang, HY
AF Ohtomo, A
   Muller, DA
   Grazul, JL
   Hwang, HY
TI Artificial charge-modulation in atomic-scale perovskite titanate superlattices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID grain-boundary; mott-insulator; hubbard-model; hartree-fock; stem; resolution; magnetism
AB The nature and length scales of charge screening in complex oxides are fundamental to a wide range of systems, spanning ceramic voltage-dependent resistors (varistors), oxide tunnel junctions and charge ordering in mixed-valence compounds(1-6). There are wide variations in the degree of charge disproportionation, length scale, and orientation in the mixed-valence compounds: these have been the subject of intense theoretical study(7-11), but little is known about the microscopic electronic structure. Here we have fabricated an idealized structure to examine these issues by growing atomically abrupt layers of LaTi3+O3 embedded in SrTi4+O3. Using an atomic-scale electron beam, we have observed the spatial distribution of the extra electron on the titanium sites. This distribution results in metallic conductivity, even though the superlattice structure is based on two insulators. Despite the chemical abruptness of the interfaces, we find that a minimum thickness of five LaTiO3 layers is required for the centre titanium site to recover bulk-like electronic properties. This represents a framework within which the short-length-scale electronic response can be probed and incorporated in thin-film oxide heterostructures.
C1 Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies
RP Hwang, HY (corresponding author), Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
NR 25
TC 949
Z9 1057
U1 8
U2 550
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6905
BP 378
EP 380
DI 10.1038/nature00977
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 596ZB
UT WOS:000178195400040
PM 12353030
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jayne, BC
   Voris, HK
   Ng, PKL
AF Jayne, BC
   Voris, HK
   Ng, PKL
TI Herpetology: Snake circumvents constraints on prey size
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID constriction
C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Biol Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA.
   Field Museum Nat Hist, Div Amphibians & Reptiles, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
   Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Biol Sci, Raffles Museum Biodivers Res, Singapore 119260, Singapore.
C3 University System of Ohio; University of Cincinnati; Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago); National University of Singapore
RP Jayne, BC (corresponding author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Biol Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA.
NR 7
TC 65
Z9 71
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6894
BP 143
EP 143
DI 10.1038/418143a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 571GV
UT WOS:000176710400028
PM 12110878
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhu, M
   Yu, XB
AF Zhu, M
   Yu, XB
TI A primitive fish close to the common ancestor of tetrapods and lungfish
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID psarolepis; australia
AB The relationship of the three living groups of sarcopterygians or lobe-finned fish (tetrapods, lungfish and coelacanths) has been a matter of debate(1-5). Although opinions still differ, most recent phylogenies suggest that tetrapods are more closely related to lungfish than to coelacanths(6-10). However, no previously known fossil taxon exhibits a concrete character combination approximating the condition expected in the last common ancestor of tetrapods and lungfish-and it is still poorly understood how early sarcopterygians diverged into the tetrapod lineage (Tetrapodomorpha)(7) and the lungfish lineage (Dipnomorpha)(7). Here we describe a fossil sarcopterygian fish, Styloichthys changae gen. et sp. nov., that possesses an eyestalk and which exhibits the character combination expected in a stem group close to the last common ancestor of tetrapods and lungfish. Styloichthys from the Lower Devonian of China bridges the morphological gap between stem-group sarcopterygians (Psarolepis and Achoania)(10) and basal tetrapodomorphs/basal dipnomorphs. It provides information that will help in the study of the relationship of early sarcopterygians, and which will also help to resolve the tetrapod-lungfish divergence into a documented sequence of character acquisition.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   Kean Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Union, NJ 07083 USA.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS; Kean University
RP Zhu, M (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, POB 643, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
EM zhumin@ht.rol.cn.net
NR 30
TC 108
Z9 133
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6899
BP 767
EP 770
DI 10.1038/nature00871
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 583UF
UT WOS:000177428000036
PM 12181564
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Monnier, PP
   Sierra, A
   Macchi, P
   Deitinghoff, L
   Andersen, JS
   Mann, M
   Flad, M
   Hornberger, MR
   Stahl, B
   Bonhoeffer, F
   Mueller, BK
AF Monnier, PP
   Sierra, A
   Macchi, P
   Deitinghoff, L
   Andersen, JS
   Mann, M
   Flad, M
   Hornberger, MR
   Stahl, B
   Bonhoeffer, F
   Mueller, BK
TI RGM is a repulsive guidance molecule for retinal axons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chick visual-system; recognition; gradients; membranes; sequences; protein
AB Axons rely on guidance cues to reach remote targets during nervous system development(1). A well-studied model system for axon guidance is the retinotectal projection. The retina can be divided into halves; the nasal half, next to the nose, and the temporal half. A subset of retinal axons, those from the temporal half, is guided by repulsive cues expressed in a graded fashion in the optic tectum(2,3), part of the midbrain. Here we report the cloning and functional characterization of a membrane-associated glycoprotein, which we call RGM (repulsive guidance molecule). This molecule shares no sequence homology with known guidance cues, and its messenger RNA is distributed in a gradient with increasing concentration from the anterior to posterior pole of the embryonic tectum. Recombinant RGM at low nanomolar concentration induces collapse of temporal but not of nasal growth cones and guides temporal retinal axons in vitro, demonstrating its repulsive and axon-specific guiding activity.
C1 Migragen AG, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Entwicklungsbiol, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Univ So Denmark, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark.
   Develogen AG, D-37079 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Southern Denmark
RP Mueller, BK (corresponding author), Migragen AG, Spemannstr 34, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
NR 14
TC 258
Z9 320
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6905
BP 392
EP 395
DI 10.1038/nature01041
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 596ZB
UT WOS:000178195400045
PM 12353034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Namouni, F
   Porco, C
AF Namouni, F
   Porco, C
TI The confinement of Neptune's ring arcs by the moon Galatea
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID model
AB Neptune has five narrow ring arcs, spanning about 40 degrees in longitude, which are apparently confined against the rapid azimuthal and radial spreading that normally results from inter-particle collisions. A gravitational resonance based on the vertical motion of the nearby neptunian moon Galatea was proposed(1,2) to explain the trapping of the ring particles into a sequence of arcs. But recent observations(3,4) have indicated that the arcs are away from the resonance, leaving their stability again unexplained. Here we report that a resonance based on Galatea's eccentricity is responsible for the angular confinement of the arcs. The mass of the arcs affects the precession of Galatea's eccentric orbit, which will enable a mass estimate from future observations of Galatea's eccentricity.
C1 SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
RP Namouni, F (corresponding author), SW Res Inst, 1050 Walnut St, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
EM fathi@ciclops.swri.edu
NR 16
TC 51
Z9 55
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6884
BP 45
EP 47
DI 10.1038/417045a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 546ZM
UT WOS:000175307200032
PM 11986660
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hoege, C
   Pfander, B
   Moldovan, GL
   Pyrowolakis, G
   Jentsch, S
AF Hoege, C
   Pfander, B
   Moldovan, GL
   Pyrowolakis, G
   Jentsch, S
TI RAD6-dependent DNA repair is linked to modification of PCNA by ubiquitin and SUMO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell nuclear antigen; conjugating enzyme complex; ring finger proteins; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; postreplication repair; polyubiquitin chain; crystal-structure; srs2 suppressor; uv sensitivity; yeast septins
AB The RAD6 pathway is central to post-replicative DNA repair in eukaryotic cells; however, the machinery and its regulation remain poorly understood. Two principal elements of this pathway are the ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes RAD6 and the MMS2-UBC13 heterodimer, which are recruited to chromatin by the RING-finger proteins RAD18 and RAD5, respectively. Here we show that UBC9, a small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)-conjugating enzyme, is also affiliated with this pathway and that proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-a DNA-polymerase sliding clamp involved in DNA synthesis and repair-is a substrate. PCNA is monoubiquitinated through RAD6 and RAD18, modified by lysine-63-linked multi-ubiquitination-which additionally requires MMS2, UBC13 and RAD5-and is conjugated to SUMO by UBC9. All three modifications affect the same lysine residue of PCNA, suggesting that they label PCNA for alternative functions. We demonstrate that these modifications differentially affect resistance to DNA damage, and that damage-induced PCNA ubiquitination is elementary for DNA repair and occurs at the same conserved residue in yeast and humans.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biochem, Dept Mol Cell Biol, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Jentsch, S (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biochem, Dept Mol Cell Biol, Klopferspitz 18A, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
NR 52
TC 1835
Z9 2319
U1 27
U2 732
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6903
BP 135
EP 141
DI 10.1038/nature00991
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 592HK
UT WOS:000177931200033
PM 12226657
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Prokopenko, AA
   Williams, DF
   Kuzmin, MI
   Karabanov, EB
   Khursevich, GK
   Peck, JA
AF Prokopenko, AA
   Williams, DF
   Kuzmin, MI
   Karabanov, EB
   Khursevich, GK
   Peck, JA
TI Muted climate variations in continental Siberia during the mid-Pleistocene epoch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lake baikal; record; insolation; glaciation; cycles; origin; age
AB The large difference in carbon and oxygen isotope data from the marine record between marine oxygen isotope stage 12 (MIS 12) and MIS 11, spanning the interval between about 480 and 380 kyr ago, has been interpreted as a transition between an extremely cold glacial period and an unusually warm interglacial period, with consequences for global ice volume, sea level and the global carbon cycle(1-4). The extent of the change is intriguing, because orbital forcing is predicted to have been relatively weak at that time(5). Here we analyse a continuous sediment record from Lake Baikal, Siberia, which reveals a virtually continuous interglacial diatom assemblage, a stable littoral benthic diatom assemblage and lithogenic sediments with 'interglacial' characteristics for the period from MIS 15a to MIS 11 (from about 580 to 380 kyr ago). From these data, we infer significantly weaker climate contrasts between MIS 12 and 11 than during more recent glacial-interglacial transitions in the late Pleistocene epoch (about 130 to 10 kyr ago). For the period from MIS 15a to MIS 11, we also infer an apparent lack of extensive mountain glaciation.
C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, Siberian Branch, United Inst Geol Geophys & Mineral, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
   Russian Acad Sci, Siberian Branch, Inst Geochem, Irkutsk 664033, Russia.
   Inst Geol Sci, Minsk 220141, BELARUS.
   Univ Akron, Dept Geol, Akron, OH 44325 USA.
C3 University of South Carolina System; University of South Carolina Columbia; Russian Academy of Sciences; Sobolev Institute of Geology & Mineralogy of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology & Geophysics; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Sciences; Irkutsk Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences; A.P. Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the RAS; University System of Ohio; University of Akron
RP Prokopenko, AA (corresponding author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
EM sasha@geol.sc.edu
NR 29
TC 77
Z9 83
U1 1
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6893
BP 65
EP 68
DI 10.1038/nature00886
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 569JL
UT WOS:000176599200038
PM 12097906
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ryan, MP
   Williams, DE
   Chater, RJ
   Hutton, BM
   McPhail, DS
AF Ryan, MP
   Williams, DE
   Chater, RJ
   Hutton, BM
   McPhail, DS
TI Why stainless steel corrodes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pitting corrosion; sulfide inclusions; crevice corrosion; mns inclusions; initiation; metals; dissolution; microscopy; breakdown; mechanism
AB Stainless steels are used in countless diverse applications for their corrosion resistance. Although they have extremely good general resistance, they are nevertheless susceptible to pitting corrosion. This localized dissolution of an oxide-covered metal in specific aggressive environments is one of the most common and catastrophic causes of failure of metallic structures. The pitting process has been described as random, sporadic and stochastic and the prediction of the time and location of events remains extremely difficult(1). Many contested models of pitting corrosion exist, but one undisputed aspect is that manganese sulphide inclusions play a critical role. Indeed, the vast majority of pitting events are found to occur at, or adjacent to, such second-phase particles(2,3). Chemical changes in and around sulphide inclusions have been postulated(4) as a mechanism for pit initiation but such variations have never been measured. Here we use nanometre-scale secondary ion mass spectroscopy to demonstrate a significant reduction in the Cr:Fe ratio of the steel matrix around MnS particles. These chromium-depleted zones are susceptible to high-rate dissolution that 'triggers' pitting. The implications of these results are that materials processing conditions control the likelihood of corrosion failures, and these data provide a basis for optimizing such conditions.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Mat, London SW7 2BP, England.
   UCL, Dept Chem, London WC1H 0AJ, England.
C3 Imperial College London; University of London; University College London
RP Ryan, MP (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Mat, Prince Consort Rd, London SW7 2BP, England.
EM m.p.ryan@ic.ac.uk
NR 22
TC 642
Z9 716
U1 9
U2 399
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 14
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6873
BP 770
EP 774
DI 10.1038/415770a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 521HE
UT WOS:000173833900040
PM 11845203
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jesson, LK
   Barrett, SCH
AF Jesson, LK
   Barrett, SCH
TI Enantiostyly: Solving the puzzle of mirror-image flowers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Bot, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto
RP Jesson, LK (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Bot, 25 Willcocks St, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada.
EM barrett@botany.utoronto.ca
NR 6
TC 106
Z9 127
U1 2
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6890
BP 707
EP 707
DI 10.1038/417707a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 561QY
UT WOS:000176154700034
PM 12066175
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaminski, A
   Rosenkranz, S
   Fretwell, HM
   Campuzano, JC
   Li, Z
   Raffy, H
   Cullen, WG
   You, H
   Olson, CG
   Varma, CM
   Höchst, H
AF Kaminski, A
   Rosenkranz, S
   Fretwell, HM
   Campuzano, JC
   Li, Z
   Raffy, H
   Cullen, WG
   You, H
   Olson, CG
   Varma, CM
   Höchst, H
TI Spontaneous breaking of time-reversal symmetry in the pseudogap state of a high-Tc superconductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase; model; gap
AB A change in 'symmetry' is often observed when matter undergoes a phase transition-the symmetry is said to be spontaneously broken. The transition made by underdoped high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) superconductors is unusual, in that it is not a mean-field transition as seen in other superconductors. Rather, there is a region in the phase diagram above the superconducting transition temperature T-c (where phase coherence and superconductivity begin) but below a characteristic temperature T* where a 'pseudogap' appears in the spectrum of electronic excitations(1,2). It is therefore important to establish if T* is just a cross-over temperature arising from fluctuations in the order parameter that will establish superconductivity at T-c (refs 3, 4), or if it marks a phase transition where symmetry is spontaneously broken(5-10). Here we report that, for a material in the pseudogap state, left-circularly polarized photons give a different photocurrent from right-circularly polarized photons. This shows that time-reversal symmetry is spontaneously broken(11) below T*, which therefore corresponds to a phase transition.
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Univ Coll Swansea, Dept Phys, Swansea SA2 8PP, W Glam, Wales.
   Univ Paris 11, Phys Solides Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA.
   Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Synchrotron Radiat, Stoughton, WI 53589 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; Swansea University; Universite Paris Saclay; Iowa State University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Ames National Laboratory; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T; University of Wisconsin System
RP Campuzano, JC (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
EM jcc@uic.edu
NR 17
TC 276
Z9 306
U1 1
U2 71
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6881
BP 610
EP 613
DI 10.1038/416610a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 539YV
UT WOS:000174901900036
PM 11948344
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gavin, AC
   Bösche, M
   Krause, R
   Grandi, P
   Marzioch, M
   Bauer, A
   Schultz, J
   Rick, JM
   Michon, AM
   Cruciat, CM
   Remor, M
   Höfert, C
   Schelder, M
   Brajenovic, M
   Ruffner, H
   Merino, A
   Klein, K
   Hudak, M
   Dickson, D
   Rudi, T
   Gnau, V
   Bauch, A
   Bastuck, S
   Huhse, B
   Leutwein, C
   Heurtier, MA
   Copley, RR
   Edelmann, A
   Querfurth, E
   Rybin, V
   Drewes, G
   Raida, M
   Bouwmeester, T
   Bork, P
   Seraphin, B
   Kuster, B
   Neubauer, G
   Superti-Furga, G
AF Gavin, AC
   Bösche, M
   Krause, R
   Grandi, P
   Marzioch, M
   Bauer, A
   Schultz, J
   Rick, JM
   Michon, AM
   Cruciat, CM
   Remor, M
   Höfert, C
   Schelder, M
   Brajenovic, M
   Ruffner, H
   Merino, A
   Klein, K
   Hudak, M
   Dickson, D
   Rudi, T
   Gnau, V
   Bauch, A
   Bastuck, S
   Huhse, B
   Leutwein, C
   Heurtier, MA
   Copley, RR
   Edelmann, A
   Querfurth, E
   Rybin, V
   Drewes, G
   Raida, M
   Bouwmeester, T
   Bork, P
   Seraphin, B
   Kuster, B
   Neubauer, G
   Superti-Furga, G
TI Functional organization of the yeast proteome by systematic analysis of protein complexes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID large-scale analysis; genomic analysis; gene-expression; identification; purification; generation; subunits; cell
AB Most cellular processes are carried out by multiprotein complexes. The identification and analysis of their components provides insight into how the ensemble of expressed proteins (proteome) is organized into functional units. We used tandem-affinity purification (TAP) and mass spectrometry in a large-scale approach to characterize multiprotein complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We processed 1,739 genes, including 1,143 human orthologues of relevance to human biology, and purified 589 protein assemblies. Bioinformatic analysis of these assemblies defined 232 distinct multiprotein complexes and proposed new cellular roles for 344 proteins, including 231 proteins with no previous functional annotation. Comparison of yeast and human complexes showed that conservation across species extends from single proteins to their molecular environment. Our analysis provides an outline of the eukaryotic proteome as a network of protein complexes at a level of organization beyond binary interactions. This higher-order map contains fundamental biological information and offers the context for a more reasoned and informed approach to drug discovery.
C1 Cellzome AG, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   CNRS, CGM, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 GlaxoSmithKline; Cellzome GmbH; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Gavin, AC (corresponding author), Cellzome AG, Meyerhofstr 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM anne-claude.gavin@cellzome.com; giulio.superti-furga@cellzome.com
NR 46
TC 3803
Z9 4454
U1 4
U2 318
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 10
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6868
BP 141
EP 147
DI 10.1038/415141a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 509PR
UT WOS:000173159300033
PM 11805826
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matsuda, M
   Nagahama, Y
   Shinomiya, A
   Sato, T
   Matsuda, C
   Kobayashi, T
   Morrey, CE
   Shibata, N
   Asakawa, S
   Shimizu, N
   Hori, H
   Hamaguchi, S
   Sakaizumi, M
AF Matsuda, M
   Nagahama, Y
   Shinomiya, A
   Sato, T
   Matsuda, C
   Kobayashi, T
   Morrey, CE
   Shibata, N
   Asakawa, S
   Shimizu, N
   Hori, H
   Hamaguchi, S
   Sakaizumi, M
TI DMY is a Y-specific DM-domain gene required for male development in the medaka fish
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sex-chromosm; oryzias-latipes; teleost fish; germ-cells; expression; dmrt1; dna; differentiation; spermatogenesis; construction
AB Although the sex-determining gene Sry has been identified in mammals(1), no comparable genes have been found in non-mammalian vertebrates. Here, we used recombinant breakpoint analysis to restrict the sex-determining region in medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) to a 530-kilobase (kb) stretch of the Y chromosome. Deletion analysis of the Y chromosome of a congenic XY female further shortened the region to 250 kb. Shotgun sequencing of this region predicted 27 genes. Three of these genes were expressed during sexual differentiation. However, only the DM-related(2) PG17 was Y specific; we thus named it DMY. Two naturally occurring mutations establish DMY's critical role in male development. The first heritable mutant-a single insertion in exon 3 and the subsequent truncation of DMY-resulted in all XY female offspring. Similarly, the second XY mutant female showed reduced DMY expression with a high proportion of XY female offspring. During normal development, DMY is expressed only in somatic cells of XY gonads. These findings strongly suggest that the sex-specific DMY is required for testicular development and is a prime candidate for the medaka sex-determining gene.
C1 Natl Inst Basic Biol, Reprod Biol Lab, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Niigata Univ, Grad Sch Sci & Technol, Niigata 9502181, Japan.
   Shinshu Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biol, Nagano 3908621, Japan.
   Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1608582, Japan.
   Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
C3 National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB); Niigata University; Shinshu University; Keio University; Nagoya University
RP Nagahama, Y (corresponding author), Natl Inst Basic Biol, Reprod Biol Lab, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
EM nagahama@nibb.ac.jp
NR 27
TC 1191
Z9 1356
U1 6
U2 290
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6888
BP 559
EP 563
DI 10.1038/nature751
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 556QK
UT WOS:000175860300045
PM 12037570
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Radaelli, PG
   Horibe, Y
   Gutmann, MJ
   Ishibashi, H
   Chen, CH
   Ibberson, RM
   Koyama, Y
   Hor, YS
   Kiryukhin, V
   Cheong, SW
AF Radaelli, PG
   Horibe, Y
   Gutmann, MJ
   Ishibashi, H
   Chen, CH
   Ibberson, RM
   Koyama, Y
   Hor, YS
   Kiryukhin, V
   Cheong, SW
TI Formation of isomorphic Ir3+ and Ir4+ octamers and spin dimerization in the spinel CuIr2S4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metal-insulator-transition; peierls transition; system; temperature; refinement; cugeo3
AB Inorganic compounds with the AB(2)X(4) spinel structure have been studied for many years, because of their unusual physical properties. The spinel crystallographic structure, first solved by Bragg in 1915(1), has cations occupying both tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites. Interesting physics arises when the B-site cations become mixed in valence. Magnetite (Fe3O4) is a classic and still unresolved example, where the tendency to form ordered arrays of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions competes with the topological frustration of the B-site network(2). The CuIr2S4 thiospinel is another example, well known for the presence of a metal-insulator transition at 230 K with an abrupt decrease of the electrical conductivity on cooling accompanied by the loss of localized magnetic moments(3-7). Here, we report the determination of the crystallographic structure of CuIr2S4 below the metal-insulator transition. Our results indicate that CuIr2S4 undergoes a simultaneous charge-ordering and spin-dimerization transition-a rare phenomenon in three-dimensional compounds. Remarkably, the charge-ordering pattern consists of isomorphic octamers of Ir83+S24 and Ir84+S24 (as isovalent bi-capped hexagonal rings). This extraordinary arrangement leads to an elegant description of the spinel structure, but represents an increase in complexity with respect to all the known charge-ordered structures, which are typically based on stripes, slabs or chequerboard patterns.
C1 Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
   Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Waseda Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 169, Japan.
   Waseda Univ, Kagami Mem lab Mat Sci & Technol, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 169, Japan.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Univ Osaka Prefecture, Dept Mat Sci, Osaka 599, Japan.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; Waseda University; Waseda University; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Osaka Metropolitan University
RP Radaelli, PG (corresponding author), Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
NR 22
TC 337
Z9 355
U1 3
U2 150
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6877
BP 155
EP 158
DI 10.1038/416155a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 530FR
UT WOS:000174348100031
PM 11894088
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nonaka, S
   Shiratori, H
   Saijoh, Y
   Hamada, H
AF Nonaka, S
   Shiratori, H
   Saijoh, Y
   Hamada, H
TI Determination of left-right patterning of the mouse embryo by artificial nodal flow
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID left-right asymmetry; situs-inversus; expression; mice; cilia
AB Substantial insight has recently been achieved into the mechanisms responsible for the generation of left-right (L-R) asymmetry in the vertebrate body plan(1-4). However, the mechanism that underlies the initial breaking of symmetry has remained unclear. In the mouse, a leftward fluid flow on the ventral side of the node caused by the vortical motion of cilia (referred to as nodal flow) is implicated in symmetry breaking(5), but direct evidence for the role of this flow has been lacking. Here we describe the development of a system in which mouse embryos are cultured under an artificial fluid flow and with which we have examined how flow affects L-R patterning. An artificial rightward flow that was sufficiently rapid to reverse the intrinsic leftward nodal flow resulted in reversal of situs in wild-type embryos. The artificial flow was also able to direct the situs of mutant mouse embryos with immotile cilia. These results provide the first direct evidence for the role of mechanical fluid flow in L-R patterning.
C1 Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Frontier Biosci, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Tokyo, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Nonaka, S (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Frontier Biosci, 1-3 Yamada Oka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
NR 18
TC 533
Z9 671
U1 0
U2 90
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6893
BP 96
EP 99
DI 10.1038/nature00849
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 569JL
UT WOS:000176599200046
PM 12097914
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lashuel, HA
   Hartley, D
   Petre, BM
   Walz, T
   Lansbury, PT
AF Lashuel, HA
   Hartley, D
   Petre, BM
   Walz, T
   Lansbury, PT
TI Neurodegenerative disease - Amyloid pores from pathogenic mutations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alzheimers-disease; toxicity
C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Ctr Neurol Dis, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Lansbury, PT (corresponding author), Brigham & Womens Hosp, Ctr Neurol Dis, 65 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 13
TC 1136
Z9 1318
U1 0
U2 121
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6895
BP 291
EP 291
DI 10.1038/418291a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 574BF
UT WOS:000176868000031
PM 12124613
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Di Paolo, G
   Pellegrini, L
   Letinic, K
   Cestra, G
   Zoncu, R
   Voronov, S
   Chang, SH
   Guo, J
   Wenk, MR
   De Camilli, P
AF Di Paolo, G
   Pellegrini, L
   Letinic, K
   Cestra, G
   Zoncu, R
   Voronov, S
   Chang, SH
   Guo, J
   Wenk, MR
   De Camilli, P
TI Recruitment and regulation of phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase type 1γ by the FERM domain of talin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sh3 domain; membrane; phosphoinositides; adhesion; binding; disruption; molecules
AB Membrane phosphoinositides control a variety of cellular processes through the recruitment and/or regulation of cytosolic proteins(1-4). One mechanism ensuring spatial specificity in phosphoinositide signalling is the targeting of enzymes that mediate their metabolism to specific subcellular sites. Phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase type 1gamma (PtdInsPKIgamma) is a phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase that is expressed at high levels in brain, and is concentrated at synapses(5,6). Here we show that the predominant brain splice variant of PtdInsPKIg (PtdInsPKIgamma-90) binds, by means of a short carboxy-terminal peptide, to the FERM domain of talin, and is strongly activated by this interaction. Talin, a principal component of focal adhesion plaques 7,is also present at synapses. PtdInsPKIgamma-90 is expressed in non-neuronal cells, albeit at much lower levels than in neurons, and is concentrated at focal adhesion plaques, where phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate has an important regulatory role. Overexpression of PtdInsPKIgamma-90, or expression of its C-terminal domain, disrupts focal adhesion plaques, probably by local disruption of normal phosphoinositide balance. These findings define an interaction that has a regulatory role in cell adhesion and suggest new similarities between molecular interactions underlying synaptic junctions and general mechanisms of cell adhesion.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
C3 Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University
RP De Camilli, P (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
EM pietro.decamilli@yale.edu
FU Telethon [485/B] Funding Source: Medline; Fondazione Telethon Funding Source: Custom
NR 30
TC 389
Z9 454
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6911
BP 85
EP 89
DI 10.1038/nature01147
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 612HJ
UT WOS:000179068100041
PM 12422219
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kovac, JM
   Leitch, EM
   Pryke, C
   Carlstrom, JE
   Halverson, NW
   Holzapfel, WL
AF Kovac, JM
   Leitch, EM
   Pryke, C
   Carlstrom, JE
   Halverson, NW
   Holzapfel, WL
TI Detection of polarization in the cosmic microwave background using DASI
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID power spectrum; angular scales; gravity-waves; radio-sources; anisotropy; radiation; sky; ghz; resolution; primer
AB The past several years have seen the emergence of a standard cosmological model, in which small temperature differences in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation on angular scales of the order of a degree are understood to arise from acoustic oscillations in the hot plasma of the early Universe, arising from primordial density fluctuations. Within the context of this model, recent measurements of the temperature fluctuations have led to profound conclusions about the origin, evolution and composition of the Universe. Using the measured temperature fluctuations, the theoretical framework predicts the level of polarization of the CMB with essentially no free parameters. Therefore, a measurement of the polarization is a critical test of the theory and thus of the validity of the cosmological parameters derived from the CMB measurements. Here we report the detection of polarization of the CMB with the Degree Angular Scale Interferometer (DASI). The polarization is deteced with high confidence, and its level and spatial distribution are in excellent agreement with the predictions of the standard theory.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Ctr Astrophys Res Antarctica, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Ctr Cosmol Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Kovac, JM (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 75
TC 519
Z9 636
U1 1
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 26
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6917
BP 772
EP 787
DI 10.1038/nature01269
PG 16
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 626WR
UT WOS:000179897300048
PM 12490941
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hobbs, PV
AF Hobbs, PV
TI Atmosphere science - Clean air slots amid atmospheric pollution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID layers
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Hobbs, PV (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
NR 7
TC 19
Z9 22
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 21
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6874
BP 861
EP 861
DI 10.1038/415861a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 523EL
UT WOS:000173941000032
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lavrov, AN
   Komiya, S
   Ando, Y
AF Lavrov, AN
   Komiya, S
   Ando, Y
TI Antiferromagnets - Magnetic shape-memory effects in a crystal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Cent Res Inst Elect Power Ind, Tokyo 2018511, Japan.
C3 Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry - Japan
RP Lavrov, AN (corresponding author), Cent Res Inst Elect Power Ind, Tokyo 2018511, Japan.
NR 4
TC 106
Z9 114
U1 1
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6896
BP 385
EP 386
DI 10.1038/418385a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 576MU
UT WOS:000177009700027
PM 12140547
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Park, ST
   Kim, SK
   Kim, MS
AF Park, ST
   Kim, SK
   Kim, MS
TI Observation of conformation-specific pathways in the photodissociation of 1-iodopropane ions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protonated cyclopropane; laser control; dynamics; pulses
AB Many molecules can rotate freely around single bonds and thereby interconvert between different conformations, such as gauche and anti 1,2-disubstituted ethane, a classic example of conformational isomerism(1-3). Even though rotation occurs rapidly at room temperature, the product selectivity seen in some reactions has been explained by conformation-dependent reaction mechanisms 4,5 : if reactant molecules differing only in their conformation are located at different positions on the reaction path, they may undergo different reactions. But a direct verification of this effect is difficult, because the energy barrier separating conformational isomers is so low that under ambient conditions reactants with more than one conformation will be present(1). But by using temperatures low enough to suppress the interconversion between different conformations, gauche-1-iodopropane ions and anti-1-iodopropane ions have been selectively generated(6). Here we show that the kinetic energy released during the photodissociation of 1-iodopropane ions depends strongly on the conformation of the ions. Thermodynamic arguments and ab initio calculations indicate that this difference in kinetic energy release results from differences in the reaction mechanism, with gauche-1-iodopropane ions forming 2-propyl ions and anti-1-iodopropane ions forming protonated cyclopropane ions. These findings suggest that the well-known concept of conformation selection forms the basis of a simple scheme for reaction control, thus providing in some cases an attractive alternative for more involved schemes that utilize the phase and pulse shape of laser beams to control chemical reactions(7-10).
C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Natl Creat Res Initiat Control React Dynam, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
   Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Chem, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
   Inha Univ, Dept Chem, Inchon 402751, South Korea.
C3 Seoul National University (SNU); Seoul National University (SNU); Inha University
RP Kim, MS (corresponding author), Seoul Natl Univ, Natl Creat Res Initiat Control React Dynam, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
NR 24
TC 126
Z9 135
U1 1
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 17
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6869
BP 306
EP 308
DI 10.1038/415306a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 511YC
UT WOS:000173293500039
PM 11797004
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Imai, H
   Obara, K
   Diamond, PJ
   Omodaka, T
   Sasao, T
AF Imai, H
   Obara, K
   Diamond, PJ
   Omodaka, T
   Sasao, T
TI A collimated jet of molecular gas from a star on the asymptotic giant branch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID planetary-nebulae; oh/ir stars; h2o masers; circumstellar envelopes; bipolar outflows; evolved stars; water masers; protoplanetary; protostars
AB Evolved stars of about one solar mass are in general spherically symmetric, yet the planetary nebulae that they produce in the next phase of their evolution tend not to exhibit such symmetry. Collimated 'jets' and outflows of material have been observed(1-5) up to similar to0.3 parsec from the central stars of planetary nebulae, and precession of those jets has been proposed(1) to explain the observed asymmetries. Moreover, it has recently been shown 6 theoretically that magnetic fields could launch and collimate such jets. Here we report the detection of a collimated and precessing jet of molecular gas that is traced by water-vapour maser spots similar to500 astronomical units (AU) from the star W43A in Aquila. We conclude that the jet is formed in the immediate vicinity of the star, and infer that elongated planetary nebulae are formed by jets during the short period, of less than 1,000 years, when the star makes its transition through the proto-planetary nebula phase to become a planetary nebula.
C1 Mizusawa Astrogeodynam Observ, Mizusawa, Iwate 0230861, Japan.
   Kagoshima Univ, Dept Phys, Kagoshima 8900065, Japan.
   Univ Manchester, Jodrell Bank Observ, Macclesfield SK11 9DL, Cheshire, England.
   Natl Astron Observ, VERA Project Off, Tokyo, Japan.
C3 National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); Kagoshima University; University of Manchester; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ)
RP Imai, H (corresponding author), Joint Inst VLBI Europe, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands.
NR 30
TC 116
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6891
BP 829
EP 831
DI 10.1038/nature00788
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 563YM
UT WOS:000176285600040
PM 12075345
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goldreich, P
   Lithwick, Y
   Sari, R
AF Goldreich, P
   Lithwick, Y
   Sari, R
TI Formation of Kuiper-belt binaries by dynamical friction and three-body encounters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fragmentation; accretion; velocity; objects
AB The Kuiper belt is a disk of icy bodies that orbit the Sun beyond Neptune(1); the largest known members are Pluto and its companion Charon. A few per cent of Kuiper-belt bodies have recently been found to be binaries with wide separations and mass ratios of the order of unity(2-8). Collisions were too infrequent to account for the observed number of binaries(9),implying that these binaries formed through collisionless interactions mediated by gravity. These interactions are likely to have been most effective during the period of runaway accretion, early in the Solar System's history. Here we show that a transient binary forms when two large bodies penetrate one another's Hill sphere (the region where their mutual forces are larger than the tidal force of the Sun). The loss of energy needed to stabilize the binary orbit can then occur either through dynamical friction from surrounding small bodies, or through the gravitational scattering of a third large body. Our estimates slightly favour the former mechanism. We predict that five per cent of Kuiper-belt objects are binaries with apparent separations greater than 0.2 arcsec, and that most are in tighter binaries or systems of higher multiplicity.
C1 CALTECH 130 33, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Inst Adv Study, Sch Nat Sci, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Institute for Advanced Study - USA; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Sari, R (corresponding author), CALTECH 130 33, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 21
TC 189
Z9 200
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP 643
EP 646
DI 10.1038/nature01227
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 624GK
UT WOS:000179751800038
PM 12478286
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Falnes, PO
   Johansen, RF
   Seeberg, E
AF Falnes, PO
   Johansen, RF
   Seeberg, E
TI AlkB-mediated oxidative demethylation reverses DNA damage in Escherichia coli
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adaptive response; alkylating-agents; glycosylase; induction; adducts; bearing; repair; cells
AB The bacterial AlkB protein is known to be involved in cellular recovery from alkylation damage; however, the function of this protein remains unknown. AlkB homologues have been identified in several organisms, including humans, and a recent sequence alignment study has suggested that these proteins may belong to a superfamily of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent and iron-dependent oxygenases (2OG-Fe(II)-oxygenases)(1). Here we show that AlkB from Escherichia coli is indeed a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent and iron-dependent DNA repair enzyme that releases replication blocks in alkylated DNA by a mechanism involving oxidative demethylation of 1-methyladenine residues. This mechanism represents a new pathway for DNA repair and the third type of DNA damage reversal mechanism so far discovered.
C1 Univ Oslo, Natl Hosp, Ctr Mol Biol & Neurosci, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
   Univ Oslo, Natl Hosp, Inst Med Microbiol, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
C3 University of Oslo; National Hospital Norway; University of Oslo; National Hospital Norway
RP Falnes, PO (corresponding author), Univ Oslo, Natl Hosp, Ctr Mol Biol & Neurosci, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
NR 19
TC 535
Z9 638
U1 0
U2 77
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6903
BP 178
EP 182
DI 10.1038/nature01048
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 592HK
UT WOS:000177931200044
PM 12226668
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smaglik, P
AF Smaglik, P
TI Building Nordic networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP A3
EP +
DI 10.1038/420a03a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 625LG
UT WOS:000179817500002
PM 12501120
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beisel, C
   Imhof, A
   Greene, J
   Kremmer, E
   Sauer, F
AF Beisel, C
   Imhof, A
   Greene, J
   Kremmer, E
   Sauer, F
TI RETRACTED: Histone methylation by the Drosophila epigenetic transcriptional regulator Ash1 (Retracted article. See vol. 521, pg. 110, 2015)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID genetic-analysis; lysine 9; chromatin; h3; protein; trithorax; polycomb; methyltransferase; inheritance; activation
AB The establishment and maintenance of mitotic and meiotic stable (epigenetic) transcription patterns is fundamental for cell determination and function(1). Epigenetic regulation of transcription is mediated by epigenetic activators and repressors, and may require the establishment, 'spreading' and maintenance of epigenetic signals(2). Although these signals remain unclear, it has been proposed that chromatin structure and consequently post-translational modification of histones may have an important role in epigenetic gene expression(3,4). Here we show that the epigenetic activator Ash1 (ref. 5) is a multi-catalytic histone methyl-transferase (HMTase) that methylates lysine residues 4 and 9 in H3 and 20 in H4. Transcriptional activation by Ash1 coincides with methylation of these three lysine residues at the promoter of Ash1 target genes. The methylation pattern placed by Ash1 may serve as a binding surface for a chromatin remodelling complex containing the epigenetic activator Brahma (Brm)(6), an ATPase, and inhibits the interaction of epigenetic repressors with chromatin. Chromatin immunoprecipitation indicates that epigenetic activation of Ultrabithorax transcription in Drosophila coincides with trivalent methylation by Ash1 and recruitment of Brm. Thus, histone methylation by Ash1 may provide a specific signal for the establishment of epigenetic, active transcription patterns.
C1 Heidelberg Univ, Zentrum Mol Biol, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Munich, Adolf Butenandt Inst, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biochem, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   GSF Munich, Forschungszentrum, Inst Mol Immunol, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
C3 Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; University of Munich; University of California System; University of California Riverside; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health
RP Sauer, F (corresponding author), Heidelberg Univ, Zentrum Mol Biol, Neuenheimer Feld 282, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM f.sauer@mail.zmbh.uni-heidelberg.de
NR 28
TC 239
Z9 295
U1 1
U2 41
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6909
BP 857
EP 862
DI 10.1038/nature01126
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 607BD
UT WOS:000178769800051
PM 12397363
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roubik, DW
AF Roubik, DW
TI Tropical agriculture - The value of bees to the coffee harvest
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Unit 0948, APO, AA 34002 USA.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
RP Roubik, DW (corresponding author), Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Unit 0948, APO, AA 34002 USA.
EM roubikd@tivoli.si.edu
NR 5
TC 140
Z9 164
U1 1
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6890
BP 708
EP 708
DI 10.1038/417708a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 561QY
UT WOS:000176154700035
PM 12066176
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Colegrave, N
AF Colegrave, N
TI Sex releases the speed limit on evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID term experimental evolution; escherichia-coli; recombination; selection; adaptation
AB Explaining the evolutionary maintenance of sex remains a key problem in evolutionary biology(1-3). One potential benefit of sex is that it may allow a more rapid adaptive response when environmental conditions change, by increasing the efficiency with which selection can fix beneficial mutations(4-7). Here I show that sex can increase the rate of adaptation in the facultatively sexual single-celled chlorophyte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, but that the benefits of sex depend crucially on the size of the population that is adapting: sex has a marked effect in large populations but little effect in small populations. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the benefits of sex in a novel environment, including stochastic effects in small populations, clonal interference and epistasis between beneficial alleles. These results indicate that clonal interference is important in this system.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Edinburgh
RP Colegrave, N (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
NR 15
TC 200
Z9 244
U1 0
U2 83
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP 664
EP 666
DI 10.1038/nature01191
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 624GK
UT WOS:000179751800044
PM 12478292
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harich, SA
   Dai, DX
   Wang, CC
   Yang, XM
   Chao, SD
   Skodje, RT
AF Harich, SA
   Dai, DX
   Wang, CC
   Yang, XM
   Chao, SD
   Skodje, RT
TI Forward scattering due to slow-down of the intermediate in the H+HD→D+H2 reaction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID differential cross-sections; transition-state; spectral quantization; dynamics; resonances
AB Quantum dynamical processes near the energy barrier that separates reactants from products influence the detailed mechanism by which elementary chemical reactions occur. In fact, these processes can change the product scattering behaviour from that expected from simple collision considerations, as seen in the two classical reactions F + H-2 --> HF + H and H + H-2 --> H-2 + H and their isotopic variants. In the case of the F + HD reaction, the role of a quantized trapped Feshbach resonance state had been directly determined(1), confirming previous conclusions(2) that Feshbach resonances cause state-specific forward scattering of product molecules. Forward scattering has also been observed in the H + D-2 --> HD + D reaction(3,4) and attributed to a time-delayed mechanism(3,5-7). But despite extensive experimental(8-12) and theoretical(13-18) investigations, the details of the mechanism remain unclear. Here we present crossed-beam scattering experiments and quantum calculations on the H + HD --> H-2 + D reaction. We find that the motion of the system along the reaction coordinate slows down as it approaches the top of the reaction barrier, thereby allowing vibrations perpendicular to the reaction coordinate and forward scattering. The reaction thus proceeds, as previously suggested(7), through a well-defined 'quantized bottleneck state' different from the trapped Feshbach resonance states observed before.
C1 Acad Sinica, Inst Atom & Mol Sci, Taipei, Taiwan.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Dalian Inst Chem Phys, Dalian, Peoples R China.
   Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Chem, Taipei 10764, Taiwan.
   Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Chem, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
   Inst Mol Sci, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 Academia Sinica - Taiwan; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS; National Taiwan University; National Tsing Hua University; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; Institute for Molecular Science (IMS); University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Skodje, RT (corresponding author), Acad Sinica, Inst Atom & Mol Sci, Taipei, Taiwan.
EM skodje@spot.colorado.edu
NR 29
TC 188
Z9 199
U1 1
U2 166
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6904
BP 281
EP 284
DI 10.1038/nature01068
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 594NH
UT WOS:000178056300040
PM 12239562
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lollar, BS
   Westgate, TD
   Ward, JA
   Slater, GF
   Lacrampe-Couloume, G
AF Lollar, BS
   Westgate, TD
   Ward, JA
   Slater, GF
   Lacrampe-Couloume, G
TI Abiogenic formation of alkanes in the Earth's crust as a minor source for global hydrocarbon reservoirs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID isotopic fractionation; natural-gas; methane; serpentinization; reduction; migration; hydrogen; olivine; fluids; co2
AB Natural hydrocarbons are largely formed by the thermal decomposition of organic matter (thermogenesis) or by microbial processes (bacteriogenesis). But the discovery of methane at an East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent(1) and in other crustal fluids supports the occurrence of an abiogenic source of hydrocarbons(2-4). These abiogenic hydrocarbons are generally formed by the reduction of carbon dioxide, a process which is thought to occur during magma cooling(5) and-more commonly-in hydrothermal systems during water-rock interactions, for example involving Fischer-Tropsch reactions and the serpentinization of ultramafic rocks(6-10). Suggestions that abiogenic hydrocarbons make a significant contribution to economic hydrocarbon reservoirs 2 have been difficult to resolve, in part owing to uncertainty in the carbon isotopic signatures for abiogenic versus thermogenic hydrocarbons(4,10). Here, using carbon and hydrogen isotope analyses of abiogenic methane and higher hydrocarbons in crystalline rocks of the Canadian shield, we show a clear distinction between abiogenic and thermogenic hydrocarbons. The progressive isotopic trends for the series of C-1-C-4 alkanes indicate that hydrocarbon formation occurs by way of polymerization of methane precursors. Given that these trends are not observed in the isotopic signatures of economic gas reservoirs, we can now rule out the presence of a globally significant abiogenic source of hydrocarbons.
C1 Univ Toronto, Stable Isotope Lab, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto
RP Lollar, BS (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Stable Isotope Lab, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada.
EM bsl@quartz.geology.utoronto.ca
NR 30
TC 387
Z9 438
U1 1
U2 93
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6880
BP 522
EP 524
DI 10.1038/416522a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 537JY
UT WOS:000174756500039
PM 11932741
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fleming, JG
   Lin, SY
   El-Kady, I
   Biswas, R
   Ho, KM
AF Fleming, JG
   Lin, SY
   El-Kady, I
   Biswas, R
   Ho, KM
TI All-metallic three-dimensional photonic crystals with a large infrared bandgap
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmission; emission; gaps
AB Three-dimensional (3D) metallic crystals are promising photonic bandgap(1-3) structures: they can possess a large bandgap(4-6), new electromagnetic phenomena can be explored(7-9), and high-temperature (above 1,000 degreesC) applications may be possible. However, investigation of their photonic bandgap properties is challenging, especially in the infrared and visible spectrum, as metals are dispersive and absorbing in these regions(10). Studies of metallic photonic crystals have therefore mainly concentrated on microwave and millimetre wavelengths(8,11,12). Difficulties in fabricating 3D metallic crystals present another challenge, although emerging techniques such as self-assembly(13,14) may help to resolve these problems. Here we report measurements and simulations of a 3D tungsten crystal that has a large photonic bandgap at infrared wavelengths (from about 8 to 20 mum). A very strong attenuation exists in the bandgap similar to30 dB per unit cell at 12 mum. These structures also possess other interesting optical properties; a sharp absorption peak is present at the photonic band edge, and a surprisingly large transmission is observed in the allowed band, below 6 mum. We propose that these 3D metallic photonic crystals can be used to integrate various photonic transport phenomena, allowing applications in thermophotovoltaics and blackbody emission.
C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA.
   Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Ames National Laboratory; Iowa State University
RP Lin, SY (corresponding author), Sandia Natl Labs, MS 0603,POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA.
EM slin@sandia.gov
NR 25
TC 562
Z9 659
U1 0
U2 197
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6884
BP 52
EP 55
DI 10.1038/417052a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 546ZM
UT WOS:000175307200034
PM 11986662
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klyachko, VA
   Jackson, MB
AF Klyachko, VA
   Jackson, MB
TI Capacitance steps and fusion pores of small and large-dense-core vesicles in nerve terminals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID membrane capacitance; exocytosis; release; neurotransmitter; endocytosis; recordings; diffusion; discharge; granules; events
AB The vesicles that package neurotransmitters fall into two distinct classes, large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs) and small synaptic vesicles, the coexistence of which is widespread in nerve terminals(1). High resolution capacitance recording reveals unitary steps proportional to vesicle size. Measurements of capacitance steps during LDCV and secretory granule fusion in endocrine and immune cells have provided important insights into exocytosis(2-4); however, extending these measurements to small synaptic vesicles has proven difficult. Here we report single vesicle capacitance steps in posterior pituitary nerve terminals. These nerve terminals contain neuropeptide-laden LDCVs, as well as microvesicles. Microvesicles are similar to synaptic vesicles in size, morphology 5 and molecular composition(6-8), but their contents are unknown. Capacitance steps of two characteristic sizes, corresponding with microvesicles and LDCVs, were detected in patches of nerve terminal membrane. Both types of vesicles fuse in response to depolarization-induced Ca2+ entry. Both undergo a reversible fusion process commonly referred to as 'kiss-and-run', but only rarely. Fusion pores seen during microvesicle kiss-and-run have a conductance of 19 pS, 11 times smaller than LDCV fusion pores. Thus, LDCVs and microvesicles use structurally different intermediates during exocytosis.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Physiol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Biophys Grad Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Jackson, MB (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Physiol, 1300 Univ Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM mjackson@physiology.wisc.edu
NR 30
TC 239
Z9 298
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6893
BP 89
EP 92
DI 10.1038/nature00852
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 569JL
UT WOS:000176599200044
PM 12097912
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moore, H
   Dvoráková, K
   Jenkins, N
   Breed, W
AF Moore, H
   Dvoráková, K
   Jenkins, N
   Breed, W
TI Exceptional sperm cooperation in the wood mouse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; mice; cells
AB Spermatozoa from a single male will compete for fertilization of ova with spermatozoa from another male when present in the female reproductive tract at the same time(1). Close genetic relatedness predisposes individuals towards altruism, and as haploid germ cells of an ejaculate will have genotypic similarity of 50%, it is predicted that spermatozoa may display cooperation and altruism to gain an advantage when intermale sperm competition is intense(2). We report here the probable altruistic behaviour of spermatozoa in an eutherian mammal. Spermatozoa of the common wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus, displayed a unique morphological transformation resulting in cooperation in distinctive aggregations or 'trains' of hundreds or thousands of cells, which significantly increased sperm progressive motility. Eventual dispersal of sperm trains was associated with most of the spermatozoa undergoing a premature acrosome reaction. Cells undergoing an acrosome reaction in aggregations remote from the egg are altruistic in that they help sperm transport to the egg but compromise their own fertilizing ability.
C1 Univ Sheffield, Sect Reprod & Dev Med, Sheffield S10 2UH, S Yorkshire, England.
   Charles Univ, Dept Dev Biol, CR-12844 Prague, Czech Republic.
   Univ Adelaide, Dept Anat Sci, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
C3 University of Sheffield; Charles University Prague; Adelaide University; University of Adelaide
RP Moore, H (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Sect Reprod & Dev Med, Sheffield S10 2UH, S Yorkshire, England.
NR 29
TC 204
Z9 225
U1 0
U2 65
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6894
BP 174
EP 177
DI 10.1038/nature00832
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 571GV
UT WOS:000176710400038
PM 12110888
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murray, J
   Segall, P
AF Murray, J
   Segall, P
TI Testing time-predictable earthquake recurrence by direct measurement of strain accumulation and release
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID san-andreas fault; parkfield; california; segment; models
AB Probabilistic estimates of earthquake hazard use various models for the temporal distribution of earthquakes, including the 'time-predictable' recurrence model formulated by Shimazaki and Nakata(1) (which incorporates the concept of elastic rebound described as early as 1910 by H. F. Reid(2)). This model states that an earthquake occurs when the fault recovers the stress relieved in the most recent earthquake. Unlike time-independent models (for example, Poisson probability), the time-predictable model is thought to encompass some of the physics behind the earthquake cycle, in that earthquake probability increases with time. The time-predictable model is therefore often preferred when adequate data are available, and it is incorporated in hazard predictions for many earthquake-prone regions, including northern California(3), southern California(4,5), New Zealand(6) and Japan(7). Here we show that the model fails in what should be an ideal locale for its application - Parkfield, California. We estimate rigorous bounds on the predicted recurrence time of the magnitude similar to6 1966 Parkfield earthquake through inversion of geodetic measurements and we show that, according to the time-predictable model, another earthquake should have occurred by 1987. The model's poor performance in a relatively simple tectonic setting does not bode well for its successful application to the many areas of the world characterized by complex fault interactions.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Murray, J (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 30
TC 80
Z9 92
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6904
BP 287
EP 291
DI 10.1038/nature00984
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 594NH
UT WOS:000178056300042
PM 12239564
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, F
   Rugheimer, P
   Mateeva, E
   Savage, DE
   Lagally, MG
AF Liu, F
   Rugheimer, P
   Mateeva, E
   Savage, DE
   Lagally, MG
TI Nanomechanics - Response of a strained semiconductor structure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coherent
C1 Univ Utah, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Mat Sci & Engn & Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Colorado School of Mines
RP Liu, F (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
NR 5
TC 79
Z9 86
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6880
BP 498
EP 498
DI 10.1038/416498a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 537JY
UT WOS:000174756500033
PM 11932735
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weinrauch, Y
   Drujan, D
   Shapiro, SD
   Weiss, J
   Zychlinsky, A
AF Weinrauch, Y
   Drujan, D
   Shapiro, SD
   Weiss, J
   Zychlinsky, A
TI Neutrophil elastase targets virulence factors of enterobacteria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human polymorphonuclear leukocytes; iii secretion systems; shigella-flexneri; proteins; destruction; activation; inhibitors; effectors; cells; part
AB Shigellae cause bacillary dysentery, a bloody form of diarrhoea that affects almost 200 million people and causes nearly 2 million deaths per year(1). Shigella invades the colonic mucosa, where it initiates an acute inflammation, rich in neutrophils, that initially contributes to tissue damage and eventually resolves the infection(2). Neutrophils are phagocytic cells that kill microorganisms(3,4) but it is unclear how neutrophils control pathogenic bacteria expressing virulence factors that manipulate host cells. In contrast to other cells, neutrophils prevent the escape of Shigella from phagocytic vacuoles in which the bacteria are killed(5). Here we identify human neutrophil elastase (NE) as a key host defence protein: NE degrades Shigella virulence factors at a 1,000-fold lower concentration than that needed to degrade other bacterial proteins. In neutrophils in which NE is inactivated pharmacologically or genetically, Shigella escapes from phagosomes, increasing bacterial survival. NE also preferentially cleaves virulence factors of Salmonella and Yersinia. These findings establish NE as the first neutrophil factor that targets bacterial virulence proteins.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Skirball Inst, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Pulm & Crit Care Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Iowa City Vet Adm Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol,Inflammat Program, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Iowa City Vet Adm Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med,Inflammat Program, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Infect Biol, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
C3 New York University; New York University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; University of Iowa; University of Iowa; Max Planck Society
RP Zychlinsky, A (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Skirball Inst, 540 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 USA.
NR 30
TC 257
Z9 310
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6884
BP 91
EP 94
DI 10.1038/417091a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 546ZM
UT WOS:000175307200044
PM 12018205
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Düllmann, CE
   Brüchle, W
   Dressler, R
   Eberhardt, K
   Eichler, B
   Eichler, R
   Gäggeler, HW
   Ginter, TN
   Glaus, F
   Gregorich, KE
   Hoffman, DC
   Jäger, E
   Jost, DT
   Kirbach, UW
   Lee, DM
   Nitsche, H
   Patin, JB
   Pershina, V
   Piguet, D
   Qin, Z
   Schädel, M
   Schausten, B
   Schimpf, E
   Schött, HJ
   Soverna, S
   Sudowe, R
   Thörle, P
   Timokhin, SN
   Trautmann, N
   Türler, A
   Vahle, A
   Wirth, G
   Yakushev, AB
   Zielinski, PM
AF Düllmann, CE
   Brüchle, W
   Dressler, R
   Eberhardt, K
   Eichler, B
   Eichler, R
   Gäggeler, HW
   Ginter, TN
   Glaus, F
   Gregorich, KE
   Hoffman, DC
   Jäger, E
   Jost, DT
   Kirbach, UW
   Lee, DM
   Nitsche, H
   Patin, JB
   Pershina, V
   Piguet, D
   Qin, Z
   Schädel, M
   Schausten, B
   Schimpf, E
   Schött, HJ
   Soverna, S
   Sudowe, R
   Thörle, P
   Timokhin, SN
   Trautmann, N
   Türler, A
   Vahle, A
   Wirth, G
   Yakushev, AB
   Zielinski, PM
TI Chemical investigation of hassium (element 108)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electronic-structure; separation; discovery
AB The periodic table provides a classification of the chemical properties of the elements. But for the heaviest elements, the transactinides, this role of the periodic table reaches its limits because increasingly strong relativistic effects on the valence electron shells can induce deviations from known trends in chemical properties(1-4). In the case of the first two transactinides, elements 104 and 105, relativistic effects do indeed influence their chemical properties(5), whereas elements 106 and 107 both behave as expected from their position within the periodic table(6,7). Here we report the chemical separation and characterization of only seven detected atoms of element 108 (hassium, Hs), which were generated as isotopes (269)Hs (refs 8, 9) and (270)Hs (ref. 10) in the fusion reaction between Mg-26 and Cm-248. The hassium atoms are immediately oxidized to a highly volatile oxide, presumably HsO(4), for which we determine an enthalpy of adsorption on our detector surface that is comparable to the adsorption enthalpy determined under identical conditions for the osmium oxide OsO4. These results provide evidence that the chemical properties of hassium and its lighter homologue osmium are similar, thus confirming that hassium exhibits properties as expected from its position in group 8 of the periodic table.
C1 Univ Bern, Dept Chem & Biochem, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   Paul Scherrer Inst, Lab Radio & Umweltchem, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
   Gesell Schwerionenforsch mbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany.
   Univ Mainz, Inst Kernchem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Nucl Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Modern Phys, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China.
   Joint Inst Nucl Res, Flerov Lab Nucl React, Dubna 141980, Russia.
   Tech Univ Munich, Inst Radiochem, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Res Ctr Rossendorf eV, D-01314 Dresden, Germany.
C3 University of Bern; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Paul Scherrer Institute; Helmholtz Association; GSI Helmholtz-Center for Heavy Ion Research; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Modern Physics, CAS; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research - Russia; Technical University of Munich
RP Gäggeler, HW (corresponding author), Univ Bern, Dept Chem & Biochem, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
NR 25
TC 206
Z9 214
U1 2
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6900
BP 859
EP 862
DI 10.1038/nature00980
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 585YR
UT WOS:000177555600033
PM 12192405
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leonhardt, U
AF Leonhardt, U
TI A laboratory analogue of the event horizon using slow light in an atomic medium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID black-hole; storage
AB Singularities underlie many optical phenomena(1). The rainbow, for example, involves a particular type of singularity-a ray catastrophe-in which light rays become infinitely intense. In practice, the wave nature of light resolves these infinities, producing interference patterns. At the event horizon of a black hole(2), time stands still and waves oscillate with infinitely small wavelengths. However, the quantum nature of light results in evasion of the catastrophe and the emission of Hawking radiation(3). Here I report a theoretical laboratory analogue of an event horizon: a parabolic profile of the group velocity(7) of light brought to a standstill in an atomic medium(4-6) can cause a wave singularity similar to that associated with black holes. In turn, the quantum vacuum is forced to create photon pairs with a characteristic spectrum, a phenomenon related to Hawking radiation(3). The idea may initiate a theory of 'quantum' catastrophes, extending classical catastrophe theory(8,9).
C1 Univ St Andrews, Sch Phys & Astron, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland.
C3 University of St Andrews
RP Leonhardt, U (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Sch Phys & Astron, N Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland.
EM ulf@st-andrews.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 105
Z9 112
U1 1
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 24
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6870
BP 406
EP 409
DI 10.1038/415406a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 514HR
UT WOS:000173433600043
PM 11807548
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Biever, C
AF Biever, C
TI St Luke's new coat
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 City Univ London, London EC1V 0HB, England.
C3 City St Georges, University of London
RP Biever, C (corresponding author), City Univ London, London EC1V 0HB, England.
NR 4
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 219
EP 220
DI 10.1038/417219a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100013
PM 12015566
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guo, ZT
   Ruddiman, WF
   Hao, QZ
   Wu, HB
   Qiao, YS
   Zhu, RX
   Peng, SZ
   Wei, JJ
   Yuan, BY
   Liu, TS
AF Guo, ZT
   Ruddiman, WF
   Hao, QZ
   Wu, HB
   Qiao, YS
   Zhu, RX
   Peng, SZ
   Wei, JJ
   Yuan, BY
   Liu, TS
TI Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID northern-hemisphere; plateau; uplift; magnetostratigraphy; climate; origin
AB The initial desertification in the Asian interior is thought to be one of the most prominent climate changes in the Northern Hemisphere during the Cenozoic era(1-4). But the dating of this transition is uncertain, partly because desert sediments are usually scattered, discontinuous and difficult to date. Here we report nearly continuous aeolian deposits covering the interval from 22 to 6.2 million years ago, on the basis of palaeomagnetic measurements and fossil evidence. A total of 231 visually definable aeolian layers occur as brownish loesses interbedded with reddish soils. This new evidence indicates that large source areas of aeolian dust and energetic winter monsoon winds to transport the material must have existed in the interior of Asia by the early Miocene epoch, at least 14 million years earlier than previously thought(3,5). Regional tectonic changes and ongoing global cooling are probable causes of these changes in aridity and circulation in Asia.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geol & Geophys, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Geology & Geophysics, CAS; University of Virginia
RP Guo, ZT (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geol & Geophys, POB 9825, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China.
NR 30
TC 1615
Z9 2247
U1 22
U2 683
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6877
BP 159
EP 163
DI 10.1038/416159a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 530FR
UT WOS:000174348100032
PM 11894089
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brochier, C
   Philippe, H
AF Brochier, C
   Philippe, H
TI Phylogeny - A non-hyperthermophilic ancestor for bacteria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID archaea; life
C1 Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7622, F-75005 Paris, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Sorbonne Universite
RP Brochier, C (corresponding author), Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7622, 9 Quai St Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France.
NR 12
TC 190
Z9 215
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 244
EP 244
DI 10.1038/417244a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100036
PM 12015592
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Izumi, Y
   Xu, L
   di Tomaso, E
   Fukumura, D
   Jain, RK
AF Izumi, Y
   Xu, L
   di Tomaso, E
   Fukumura, D
   Jain, RK
TI Tumor biology - Herceptin acts as an anti-angiogenic cocktail
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Radiat Oncol,Edwin L Steele Lab, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Izumi, Y (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Radiat Oncol,Edwin L Steele Lab, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
FU NCI NIH HHS [P01 CA080124] Funding Source: Medline
NR 12
TC 532
Z9 627
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6878
BP 279
EP 280
DI 10.1038/416279b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 532NP
UT WOS:000174482200031
PM 11907566
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Humphries, MM
   Thomas, DW
   Speakman, JR
AF Humphries, MM
   Thomas, DW
   Speakman, JR
TI Climate-mediated energetic constraints on the distribution of hibernating mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bats myotis-lucifugus; limits
AB To predict the consequences of human-induced global climate change, we need to understand how climate is linked to biogeography(1). Energetic constraints are commonly invoked to explain animal distributions, and physiological parameters are known to vary along distributional gradients(2). But the causal nature of the links between climate and animal biogeography remain largely obscure(2,3). Here we develop a bioenergetic model that predicts the feasibility of mammalian hibernation under different climatic conditions. As an example, we use the well-quantified hibernation energetics of the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) to parameterize the model(4). Our model predicts pronounced effects of ambient temperature on total winter energy requirements, and a relatively narrow combination of hibernaculum temperatures and winter lengths permitting successful hibernation. Microhabitat and northern distribution limits of M. lucifugus are consistent with model predictions, suggesting that the thermal dependence of hibernation energetics constrains the biogeography of this species. Integrating projections of climate change into our model predicts a pronounced northward range expansion of hibernating bats within the next 80 years. Bioenergetics can provide the simple link between climate and biogeography needed to predict the consequences of climate change.
C1 Univ Aberdeen, Dept Zool, Aberdeen AB24 3TZ, Scotland.
   Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
   Univ Sherbrooke, Dept Biol, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada.
   Rowett Res Inst, Aberdeen AB21 9BS, Scotland.
C3 University of Aberdeen; University of Alberta; University of Sherbrooke; University of Aberdeen
RP Humphries, MM (corresponding author), Univ Aberdeen, Dept Zool, Aberdeen AB24 3TZ, Scotland.
EM murray_humphries@hotmail.com
NR 30
TC 297
Z9 362
U1 2
U2 163
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6895
BP 313
EP 316
DI 10.1038/nature00828
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 574BF
UT WOS:000176868000039
PM 12124621
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, Y
   Ma, C
   Delohery, T
   Nasipak, B
   Foat, BC
   Bounoutas, A
   Bussemaker, HJ
   Kim, SK
   Chalfie, M
AF Zhang, Y
   Ma, C
   Delohery, T
   Nasipak, B
   Foat, BC
   Bounoutas, A
   Bussemaker, HJ
   Kim, SK
   Chalfie, M
TI Identification of genes expressed in C-elegans touch receptor neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; homeoproteins unc-86; mec-3; differentiation; microtubules; sensitivity; sequences; genomics; encodes
AB The extent of gene regulation in cell differentiation is poorly understood. We previously used saturation mutagenesis to identify 18 genes that are needed for the development and function of a single type of sensory neuron-the touch receptor neuron for gentle touch in Caenorhabditis elegans(1,2). One of these genes, mec-3, encodes a transcription factor that controls touch receptor differentiation(3,4). By culturing and isolating wild-type and mec-3 mutant cells from embryos and applying their amplified RNA to DNA microarrays, here we have identified genes that are known to be expressed in touch receptors, a previously uncloned gene (mec-17) that is needed for maintaining touch receptor differentiation(2,5), and more than 50 previously unknown mec-3-dependent genes. These genes are randomly distributed in the genome and under-represented both for genes that are co-expressed in operons and for multiple members of gene families. Using regions 5' of the start codon of the first 20 genes, we have also identified an over-represented heptanucleotide, AATGCAT, that is needed for the expression of touch receptor genes(6).
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Genet & Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Stanford University
RP Chalfie, M (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R37 GM030997] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 189
Z9 268
U1 1
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6895
BP 331
EP 335
DI 10.1038/nature00891
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 574BF
UT WOS:000176868000044
PM 12124626
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chow, A
   Toomre, D
   Garrett, W
   Mellman, I
AF Chow, A
   Toomre, D
   Garrett, W
   Mellman, I
TI Dendritic cell maturation triggers retrograde MHC class II transport from lysosomes to the plasma membrane
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evanescent-wave microscopy; developmental regulation; endocytic compartments; inflammatory stimuli; down-regulation; surface; macropinocytosis; exocytosis; complexes; immunity
AB Central to the initiation of immune responses is recognition of peptide antigen by T lymphocytes. The cell biology of dendritic cells makes them ideally suited for the essential process of antigen presentation(1). Their life cycle includes several stages characterized by distinct functions and mechanisms of regulation(2). Immature dendritic cells synthesize large amounts of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules (MHC II), but the alphabeta-dimers are targeted to late endosomes and lysosomes (often referred to as MHC class II compartments) where they reside unproductively with internalized antigens. After exposure to microbial products or inflammatory mediators, endocytosis is downregulated, the expression of co-stimulatory molecules is enhanced, and newly formed immunogenic MHC II-peptide complexes are transported to the cell surface(3-10). That these MHC II molecules reach the surface is surprising, as the lysosomes comprise the terminal degradative compartment of the endocytic pathway from which exogenous components generally cannot be recovered intact(11). Here we have visualized this pathway in live dendritic cells by video microscopy, using cells expressing MHC II tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP). We show that on stimulation, dendritic cells generate tubules from lysosomal compartments that go on to fuse directly with the plasma membrane.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Immunobiol Sect, Ludwig Inst Canc Res, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Yale University
RP Mellman, I (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, 333 Cedar St,POB 208002, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 30
TC 352
Z9 409
U1 1
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6901
BP 988
EP 994
DI 10.1038/nature01006
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 588AP
UT WOS:000177677500047
PM 12198549
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Osterloh, A
   Amico, L
   Falci, G
   Fazio, R
AF Osterloh, A
   Amico, L
   Falci, G
   Fazio, R
TI Scaling of entanglement close to a quantum phase transition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID model
AB Classical phase transitions occur when a physical system reaches a state below a critical temperature characterized by macroscopic order(1). Quantum phase transitions occur at absolute zero; they are induced by the change of an external parameter or coupling constant(2), and are driven by quantum fluctuations. Examples include transitions in quantum Hall systems(3), localization in Si-MOSFETs (metal oxide silicon field-effect transistors; ref. 4) and the superconductor-insulator transition in two-dimensional systems(5,6). Both classical and quantum critical points are governed by a diverging correlation length, although quantum systems possess additional correlations that do not have a classical counterpart. This phenomenon, known as entanglement, is the resource that enables quantum computation and communication(8). The role of entanglement at a phase transition is not captured by statistical mechanics-a complete classification of the critical many-body state requires the introduction of concepts from quantum information theory(9). Here we connect the theory of critical phenomena with quantum information by exploring the entangling resources of a system close to its quantum critical point. We demonstrate, for a class of one-dimensional magnetic systems, that entanglement shows scaling behaviour in the vicinity of the transition point.
C1 INFM, NEST, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
   Dipartimento Metodol Fis & Chim, I-95125 Catania, Italy.
   Scuola Normale Super Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
RP Fazio, R (corresponding author), INFM, NEST, Piazza Cavaliezi 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
EM fazio@sns.it
NR 24
TC 1723
Z9 1779
U1 1
U2 199
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6881
BP 608
EP 610
DI 10.1038/416608a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 539YV
UT WOS:000174901900035
PM 11948343
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heywood, KJ
   Garabato, ACN
   Stevens, DP
AF Heywood, KJ
   Garabato, ACN
   Stevens, DP
TI High mixing rates in the abyssal Southern Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antarctic bottom water; circulation; transport; variability; topography; energy; flux; flow
AB Mixing of water masses from the deep ocean to the layers above can be estimated from considerations of continuity in the global ocean overturning circulation(1-3). But averaged over ocean basins, diffusivity has been observed to be too small(4-12) to account for the global upward flux of water, and high mixing intensities have only been found in the restricted areas close to sills and narrow gaps(10,11,13-15). Here we present observations from the Scotia Sea, a deep ocean basin between the Antarctic peninsula and the tip of South America, showing a high intensity of mixing that is unprecedented over such a large area. Using a budget calculation over the whole basin, we find a diffusivity of (39 +/- 10) x 10(4) m(2) s(-1), averaged over an area of 7 x 10(5) km(2). The Scotia Sea is a basin with a rough topography(16), situated just east of the Drake passage where the strong flow of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current is constricted in width. The high basin-wide mixing intensity in this area of the Southern Ocean may help resolve the question of where the abyssal water masses are mixed towards the surface.
C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   Univ E Anglia, Sch Math, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
C3 University of East Anglia; University of East Anglia
RP Heywood, KJ (corresponding author), Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
EM k.heywood@uea.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 91
Z9 101
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 1011
EP 1014
DI 10.1038/4151011a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000041
PM 11875565
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Houchmandzadeh, B
   Wieschaus, E
   Leibler, S
AF Houchmandzadeh, B
   Wieschaus, E
   Leibler, S
TI Establishment of developmental precision and proportions in the early Drosophila embryo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent manner; bicoid protein; gap genes; hunchback; gradient; staufen
AB During embryonic development, orderly patterns of gene expression eventually assign each cell in the embryo its particular fate. For the anteroposterior axis of the Drosophila embryo, the first step in this process depends on a spatial gradient of the maternal morphogen Bicoid (Bcd). Positional information of this gradient is transmitted to downstream gap genes, each occupying a well defined spatial domain(1-4). We determined the precision of the initial process by comparing expression domains in different embryos. Here we show that the Bcd gradient displays a high embryo-to-embryo variability, but that this noise in the positional information is strongly decreased ('filtered') at the level of hunchback (hb) gene expression. In contrast to the Bcd gradient, the hb expression pattern already includes the information about the scale of the embryo. We show that genes known to interact directly with Hb are not responsible for its spatial precision, but that the maternal gene staufen may be crucial.
C1 Princeton Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Grenoble 1, Spectrometrie Phys Lab, CNRS, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Princeton University; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Princeton University
RP Wieschaus, E (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 18
TC 385
Z9 454
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 14
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6873
BP 798
EP 802
DI 10.1038/415798a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 521HE
UT WOS:000173833900048
PM 11845210
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stracker, TH
   Carson, CT
   Weitzman, MD
AF Stracker, TH
   Carson, CT
   Weitzman, MD
TI Adenovirus oncoproteins inactivate the Mre11-Rad50-NBS1 DNA repair complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nijmegen breakage syndrome; late gene-expression; early region-4; protein complex; damage response; replication; mre11; telomeres; phosphorylation; deletion
AB In mammalian cells, a conserved multiprotein complex of Mre11, Rad50 and NBS1 (also known as nibrin and p95) is important for double-strand break repair, meiotic recombination and telomere maintenance(1-4). This complex forms nuclear foci and may be a sensor of double-strand breaks. In the absence of the early region E4, the double-stranded DNA genome of adenovirus is joined into concatemers too large to be packaged(5,6). We have investigated the cellular proteins involved in this concatemer formation and how they are inactivated by E4 products during a wild-type infection. Here we show that concatemerization requires functional Mre11 and NBS1, and that these proteins are found at foci adjacent to viral replication centres. Infection with wild-type virus results in both reorganization and degradation of members of the Mre11-Rad50-NBS1 complex. These activities are mediated by three viral oncoproteins that prevent concatemerization. This targeting of cellular proteins involved in genomic stability suggests a mechanism for 'hit-and-run' transformation observed for these viral oncoproteins(7).
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Genet Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, Grad Program, San Diego, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Weitzman, MD (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Genet Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 29
TC 451
Z9 552
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6895
BP 348
EP 352
DI 10.1038/nature00863
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 574BF
UT WOS:000176868000048
PM 12124628
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pellegrini, L
   Yu, DS
   Lo, T
   Anand, S
   Lee, M
   Blundell, TL
   Venkitaraman, AR
AF Pellegrini, L
   Yu, DS
   Lo, T
   Anand, S
   Lee, M
   Blundell, TL
   Venkitaraman, AR
TI Insights into DNA recombination from the structure of a RAD51-BRCA2 complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brc repeats; cancer susceptibility; rad51 recombination; protein; reca; expression; filament; exchange; repair; cells
AB The breast cancer susceptibility protein BRCA2 controls the function of RAD51, a recombinase enzyme, in pathways for DNA repair by homologous recombination. We report here the structure of a complex between an evolutionarily conserved sequence in BRCA2 ( the BRC repeat) and the RecA-homology domain of RAD51. The BRC repeat mimics a motif in RAD51 that serves as an interface for oligomerization between individual RAD51 monomers, thus enabling BRCA2 to control the assembly of the RAD51 nucleoprotein filament, which is essential for strand-pairing reactions during DNA recombination. The RAD51 oligomerization motif is highly conserved among RecA-like recombinases, highlighting a common evolutionary origin for the mechanism of nucleoprotein filament formation, mirrored in the BRC repeat. Cancer-associated mutations that affect the BRC repeat disrupt its predicted interaction with RAD51, yielding structural insight into mechanisms for cancer susceptibility.
C1 Univ Cambridge, CR UK Dept Oncol, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, England.
   Hutchison MRC Res Ctr, MRC, Canc Cell Unit, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Biochem, Cambridge CB2 1GA, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
RP Venkitaraman, AR (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, CR UK Dept Oncol, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, England.
EM arv22@cam.ac.uk
NR 35
TC 564
Z9 673
U1 1
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6913
BP 287
EP 293
DI 10.1038/nature01230
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 617BM
UT WOS:000179340400034
PM 12442171
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bell, RE
   Studinger, M
   Tikku, AA
   Clarke, GKC
   Gutner, MM
   Meertens, C
AF Bell, RE
   Studinger, M
   Tikku, AA
   Clarke, GKC
   Gutner, MM
   Meertens, C
TI Origin and fate of Lake Vostok water frozen to the base of the East Antarctic ice sheet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The subglacial Lake Vostok may be a unique reservoir of genetic material and it may contain organisms with distinct adaptations(1-3), but it has yet to be explored directly. The lake and the overlying ice sheet are closely linked, as the ice-sheet thickness drives the lake circulation, while melting and freezing at the ice-sheet base will control the flux of water, biota and sediment through the lake(4-7). Here we present a reconstruction of the ice flow trajectories for the Vostok core site, using ice-penetrating radar data and Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of surface ice velocity. We find that the ice sheet has a significant along-lake flow component, persistent since the Last Glacial Maximum. The rates at which ice is frozen (accreted) to the base of the ice sheet are greatest at the shorelines, and the accreted ice layer is subsequently transported out of the lake. Using these new flow field and velocity measurements, we estimate the time for ice to traverse Lake Vostok to be 16,000-20,000 years. We infer that most Vostok ice analysed to date was accreted to the ice sheet close to the western shoreline, and is therefore not representative of open lake conditions. From the amount of accreted lake water we estimate to be exported along the southern shoreline, the lake water residence time is about 13,300 years.
C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
   UNAVCO, UCAR Facil, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.
C3 Columbia University; University of British Columbia; Yale University
RP Bell, RE (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
NR 15
TC 107
Z9 126
U1 2
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6878
BP 307
EP 310
DI 10.1038/416307a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 532NP
UT WOS:000174482200038
PM 11907573
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Addiscott, T
   Brookes, P
AF Addiscott, T
   Brookes, P
TI Nitrogen cycle - What governs nitrogen loss from forest soils?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Rothamsted Expt, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Rothamsted Research
RP Addiscott, T (corresponding author), Rothamsted Expt, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England.
EM tom.addiscott@bbsrc.ac.uk
NR 9
TC 2
Z9 3
U1 2
U2 71
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 604
EP 604
DI 10.1038/418604a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600031
PM 12167851
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Endre, G
   Kereszt, A
   Kevei, Z
   Mihacea, S
   Kaló, P
   Kiss, GB
AF Endre, G
   Kereszt, A
   Kevei, Z
   Mihacea, S
   Kaló, P
   Kiss, GB
TI A receptor kinase gene regulating symbiotic nodule development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID medicago-truncatula; calcium spiking; nodulation signals; alfalfa nodulation; rhizobium-meliloti; root hairs; transduction; responses; mutants
AB Leguminous plants are able to establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with soil bacteria generally known as rhizobia. Metabolites exuded by the plant root activate the production of a rhizobial signal molecule, the Nod factor, which is essential for symbiotic nodule development(1,2). This lipo-chitooligosaccharide signal is active at femtomolar concentrations, and its structure is correlated with host specificity of symbiosis(3), suggesting the involvement of a cognate perception system in the plant host. Here we describe the cloning of a gene from Medicago sativa that is essential for Nod-factor perception in alfalfa, and by genetic analogy, in the related legumes Medicago truncatula and Pisum sativum. The identified 'nodulation receptor kinase', NORK, is predicted to function in the Nod-factor perception/transduction system (the NORK system) that initiates a signal cascade leading to nodulation. The family of 'NORK extracellular-sequence-like' (NSL) genes is broadly distributed in the plant kingdom, although their biological function has not been previously ascribed. We suggest that during the evolution of symbiosis an ancestral NSL system was co-opted for transduction of an external ligand, the rhizobial Nod factor, leading to development of the symbiotic root nodule.
C1 Hungarian Acad Sci, Biol Res Ctr, Inst Genet, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
C3 Hungarian Academy of Sciences; HUN-REN; HUN-REN Biological Research Center; Institute of Genetics - HAS
RP Kiss, GB (corresponding author), Hungarian Acad Sci, Biol Res Ctr, Inst Genet, POB 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
EM kgb@nucleus.szbk.u-szeged.hu
NR 30
TC 590
Z9 755
U1 1
U2 161
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6892
BP 962
EP 966
DI 10.1038/nature00842
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 566RC
UT WOS:000176441200042
PM 12087406
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Anderson, DM
   Archer, D
AF Anderson, DM
   Archer, D
TI Glacial-interglacial stability of ocean pH inferred from foraminifer dissolution rates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deep-sea; calcium-carbonate; atmospheric co2; preservation; water; circulation; solubility; pressure
AB The pH of the ocean is controlled by the chemistry of calcium carbonate. This system in turn plays a large role in regulating the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere on timescales of thousands of years and longer. Reconstructions of ocean pH and carbonate-ion concentration are therefore needed to understand the ocean's role in the global carbon cycle. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the pH of the whole ocean is thought to have been significantly more basic(1), as inferred from the isotopic composition of boron incorporated into calcium carbonate shells, which would partially explain the lower atmospheric CO2 concentration at that time. Here we reconstruct carbonate-ion concentration-and hence pH-of the glacial oceans, using the extent of calcium carbonate dissolution observed in foraminifer faunal assemblages as compiled in the extensive global CLIMAP data set(2). We observe decreased carbonate-ion concentrations in the glacial Atlantic Ocean, by roughly 20 mumol kg(-1), while little change occurred in the Indian and Pacific oceans relative to today. In the Pacific Ocean, a small (5 mumol kg(-1)) increase occurred below 3,000 m. This rearrangement of ocean pH may be due to changing ocean circulation from glacial to present times, but overall we see no evidence for a shift in the whole-ocean pH as previously inferred from boron isotopes(1).
C1 NOAA, Paleoclimatol Program, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Chicago
RP Anderson, DM (corresponding author), NOAA, Paleoclimatol Program, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
NR 24
TC 81
Z9 92
U1 1
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6876
BP 70
EP 73
DI 10.1038/416070a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 527WU
UT WOS:000174211600039
PM 11882893
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Del Punta, K
   Leinders-Zufall, T
   Rodriguez, I
   Jukam, D
   Wysocki, CJ
   Ogawa, S
   Zufall, F
   Mombaerts, P
AF Del Punta, K
   Leinders-Zufall, T
   Rodriguez, I
   Jukam, D
   Wysocki, CJ
   Ogawa, S
   Zufall, F
   Mombaerts, P
TI Deficient pheromone responses in mice lacking a cluster of vomeronasal receptor genes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID olfactory system; organ; mouse; neurons; organization; aggression; behaviors; mammals; alpha
AB The mammalian vomeronasal organ (VNO), a part of the olfactory system, detects pheromones-chemical signals that modulate social and reproductive behaviours(1,2). But the molecular receptors in the VNO that detect these chemosensory stimuli remain undefined. Candidate pheromone receptors are encoded by two distinct and complex superfamilies of genes, V1r and V2r (refs 3 and 4), which code for receptors with seven transmembrane domains. These genes are selectively expressed in sensory neurons of the VNO. However, there is at present no functional evidence for a role of these genes in pheromone responses. Here, using chromosome engineering technology(5), we delete in the germline of mice a similar to600-kilobase genomic region that contains a cluster of 16 intact V1r genes(6). These genes comprise two of the 12 described V1r gene families(7), and represent similar to12% of the V1r repertoire. The mutant mice display deficits in a subset of VNO-dependent behaviours: the expression of male sexual behaviour and maternal aggression is substantially altered. Electrophysiologically, the epithelium of the VNO of such mice does not respond detectably to specific pheromonal ligands. The behavioural impairment and chemosensory deficit support a role of V1r receptors as pheromone receptors.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Program Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
   Monell Chem Senses Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; Monell Chemical Senses Center
RP Mombaerts, P (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 30
TC 281
Z9 335
U1 1
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6902
BP 70
EP 74
DI 10.1038/nature00955
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 589YF
UT WOS:000177788600038
PM 12214233
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Köhler, R
   Tredicucci, A
   Beltram, F
   Beere, HE
   Linfield, EH
   Davies, AG
   Ritchie, DA
   Iotti, RC
   Rossi, F
AF Köhler, R
   Tredicucci, A
   Beltram, F
   Beere, HE
   Linfield, EH
   Davies, AG
   Ritchie, DA
   Iotti, RC
   Rossi, F
TI Terahertz semiconductor-heterostructure laser
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum-cascade lasers; mu-m; intersubband emission; superlattices; radiation; lambda; cycle
AB Semiconductor devices have become indispensable for generating electromagnetic radiation in everyday applications. Visible and infrared diode lasers are at the core of information technology, and at the other end of the spectrum, microwave and radiofrequency emitters enable wireless communications. But the terahertz region (1-10 THz; 1 THz 5 10(12) Hz) between these ranges has remained largely underdeveloped, despite the identification of various possible applications-for example, chemical detection, astronomy and medical imaging(1-4). Progress in this area has been hampered by the lack of compact, low-consumption, solid-state terahertz sources(5-9). Here we report a monolithic terahertz injection laser that is based on interminiband transitions in the conduction band of a semiconductor (GaAs/AlGaAs) heterostructure. The prototype demonstrated emits a single mode at 4.4 THz, and already shows high output powers of more than 2 mW with low threshold current densities of about a few hundred A cm(-2) up to 50 K. These results are very promising for extending the present laser concept to continuous-wave and high-temperature operation, which would lead to implementation in practical photonic systems.
C1 INFM, NEST, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
   Scuola Normale Super Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
   Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
   Politecn Torino, INFM, I-10129 Turin, Italy.
   Politecn Torino, Dipartimento Fis, I-10129 Turin, Italy.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa; University of Cambridge; Polytechnic University of Turin; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); Polytechnic University of Turin
RP Köhler, R (corresponding author), INFM, NEST, Piazza Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
EM koehler@nest.sns.it
NR 23
TC 2511
Z9 2789
U1 18
U2 1068
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6885
BP 156
EP 159
DI 10.1038/417156a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 549RH
UT WOS:000175460200038
PM 12000955
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chicurel, M
AF Chicurel, M
TI Bioinformatics: Bringing it all together
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 30
Z9 36
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6908
BP 751
EP +
DI 10.1038/419751a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 604JF
UT WOS:000178615200047
PM 12384707
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Darby, C
   Hsu, JW
   Ghori, N
   Falkow, S
AF Darby, C
   Hsu, JW
   Ghori, N
   Falkow, S
TI Caenorhabditis elegans -: Plague bacteria biofilm blocks food intake
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yersinia-pestis; staphylococcus-epidermidis
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Darby, C (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 10
TC 218
Z9 272
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 243
EP 244
DI 10.1038/417243a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100035
PM 12015591
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cremer, S
   Sledge, MF
   Heinze, J
AF Cremer, S
   Sledge, MF
   Heinze, J
TI Chemical mimicry - Male ants disguised by the queen's bouquet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrocarbons; recognition
C1 Univ Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
   Univ Florence, Dept Anim Biol & Genet, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
C3 University of Regensburg; University of Florence
RP Cremer, S (corresponding author), Univ Copenhagen, Inst Zool, Dept Populat Ecol, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
EM sylvia.cremer@biologie.uni-regensburg.de
NR 13
TC 50
Z9 53
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6910
BP 897
EP 897
DI 10.1038/419897a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 609MN
UT WOS:000178909700032
PM 12410300
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hutchinson, JR
   Garcia, M
AF Hutchinson, JR
   Garcia, M
TI Tyrannosaurus was not a fast runner
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID leg muscles; mechanics; allometry; mammals; posture; mass
AB The fastest gait and speed of the largest theropod (carnivorous) dinosaurs, such as Tyrannosaurus, is controversial. Some studies contend that Tyrannosaurus was limited to walking, or at best an 11 m s(-1) top speed(1-4), whereas others argue for at least 20 m s(-1) running speeds(5-7). We demonstrate a method of gauging running ability by estimating the minimum mass of extensor (supportive) muscle needed for fast running. The model's predictions are validated for living alligators and chickens. Applying the method to small dinosaurs corroborates other studies by showing that they could have been competent runners. However, models show that in order to run quickly, an adult Tyrannosaurus would have needed an unreasonably large mass of extensor muscle, even with generous assumptions. Therefore, it is doubtful that Tyrannosaurus and other huge dinosaurs (similar to6,000 kg) were capable runners or could reach high speeds.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Hutchinson, JR (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Biomech Engn Div, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM jrhutch@stanford.edu
NR 28
TC 151
Z9 175
U1 3
U2 81
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 1018
EP 1021
DI 10.1038/4151018a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000043
PM 11875567
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Crackower, MA
   Sarao, R
   Oudit, GY
   Yagil, C
   Kozieradzki, I
   Scanga, SE
   Oliveira-dos-Santos, AJ
   da Costa, J
   Zhang, LY
   Pei, Y
   Scholey, J
   Ferrario, CM
   Manoukian, AS
   Chappell, MC
   Backx, PH
   Yagil, Y
   Penninger, JM
AF Crackower, MA
   Sarao, R
   Oudit, GY
   Yagil, C
   Kozieradzki, I
   Scanga, SE
   Oliveira-dos-Santos, AJ
   da Costa, J
   Zhang, LY
   Pei, Y
   Scholey, J
   Ferrario, CM
   Manoukian, AS
   Chappell, MC
   Backx, PH
   Yagil, Y
   Penninger, JM
TI Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is an essential regulator of heart function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID blood-pressure; cardiovascular-diseases; deficient mice; risk-factors; mouse heart; part i; drosophila; expression; rat; hypertension
AB Cardiovascular diseases are predicted to be the most common cause of death worldwide by 2020. Here we show that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) maps to a defined quantitative trait locus (QTL) on the X chromosome in three different rat models of hypertension. In all hypertensive rat strains, ACE2 messenger RNA and protein expression were markedly reduced, suggesting that ace2 is a candidate gene for this QTL. Targeted disruption of ACE2 in mice results in a severe cardiac contractility defect, increased angiotensin II levels, and upregulation of hypoxia-induced genes in the heart. Genetic ablation of ACE on an ACE2 mutant background completely rescues the cardiac phenotype. But disruption of ACER, a Drosophila ACE2 homologue, results in a severe defect of heart morphogenesis. These genetic data for ACE2 show that it is an essential regulator of heart function in vivo.
C1 Univ Toronto, Ontario Canc Inst, Amgen Res Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Immunol, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Ctr Excellence Cardi, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Physiol, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Univ Hlth Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Ontario Canc Inst, Univ Hlth Network, Div Cellular & Mol Biol, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
   Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Mol Biotechnol, IMBA, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Barzilai Med Ctr, Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Nephrol & Hypertens,Lab Mol Med, IL-78306 Ashqelon, Israel.
   Wake Forest Univ, Bowman Gray Sch Med, Hypertens & Vasc Dis Ctr, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA.
C3 University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; Austrian Academy of Sciences; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA); Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Barzilai Medical Center; Wake Forest University; Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center
RP Penninger, JM (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Ontario Canc Inst, Amgen Res Inst, Univ Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
NR 42
TC 1449
Z9 1742
U1 1
U2 90
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6891
BP 822
EP 828
DI 10.1038/nature00786
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 563YM
UT WOS:000176285600039
PM 12075344
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brüggen, M
   Kaiser, CR
AF Brüggen, M
   Kaiser, CR
TI Hot bubbles from active galactic nuclei as a heat source in cooling-flow clusters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ray; galaxy
AB Hot, X-ray-emitting plasma permeates clusters of galaxies. The X-ray surface brightness often shows a peak near the centre of the cluster that is coincident with a drop in the entropy of the gas. This has been taken as evidence for a 'cooling flow', where the gas cools by radiating away its energy, and then falls to the centre(1). Searches for this cool gas have revealed significantly less than predicted(2), indicating that the mass deposition rate is much lower than expected. Most clusters with cooling flows, however, also host an active galactic nucleus at their centres(3). These active galactic nuclei can inflate large bubbles of hot plasma that subsequently rise through the cluster 'atmosphere', thus stirring the cooling gas(4,5) and adding energy. Here we report highly resolved hydrodynamic simulations which show that buoyant bubbles increase the cooling time in the inner regions of clusters and significantly reduce the deposition of cold gas.
C1 Int Jacobs Univ Bremen, D-28759 Bremen, Germany.
   Univ Southampton, Dept Phys & Astron, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England.
C3 University of Southampton
EM m.brueggen@iu-bremen.de
NR 21
TC 214
Z9 232
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6895
BP 301
EP 303
DI 10.1038/nature00857
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 574BF
UT WOS:000176868000035
PM 12124617
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nowak, AP
   Breedveld, V
   Pakstis, L
   Ozbas, B
   Pine, DJ
   Pochan, D
   Deming, TJ
AF Nowak, AP
   Breedveld, V
   Pakstis, L
   Ozbas, B
   Pine, DJ
   Pochan, D
   Deming, TJ
TI Rapidly recovering hydrogel scaffolds from self-assembling diblock copolypeptide amphiphiles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID block; micelles
AB Protein-based hydrogels are used for many applications, ranging from food and cosmetic thickeners to support matrices for drug delivery and tissue replacement(1-3). These materials are usually prepared using proteins extracted from natural sources, which can give rise to inconsistent properties unsuitable for medical applications(4). Recent developments have utilized recombinant DNA methods to prepare artificial protein hydrogels with specific association mechanisms and responsiveness to various stimuli(5,6). Here we synthesize diblock copolypeptide amphiphiles containing charged and hydrophobic segments. Dilute solutions of these copolypeptides would be expected to form micelles; instead, they form hydrogels that retain their mechanical strength up to temperatures of about 90 degreesC and recover rapidly after stress. The use of synthetic materials permits adjustment of copolymer chain length and composition, which we varied to study their effect on hydrogel formation and properties. We find that gelation depends not only on the amphiphilic nature of the polypeptides, but also on chain conformations-alpha-helix, beta-strand or random coil. Indeed, shape-specific supramolecular assembly is integral to the gelation process, and provides a new class of peptide-based hydrogels with potential for applications in biotechnology.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Mat Res Lab, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Delaware, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA.
   Univ Delaware, Delaware Biotechnol Inst, Newark, DE 19716 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of Delaware; University of Delaware
RP Deming, TJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
EM tdeming@mrl.ucsb.edu
NR 28
TC 738
Z9 870
U1 4
U2 778
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6887
BP 424
EP 428
DI 10.1038/417424a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 554HZ
UT WOS:000175730900034
PM 12024209
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Park, J
   Pasupathy, AN
   Goldsmith, JI
   Chang, C
   Yaish, Y
   Petta, JR
   Rinkoski, M
   Sethna, JP
   Abruña, HD
   McEuen, PL
   Ralph, DC
AF Park, J
   Pasupathy, AN
   Goldsmith, JI
   Chang, C
   Yaish, Y
   Petta, JR
   Rinkoski, M
   Sethna, JP
   Abruña, HD
   McEuen, PL
   Ralph, DC
TI Coulomb blockade and the Kondo effect in single-atom transistors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon nanotubes; conductance; electrodes; junction; wires; spin
AB Using molecules as electronic components is a powerful new direction in the science and technology of nanometre-scale systems(1). Experiments to date have examined a multitude of molecules conducting in parallel(2,3), or, in some cases, transport through single molecules. The latter includes molecules probed in a two-terminal geometry using mechanically controlled break junctions(4,5) or scanning probes(6,7) as well as three-terminal single-molecule transistors made from carbon nanotubes(8), C-60 molecules (9), and conjugated molecules diluted in a less-conducting molecular layer(10). The ultimate limit would be a device where electrons hop on to, and off from, a single atom between two contacts. Here we describe transistors incorporating a transitionmetal complex designed so that electron transport occurs through well-defined charge states of a single atom. We examine two related molecules containing a Co ion bonded to polypyridyl ligands, attached to insulating tethers of different lengths. Changing the length of the insulating tether alters the coupling of the ion to the electrodes, enabling the fabrication of devices that exhibit either single-electron phenomena, such as Coulomb blockade, or the Kondo effect.
C1 Cornell Univ, Atom & Solid State Phys Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Cornell University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP McEuen, PL (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Atom & Solid State Phys Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
NR 26
TC 1304
Z9 1469
U1 7
U2 653
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6890
BP 722
EP 725
DI 10.1038/nature00791
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 561QY
UT WOS:000176154700039
PM 12066179
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Groppe, J
   Greenwald, J
   Wiater, E
   Rodriguez-Leon, J
   Economides, AN
   Kwiatkowski, W
   Affolter, M
   Vale, WW
   Belmonte, JCI
   Choe, S
AF Groppe, J
   Greenwald, J
   Wiater, E
   Rodriguez-Leon, J
   Economides, AN
   Kwiatkowski, W
   Affolter, M
   Vale, WW
   Belmonte, JCI
   Choe, S
TI Structural basis of BMP signalling inhibition by the cystine knot protein Noggin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bone-morphogenetic protein; programmed cell-death; tgf-beta-s; sequence alignment; spemann organizer; direct binding; limb; mutations; expression; receptor
AB The interplay between bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their antagonists governs developmental and cellular processes as diverse as establishment of the embryonic dorsal-ventral axis, induction of neural tissue, formation of joints in the skeletal system and neurogenesis in the adult brain. So far, the three-dimensional structures of BMP antagonists and the structural basis for inactivation have remained unknown. Here we report the crystal structure of the antagonist Noggin bound to BMP-7, which shows that Noggin inhibits BMP signalling by blocking the molecular interfaces of the binding epitopes for both type I and type II receptors. The BMP-7-binding affinity of site-specific variants of Noggin is correlated with alterations in bone formation and apoptosis in chick limb development, showing that Noggin functions by sequestering its ligand in an inactive complex. The scaffold of Noggin contains a cystine (the oxidized form of cysteine) knot topology similar to that of BMPs; thus, ligand and antagonist seem to have evolved from a common ancestral gene.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Struct Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Peptide Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Gene Express Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Inst Gulbenkian Ciencias, P-2780901 Oeiras, Portugal.
   Biozentrum, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
   Regeneron Pharmaceut Inc, New York, NY 10591 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; Salk Institute; Salk Institute; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia; Regeneron
RP Choe, S (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Struct Biol Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM choe@salk.edu
NR 49
TC 452
Z9 617
U1 1
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP 636
EP 642
DI 10.1038/nature01245
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 624GK
UT WOS:000179751800037
PM 12478285
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Frank, L
AF Frank, L
TI Biotechnology in the Medicon Valley
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP A27
EP +
DI 10.1038/420a27a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 625LG
UT WOS:000179817500006
PM 12501124
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tanaka, M
   Münsterberg, A
   Anderson, WG
   Prescott, AR
   Hazon, N
   Tickle, C
AF Tanaka, M
   Münsterberg, A
   Anderson, WG
   Prescott, AR
   Hazon, N
   Tickle, C
TI Fin development in a cartilaginous fish and the origin of vertebrate limbs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID apical ectodermal ridge; polarizing activity; sonic-hedgehog; chick-embryos; hox genes; evolution
AB Recent fossil finds and experimental analysis of chick and mouse embryos highlighted the lateral fin fold theory, which suggests that two pairs of limbs in tetrapods evolved by subdivision of an elongated single fin(1). Here we examine fin development in embryos of the primitive cartilaginous fish, Scyliorhinus canicula (dogfish) using scanning electron microscopy and investigate expression of genes known to be involved in limb positioning, identity and patterning in higher vertebrates. Although we did not detect lateral fin folds in dogfish embryos, Engrailed-1 expression suggests that the body is compartmentalized dorsoventrally. Furthermore, specification of limb identity occurs through the Tbx4 and Tbx5 genes, as in higher vertebrates. In contrast, unlike higher vertebrates, we did not detect Shh transcripts in dogfish fin-buds, although dHand (a gene involved in establishing Shh) is expressed. In S. canicula, the main fin axis seems to lie parallel to the body axis. 'Freeing' fins from the body axis and establishing a separate 'limb' axis has been proposed to be a crucial step in evolution of tetrapod limbs(2,3). We suggest that Shh plays a critical role in this process.
C1 Univ Dundee, Wellcome Trust Bioctr, Div Cell & Dev Biol, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
   Univ Dundee, Wellcome Trust Bioctr, Div Cell Biol & Immunol, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
   Univ St Andrews, Sch Biol, Div Environm & Evolutionary Biol, Gatty Marine Lab, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland.
C3 University of Dundee; University of Dundee; University of St Andrews
RP Tanaka, M (corresponding author), Univ Dundee, Wellcome Trust Bioctr, Div Cell & Dev Biol, Dow St, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
NR 28
TC 107
Z9 121
U1 2
U2 73
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6880
BP 527
EP 531
DI 10.1038/416527a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 537JY
UT WOS:000174756500041
PM 11932743
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Varambally, S
   Dhanasekaran, SM
   Zhou, M
   Barrette, TR
   Kumar-Sinha, C
   Sanda, MG
   Ghosh, D
   Pienta, KJ
   Sewalt, RGAB
   Otte, AP
   Rubin, MA
   Chinnaiyan, AM
AF Varambally, S
   Dhanasekaran, SM
   Zhou, M
   Barrette, TR
   Kumar-Sinha, C
   Sanda, MG
   Ghosh, D
   Pienta, KJ
   Sewalt, RGAB
   Otte, AP
   Rubin, MA
   Chinnaiyan, AM
TI The polycomb group protein EZH2 is involved in progression of prostate cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID group gene; c-myc; bmi-1; eed; proliferation; apoptosis; domain; cells
AB Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death in males and is second only to lung cancer. Although effective surgical and radiation treatments exist for clinically localized prostate cancer, metastatic prostate cancer remains essentially incurable. Here we show, through gene expression profiling(1), that the polycomb group protein enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)(2,3) is overexpressed in hormone-refractory, metastatic prostate cancer. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes(4) targeted against EZH2 reduce the amounts of EZH2 protein present in prostate cells and also inhibit cell proliferation in vitro. Ectopic expression of EZH2 in prostate cells induces transcriptional repression of a specific cohort of genes. Gene silencing mediated by EZH2 requires the SET domain and is attenuated by inhibiting histone deacetylase activity. Amounts of both EZH2 messenger RNA and EZH2 protein are increased in metastatic prostate cancer; in addition, clinically localized prostate cancers that express higher concentrations of EZH2 show a poorer prognosis. Thus, dysregulated expression of EZH2 may be involved in the progression of prostate cancer, as well as being a marker that distinguishes indolent prostate cancer from those at risk of lethal progression.
C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Urol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Biostat, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Ctr Comprehens Canc, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Amsterdam, Biocentrum Amsterdam, Swammerdam Inst Life Sci, NL-1018 TV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Amsterdam
RP Chinnaiyan, AM (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM arul@umich.edu
NR 28
TC 2242
Z9 2751
U1 1
U2 194
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6907
BP 624
EP 629
DI 10.1038/nature01075
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 602AT
UT WOS:000178483100047
PM 12374981
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bogdanovich, S
   Krag, TOB
   Barton, ER
   Morris, LD
   Whittemore, LA
   Ahima, RS
   Khurana, TS
AF Bogdanovich, S
   Krag, TOB
   Barton, ER
   Morris, LD
   Whittemore, LA
   Ahima, RS
   Khurana, TS
TI Functional improvement of dystrophic muscle by myostatin blockade
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID duchenne muscular-dystrophy; mdx mouse; mice; gene; expression; phenotype; transgene; myopathy; protein
AB Mice(1,2) and cattle(3) with mutations in the myostatin (GDF8) gene show a marked increase in body weight and muscle mass, indicating that this new member of the TGF-beta superfamily is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. Inhibition of the myostatin gene product is predicted to increase muscle mass and improve the disease phenotype in a variety of primary and secondary myopathies. We tested the ability of inhibition of myostatin in vivo to ameliorate the dystrophic phenotype in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)(4-8). Blockade of endogenous myostatin by using intraperitoneal injections of blocking antibodies for three months resulted in an increase in body weight, muscle mass, muscle size and absolute muscle strength in mdx mouse muscle along with a significant decrease in muscle degeneration and concentrations of serum creatine kinase. The functional improvement of dystrophic muscle by myostatin blockade provides a novel, pharmacological strategy for treatment of diseases associated with muscle wasting such as DMD, and circumvents the major problems associated with conventional gene therapy in these disorders.
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Penn Muscle Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Wyeth Res, Musculoskeletal Sci Dept, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Div Endocrinol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; Pfizer; Wyeth; Pfizer USA; University of Pennsylvania
RP Khurana, TS (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, 3700 Hamilton Walk,Richards A-601, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
NR 30
TC 667
Z9 873
U1 2
U2 60
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6914
BP 418
EP 421
DI 10.1038/nature01154
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 619TZ
UT WOS:000179494700040
PM 12459784
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stefanová, I
   Dorfman, JR
   Germain, RN
AF Stefanová, I
   Dorfman, JR
   Germain, RN
TI Self-recognition promotes the foreign antigen sensitivity of naive T lymphocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-cell analysis; transgenic mice; deficient mice; receptor; cd4; molecules; responses; thresholds; activation; survival
AB Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules are highly polymorphic proteins that bind and present foreign peptides to the clonally distributed alphabeta receptors (TCR) of T lymphocytes. As a population, the immature T lymphocytes generated in the thymus express a very diverse set of TCR specificities. A process of positive selection filters this broad repertoire to optimize peripheral T cells for antigen recognition in the context of available MHC products. Only those precursor T cells whose TCRs generate an adequate but not excessive signalling response to self-peptides bound to the expressed MHC proteins undergo successful maturation(1). Here we show that post-thymic self-recognition facilitates the antigen reactivity of mature T cells. Both experimental and physiological interruption of T-cell contact with self-peptide MHC ligands leads to a rapid decline in signalling and response sensitivity to foreign stimuli. Because the adaptive immune system must be recruited early in an infectious process when antigen is limiting(2), these findings suggest that positive selection ensures predictable T-cell recognition of available self-ligands, which in turn promotes efficient responses to pathogens.
C1 NIAID, Lymphocyte Biol Sect, Immunol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP Germain, RN (corresponding author), NIAID, Lymphocyte Biol Sect, Immunol Lab, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM rgermain@nih.gov
NR 30
TC 328
Z9 399
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6914
BP 429
EP 434
DI 10.1038/nature01146
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 619TZ
UT WOS:000179494700043
PM 12459785
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pennartz, CMA
   de Jeu, MTG
   Bos, NPA
   Schaap, J
   Geurtsen, AMS
AF Pennartz, CMA
   de Jeu, MTG
   Bos, NPA
   Schaap, J
   Geurtsen, AMS
TI Diurnal modulation of pacemaker potentials and calcium current in the mammalian circadian clock
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat suprachiasmatic nucleus; cellular mechanisms; membrane-property; granule neurons; multiple types; guinea-pig; channels; slices; cells; rhythmicity
AB The central biological clock of the mammalian brain is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. This hypothalamic region contains neurons that generate a circadian rhythm on a single-cell basis. Clock cells transmit their circadian timing signals to other brain areas by diurnal modulation of their spontaneous firing rate. The intracellular mechanism underlying rhythm generation is thought to consist of one or more self-regulating molecular loops, but it is unknown how these loops interact with the plasma membrane to modulate the ionic conductances that regulate firing behaviour. Here we demonstrate a diurnal modulation of Ca2+ current in suprachiasmatic neurons. This current strongly contributes to the generation of spontaneous oscillations in membrane potential, which occur selectively during daytime and are tightly coupled to spike generation. Thus, day-night modulation of Ca2+ current is a central step in transducing the intracellular cycling of molecular clocks to the rhythm in spontaneous firing rate.
C1 Netherlands Inst Brain Res, Grad Sch Neurosci Amsterdam, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 University of Amsterdam; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW)
RP Pennartz, CMA (corresponding author), Netherlands Inst Brain Res, Grad Sch Neurosci Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 33, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
NR 30
TC 196
Z9 236
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6878
BP 286
EP 290
DI 10.1038/nature728
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 532NP
UT WOS:000174482200033
PM 11875398
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Calfon, M
   Zeng, HQ
   Urano, F
   Till, JH
   Hubbard, SR
   Harding, HP
   Clark, SG
   Ron, D
AF Calfon, M
   Zeng, HQ
   Urano, F
   Till, JH
   Hubbard, SR
   Harding, HP
   Clark, SG
   Ron, D
TI IRE1 couples endoplasmic reticulum load to secretory capacity by processing the XBP-1 mRNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID unfolded protein response; stress; er; requires; coordination; induction; cleavage; pathway; atf6
AB The unfolded protein response (UPR), caused by stress, matches the folding capacity of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the load of client proteins in the organelle(1,2). In yeast, processing of HAC1 mRNA by activated Ire1 leads to synthesis of the transcription factor Hac1 and activation of the UPR3. The responses to activated IRE1 in metazoans are less well understood. Here we demonstrate that mutations in either ire-1 or the transcription-factor-encoding xbp-1 gene abolished the UPR in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mammalian XBP-1 is essential for immunoglobulin secretion and development of plasma cells(4), and high levels of XBP-1 messenger RNA are found in specialized secretory cells(5). Activation of the UPR causes IRE1-dependent splicing of a small intron from the XBP-1 mRNA both in C. elegans and mice. The protein encoded by the processed murine XBP-1 mRNA accumulated during the UPR, whereas the protein encoded by unprocessed mRNA did not. Purified mouse IRE1 accurately cleaved XBP-1 mRNA in vitro, indicating that XBP-1 mRNA is a direct target of IRE1 endonucleolytic activity. Our findings suggest that physiological ER load regulates a developmental decision in higher eukaryotes.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Skirball Inst Biomol Med, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 New York University
RP Ron, D (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Skirball Inst Biomol Med, New York, NY 10016 USA.
EM ron@saturn.med.nyu.edu
NR 21
TC 2313
Z9 2792
U1 0
U2 159
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 3
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6867
BP 92
EP 96
DI 10.1038/415092a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 507KZ
UT WOS:000173028800047
PM 11780124
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blum, JD
   Klaue, A
   Nezat, CA
   Driscoll, CT
   Johnson, CE
   Siccama, TG
   Eagar, C
   Fahey, TJ
   Likens, GE
AF Blum, JD
   Klaue, A
   Nezat, CA
   Driscoll, CT
   Johnson, CE
   Siccama, TG
   Eagar, C
   Fahey, TJ
   Likens, GE
TI Mycorrhizal weathering of apatite as an important calcium source in base-poor forest ecosystems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID united-states; sr-87/sr-86 ratios; acidic deposition; sugar maple; strontium; depletion; inputs; rates
AB The depletion of calcium in forest ecosystems of the northeastern USA(1-3) is thought to be a consequence of acidic deposition and to be at present restricting the recovery of forest and aquatic systems(4-7) now that acidic deposition itself is declining. This depletion of calcium has been inferred from studies(1-3) showing that sources of calcium in forest ecosystems-namely, atmospheric deposition and mineral weathering of silicate rocks such as plagioclase, a calcium-sodium silicate-do not match calcium outputs observed in forest streams. It is therefore thought that calcium is being lost from exchangeable and organically bound calcium in forest soils. Here we investigate the sources of calcium in the Hubbard Brook experimental forest, through analysis of calcium and strontium abundances and strontium isotope ratios within various soil, vegetation and hydrological pools. We show that the dissolution of apatite (calcium phosphate) represents a source of calcium that is comparable in size to known inputs from atmospheric sources and silicate weathering. Moreover, apatite-derived calcium was utilized largely by ectomycorrhizal tree species, suggesting that mycorrhizae may weather apatite and absorb the released ions directly, without the ions entering the exchangeable soil pool. Therefore, it seems that apatite weathering can compensate for some of the calcium lost from base-poor ecosystems, and should be considered when estimating soil acidification impacts and calcium cycling.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
   US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Syracuse University; Yale University; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); United States Forest Service; Cornell University; Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies
RP Blum, JD (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 425 E Univ Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM jdblum@umich.edu
NR 30
TC 322
Z9 362
U1 1
U2 144
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6890
BP 729
EP 731
DI 10.1038/nature00793
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 561QY
UT WOS:000176154700041
PM 12066181
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coe, S
   Woo, WK
   Bawendi, M
   Bulovic, V
AF Coe, S
   Woo, WK
   Bawendi, M
   Bulovic, V
TI Electroluminescence from single monolayers of nanocrystals in molecular organic devices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light-emitting-diodes
AB The integration of organic and inorganic materials at the nanometre scale into hybrid optoelectronic structures enables active devices(1-3) that combine the diversity of organic materials with the high-performance electronic and optical properties of inorganic nanocrystals(4). The optimization of such hybrid devices ultimately depends upon the precise positioning of the functionally distinct materials. Previous studies(5,6) have already emphasized that this is a challenge, owing to the lack of well-developed nanometre-scale fabrication techniques. Here we demonstrate a hybrid light-emitting diode (LED) that combines the ease of processability of organic materials with the narrow-band, efficient luminescence of colloidal quantum dots(7) (QDs). To isolate the luminescence processes from charge conduction, we fabricate a quantum-dot LED (QD-LED) that contains only a single monolayer of QDs, sandwiched between two organic thin films. This is achieved by a method that uses material phase segregation between the QD aliphatic capping groups and the aromatic organic materials. In our devices, where QDs function exclusively as lumophores, we observe a 25-fold improvement in luminescence efficiency (1.6 cd A(-1) at 2,000 cd m(-2)) over the best previous QD-LED results(5). The reproducibility and precision of our phase-segregation approach suggests that this technique could be widely applicable to the fabrication of other hybrid organic/ inorganic devices.
C1 MIT, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Lab Organ Optoelect, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Ctr Mat Sci & Engn, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Bulovic, V (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Lab Organ Optoelect, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM bulovic@mit.edu
NR 21
TC 2480
Z9 2877
U1 13
U2 1206
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 26
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6917
BP 800
EP 803
DI 10.1038/nature01217
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 626WR
UT WOS:000179897300052
PM 12490945
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Andrulis, ED
   Werner, J
   Nazarian, A
   Erdjument-Bromage, H
   Tempst, P
   Lis, JT
AF Andrulis, ED
   Werner, J
   Nazarian, A
   Erdjument-Bromage, H
   Tempst, P
   Lis, JT
TI The RNA processing exosome is linked to elongating RNA polymerase II in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heat-shock loci; transcription elongation; promoter; spt5; identification; information; recruitment; complex; hsf
AB The RNA polymerase II elongation complex contains several factors that facilitate transcription elongation and catalyse the processing of precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs)(1-3). The conserved elongation factor Spt6 is recruited rapidly and robustly to sites of active transcription(4,5). Here we show that Drosophila Spt6 (dSpt6) co-purifies with the exosome, a complex of 3' to 5' exoribonucleases that is implicated in the processing of structural RNA and in the degradation of improperly processed pre-mRNA(6-10). Immunoprecipitation assays of Drosophila nuclear extracts show that the exosome also associates with the elongation factor dSpt5 and RNA polymerase II. In vivo, exosome subunits colocalize with dSpt6 at transcriptionally active loci on polytene chromosomes during normal development and are strongly recruited to heat-shock loci on gene induction. At higher resolution, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis shows that the exosome is recruited to transcriptionally active units of heat-shock genes. These data provide a physical basis for the hypothesis that exosome-mediated pre-mRNA surveillance accompanies transcription elongation.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Lis, JT (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
NR 23
TC 214
Z9 264
U1 2
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 26
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6917
BP 837
EP 841
DI 10.1038/nature01181
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 626WR
UT WOS:000179897300062
PM 12490954
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Toyoshima, C
   Nomura, H
AF Toyoshima, C
   Nomura, H
TI Structural changes in the calcium pump accompanying the dissociation of calcium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sarcoplasmic-reticulum ca2+-atpase; ca2+ transport atpase; ion-transport; alpha-subunit; phosphorylation; thapsigargin; stabilization; domains; binding; organization
AB In skeletal muscle, calcium ions are transported (pumped) against a concentration gradient from the cytoplasm into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, an intracellular organelle. This causes muscle cells to relax after cytosolic calcium increases during excitation. The Ca2+ ATPase that carries out this pumping is a representative P-type ion-transporting ATPase. Here we describe the structure of this ion pump at 3.1 Angstrom resolution in a Ca2+-free (E2) state, and compare it with that determined previously for the Ca2+-bound (E1Ca(2+)) state. The structure of the enzyme stabilized by thapsigargin, a potent inhibitor, shows large conformation differences from that in E1Ca(2+). Three cytoplasmic domains gather to form a single headpiece, and six of the ten transmembrane helices exhibit large-scale rearrangements. These rearrangements ensure the release of calcium ions into the lumen of sarcoplasmic reticulum and, on the cytoplasmic side, create a pathway for entry of new calcium ions.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP Toyoshima, C (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
EM ct@iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 44
TC 793
Z9 890
U1 3
U2 61
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 605
EP 611
DI 10.1038/nature00944
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600033
PM 12167852
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baker, AC
AF Baker, AC
TI Ecology - Is coral bleaching really adaptive? Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Wildlife Conservat Soc, Marine Conservat Programs, Bronx, NY 10460 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Ctr Environm Res & Conservat, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Wildlife Conservation Society; Columbia University
RP Baker, AC (corresponding author), Wildlife Conservat Soc, Marine Conservat Programs, 2300 So Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460 USA.
NR 9
TC 14
Z9 16
U1 2
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 7
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6872
BP 602
EP 602
DI 10.1038/415602a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 519DC
UT WOS:000173709100033
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weigel, D
   Jürgens, G
AF Weigel, D
   Jürgens, G
TI Stem cells that make stems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arabidopsis root-meristem; shoot apical meristem; fate; initiation; thaliana; differentiation; wuschel; genes; loop
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Plant Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Dev Biol, Dept Mol Biol, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Univ Tubingen, Ctr Mol Biol Plants, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 Salk Institute; Max Planck Society; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
RP Weigel, D (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Plant Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM weigel@weigelworld.org; gerd.juergens@zmbp.uni-tuebingen.de
NR 34
TC 230
Z9 284
U1 1
U2 50
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 14
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6873
BP 751
EP 754
DI 10.1038/415751a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 521HE
UT WOS:000173833900034
PM 11845197
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marsden, VS
   O'Connor, L
   O'Reilly, LA
   Silke, J
   Metcalf, D
   Ekert, PG
   Huang, DCS
   Cecconi, F
   Kuida, K
   Tomaselli, KJ
   Roy, S
   Nicholson, DW
   Vaux, DL
   Bouillet, P
   Adams, JM
   Strasser, A
AF Marsden, VS
   O'Connor, L
   O'Reilly, LA
   Silke, J
   Metcalf, D
   Ekert, PG
   Huang, DCS
   Cecconi, F
   Kuida, K
   Tomaselli, KJ
   Roy, S
   Nicholson, DW
   Vaux, DL
   Bouillet, P
   Adams, JM
   Strasser, A
TI Apoptosis initiated by Bcl-2-regulated caspase activation independently of the cytochrome c/Apaf-1/caspase-9 apoptosome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID programmed cell-death; bcl-2; mitochondria; pathways; protease; mice; distinct; apaf1; dna
AB Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved cell suicide process executed by cysteine proteases (caspases) and regulated by the opposing factions of the Bcl-2 protein family(1,2). Mammalian caspase-9 and its activator Apaf-1 were thought to be essential, because mice lacking either of them display neuronal hyperplasia and their lymphocytes and fibroblasts seem resistant to certain apoptotic stimuli(3-6). Because Apaf-1 requires cytochrome c to activate caspase-9, and Bcl-2 prevents mitochondrial cytochrome c release, Bcl-2 is widely believed to inhibit apoptosis by safeguarding mitochondrial membrane integrity(7-9). Our results suggest a different, broader role, because Bcl-2 overexpression increased lymphocyte numbers in mice and inhibited many apoptotic stimuli, but the absence of Apaf-1 or caspase-9 did not. Caspase activity was still discernible in cells lacking Apaf-1 or caspase-9, and a potent caspase antagonist both inhibited apoptosis and retarded cytochrome c release. We conclude that Bcl-2 regulates a caspase activation programme independently of the cytochrome c/Apaf-1/caspase-9 'apoptosome', which seems to amplify rather than initiate the caspase cascade.
C1 Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Melbourne, Vic 3050, Australia.
   Murdoch Childrens Res Inst, Melbourne, Vic 3050, Australia.
   Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dept Biol, Rome, Italy.
   Vertex Pharmaceut, Genom Pharmacol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Idun Pharmaceut, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
   Merck Frosst Canada Inc, Pointe Claire, PQ H9H 3L1, Canada.
C3 Walter & Eliza Hall Institute; Murdoch Children's Research Institute; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Vertex Pharmaceuticals; Merck & Company; Merck & Company Canada
RP Strasser, A (corresponding author), Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Melbourne, Vic 3050, Australia.
FU Telethon [TCP99038] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 494
Z9 555
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6907
BP 634
EP 637
DI 10.1038/nature01101
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 602AT
UT WOS:000178483100049
PM 12374983
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wäsch, R
   Cross, FR
AF Wäsch, R
   Cross, FR
TI APC-dependent proteolysis of the mitotic cyclin Clb2 is essential for mitotic exit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anaphase-promoting complex; s-phase; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; mediated proteolysis; phosphatase cdc14; budding yeast; hct1; phosphorylation; mitosis; fizzy
AB Cyclin degradation is central to regulation of the cell cycle. Mitotic exit was proposed to require degradation of the S phase cyclin Clb5 by the anaphase-promoting complex 1,2 activated by Cdc20 (APC(Cdc20))(3). Furthermore, Clb5 degradation was thought to be necessary for effective dephosphorylation and activation of the APC regulatory subunit Cdh1 (also known as Hct1) and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Sic1 by the phosphatase Cdc14, allowing mitotic kinase inactivation and mitotic exit(3-7). Here we show, however, that spindle disassembly and cell division occur without significant APC Cdc20-mediated Clb5 degradation, as well as in the absence of both Cdh1 and Sic1. We find instead that destruction-box-dependent degradation of the mitotic cyclin Clb2 is essential for mitotic exit. APC Cdc20 may be required for an essential early phase of Clb2 degradation, and this phase may be sufficient for most aspects of mitotic exit. Cdh1 and Sic1 may be required for further inactivation of Clb2-Cdk1, regulating cell size and the length of G1.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University
RP Cross, FR (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 30
TC 192
Z9 241
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 556
EP 562
DI 10.1038/nature00856
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800046
PM 12152084
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bower, AS
   Le Cann, B
   Rossby, T
   Zenk, W
   Gould, J
   Speer, K
   Richardson, PL
   Prater, MD
   Zhang, HM
AF Bower, AS
   Le Cann, B
   Rossby, T
   Zenk, W
   Gould, J
   Speer, K
   Richardson, PL
   Prater, MD
   Zhang, HM
TI Directly measured mid-depth circulation in the northeastern North Atlantic Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID labrador sea-water; middepth circulation; outflow
AB The circulation of water masses in the northeastern North Atlantic Ocean has a strong influence on global climate owing to the northward transport of warm subtropical water to high latitudes(1). But the ocean circulation at depths below the reach of satellite observations is difficult to measure, and only recently have comprehensive, direct observations of whole ocean basins been possible(2-4). Here we present quantitative maps of the absolute velocities at two levels in the northeastern North Atlantic as obtained from acoustically tracked floats. We find that most of the mean flow transported northward by the Gulf Stream system at the thermocline level (about 600 m depth) remains within the subpolar region, and only relatively little enters the Rockall trough or the Nordic seas. Contrary to previous work(5,6), our data indicate that warm, saline water from the Mediterranean Sea reaches the high latitudes through a combination of narrow slope currents and mixing processes. At both depths under investigation, currents cross the Mid-Atlantic Ridge preferentially over deep gaps in the ridge, demonstrating that sea-floor topography can constrain even upper-ocean circulation patterns.
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   UFR Sci, CNRS, Lab Phys Oceans, F-29285 Brest, France.
   Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Kingston, RI 02881 USA.
   Univ Kiel, Inst Meereskunde, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
   Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
   Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Universite de Bretagne Occidentale; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Ifremer; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); University of Rhode Island; University of Kiel; NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of Southampton; State University System of Florida; Florida State University
RP Bower, AS (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM abower@whoi.edu
NR 30
TC 188
Z9 203
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6907
BP 603
EP 607
DI 10.1038/nature01078
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 602AT
UT WOS:000178483100041
PM 12374975
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kitagawa, N
   Ichihara, S
AF Kitagawa, N
   Ichihara, S
TI Hearing visual motion in depth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cortex; adaptation; psychophysics
AB Auditory spatial perception is strongly affected by visual cues. For example, if auditory and visual stimuli are presented synchronously but from different positions, the auditory event is mislocated towards the locus of the visual stimulus-the ventriloquism effect(1,2). This 'visual capture' also occurs in motion perception in which a static auditory stimulus appears to move with the visual moving object(3,4). We investigated how the human perceptual system coordinates complementary inputs from auditory and visual senses. Here we show that an auditory aftereffect occurs from adaptation to visual motion in depth. After a few minutes of viewing a square moving in depth, a steady sound was perceived as changing loudness in the opposite direction. Adaptation to a combination of auditory and visual stimuli changing in a compatible direction increased the aftereffect and the effect of visual adaptation almost disappeared when the directions were opposite. On the other hand, listening to a sound changing in intensity did not affect the visual changing-size aftereffect. The results provide psychophysical evidence that, for processing of motion in depth, the auditory system responds to both auditory changing intensity and visual motion in depth.
C1 Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Dept Psychol, Hachioji, Tokyo 1920397, Japan.
C3 Tokyo Metropolitan University
RP Kitagawa, N (corresponding author), Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Dept Psychol, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 1920397, Japan.
NR 25
TC 161
Z9 176
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6877
BP 172
EP 174
DI 10.1038/416172a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 530FR
UT WOS:000174348100036
PM 11894093
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Capelluto, DGS
   Kutateladze, TG
   Habas, R
   Finkielstein, CV
   He, X
   Overduin, M
AF Capelluto, DGS
   Kutateladze, TG
   Habas, R
   Finkielstein, CV
   He, X
   Overduin, M
TI The DIX domain targets dishevelled to actin stress fibres and vesicular membranes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID planar cell polarity; intracellular-localization; protein interactions; cortical rotation; wnt pathway; xenopus; axin; phosphorylation; embryogenesis; gastrulation
AB Colorectal cancer results from mutations in components of the Wnt pathway that regulate beta-catenin levels(1). Dishevelled (Dvl or Dsh) signals downstream of Wnt receptors and stabilizes beta-catenin during cell proliferation(1) and embryonic axis formation(2). Moreover, Dvl contributes to cytoskeletal reorganization during gastrulation(3-5) and mitotic spindle orientation during asymmetric cell division(6). Dvl belongs to a family of eukaryotic signalling proteins that contain a conserved 85-residue module of unknown structure and biological function called the DIX domain(7). Here we show that the DIX domain mediates targeting to actin stress fibres and cytoplasmic vesicles in vivo. Neighbouring interaction sites for actin and phospholipid are identified between two helices by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Mutation of the actin-binding motif abolishes the cytoskeletal localization of Dvl, but enhances Wnt/beta-catenin signalling and axis induction in Xenopus. By contrast, mutation of the phospholipid interaction site disrupts vesicular association of Dvl, Dvl phosphorylation, and Wnt/beta-catenin pathway activation. We propose that partitioning of Dvl into cytoskeletal and vesicular pools by the DIX domain represents a point of divergence in Wnt signalling.
C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Neurol,Div Neurosci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   NICHHD, Genet Mol Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
RP Overduin, M (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, 4200 E 9th Ave, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
NR 30
TC 165
Z9 202
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6908
BP 726
EP 729
DI 10.1038/nature01056
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 604JF
UT WOS:000178615200042
PM 12384700
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lake, B
   Ronnow, HM
   Christensen, NB
   Aeppli, G
   Lefmann, K
   McMorrow, DF
   Vorderwisch, P
   Smeibidl, P
   Mangkorntong, N
   Sasagawa, T
   Nohara, M
   Takagi, H
   Mason, TE
AF Lake, B
   Ronnow, HM
   Christensen, NB
   Aeppli, G
   Lefmann, K
   McMorrow, DF
   Vorderwisch, P
   Smeibidl, P
   Mangkorntong, N
   Sasagawa, T
   Nohara, M
   Takagi, H
   Mason, TE
TI Antiferromagnetic order induced by an applied magnetic field in a high-temperature superconductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neutron-scattering; la2-xsrxcuo4; state; lines
AB One view of the high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) copper oxide superconductors is that they are conventional superconductors where the pairing occurs between weakly interacting quasi-particles (corresponding to the electrons in ordinary metals), although the theory has to be pushed to its limit(1). An alternative view is that the electrons organize into collective textures (for example, charge and spin stripes) which cannot be 'mapped' onto the electrons in ordinary metals. Understanding the properties of the material would then need quantum field theories of objects such as textures and strings, rather than point-like electrons(2-6). In an external magnetic field, magnetic flux penetrates type II superconductors via vortices, each carrying one flux quantum(7). The vortices form lattices of resistive material embedded in the non-resistive superconductor, and can reveal the nature of the ground state-for example, a conventional metal or an ordered, striped phase-which would have appeared had superconductivity not intervened, and which provides the best starting point for a pairing theory. Here we report that for one high-T-c superconductor, the applied field that imposes the vortex lattice also induces 'striped' antiferromagnetic order. Ordinary quasiparticle models can account for neither the strength of the order nor the nearly field-independent antiferromagnetic transition temperature observed in our measurements.
C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
   CEA, MDN, SPSMS, DRFMC, F-38054 Grenoble 9, France.
   Riso Natl Lab, Mat Res Dept, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
   APG, Niels Bohr Inst, Orsted Lab, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   NEC Res Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin GmbH, BENSC, D-14109 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Frontier Sci, Dept Adv Mat Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Spallat Neutron Source, Expt Facil Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; University of Oxford; CEA; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Technical University of Denmark; University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute; NEC Corporation; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Zentrum fuer Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB); University of Tokyo; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Spallation Neutron Source
RP Lake, B (corresponding author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008 MS 6430, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
EM bella.lake@physics.ox.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/A11397/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 26
TC 489
Z9 523
U1 0
U2 99
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 17
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6869
BP 299
EP 302
DI 10.1038/415299a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 511YC
UT WOS:000173293500037
PM 11797002
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Strecker, KE
   Partridge, GB
   Truscott, AG
   Hulet, RG
AF Strecker, KE
   Partridge, GB
   Truscott, AG
   Hulet, RG
TI Formation and propagation of matter-wave soliton trains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bose-einstein condensate; nonlinear schrodinger-equation; attractive interactions; optical fibers; dark solitons; atoms; collisions; resonance; dynamics; collapse
AB Attraction between the atoms of a Bose-Einstein condensate renders it unstable to collapse, although a condensate with a limited number of atoms(1) can be stabilized(2) by confinement in an atom trap. However, beyond this number the condensate collapses(3-5). Condensates constrained to one-dimensional motion with attractive interactions are predicted to form stable solitons, in which the attractive forces exactly compensate for wave-packet dispersion(1). Here we report the formation of bright solitons of Li-7 atoms in a quasi-one-dimensional optical trap, by magnetically tuning the interactions in a stable Bose-Einstein condensate from repulsive to attractive. The solitons are set in motion by offsetting the optical potential, and are observed to propagate in the potential for many oscillatory cycles without spreading. We observe a soliton train, containing many solitons; repulsive interactions between neighbouring solitons are inferred from their motion.
C1 Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
   Rice Univ, Rice Quantum Inst, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
C3 Rice University; Rice University
RP Hulet, RG (corresponding author), Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
EM randy@atomcool.rice.edu
NR 28
TC 1590
Z9 1716
U1 1
U2 165
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6885
BP 150
EP 153
DI 10.1038/nature747
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 549RH
UT WOS:000175460200036
PM 11986621
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bouillet, P
   Purton, JF
   Godfrey, DI
   Zhang, LC
   Coultas, L
   Puthalakath, H
   Pellegrini, M
   Cory, S
   Adams, JM
   Strasser, A
AF Bouillet, P
   Purton, JF
   Godfrey, DI
   Zhang, LC
   Coultas, L
   Puthalakath, H
   Pellegrini, M
   Cory, S
   Adams, JM
   Strasser, A
TI BH3-only Bcl-2 family member Bim is required for apoptosis of autoreactive thymocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell-receptor; inhibits multiple forms; negative selection; transgenic mice; clonal deletion; expression; lymphocytes; activation; survival; death
AB During lymphocyte development, the assembly of genes coding for antigen receptors occurs by the combinatorial linking of gene segments. The stochastic nature of this process gives rise to lymphocytes that can recognize self-antigens, thereby having the potential to induce autoimmune disease. Such autoreactive lymphocytes can be silenced by developmental arrest or unresponsiveness (anergy)(1), or can be deleted from the repertoire by cell death(1). In the thymus, developing T lymphocytes (thymocytes) bearing a T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex that engages self-antigens are induced to undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis)(2-4), but the mechanisms ensuring this 'negative selection' are unclear. We now report that thymocytes lacking the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bim(5,6) (also known as Bcl2l11) are refractory to apoptosis induced by TCR-CD3 stimulation. Moreover, in transgenic mice expressing autoreactive TCRs that provoke widespread deletion, Bim deficiency severely impaired thymocyte killing. TCR ligation upregulated Bim expression and promoted interaction of Bim with Bcl-X-L, inhibiting its survival function. These findings identify Bim as an essential initiator of apoptosis in thymocyte-negative selection.
C1 Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Melbourne, Vic 3050, Australia.
   Monash Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Immunol, Prahran, Vic 3181, Australia.
C3 Walter & Eliza Hall Institute; Monash University
RP Strasser, A (corresponding author), Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, PO Royal Melbourne Hosp, Melbourne, Vic 3050, Australia.
NR 30
TC 649
Z9 768
U1 2
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 21
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6874
BP 922
EP 926
DI 10.1038/415922a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 523EL
UT WOS:000173941000048
PM 11859372
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Williams, RSB
   Cheng, LL
   Mudge, AW
   Harwood, AJ
AF Williams, RSB
   Cheng, LL
   Mudge, AW
   Harwood, AJ
TI A common mechanism of action for three mood-stabilizing drugs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID prolyl endopeptidase; valproic acid; lithium; dictyostelium; peptidases; depression; inhibitors; decrease; increase; catenin
AB Lithium, carbamazepine and valproic acid are effective mood-stabilizing treatments for bipolar affective disorder. The molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of these drugs and the illness itself are unknown. Berridge and colleagues(1) suggested that inositol depletion may be the way that lithium works in bipolar affective disorder, but others have suggested that glycogen synthase kinase(2,3) (GSK3) may be the relevant target. The action of valproic acid has been linked to both inositol depletion(4,5) and to inhibition of histone deacetylase(6) (HDAC). We show here that all three drugs inhibit the collapse of sensory neuron growth cones and increase growth cone area. These effects do not depend on GSK3 or HDAC inhibition. Inositol, however, reverses the effects of the drugs on growth cones, thus implicating inositol depletion in their action. Moreover, the development of Dictyostelium is sensitive to lithium(7) and to valproic acid, but resistance to both is conferred by deletion of the gene that codes for prolyl oligopeptidase, which also regulates inositol metabolism. Inhibitors of prolyl oligopeptidase reverse the effects of all three drugs on sensory neuron growth cone area and collapse. These results suggest a molecular basis for both bipolar affective disorder and its treatment.
C1 UCL, MRC, Mol Cell Biol Lab, Intracellular Signalling Grp, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, MRC, Mol Cell Biol Lab, Cellular Neurobiol Grp, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, Dept Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London
RP Mudge, AW (corresponding author), UCL, MRC, Mol Cell Biol Lab, Intracellular Signalling Grp, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM a.mudge@ucl.ac.uk
NR 23
TC 524
Z9 575
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 292
EP 295
DI 10.1038/417292a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100048
PM 12015604
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hyman, RW
   Fung, E
   Conway, A
   Kurdi, O
   Mao, J
   Miranda, M
   Nakao, B
   Rowley, D
   Tamaki, T
   Wang, F
   Davis, RW
AF Hyman, RW
   Fung, E
   Conway, A
   Kurdi, O
   Mao, J
   Miranda, M
   Nakao, B
   Rowley, D
   Tamaki, T
   Wang, F
   Davis, RW
TI Sequence of Plasmodium falciparum chromosome 12
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proteins; tool
AB The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the death of more than a million people every year(1). To stimulate basic research on the disease, and to promote the development of effective drugs and vaccines against the parasite, the complete genome of P. falciparum clone 3D7 has been sequenced, using a chromosome-by-chromosome shotgun strategy(2-4). Here we report the nucleotide sequence of the third largest of the parasite's 14 chromosomes, chromosome 12, which comprises about 10% of the 23-megabase genome. As the most (A + T)-rich (80.6%) genome sequenced to date, the P. falciparum genome presented severe problems during the assembly of primary sequence reads. We discuss the methodology that yielded a finished and fully contiguous sequence for chromosome 12. The biological implications of the sequence data are more thoroughly discussed in an accompanying Article (ref. 3).
C1 Stanford Univ, Genome Technol Ctr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Biochem, Coll Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Genet, Coll Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Hyman, RW (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Genome Technol Ctr, 855 Calif Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
EM hyman@sequence.stanford.edu
NR 23
TC 50
Z9 63
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6906
BP 534
EP 537
DI 10.1038/nature01102
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 599RF
UT WOS:000178348400050
PM 12368869
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kihm, AJ
   Kong, Y
   Hong, W
   Russell, JE
   Rouda, S
   Adachi, K
   Simon, MC
   Blobel, GA
   Weiss, MJ
AF Kihm, AJ
   Kong, Y
   Hong, W
   Russell, JE
   Rouda, S
   Adachi, K
   Simon, MC
   Blobel, GA
   Weiss, MJ
TI An abundant erythroid protein that stabilizes free α-haemoglobin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID severe beta-thalassemia; embryonic stem-cells; membrane skeleton; mouse model; precursors; apoptosis; gata-1; differentiation; chains
AB The development of red blood cells (erythrocytes) is distinguished by high-level production of the oxygen carrier, haemoglobin A (HbA), a heterotetramer of alpha- and beta-haemoglobin subunits. HbA synthesis is coordinated to minimize the accumulation of free subunits that form cytotoxic precipitates(1-3). Molecular chaperones that regulate globin subunit stability, folding or assembly have been proposed to exist but have never been identified. Here we identify a protein stabilizing free a- haemoglobin by using a screen for genes induced by the essential erythroid transcription factor GATA-1 (refs 4, 5). Alpha Haemoglobin Stabilizing Protein (AHSP) is an abundant, erythroid-specific protein that forms a stable complex with free alpha- haemoglobin but not with beta-haemoglobin or haemoglobin A (alpha(2)beta(2)). Moreover, AHSP specifically protects free alpha- haemoglobin from precipitation in solution and in live cells. AHSP-gene-ablated mice exhibit reticulocytosis and abnormal erythrocyte morphology with intracellular inclusion bodies that stain positively for denatured haemoglobins. Hence, AHSP is required for normal erythropoiesis, probably acting to block the deleterious effects of free alpha- haemoglobin precipitation. Accordingly, AHSP gene dosage is predicted to modulate pathological states of alpha-haemoglobin excess, such as beta-thalassaemia.
C1 Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Div Hematol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Abramson Family Canc Res Inst, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Weiss, MJ (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Div Hematol, 34th & Civ Ctr Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK061692] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 239
Z9 288
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6890
BP 758
EP 763
DI 10.1038/nature00803
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 561QY
UT WOS:000176154700049
PM 12066189
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Palmer, TN
   Rälsänen, J
AF Palmer, TN
   Rälsänen, J
TI Quantifying the risk of extreme seasonal precipitation events in a changing climate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID decision-model analysis; multimodel ensemble; probability; weather
AB Increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide will almost certainly lead to changes in global mean climate(1). But because-by definition-extreme events are rare, it is significantly more difficult to quantify the risk of extremes. Ensemble-based probabilistic predictions(2), as used in short- and medium-term forecasts of weather and climate, are more useful than deterministic forecasts using a 'best guess' scenario to address this sort of problem(3,4). Here we present a probabilistic analysis of 19 global climate model simulations with a generic binary decision model. We estimate that the probability of total boreal winter precipitation exceeding two standard deviations above normal will increase by a factor of five over parts of the UK over the next 100 years. We find similar increases in probability for the Asian monsoon region in boreal summer, with implications for flooding in Bangladesh. Further practical applications of our techniques would be helped by the use of larger ensembles (for a more complete sampling of model uncertainty) and a wider range of scenarios at a resolution adequate to analyse average-size river basins.
C1 European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England.
   Swedish Meteorol & Hydrol Inst, Rossby Ctr, S-60176 Norrkoping, Sweden.
C3 European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF); Swedish Meteorological & Hydrological Institute
RP Palmer, TN (corresponding author), European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Shinfield Pk, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England.
NR 10
TC 453
Z9 496
U1 5
U2 272
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 31
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6871
BP 512
EP 514
DI 10.1038/415512a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 516PQ
UT WOS:000173564300042
PM 11823856
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pomeroy, SL
   Tamayo, P
   Gaasenbeek, M
   Sturla, LM
   Angelo, M
   McLaughlin, ME
   Kim, JYH
   Goumnerova, LC
   Black, PM
   Lau, C
   Allen, JC
   Zagzag, D
   Olson, JM
   Curran, T
   Wetmore, C
   Biegel, JA
   Poggio, T
   Mukherjee, S
   Rifkin, R
   Califano, A
   Stolovitzky, G
   Louis, DN
   Mesirov, JP
   Lander, ES
   Golub, TR
AF Pomeroy, SL
   Tamayo, P
   Gaasenbeek, M
   Sturla, LM
   Angelo, M
   McLaughlin, ME
   Kim, JYH
   Goumnerova, LC
   Black, PM
   Lau, C
   Allen, JC
   Zagzag, D
   Olson, JM
   Curran, T
   Wetmore, C
   Biegel, JA
   Poggio, T
   Mukherjee, S
   Rifkin, R
   Califano, A
   Stolovitzky, G
   Louis, DN
   Mesirov, JP
   Lander, ES
   Golub, TR
TI Prediction of central nervous system embryonal tumour outcome based on gene expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human homolog; cerebellar medulloblastoma; sonic hedgehog; receptor trkc; cell lineage; germ-line; mutations; cancer; patterns
AB Embryonal tumours of the central nervous system (CNS) represent a heterogeneous group of tumours about which little is known biologically, and whose diagnosis, on the basis of morphologic appearance alone, is controversial. Medulloblastomas, for example, are the most common malignant brain tumour of childhood, but their pathogenesis is unknown, their relationship to other embryonal CNS tumours is debated(1,2), and patients' response to therapy is difficult to predict(3). We approached these problems by developing a classification system based on DNA microarray gene expression data derived from 99 patient samples. Here we demonstrate that medulloblastomas are molecularly distinct from other brain tumours including primitive neuroectodermal tumours (PNETs), atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours (AT/RTs) and malignant gliomas. Previously unrecognized evidence supporting the derivation of medulloblastomas from cerebellar granule cells through activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway was also revealed. We show further that the clinical outcome of children with medulloblastomas is highly predictable on the basis of the gene expression profiles of their tumours at diagnosis.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Div Neurosci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosurg, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Pediat Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Pathol & Neurosurg Serv, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   MIT, Whitehead Inst MIT Ctr Genome Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, McGovern Inst, Ctr Biol & Computat Learning, AI Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Div Pediat Oncol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, New York, NY 10128 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Clin Res, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Dev Neurobiol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   Univ Penn, Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Sch Med, Dept Pediat,Div Human Genet, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Baylor College of Medicine; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; New York University; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA
RP Pomeroy, SL (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Div Neurosci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM scott.pomeroy@tch.harvard.edu; golub@genome.wi.mit.edu
NR 30
TC 1791
Z9 2040
U1 0
U2 103
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 24
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6870
BP 436
EP 442
DI 10.1038/415436a
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 514HR
UT WOS:000173433600052
PM 11807556
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Childers, SE
   Ciufo, S
   Lovley, DR
AF Childers, SE
   Ciufo, S
   Lovley, DR
TI Geobacter metallireducens accesses insoluble Fe(III) oxide by chemotaxis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID iron; reduction; oxidation; biogenesis; bacterial; benzene
AB Microorganisms that use insoluble Fe(III) oxide as an electron acceptor can have an important function in the carbon and nutrient cycles of aquatic sediments and in the bioremediation of organic and metal contaminants in groundwater(1,2). Although Fe(III) oxides are often abundant, Fe(III)-reducing microbes are faced with the problem of how to access effectively an electron acceptor that can not diffuse to the cell. Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms in the genus Shewanella have resolved this problem by releasing soluble quinones that can carry electrons from the cell surface to Fe(III) oxide that is at a distance from the cell(3,4). Here we report that another Fe(III)-reducer, Geobacter metallireducens, has an alternative strategy for accessing Fe( III) oxides. Geobacter metallireducens specifically expresses flagella and pili only when grown on insoluble Fe(III) or Mn(IV) oxide, and is chemotactic towards Fe(II) and Mn( II) under these conditions. These results suggest that G. metallireducens senses when soluble electron acceptors are depleted and then synthesizes the appropriate appendages to permit it to search for, and establish contact with, insoluble Fe( III) or Mn( IV) oxide. This approach to the use of an insoluble electron acceptor may explain why Geobacter species predominate over other Fe( III) oxide-reducing microorganisms in a wide variety of sedimentary environments(5-8).
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Microbiol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst
RP Lovley, DR (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Microbiol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
EM dlovley@microbio.umass.edu
NR 22
TC 352
Z9 448
U1 7
U2 327
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6882
BP 767
EP 769
DI 10.1038/416767a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 542FU
UT WOS:000175033500049
PM 11961561
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Glöckner, G
   Eichinger, L
   Szafranski, K
   Pachebat, JA
   Bankier, AT
   Dear, PH
   Lehmann, D
   Baumgart, C
   Parra, G
   Abril, JF
   Guigó, R
   Kumpf, K
   Tunggal, B
   Cox, E
   Quail, MA
   Platzer, M
   Rosenthal, A
   Noegel, AA
AF Glöckner, G
   Eichinger, L
   Szafranski, K
   Pachebat, JA
   Bankier, AT
   Dear, PH
   Lehmann, D
   Baumgart, C
   Parra, G
   Abril, JF
   Guigó, R
   Kumpf, K
   Tunggal, B
   Cox, E
   Quail, MA
   Platzer, M
   Rosenthal, A
   Noegel, AA
TI Sequence and analysis of chromosome 2 of Dictyostelium discoideum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genome sequence; model
AB The genome of the lower eukaryote Dictyostelium discoideum comprises six chromosomes. Here we report the sequence of the largest, chromosome 2, which at 8 megabases (Mb) represents about 25% of the genome. Despite an A+T content of nearly 80%, the chromosome codes for 2,799 predicted protein coding genes and 73 transfer RNA genes. This gene density, about 1 gene per 2.6 kilobases (kb), is surpassed only by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (one per 2 kb) and is similar to that of Schizosaccharomyces pombe (one per 2.5 kb)(1,2). If we assume that the other chromosomes have a similar gene density, we can expect around 11,000 genes in the D. discoideum genome. A significant number of the genes show higher similarities to genes of vertebrates than to those of other fully sequenced eukaryotes(1-6). This analysis strengthens the view that the evolutionary position of D. discoideum is located before the branching of metazoa and fungi but after the divergence of the plant kingdom(7), placing it close to the base of metazoan evolution.
C1 Univ Cologne, Fac Med, Ctr Biochem, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
   IMB Jena, Dept Genome Anal, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
   Univ Cambridge, MRC Ctr, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   Univ Pompeu Fabra, Inst Municipal Invest Med, Grp Recerca Informat Biomed, Ctr Regulacio Genom, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
   Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Sanger Inst, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambs, England.
   Univ Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
C3 University of Cologne; University of Cambridge; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; Barcelona Institute of Science & Technology; Pompeu Fabra University; Centre de Regulacio Genomica (CRG); Princeton University; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Friedrich Schiller University of Jena
RP Glöckner, G (corresponding author), Univ Cologne, Fac Med, Ctr Biochem, Joseph Stelzmann Str 52, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
EM gernot@imb-jena.de; noegel@uni-koeln.de
NR 30
TC 150
Z9 1079
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6893
BP 79
EP 85
DI 10.1038/nature00847
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 569JL
UT WOS:000176599200042
PM 12097910
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reader, JS
   Joyce, GF
AF Reader, JS
   Joyce, GF
TI A ribozyme composed of only two different nucleotides
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna; cytidine; dna
AB RNA molecules are thought to have been prominent in the early history of life on Earth because of their ability both to encode genetic information and to exhibit catalytic function(1). The modern genetic alphabet relies on two sets of complementary base pairs to store genetic information. However, owing to the chemical instability of cytosine, which readily deaminates to uracil(2), a primitive genetic system composed of the bases A, U, G and C may have been difficult to establish. It has been suggested that the first genetic material instead contained only a single base-pairing unit(3-7). Here we show that binary informational macromolecules, containing only two different nucleotide sub-units, can act as catalysts. In vitro evolution was used to obtain ligase ribozymes composed of only 2,6-diaminopurine and uracil nucleotides, which catalyse the template-directed joining of two RNA molecules, one bearing a 5'-triphosphate and the other a 3'-hydroxyl. The active conformation of the fastest isolated ribozyme had a catalytic rate that was about 36,000-fold faster than the uncatalysed rate of reaction. This ribozyme is specific for the formation of biologically relevant 3',5'-phosphodiester linkages.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
RP Joyce, GF (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM gjoyce@scripps.edu
NR 19
TC 75
Z9 85
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 26
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6917
BP 841
EP 844
DI 10.1038/nature01185
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 626WR
UT WOS:000179897300063
PM 12490955
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scaffidi, P
   Misteli, T
   Bianchi, ME
AF Scaffidi, P
   Misteli, T
   Bianchi, ME
TI Release of chromatin protein HMGB1 by necrotic cells triggers inflammation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID linker histones b4; high-mobility; dna; binding; h1; apoptosis; mediator; hmg-1
AB High mobility group 1 (HMGB1) protein is both a nuclear factor and a secreted protein. In the cell nucleus it acts as an architectural chromatin-binding factor that bends DNA and promotes protein assembly on specific DNA targets(1,2). Outside the cell, it binds with high affinity to RAGE (the receptor for advanced glycation end products) 3 and is a potent mediator of inflammation(4-6). HMGB1 is secreted by activated monocytes and macrophages(4), and is passively released by necrotic or damaged cells(7-9). Here we report that Hmgb1(-/-) necrotic cells have a greatly reduced ability to promote inflammation, which proves that the release of HMGB1 can signal the demise of a cell to its neighbours. Apoptotic cells do not release HMGB1 even after undergoing secondary necrosis and partial autolysis, and thus fail to promote inflammation even if not cleared promptly by phagocytic cells. In apoptotic cells, HMGB1 is bound firmly to chromatin because of generalized underacetylation of histone and is released in the extracellular medium (promoting inflammation) if chromatin deacetylation is prevented. Thus, cells undergoing apoptosis are programmed to withhold the signal that is broadcast by cells that have been damaged or killed by trauma.
C1 Univ Vita Salute San Raffaele, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
   Ist Sci San Raffaele, DIBIT, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
   NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Bianchi, ME (corresponding author), Univ Vita Salute San Raffaele, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
EM bianchi.marco@hsr.it
NR 24
TC 3551
Z9 4120
U1 3
U2 240
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6894
BP 191
EP 195
DI 10.1038/nature00858
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 571GV
UT WOS:000176710400042
PM 12110890
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kolesnychenko, OY
   de Kort, R
   Katsnelson, MI
   Lichtenstein, AI
   van Kempen, H
AF Kolesnychenko, OY
   de Kort, R
   Katsnelson, MI
   Lichtenstein, AI
   van Kempen, H
TI Real-space imaging of an orbital Kondo resonance on the Cr(001) surface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electronic-structure; infinite dimensions; impurity; superconductivity; field
AB The Kondo effect(1) is usually connected with the interaction between a localized spin moment and itinerant electrons. This interaction leads to the formation of a narrow resonance at the Fermi level, which is called the Abrikosov-Suhl or Kondo resonance(2). Scanning tunnelling microscopy is an ideal technique for real-space investigations of complicated electronic structures(3,4) and many-body phenomena, such as the formation of the Kondo resonance(5-8) or d-wave pairing in high-T-c superconductors(9). Theory has predicted that similar, Kondo-like many-electron resonances are possible for scattering centres with orbital instead of spin degrees of freedom-the quadruple momenta in uranium-based compounds or two-level systems in metallic glasses are examples of such 'pseudo-Kondo' scattering centres(10). Here we present evidence for the orbital Kondo resonance on a transition-metal surface. Investigations of an atomically clean Cr(001) surface at low temperature using scanning tunnelling microscopy reveal a very narrow resonance at 26 meV above the Fermi level, and enable us to visualize the orbital character of the corresponding state. The experimental data, together with many-body calculations, demonstrate that the observed resonance is an orbital Kondo resonance formed by two degenerate d(xz), d(yz) surface states.
C1 Catholic Univ Nijmegen, Mat Res Inst, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
C3 Radboud University Nijmegen
RP van Kempen, H (corresponding author), Catholic Univ Nijmegen, Mat Res Inst, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
NR 19
TC 63
Z9 67
U1 1
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 31
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6871
BP 507
EP 509
DI 10.1038/415507a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 516PQ
UT WOS:000173564300040
PM 11823854
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oberholzer, S
   Sukhorukov, EV
   Schöenenberger, C
AF Oberholzer, S
   Sukhorukov, EV
   Schöenenberger, C
TI Crossover between classical and quantum shot noise in chaotic cavities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID point contacts; conductance
AB The discreteness of charge in units of e led Schottky in 1918 to predict that the electrical current in a vacuum tube fluctuates even if all spurious noise sources are eliminated carefully(1). This phenomenon is now widely known as shot noise. In recent years, shot noise in mesoscopic conductors, where charge motion is quantum-coherent over distances comparable to the system size, has been studied extensively(2-5). In those experiments, charge does not propagate as an isolated entity through free space, as for vacuum tubes, but is part of a degenerate and quantum-coherent Fermi sea of charges. It has been predicted that shot noise in mesoscopic conductors can disappear altogether when the system is tuned to a regime where electron motion becomes classically chaotic(6). Here we experimentally verify this prediction by using chaotic cavities where the time that electrons dwell inside can be tuned(7). Shot noise is present for large dwell times, where the electron motion through the cavity is 'smeared' by quantum scattering, and it disappears for short dwell times, when the motion becomes classically deterministic.
C1 Univ Basel, Inst Phys, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 University of Basel
RP Schöenenberger, C (corresponding author), Univ Basel, Inst Phys, Klingelbergstr 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
NR 15
TC 93
Z9 99
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 14
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6873
BP 765
EP 767
DI 10.1038/415765a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 521HE
UT WOS:000173833900038
PM 11845201
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deane, GB
   Stokes, MD
AF Deane, GB
   Stokes, MD
TI Scale dependence of bubble creation mechanisms in breaking waves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID air entrainment; size distributions; dissipation; generation; ambient; clouds
AB Breaking ocean waves entrain air bubbles that enhance air-sea gas flux, produce aerosols, generate ambient noise and scavenge biological surfactants. The size distribution of the entrained bubbles is the most important factor in controlling these processes, but little is known about bubble properties and formation mechanisms inside whitecaps. We have measured bubble size distributions inside breaking waves in the laboratory and in the open ocean, and provide a quantitative description of bubble formation mechanisms in the laboratory. We find two distinct mechanisms controlling the size distribution, depending on bubble size. For bubbles larger than about 1 mm, turbulent fragmentation determines bubble size distribution, resulting in a bubble density proportional to the bubble radius to the power of -10/3. Smaller bubbles are created by jet and drop impact on the wave face, with a -3/2 power-law scaling. The length scale separating these processes is the scale where turbulent fragmentation ceases, also known as the Hinze scale. Our results will have important implications for the study of air-sea gas transfer.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Marine Phys Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
RP Deane, GB (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Marine Phys Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM grant@mpl.ucsd.edu
NR 37
TC 542
Z9 622
U1 5
U2 168
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6900
BP 839
EP 844
DI 10.1038/nature00967
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 585YR
UT WOS:000177555600029
PM 12192401
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Taylor, WR
AF Taylor, WR
TI A 'periodic table' for protein structures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-sheet; classification; prediction; database
AB Current structural genomics programs aim systematically to determine the structures of all proteins coded in both human and other genomes, providing a complete picture of the number and variety of protein structures that exist. In the past, estimates have been made on the basis of the incomplete sample of structures currently known. These estimates have varied greatly (between 1,000 and 10,000; see for example refs 1 and 2), partly because of limited sample size but also owing to the difficulties of distinguishing one structure from another. This distinction is usually topological, based on the fold of the protein; however, in strict topological terms (neglecting to consider intra-chain cross-links), protein chains are open strings and hence are all identical. To avoid this trivial result, topologies are determined by considering secondary links in the form of intra-chain hydrogen bonds (secondary structure) and tertiary links formed by the packing of secondary structures. However, small additions to or loss of structure can make large changes to these perceived topologies and such subjective solutions are neither robust nor amenable to automation. Here I formalize both secondary and tertiary links to allow the rigorous and automatic definition of protein topology.
C1 Natl Inst Med Res, Div Math Biol, London NW7 1AA, England.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research
RP Taylor, WR (corresponding author), Natl Inst Med Res, Div Math Biol, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, England.
EM wtaylor@nimr.mrc.ac.uk
NR 20
TC 115
Z9 124
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6881
BP 657
EP 660
DI 10.1038/416657a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 539YV
UT WOS:000174901900049
PM 11948354
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Feng, Q
   Zhang, YJ
   Hao, P
   Wang, SY
   Fu, G
   Huang, YC
   Li, Y
   Zhu, JJ
   Liu, YL
   Hu, X
   Jia, PX
   Zhang, Y
   Zhao, Q
   Ying, K
   Yu, SL
   Tang, YS
   Weng, QJ
   Zhang, L
   Lu, Y
   Mu, J
   Lu, YQ
   Zhang, LS
   Yu, Z
   Fan, DL
   Liu, XH
   Lu, TT
   Li, C
   Wu, YR
   Sun, TG
   Lei, HY
   Li, T
   Hu, H
   Guan, JP
   Wu, M
   Zhang, RQ
   Zhou, B
   Chen, ZH
   Chen, L
   Jin, ZQ
   Wang, R
   Yin, HF
   Cai, Z
   Ren, SX
   Lv, G
   Gu, WY
   Zhu, GF
   Tu, YF
   Jia, J
   Zhang, Y
   Chen, J
   Kang, H
   Chen, XY
   Shao, CY
   Sun, Y
   Hu, QP
   Zhang, XL
   Zhang, W
   Wang, LJ
   Ding, CW
   Sheng, HH
   Gu, JL
   Chen, ST
   Ni, L
   Zhu, FH
   Chen, W
   Lan, LF
   Lai, Y
   Cheng, ZK
   Gu, MH
   Jiang, JM
   Li, JY
   Hong, GF
   Xue, YB
   Han, B
AF Feng, Q
   Zhang, YJ
   Hao, P
   Wang, SY
   Fu, G
   Huang, YC
   Li, Y
   Zhu, JJ
   Liu, YL
   Hu, X
   Jia, PX
   Zhang, Y
   Zhao, Q
   Ying, K
   Yu, SL
   Tang, YS
   Weng, QJ
   Zhang, L
   Lu, Y
   Mu, J
   Lu, YQ
   Zhang, LS
   Yu, Z
   Fan, DL
   Liu, XH
   Lu, TT
   Li, C
   Wu, YR
   Sun, TG
   Lei, HY
   Li, T
   Hu, H
   Guan, JP
   Wu, M
   Zhang, RQ
   Zhou, B
   Chen, ZH
   Chen, L
   Jin, ZQ
   Wang, R
   Yin, HF
   Cai, Z
   Ren, SX
   Lv, G
   Gu, WY
   Zhu, GF
   Tu, YF
   Jia, J
   Zhang, Y
   Chen, J
   Kang, H
   Chen, XY
   Shao, CY
   Sun, Y
   Hu, QP
   Zhang, XL
   Zhang, W
   Wang, LJ
   Ding, CW
   Sheng, HH
   Gu, JL
   Chen, ST
   Ni, L
   Zhu, FH
   Chen, W
   Lan, LF
   Lai, Y
   Cheng, ZK
   Gu, MH
   Jiang, JM
   Li, JY
   Hong, GF
   Xue, YB
   Han, B
TI Sequence and analysis of rice chromosome 4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plant arabidopsis-thaliana; genome sequence; draft sequence; physical map; genetic-map; expression; project; cloning; tool; dna
AB Rice is the principal food for over half of the population of the world. With its genome size of 430 megabase pairs ( Mb), the cultivated rice species Oryza sativa is a model plant for genome research(1). Here we report the sequence analysis of chromosome 4 of O. sativa, one of the first two rice chromosomes to be sequenced completely(2). The finished sequence spans 34.6 Mb and represents 97.3% of the chromosome. In addition, we report the longest known sequence for a plant centromere, a completely sequenced contig of 1.16 Mb corresponding to the centromeric region of chromosome 4. We predict 4,658 protein coding genes and 70 transfer RNA genes. A total of 1,681 predicted genes match available unique rice expressed sequence tags. Transposable elements have a pronounced bias towards the euchromatic regions, indicating a close correlation of their distributions to genes along the chromosome. Comparative genome analysis between cultivated rice subspecies shows that there is an overall syntenic relationship between the chromosomes and divergence at the level of single-nucleotide polymorphisms and insertions and deletions. By contrast, there is little conservation in gene order between rice and Arabidopsis.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Inst Biol Sci, Natl Ctr Gene Res, Shanghai 200233, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Natl Human Genome Ctr Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Genet & Dev Biol, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.
   Yangzhou Univ, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, Peoples R China.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology, CAS; Yangzhou University; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Han, B (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Inst Biol Sci, Natl Ctr Gene Res, 500 Caobao Rd, Shanghai 200233, Peoples R China.
EM bhan@ncgr.ac.cn
NR 30
TC 399
Z9 980
U1 2
U2 133
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6913
BP 316
EP 320
DI 10.1038/nature01183
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 617BM
UT WOS:000179340400042
PM 12447439
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shi, JY
   Krishnamoorthy, G
   Yang, YW
   Hu, L
   Chaturvedi, N
   Harilal, D
   Qin, J
   Cui, JM
AF Shi, JY
   Krishnamoorthy, G
   Yang, YW
   Hu, L
   Chaturvedi, N
   Harilal, D
   Qin, J
   Cui, JM
TI Mechanism of magnesium activation of calcium-activated potassium channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ca2+-activated k+ channels; bk channel; ca2+-dependent activation; proteins; voltage; domain; conductance; sensitivity; subunit; mslo
AB Large-conductance (BK type) Ca2+-dependent K+ channels are essential for modulating muscle contraction and neuronal activities such as synaptic transmission and hearing(1-5). BK channels are activated by membrane depolarization and intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ (refs 6-10). The energy provided by voltage, Ca2+ and Mg2+ binding are additive in activating the channel, suggesting that these signals open the activation gate through independent pathways(9,11). Here we report a molecular investigation of a Mg2+ dependent activation mechanism. Using a combined site-directed mutagenesis and structural analysis, we demonstrate that a structurally new Mg2+-binding site in the RCK/Rossman fold domain-an intracellular structural motif that immediately follows the activation gate S6 helix(12-15)-is responsible for Mg2+ dependent activation. Mutations that impair or abolish Mg2+ sensitivity do not affect Ca2+ sensitivity, and vice versa. These results indicate distinct structural pathways for Mg2+ - and Ca2+ dependent activation and suggest a possible mechanism for the coupling between Mg2+ binding and channel opening.
C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Cardiac Bioelect Res & Training Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Cleveland Clin Fdn, Lerner Res Inst, Struct Biol Program, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Clinic Foundation
RP Cui, JM (corresponding author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Cardiac Bioelect Res & Training Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL070393] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 178
Z9 209
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6900
BP 876
EP 880
DI 10.1038/nature00941
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 585YR
UT WOS:000177555600038
PM 12192410
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU O'Nions, K
   Pitman, R
   Marsh, C
AF O'Nions, K
   Pitman, R
   Marsh, C
TI Science of nuclear warheads
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Minist Def, London SW1A 2EU, England.
   Minist Def, London WC2N 5BP, England.
   AWE, Reading RG7 4PR, Berks, England.
RP O'Nions, K (corresponding author), Minist Def, Room 240,Old War Off Bldg, London SW1A 2EU, England.
NR 24
TC 19
Z9 21
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 21
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6874
BP 853
EP 857
DI 10.1038/415853a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 523EL
UT WOS:000173941000028
PM 11859352
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wade, CM
   Kulbokas, EJ
   Kirby, AW
   Zody, MC
   Mullikin, JC
   Lander, ES
   Lindblad-Toh, K
   Daly, MJ
AF Wade, CM
   Kulbokas, EJ
   Kirby, AW
   Zody, MC
   Mullikin, JC
   Lander, ES
   Lindblad-Toh, K
   Daly, MJ
TI The mosaic structure of variation in the laboratory mouse genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genetic-variation; inbred strains; mice; dna
AB Most inbred laboratory mouse strains are known to have originated from a mixed but limited founder population in a few laboratories(1,2). However, the effect of this breeding history on patterns of genetic variation among these strains and the implications for their use are not well understood. Here we present an analysis of the fine structure of variation in the mouse genome, using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). When the recently assembled genome sequence from the C57BL/6J strain(3) is aligned with sample sequence from other strains, we observe long segments of either extremely high (similar to40 SNPs per 10 kb) or extremely low (similar to0.5 SNPs per 10 kb) polymorphism rates. In all strain-to-strain comparisons examined, only one-third of the genome falls into long regions (averaging >1 Mb) of a high SNP rate, consistent with estimated divergence rates between Mus musculus domesticus and either M. m. musculus or M. m. castaneus. These data suggest that the genomes of these inbred strains are mosaics with the vast majority of segments derived from domesticus and musculus sources. These observations have important implications for the design and interpretation of positional cloning experiments.
C1 MIT, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Whitehead MIT Ctr Genome Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Queensland, Sch Vet Sci, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia.
   Sanger Ctr, Hinxton CB10 1RQ, Cambs, England.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; University of Queensland; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
RP Lindblad-Toh, K (corresponding author), MIT, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 18
TC 379
Z9 425
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 574
EP 578
DI 10.1038/nature01252
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600055
PM 12466852
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Enquist, BJ
   Haskell, JP
   Tiffney, BH
AF Enquist, BJ
   Haskell, JP
   Tiffney, BH
TI General patterns of taxonomic and biomass partitioning in extant and fossil plant communities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID limiting similarity; diversity; recruitment
AB A central goal of evolutionary ecology is to identify the general features maintaining the diversity of species assemblages(1-3). Understanding the taxonomic and ecological characteristics of ecological communities provides a means to develop and test theories about the processes that regulate species coexistence and diversity. Here, using data from woody plant communities from different biogeographic regions, continents and geologic time periods, we show that the number of higher taxa is a general power-function of species richness that is significantly different from randomized assemblages. In general, we find that local communities are characterized by fewer higher taxa than would be expected by chance. The degree of taxonomic diversity is influenced by modes of dispersal and potential biotic interactions. Further, changes in local diversity are accompanied by regular changes in the partitioning of community biomass between taxa that are also described by a power function. Our results indicate that local and regional processes(2) have consistently regulated community diversity and biomass partitioning for millions of years.
C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Conservat Int, Ctr Appl Biodivers Res, Washington, DC 20036 USA.
   Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
   Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of Arizona; Conservation International; Utah System of Higher Education; Utah State University; Utah System of Higher Education; Utah State University; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Enquist, BJ (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
EM benquist@u.arizona.edu
NR 28
TC 80
Z9 87
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6907
BP 610
EP 613
DI 10.1038/nature01069
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 602AT
UT WOS:000178483100043
PM 12374977
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loudon, JC
   Mathur, ND
   Midgley, PA
AF Loudon, JC
   Mathur, ND
   Midgley, PA
TI Charge-ordered ferromagnetic phase in La0.5Ca0.5MnO3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thin-films; separation; manganites; la1-xcaxmno3; stripes
AB Mixed-valent manganites are noted for their unusual magnetic, electronic and structural phase transitions. For example, the La1-xCaxMnO3 phase diagram(1) shows that below transition temperatures in the range 100-260 K, compounds with 0.2 < x < 0.5 are ferromagnetic and metallic, whereas those with 0.5 < x < 0.9 are antiferromagnetic and charge ordered. In a narrow region around x 5 0.5, these totally dissimilar ground states are thought to coexist(2,3). It has been shown 4 that charge order and charge disorder can coexist in the related compound, La0.25Pr0.375Ca0.375MnO3. Here we present electron microscopy data for La0.5Ca0.5MnO3 that shed light on the distribution of these coexisting phases, and uncover an additional, unexpected phase. Using electron holography and Fresnel imaging, we find micrometre-sized ferromagnetic regions spanning several grains coexisting with similar-sized regions with no local magnetization. Holography shows that the ferromagnetic regions have a local magnetization of 3.4 +/- 0.2 Bohr magnetons per Mn atom (the spin-aligned value is 3.5 mu(B) per Mn). We use electron diffraction and dark-field imaging to show that charge order exists in regions with no net magnetization and, surprisingly, can also occur in ferromagnetic regions.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci & Met, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Loudon, JC (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci & Met, Pembroke St, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, England.
NR 21
TC 290
Z9 306
U1 0
U2 108
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 26
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6917
BP 797
EP 800
DI 10.1038/nature01299
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 626WR
UT WOS:000179897300051
PM 12490944
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davies, H
   Bignell, GR
   Cox, C
   Stephens, P
   Edkins, S
   Clegg, S
   Teague, J
   Woffendin, H
   Garnett, MJ
   Bottomley, W
   Davis, N
   Dicks, N
   Ewing, R
   Floyd, Y
   Gray, K
   Hall, S
   Hawes, R
   Hughes, J
   Kosmidou, V
   Menzies, A
   Mould, C
   Parker, A
   Stevens, C
   Watt, S
   Hooper, S
   Wilson, R
   Jayatilake, H
   Gusterson, BA
   Cooper, C
   Shipley, J
   Hargrave, D
   Pritchard-Jones, K
   Maitland, N
   Chenevix-Trench, G
   Riggins, GJ
   Bigner, DD
   Palmieri, G
   Cossu, A
   Flanagan, A
   Nicholson, A
   Ho, JWC
   Leung, SY
   Yuen, ST
   Weber, BL
   Siegler, HF
   Darrow, TL
   Paterson, H
   Marais, R
   Marshall, CJ
   Wooster, R
   Stratton, MR
   Futreal, PA
AF Davies, H
   Bignell, GR
   Cox, C
   Stephens, P
   Edkins, S
   Clegg, S
   Teague, J
   Woffendin, H
   Garnett, MJ
   Bottomley, W
   Davis, N
   Dicks, N
   Ewing, R
   Floyd, Y
   Gray, K
   Hall, S
   Hawes, R
   Hughes, J
   Kosmidou, V
   Menzies, A
   Mould, C
   Parker, A
   Stevens, C
   Watt, S
   Hooper, S
   Wilson, R
   Jayatilake, H
   Gusterson, BA
   Cooper, C
   Shipley, J
   Hargrave, D
   Pritchard-Jones, K
   Maitland, N
   Chenevix-Trench, G
   Riggins, GJ
   Bigner, DD
   Palmieri, G
   Cossu, A
   Flanagan, A
   Nicholson, A
   Ho, JWC
   Leung, SY
   Yuen, ST
   Weber, BL
   Siegler, HF
   Darrow, TL
   Paterson, H
   Marais, R
   Marshall, CJ
   Wooster, R
   Stratton, MR
   Futreal, PA
TI Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent protein-kinase; tyrosine kinase; b-raf; activation; pathway; proliferation; inhibitor
AB Cancers arise owing to the accumulation of mutations in critical genes that alter normal programmes of cell proliferation, differentiation and death. As the first stage of a systematic genome-wide screen for these genes, we have prioritized for analysis signalling pathways in which at least one gene is mutated in human cancer. The RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK-MAP kinase pathway mediates cellular responses to growth signals(1). RAS is mutated to an oncogenic formin about 15% of human cancer. The three RAF genes code for cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinases that are regulated by binding RAS(1-3). Here we report BRAF somatic missense mutations in 66% of malignant melanomas and at lower frequency in a wide range of human cancers. All mutations are within the kinase domain, with a single substitution (V599E) accounting for 80%. Mutated BRAF proteins have elevated kinase activity and are transforming in NIH3T3 cells. Furthermore, RAS function is not required for the growth of cancer cell lines with the V599E mutation. As BRAF is a serine/threonine kinase that is commonly activated by somatic point mutation in human cancer, it may provide new therapeutic opportunities in malignant melanoma.
C1 Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Canc Genome Project, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England.
   Inst Canc Res, Chester Beatty Labs, Canc Res UK Ctr Cell & Mol Biol, London SW3 6JB, England.
   Inst Canc Res, Sect Canc Genet, Sutton SM2 5NG, Surrey, England.
   Inst Canc Res, Sect Mol Carcinogenesis, Sutton SM2 5NG, Surrey, England.
   Inst Canc Res, Paediat Sect, Sutton SM2 5NG, Surrey, England.
   Univ Glasgow, Western Infirm, Dept Pathol, Glasgow S11 6NT, Lanark, Scotland.
   Univ York, Dept Biol, YCR Canc Res Unit, York YO10 5YW, N Yorkshire, England.
   Queensland Inst Med Res, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   CNR, Inst Mol Genet, I-07040 Alghero, Italy.
   Univ Sassari, Dept Pathol, I-07100 Sassari, Italy.
   UCL Royal Free & Univ Coll Med Sch, London WC1E 6JJ, England.
   Royal Brompton Hosp, London SW3 6NP, England.
   Univ Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hosp, Dept Surg, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
   Univ Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hosp, Dept Pathol, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
   Univ Penn, Ctr Canc, Abramson Family Canc Res Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; Cancer Research UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust; University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; University of Glasgow; University of York - UK; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Duke University; Duke University; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Genetica Molecolare (IGM-CNR); University of Sassari; University of London; University College London; UCL Medical School; Royal Brompton Hospital; University of Hong Kong; University of Hong Kong; University of Pennsylvania
RP Wooster, R (corresponding author), Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Canc Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England.
EM rw1@sanger.ac.uk
NR 24
TC 8551
Z9 9958
U1 9
U2 881
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6892
BP 949
EP 954
DI 10.1038/nature00766
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 566RC
UT WOS:000176441200039
PM 12068308
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carr, GL
   Martin, MC
   McKinney, WR
   Jordan, K
   Neil, GR
   Williams, GP
AF Carr, GL
   Martin, MC
   McKinney, WR
   Jordan, K
   Neil, GR
   Williams, GP
TI High-power terahertz radiation from relativistic electrons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coherent synchrotron-radiation; transition radiation; emission; pulses; laser; manipulation; generation; beam
AB Terahertz (THz) radiation, which lies in the far-infrared region, is at the interface of electronics and photonics. Narrow-band THz radiation can be produced by free-electron lasers(1) and fast diodes(2,3). Broadband THz radiation can be produced by thermal sources and, more recently, by table-top laser-driven sources(4-6) and by short electron bunches in accelerators(7), but so far only with low power. Here we report calculations and measurements that confirm the production of high-power broadband THz radiation from subpicosecond electron bunches in an accelerator. The average power is nearly 20 watts, several orders of magnitude higher than any existing source, which could enable various new applications. In particular, many materials have distinct absorptive and dispersive properties in this spectral range, so that THz imaging could reveal interesting features. For example, it would be possible to image the distribution of specific proteins or water in tissue, or buried metal layers in semiconductors(8,9); the present source would allow full-field, real-time capture of such images. High peak and average power THz sources are also critical in driving new nonlinear phenomena and for pump-probe studies of dynamical properties of materials(10,11).
C1 Jefferson Lab, Free Electron Laser Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA.
   Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Jefferson National Accelerator; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Williams, GP (corresponding author), Jefferson Lab, Free Electron Laser Facil, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA 23606 USA.
NR 30
TC 665
Z9 736
U1 4
U2 249
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6912
BP 153
EP 156
DI 10.1038/nature01175
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 614QM
UT WOS:000179200900038
PM 12432385
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Plug, LJ
   Werner, BT
AF Plug, LJ
   Werner, BT
TI Nonlinear dynamics of ice-wedge networks and resulting sensitivity to severe cooling events
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID western arctic coast; permafrost; casts; cracking; growth; canada
AB Patterns of subsurface wedges of ice that form along cooling-induced tension fractures, expressed at the ground surface by ridges or troughs spaced 10-30 m apart, are ubiquitous in polar lowlands(1). Fossilized ice wedges, which are widespread at lower latitudes, have been used to infer the duration(2-4) and mean temperature(5,6) of cold periods within Proterozoic(2) and Quaternary climates(3-13), and recent climate trends have been inferred from fracture frequency in active ice wedges(14). Here we present simulations from a numerical model for the evolution of ice-wedge networks over a range of climate scenarios, based on the interactions between thermal tensile stress, fracture and ice wedges. We find that short-lived periods of severe cooling permanently alter the spacing between ice wedges as well as their fracture frequency. This affects the rate at which the widths of ice wedges increase as well as the network's response to subsequent climate change. We conclude that wedge spacing and width in ice-wedge networks mainly reflect infrequent episodes of rapidly falling ground temperatures rather than mean conditions.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Cecil & Ida Green Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Complex Syst Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Plug, LJ (corresponding author), Dalhousie Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
NR 26
TC 45
Z9 50
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6892
BP 929
EP 933
DI 10.1038/nature00796
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 566RC
UT WOS:000176441200033
PM 12087399
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klironomos, JN
AF Klironomos, JN
TI Feedback with soil biota contributes to plant rarity and invasiveness in communities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diversity; pathogens; vegetation; ecosystem; mosaics
AB Understanding the relative abundance of species in plant communities is an unsolved problem(1-10). Mechanisms such as competition, resource partitioning(5), dispersal ability(10) and predation tolerance(6-9) do not adequately explain relative abundance under field conditions(11,12). Recent work suggests that interactions between plants and soil microbes is important(13-21). Here I show that such interaction explains a significant proportion of the variance in the relative abundance of species in plant communities. Rare plants exhibited a relative decrease in growth on 'home' soil in which pathogens had had a chance to accumulate, whereas invasive plants benefited from interactions with mycorrhizal fungi. Some plant species accumulate pathogens quickly and maintain low densities as a result of the accumulation of species-specific pathogens, whereas others accumulate species-specific pathogens more slowly and do not experience negative feedback until plant densities reach high levels(13,15,21). These results indicate that plants have different abilities to influence their abundance by changing the structure of their soil communities, and that this is an important regulator of plant community structure.
C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Bot, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
C3 University of Guelph
RP Klironomos, JN (corresponding author), Univ Guelph, Dept Bot, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
NR 27
TC 1444
Z9 1806
U1 18
U2 1036
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6884
BP 67
EP 70
DI 10.1038/417067a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 546ZM
UT WOS:000175307200038
PM 11986666
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schuler, B
   Lipman, EA
   Eaton, WA
AF Schuler, B
   Lipman, EA
   Eaton, WA
TI Probing the free-energy surface for protein folding with single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transfer confocal microscopy; cold-shock protein; diffusing molecules; thermotoga-maritima; beta-sheet; dynamics; peptides; model; denaturation; dependence
AB Protein folding is inherently a heterogeneous process because of the very large number of microscopic pathways that connect the myriad unfolded conformations to the unique conformation of the native structure. In a first step towards the long-range goal of describing the distribution of pathways experimentally, Forster resonance energy transfer(1) (FRET) has been measured on single, freely diffusing molecules(2-4). Here we use this method to determine properties of the free-energy surface for folding that have not been obtained from ensemble experiments. We show that single-molecule FRET measurements of a small cold-shock protein expose equilibrium collapse of the unfolded polypeptide and allow us to calculate limits on the polypeptide reconfiguration time. From these results, limits on the height of the free-energy barrier to folding are obtained that are consistent with a simple statistical mechanical model, but not with the barriers derived from simulations using molecular dynamics. Unlike the activation energy, the free-energy barrier includes the activation entropy and thus has been elusive to experimental determination for any kinetic process in solution.
C1 NIDDKD, Chem Phys Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
RP Eaton, WA (corresponding author), NIDDKD, Chem Phys Lab, NIH, Bldg 5, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 31
TC 778
Z9 922
U1 0
U2 310
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6908
BP 743
EP 747
DI 10.1038/nature01060
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 604JF
UT WOS:000178615200046
PM 12384704
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hanayama, R
   Tanaka, M
   Miwa, K
   Shinohara, A
   Iwamatsu, A
   Nagata, S
AF Hanayama, R
   Tanaka, M
   Miwa, K
   Shinohara, A
   Iwamatsu, A
   Nagata, S
TI Identification of a factor that links apoptotic cells to phagocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vitronectin receptor; phosphatidylserine expression; anionic phospholipids; in-vivo; clearance; surface; integrin; cloning; death; fragmentation
AB Apoptotic cells are rapidly engulfed by phagocytes to prevent the release of potentially noxious or immunogenic intracellular materials from the dying cells, thereby preserving the integrity and function of the surrounding tissue(1). Phagocytes engulf apoptotic but not healthy cells, indicating that the apoptotic cells present a signal to the phagocytes, and the phagocytes recognize the signal using a specific receptor(2). Here, we report a factor that links apoptotic cells to phagocytes. We found that milk fat globule-EGF-factor 8 (MFG-E8)(3,4), a secreted glycoprotein, was produced by thioglycollate-elicited macrophages. MFG-E8 specifically bound to apoptotic cells by recognizing aminophospholipids such as phosphatidylserine. MFG-E8, when engaged by phospholipids, bound to cells via its RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartate) motif-it bound particularly strongly to cells expressing alpha(v)beta(3) integrin. The NIH3T3 cell transformants that expressed a high level of alpha(v)beta(3) integrin were found to engulf apoptotic cells when MFG-E8 was added. MFG-E8 carrying a point mutation in the RGD motif behaved as a dominant-negative form, and inhibited the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by peritoneal macrophages in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that MFG-E8 secreted from activated macrophages binds to apoptotic cells, and brings them to phagocytes for engulfment.
C1 Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, Core Res Evolut Sci & Technol, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Kirin Brewery Co Ltd, Cent Labs Key Technol, Kanagawa 2360004, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Kirin Brewery Company Limited
RP Nagata, S (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
NR 30
TC 1141
Z9 1325
U1 2
U2 80
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6885
BP 182
EP 187
DI 10.1038/417182a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 549RH
UT WOS:000175460200045
PM 12000961
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schultz, PG
   Lerner, RA
AF Schultz, PG
   Lerner, RA
TI Antibody catalysis: Completing the circle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute
RP Schultz, PG (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, 10666 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 2
TC 19
Z9 20
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 485
EP 485
DI 10.1038/418485a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800019
PM 12152057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cohn, MJ
AF Cohn, MJ
TI Evolutionary biology -: Lamprey Hox genes and the origin of jaws
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neural crest; lampetra-japonica; expression
C1 Univ Reading, Sch Anim & Microbial Sci, Div Zool, Reading RG6 6AJ, Berks, England.
C3 University of Reading
RP Cohn, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Reading, Sch Anim & Microbial Sci, Div Zool, Reading RG6 6AJ, Berks, England.
NR 13
TC 71
Z9 84
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6879
BP 386
EP 387
DI 10.1038/416386a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 534UX
UT WOS:000174607800033
PM 11919618
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Butov, LV
   Gossard, AC
   Chemla, DS
AF Butov, LV
   Gossard, AC
   Chemla, DS
TI Macroscopically ordered state in an exciton system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coupled quantum-wells; condensation; gas
AB There is a rich variety of quantum liquids-such as superconductors, liquid helium and atom Bose-Einstein condensates-that exhibit macroscopic coherence in the form of ordered arrays of vortices(1-4). Experimental observation of a macroscopically ordered electronic state in semiconductors has, however, remained a challenging and relatively unexplored problem. A promising approach for the realization of such a state is to use excitons, bound pairs of electrons and holes that can form in semiconductor systems. At low densities, excitons are Bose-particles(5), and at low temperatures, of the order of a few kelvin, excitons can form a quantum liquid-that is, a statistically degenerate Bose gas or even a Bose-Einstein condensate(5-7). Here we report photoluminescence measurements of a quasi-two-dimensional exciton gas in GaAs/AlGaAs coupled quantum wells and the observation of a macroscopically ordered exciton state. Our spatially resolved measurements reveal fragmentation of the ring-shaped emission pattern into circular structures that form periodic arrays over lengths up to 1 mm.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, EO Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Russian Academy of Sciences; Osipyan Institute of Solid State Physics RAS; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Butov, LV (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, EO Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 21
TC 443
Z9 493
U1 1
U2 86
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6899
BP 751
EP 754
DI 10.1038/nature00943
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 583UF
UT WOS:000177428000031
PM 12181559
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McKemy, DD
   Neuhausser, WM
   Julius, D
AF McKemy, DD
   Neuhausser, WM
   Julius, D
TI Identification of a cold receptor reveals a general role for TRP channels in thermosensation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cultured sensory neurons; root ganglion neurons; capsaicin-receptor; ion channels; noxious heat; menthol; pain; nociceptors; input
AB The cellular and molecular mechanisms that enable us to sense cold are not well understood. Insights into this process have come from the use of pharmacological agents, such as menthol, that elicit a cooling sensation. Here we have characterized and cloned a menthol receptor from trigeminal sensory neurons that is also activated by thermal stimuli in the cool to cold range. This cold- and menthol-sensitive receptor, CMR1, is a member of the TRP family of excitatory ion channels, and we propose that it functions as a transducer of cold stimuli in the somatosensory system. These findings, together with our previous identification of the heat-sensitive channels VR1 and VRL-1, demonstrate that TRP channels detect temperatures over a wide range and are the principal sensors of thermal stimuli in the mammalian peripheral nervous system.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Cellular & Mol Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Julius, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Cellular & Mol Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 50
TC 2073
Z9 2491
U1 12
U2 272
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6876
BP 52
EP 58
DI 10.1038/nature719
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 527WU
UT WOS:000174211600034
PM 11882888
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grima, B
   Lamouroux, A
   Chélot, E
   Papin, C
   Limbourg-Bouchon, B
   Rouyer, F
AF Grima, B
   Lamouroux, A
   Chélot, E
   Papin, C
   Limbourg-Bouchon, B
   Rouyer, F
TI The F-box protein Slimb controls the levels of clock proteins Period and Timeless
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila circadian clock; ubiquitin-ligase complex; kinase-i-epsilon; kappa-b-alpha; beta-trcp; gene; light; wingless; rhythms; phosphorylation
AB The Drosophila circadian clock is driven by daily fluctuations of the proteins Period and Timeless, which associate in a complex and negatively regulate the transcription of their own genes(1,2). Protein phosphorylation has a central role in this feedback loop, by controlling Per stability in both cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments(3-6) as well as Per/Tim nuclear transfer(7,8). However, the pathways regulating degradation of phosphorylated Per and Tim are unknown. Here we show that the product of the slimb (slmb) gene(9)-a member of the F-box/WD40 protein family of the ubiquitin ligase SCF complex that targets phosphorylated proteins for degradation(10-13)-is an essential component of the Drosophila circadian clock. slmb mutants are behaviourally arrhythmic, and can be rescued by targeted expression of Slmb in the clock neurons. In constant darkness, highly phosphorylated forms of the Per and Tim proteins are constitutively present in the mutants, indicating that the control of their cyclic degradation is impaired. Because levels of Per and Tim oscillate in slmb mutants maintained in light: dark conditions, light- and clock-controlled degradation of Per and Tim do not rely on the same mechanisms.
C1 CNRS, Inst Neurobiol Alfred Fessard, NGI, UPR 2216, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   CNRS, Ctr Genet Mol, UPR 2167, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay
RP Rouyer, F (corresponding author), CNRS, Inst Neurobiol Alfred Fessard, NGI, UPR 2216, Av Terrasse, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
NR 30
TC 236
Z9 290
U1 1
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6912
BP 178
EP 182
DI 10.1038/nature01122
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 614QM
UT WOS:000179200900046
PM 12432393
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gerrits, T
   van den Berg, HAM
   Hohlfeld, J
   Bär, L
   Rasing, T
AF Gerrits, T
   van den Berg, HAM
   Hohlfeld, J
   Bär, L
   Rasing, T
TI Ultrafast precessional magnetization reversal by picosecond magnetic field pulse shaping
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dynamics; generation
AB Since the invention of the first magnetic memory disk in 1954, much effort has been put into enhancing the speed, bit density and reliability of magnetic memory devices. In the case of magnetic random access memory (MRAM) devices, fast coherent magnetization rotation by precession of the entire memory cell is desired(1-6), because reversal by domain-wall motion is much too slow. In principle, the fundamental limit of the switching speed via precession is given by half of the precession period. However, under-critically damped systems exhibit severe ringing(7,8) and simulations show that, as a consequence, undesired back-switching of magnetic elements of an MRAM can easily be initiated by subsequent write pulses, threatening data integrity. We present a method to reverse the magnetization in under-critically damped systems by coherent rotation of the magnetization while avoiding any ringing. This is achieved by applying specifically shaped magnetic field pulses that match the intrinsic properties of the magnetic elements. We demonstrate, by probing all three magnetization components(9,10), that reliable precessional reversal in lithographically structured micrometre-sized elliptical permalloy elements is possible at switching times of about 200 ps, which is ten times faster than the natural damping time constant.
C1 Univ Nijmegen, Mat Res Labs, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Siemens AG, CTMF 1, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany.
C3 Radboud University Nijmegen; Siemens AG; Siemens Germany
RP Rasing, T (corresponding author), Univ Nijmegen, Mat Res Labs, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
EM theoras@sci.kun.nl
NR 25
TC 420
Z9 462
U1 2
U2 162
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 509
EP 512
DI 10.1038/nature00905
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800033
PM 12152072
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eldar, A
   Dorfman, R
   Weiss, D
   Ashe, H
   Shilo, BZ
   Barkai, N
AF Eldar, A
   Dorfman, R
   Weiss, D
   Ashe, H
   Shilo, BZ
   Barkai, N
TI Robustness of the BMP morphogen gradient in Drosophila embryonic patterning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID twisted gastrulation; dpp activity; i receptors; specification; activation; polarity; sax; sog
AB Developmental patterning relies on morphogen gradients, which generally involve feedback loops to buffer against perturbations caused by fluctuations in gene dosage and expression(1). Although many gene components involved in such feedback loops have been identified, how they work together to generate a robust pattern remains unclear. Here we study the network of extracellular proteins that patterns the dorsal region of the Drosophila embryo by establishing a graded activation of the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) pathway. We find that the BMP activation gradient itself is robust to changes in gene dosage. Computational search for networks that support robustness shows that transport of the BMP class ligands (Scw and Dpp) into the dorsal midline by the BMP inhibitor Sog is the key event in this patterning process. The mechanism underlying robustness relies on the ability to store an excess of signalling molecules in a restricted spatial domain where Sog is largely absent. It requires extensive diffusion of the BMP-Sog complexes, coupled with restricted diffusion of the free ligands. We show experimentally that Dpp is widely diffusible in the presence of Sog but tightly localized in its absence, thus validating a central prediction of our theoretical study.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Mol Genet, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Phys Complex Syst, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Univ Manchester, Sch Biol Sci, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Weizmann Institute of Science; University of Manchester
RP Barkai, N (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Mol Genet, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM naama.barkai@weizmann.ac.il
NR 23
TC 366
Z9 468
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6904
BP 304
EP 308
DI 10.1038/nature01061
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 594NH
UT WOS:000178056300047
PM 12239569
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Merrell, DS
   Butler, SM
   Qadri, F
   Dolganov, NA
   Alam, A
   Cohen, MB
   Calderwood, SB
   Schoolnik, GK
   Camilli, A
AF Merrell, DS
   Butler, SM
   Qadri, F
   Dolganov, NA
   Alam, A
   Cohen, MB
   Calderwood, SB
   Schoolnik, GK
   Camilli, A
TI Host-induced epidemic spread of the cholera bacterium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vibrio-cholerae; gene-expression; dna microarray; toxr regulon; virulence; infection; motility
AB The factors that enhance the transmission of pathogens during epidemic spread are ill defined. Water-borne spread of the diarrhoeal disease cholera occurs rapidly in nature, whereas infection of human volunteers with bacteria grown in vitro is difficult in the absence of stomach acid buffering(1). It is unclear, however, whether stomach acidity is a principal factor contributing to epidemic spread(2). Here we report that characterization of Vibrio cholerae from human stools supports a model whereby human colonization creates a hyperinfectious bacterial state that is maintained after dissemination and that may contribute to epidemic spread of cholera. Transcriptional profiling of V. cholerae from stool samples revealed a unique physiological and behavioural state characterized by high expression levels of genes required for nutrient acquisition and motility, and low expression levels of genes required for bacterial chemotaxis.
C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Microbiol, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
   Int Ctr Diarrhoeal Dis Res, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Beckman Ctr, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Div Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Tufts University; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (ICDDR); Stanford University; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Camilli, A (corresponding author), Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Microbiol, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
EM Andrew.Camilli@Tufts.edu
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline; NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI045746] Funding Source: Medline
NR 18
TC 403
Z9 526
U1 1
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6889
BP 642
EP 645
DI 10.1038/nature00778
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 559AE
UT WOS:000176001200046
PM 12050664
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Larson, BC
   Yang, W
   Ice, GE
   Budai, JD
   Tischler, JZ
AF Larson, BC
   Yang, W
   Ice, GE
   Budai, JD
   Tischler, JZ
TI Three-dimensional X-ray structural microscopy with submicrometre resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strain; recrystallization; simulations; plasticity; mechanism; texture
AB Advanced materials and processing techniques are based largely on the generation and control of non-homogeneous microstructures, such as precipitates and grain boundaries. X-ray tomography can provide three-dimensional density and chemical distributions of such structures with submicrometre resolution(1); structural methods exist that give submicrometre resolution in two dimensions(2-8); and techniques are available for obtaining grain-centroid positions and grain-average strains in three dimensions(7,9). But non-destructive point-to-point three-dimensional structural probes have not hitherto been available for investigations at the critical mesoscopic length scales (tenths to hundreds of micrometres). As a result, investigations of three-dimensional mesoscale phenomena-such as grain growth 10,11, deformation(12-16), crumpling(17-19) and strain-gradient effects(20) - rely increasingly on computation and modelling without direct experimental input. Here we describe a three-dimensional X-ray microscopy technique that uses polychromatic synchrotron X-ray microbeams to probe local crystal structure, orientation and strain tensors with submicrometre spatial resolution. We demonstrate the utility of this approach with micrometre-resolution three-dimensional measurements of grain orientations and sizes in polycrystalline aluminium, and with micrometre depth-resolved measurements of elastic strain tensors in cylindrically bent silicon. This technique is applicable to single-crystal, polycrystalline, composite and functionally graded materials.
C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory
RP Larson, BC (corresponding author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
EM bcl@ornl.gov
NR 30
TC 630
Z9 683
U1 1
U2 234
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 21
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6874
BP 887
EP 890
DI 10.1038/415887a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 523EL
UT WOS:000173941000039
PM 11859363
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Williams, BAP
   Hirt, RP
   Lucocq, JM
   Embley, TM
AF Williams, BAP
   Hirt, RP
   Lucocq, JM
   Embley, TM
TI A mitochondrial remnant in the microsporidian Trachipleistophora hominis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID parasite entamoeba-histolytica; molecular evidence; nosema-locustae; gene; eukaryotes; evolution; sequence; genome; hsp70; fungi
AB Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites of several eukaryotes. They have a highly complex and unique infection apparatus but otherwise appear structurally simple(1). Microsporidia are thought to lack typical eukaryotic organelles, such as mitochondria and peroxisomes. This has been interpreted as support for the hypothesis that these peculiar eukaryotes diverged before the mitochondrial endosymbiosis, which would make them one of the earliest offshoots in eukaryotic evolution(2,3). But microsporidial nuclear genes that encode orthologues of typical mitochondrial heatshock Hsp70 proteins have been detected, which provides evidence for secondary loss of the organelle or endosymbiont(4-6). In addition, gene trees and more sophisticated phylogenetic analyses have recovered microsporidia as the relatives of fungi, rather than as basal eukaryotes(7-9). Here we show that a highly specific antibody raised against a Trachipleistophora hominis Hsp70 protein detects the presence, under light and electron microscopy, of numerous tiny (similar to50 x 90 nm) organelles with double membranes in this human microsporidial parasite. The finding of relictual mitochondria in microsporidia provides further evidence of the reluctance of eukaryotes to lose the mitochondrial organelle, even when its canonical function of aerobic respiration has been apparently lost.
C1 Nat Hist Museum, Dept Zool, London SW7 5BD, England.
   Univ Dundee, Sch Life Sci, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
C3 Natural History Museum London; University of Dundee
RP Embley, TM (corresponding author), Nat Hist Museum, Dept Zool, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD, England.
NR 29
TC 314
Z9 364
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6900
BP 865
EP 869
DI 10.1038/nature00949
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 585YR
UT WOS:000177555600035
PM 12192407
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tan, HL
   Kupershmidt, S
   Zhang, R
   Stepanovic, S
   Roden, DM
   Wilde, AAM
   Anderson, ME
   Balser, JR
AF Tan, HL
   Kupershmidt, S
   Zhang, R
   Stepanovic, S
   Roden, DM
   Wilde, AAM
   Anderson, ME
   Balser, JR
TI A calcium sensor in the sodium channel modulates cardiac excitability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated potassium channels; st-segment elevation; brugada-syndrome; slow inactivation; protein-kinase; na+ channel; calmodulin; arrhythmias; death; mechanism
AB Sodium channels are principal molecular determinants responsible for myocardial conduction and maintenance of the cardiac rhythm. Calcium ions (Ca2+) have a fundamental role in the coupling of cardiac myocyte excitation and contraction, yet mechanisms whereby intracellular Ca2+ may directly modulate Na channel function have yet to be identified. Here we show that calmodulin (CaM), a ubiquitous Ca2+-sensing protein, binds to the carboxy-terminal 'IQ' domain(1) of the human cardiac Na channel (hH1) in a Ca2+-dependent manner. This binding interaction significantly enhances slow inactivation-a channel-gating process linked to life-threatening idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias(2,3). Mutations targeted to the IQ domain disrupted CaM binding and eliminated Ca2+/CaM-dependent slow inactivation, whereas the gating effects of Ca2+/CaM were restored by intracellular application of a peptide modelled after the IQ domain. A naturally occurring mutation (A1924T) in the IQ domain altered hH1 function in a manner characteristic of the Brugada arrhythmia syndrome(4,5), but at the same time inhibited slow inactivation induced by Ca2+/CaM, yielding a clinically benign (arrhythmia free) phenotype.
C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
   Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Expt & Mol Cardiol Grp, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Vanderbilt University; Vanderbilt University; Vanderbilt University; University of Amsterdam; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam
RP Balser, JR (corresponding author), Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol, 221 Kirkland Hall, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
NR 30
TC 182
Z9 209
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 24
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6870
BP 442
EP 447
DI 10.1038/415442a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 514HR
UT WOS:000173433600053
PM 11807557
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marscher, AP
   Jorstad, SG
   Gómez, JL
   Aller, MF
   Teräsranta, H
   Lister, ML
   Stirling, AM
AF Marscher, AP
   Jorstad, SG
   Gómez, JL
   Aller, MF
   Teräsranta, H
   Lister, ML
   Stirling, AM
TI Observational evidence for the accretion-disk origin for a radio jet in an active galaxy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID relativistic jets; black-hole; 3c-120
AB Accretion of gas onto black holes is thought to power the relativistic jets of material ejected from active galactic nuclei (AGN) and the 'microquasars' located in our Galaxy(1-3). In microquasars, superluminal radio-emitting features appear and propagate along the jet shortly after sudden decreases in the Xray fluxes(1). This establishes a direct observational link between the black hole and the jet: the X-ray dip is probably caused by the disappearance of a section of the inner accretion disk(4) as it falls past the event horizon, while the remainder of the disk section is ejected into the jet, creating the appearance of a superluminal bright spot(5). No such connection has hitherto been established for AGN, because of insufficient multi-frequency data. Here we report the results of three years of monitoring the X-ray and radio emission of the galaxy 3C120. As has been observed for microquasars, we find that dips in the X-ray emission are followed by ejections of bright superluminal knots in the radio jet. The mean time between X-ray dips appears to scale roughly with the mass of the black hole, although there are at present only a few data points.
C1 Boston Univ, Inst Astrophys Res, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   St Petersburg State Univ, Sobolev Astron Inst, St Petersburg 198504, Russia.
   CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Astron, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Helsinki Univ Technol, Metsahovi Radio Observ, Kylmala 02540, Finland.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA.
   Univ Cent Lancashire, Ctr Astrophys, Preston PR1 2HE, Lancs, England.
C3 Boston University; Saint Petersburg State University; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA); University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Aalto University; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); University of Lancashire
RP Marscher, AP (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Inst Astrophys Res, 725 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
NR 22
TC 247
Z9 260
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6889
BP 625
EP 627
DI 10.1038/nature00772
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 559AE
UT WOS:000176001200040
PM 12050658
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Butler, D
AF Butler, D
TI Piecing it all together
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human genome; sequence
NR 4
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 460
EP 460
DI 10.1038/420460a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600016
PM 12466813
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chatterton, JE
   Awobuluyi, M
   Premkumar, LS
   Takahashi, H
   Talantova, M
   Shin, Y
   Cui, JK
   Tu, SC
   Kevin, ASK
   Nakanishi, N
   Tong, G
   Lipton, SA
   Zhang, DX
AF Chatterton, JE
   Awobuluyi, M
   Premkumar, LS
   Takahashi, H
   Talantova, M
   Shin, Y
   Cui, JK
   Tu, SC
   Kevin, ASK
   Nakanishi, N
   Tong, G
   Lipton, SA
   Zhang, DX
TI Excitatory glycine receptors containing the NR3 family of NMDA receptor subunits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat spinal-cord; binding-site; xenopus oocytes; amino-acids; antagonist; potent; identification; memantine; responses; cloning
AB The N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptor (NMDAR) serves critical functions in physiological and pathological processes in the central nervous system, including neuronal development, plasticity and neurodegeneration(1,2). Conventional heteromeric NMDARs composed of NR1 and NR2A-D subunits(3,4) require dual agonists, glutamate and glycine, for activation. They are also highly permeable to Ca2+, and exhibit voltage-dependent inhibition by Mg2+. Coexpression of NR3A with NR1 and NR2 subunits modulates NMDAR activity(5-7). Here we report the cloning and characterization of the final member of the NMDAR family, NR3B, which shares high sequence homology with NR3A. From in situ and immunocytochemical analyses, NR3B is expressed predominantly in motor neurons, whereas NR3A is more widely distributed(5,6). Remarkably, when co-expressed in Xenopus oocytes, NR3A or NR3B co-assembles with NR1 to form excitatory glycine receptors that are unaffected by glutamate or NMDA, and inhibited by D-serine, a co-activator of conventional NMDARs. Moreover, NR1/NR3A or -3B receptors form relatively Ca2+-impermeable cation channels that are resistant to Mg2+, MK-801, memantine and competitive antagonists. In cerebrocortical neurons containing NR3 family members, glycine triggers a burst of firing, and membrane patches manifest glycine-responsive single channels that are suppressible by D-serine. By itself, glycine is normally thought of as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. In contrast, these NR1/NR3A or -3B 'NMDARs' constitute a type of excitatory glycine receptor.
C1 Burnham Inst, Ctr Neurosci & Aging, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   So Illinois Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Springfield, IL 62794 USA.
   Kanazawa Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Mol Pharmacol, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9208640, Japan.
   Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Psychiat, Farmington, CT 06030 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; Southern Illinois University System; Southern Illinois University; Kanazawa University; University of Connecticut; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Lipton, SA (corresponding author), Burnham Inst, Ctr Neurosci & Aging, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 30
TC 540
Z9 696
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 14
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6873
BP 793
EP 798
DI 10.1038/nature715
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 521HE
UT WOS:000173833900047
PM 11823786
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gerber, HP
   Malik, AK
   Solar, GP
   Sherman, D
   Liang, XH
   Meng, G
   Hong, K
   Marsters, JC
   Ferrara, N
AF Gerber, HP
   Malik, AK
   Solar, GP
   Sherman, D
   Liang, XH
   Meng, G
   Hong, K
   Marsters, JC
   Ferrara, N
TI VEGF regulates haematopoietic stem cell survival by an internal autocrine loop mechanism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endothelial growth-factor; hematopoietic progenitor cells; acute myeloid-leukemia; kinase inhibitors; expression; gene; mice; proliferation; inactivation; precursors
AB Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a principal regulator of blood vessel formation and haematopoiesis(1,2), but the mechanisms by which VEGF differentially regulates these processes have been elusive. Here we describe a regulatory loop by which VEGF controls survival of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). We observed a reduction in survival, colony formation and in vivo repopulation rates of HSCs after ablation of the VEGF gene in mice. Intracellularly acting small-molecule inhibitors of VEGF receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase dramatically reduced colony formation of HSCs, thus mimicking deletion of the VEGF gene. However, blocking VEGF by administering a soluble VEGFR-1, which acts extracellularly, induced only minor effects. These findings support the involvement in HSC survival of a VEGF-dependent internal autocrine loop mechanism (that is, the mechanism is resistant to inhibitors that fail to penetrate the intracellular compartment). Not only ligands selective for VEGF and VEGFR-2 but also VEGFR-1 agonists rescued survival and repopulation of VEGF-deficient HSCs, revealing a function for VEGFR-1 signalling during haematopoiesis.
C1 Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Oncol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Prot Chem, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Assay Dev, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Organ Chem, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
C3 Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech
RP Gerber, HP (corresponding author), Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Oncol, 1 DNA Way, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
NR 30
TC 573
Z9 694
U1 1
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6892
BP 954
EP 958
DI 10.1038/nature00821
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 566RC
UT WOS:000176441200040
PM 12087404
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beldade, P
   Koops, K
   Brakefield, PM
AF Beldade, P
   Koops, K
   Brakefield, PM
TI Developmental constraints versus flexibility in morphological evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantitative genetics; eyespot patterns; selection; spandrels
AB Evolutionary developmental biology has encouraged a change of research emphasis from the sorting of phenotypic variation by natural selection to the production of that variation through development(1). Some morphologies are more readily generated than others, and developmental mechanisms can limit or channel evolutionary change(2). Such biases determine how readily populations are able to respond to selection(3), and have been postulated to explain stasis in morphological evolution(4) and unexplored morphologies(5). There has been much discussion about evolutionary constraints(6-8) but empirical data testing them directly are sparse(9,10). The spectacular diversity in butterfly wing patterns(11) is suggestive of how little constrained morphological evolution can be. However, for wing patterns involving serial repeats of the same element, developmental properties suggest that some directions of evolutionary change might be restricted(12,13). Here we show that despite the developmental coupling between different eyespots in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana, there is great potential for independent changes. This flexibility is consistent with the diversity of wing patterns across species and argues for a dominant role of natural selection, rather than internal constraints, in shaping existing variation.
C1 Leiden Univ, Inst Evolutionary & Ecol Sci, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
C3 Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University
RP Beldade, P (corresponding author), Leiden Univ, Inst Evolutionary & Ecol Sci, POB 9516, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
EM pbeldade@rulsfb.leidenuniv.nl; brakefield@rulsfb.leidenuniv.nl
NR 30
TC 245
Z9 276
U1 0
U2 85
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6883
BP 844
EP 847
DI 10.1038/416844a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 544MH
UT WOS:000175163800050
PM 11976682
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leitch, EM
   Kovac, JM
   Pryke, C
   Carlstrom, JE
   Halverson, NW
   Holzapfel, WL
   Dragovan, M
   Reddall, B
   Sandberg, ES
AF Leitch, EM
   Kovac, JM
   Pryke, C
   Carlstrom, JE
   Halverson, NW
   Holzapfel, WL
   Dragovan, M
   Reddall, B
   Sandberg, ES
TI Measurement of polarization with the Degree Angular Scale Interferometer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photodissociation regions; ngc-6334
AB Measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation can reveal with remarkable precision the conditions of the Universe when it was,400,000 years old. The three most fundamental properties of the CMB are its frequency spectrum (which determines the temperature), and the fluctuations in both the temperature and polarization across a range of angular scales. The frequency spectrum has been well determined, and considerable progress has been made in measuring the power spectrum of the temperature fluctuations. But despite many efforts to measure the polarization, detection of this property of the CMB has hitherto been beyond the reach of even the most sensitive observations. Here we describe the Degree Angular Scale Interferometer (DASI), an array of radio telescopes, which for the past two years has conducted polarization-sensitive observations of the CMB from the Amundsen-Scott South Pole research station.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Ctr Astrophys Res Antarctica, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Ctr Cosmol Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Leitch, EM (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 17
TC 97
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 26
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6917
BP 763
EP 771
DI 10.1038/nature01271
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 626WR
UT WOS:000179897300047
PM 12490940
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bouarab, K
   Melton, R
   Peart, J
   Baulcombe, D
   Osbourn, A
AF Bouarab, K
   Melton, R
   Peart, J
   Baulcombe, D
   Osbourn, A
TI A saponin-detoxifying enzyme mediates suppression of plant defences
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID allene oxide synthase; alpha-tomatine; septoria-lycopersici; disease resistance; gene; beta(2)-tomatinase; purification; degradation; sensitivity; expression
AB Plant disease resistance can be conferred by constitutive features such as structural barriers or preformed antimicrobial secondary metabolites. Additional defence mechanisms are activated in response to pathogen attack and include localized cell death (the hypersensitive response)(1,2). Pathogens use different strategies to counter constitutive and induced plant defences, including degradation of preformed antimicrobial compounds(3) and the production of molecules that suppress induced plant defences(4-6). Here we present evidence for a two-component process in which a fungal pathogen subverts the preformed antimicrobial compounds of its host and uses them to interfere with induced defence responses. Antimicrobial saponins are first hydrolysed by a fungal saponin-detoxifying enzyme. The degradation product of this hydrolysis then suppresses induced defence responses by interfering with fundamental signal transduction processes leading to disease resistance.
C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Sainsbury Lab, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre
RP Osbourn, A (corresponding author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Sainsbury Lab, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
EM annie.osbourn@sainsbury-laboratory.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 192
Z9 231
U1 1
U2 74
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6900
BP 889
EP 892
DI 10.1038/nature00950
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 585YR
UT WOS:000177555600041
PM 12192413
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kohli, RM
   Walsh, CT
   Burkart, MD
AF Kohli, RM
   Walsh, CT
   Burkart, MD
TI Biomimetic synthesis and optimization of cyclic peptide antibiotics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thioesterase; biosynthesis; synthetases; bacterial; domains
AB Molecules in nature are often brought to a bioactive conformation by ring formation (macrocyclization)(1). A recurrent theme in the enzymatic synthesis of macrocyclic compounds by non-ribosomal and polyketide synthetases is the tethering of activated linear intermediates through thioester linkages to carrier proteins, in a natural analogy to solid-phase synthesis(2). A terminal thioesterase domain of the synthetase catalyses release from the tether and cyclization(3,4). Here we show that an isolated thioesterase can catalyse the cyclization of linear peptides immobilized on a solid-phase support modified with a biomimetic linker, offering the possibility of merging natural-product biosynthesis with combinatorial solid-phase chemistry. Starting from the cyclic decapeptide antibiotic tyrocidine A, this chemo-enzymatic approach allows us to diversify the linear peptide both to probe the enzymology of the macrocyclizing enzyme, TycC thioesterase, and to create a library of cyclic peptide antibiotic products. We have used this method to reveal natural-product analogues of potential therapeutic utility; these compounds have an increased preference for bacterial over eukaryotic membranes and an improved spectrum of activity against some common bacterial pathogens.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Walsh, CT (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 20
TC 268
Z9 334
U1 4
U2 98
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 658
EP 661
DI 10.1038/nature00907
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600047
PM 12167866
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Iyengar, VK
   Reeve, HK
   Eisner, T
AF Iyengar, VK
   Reeve, HK
   Eisner, T
TI Paternal inheritance of a female moth's mating preference
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sexually selected trait; arctiid moth; utetheisa-ornatrix; selection; heritability; behavior; defense; size
AB Females of the arctiid moth Utetheisa ornatrix mate preferentially with larger males, receiving both direct phenotypic and indirect genetic benefits(1). Here we demonstrate that the female's mating preference is inherited through the father rather than the mother, indicating that the preference gene or genes lie mostly or exclusively on the Z sex chromosome, which is strictly paternally inherited by daughters. Furthermore, we show that the preferred male trait and the female preference for that trait are correlated, as females with larger fathers have a stronger preference for larger males. These findings are predicted by the protected invasion theory(2,3), which asserts that male homogametic sex chromosome systems (ZZ/ZW) found in lepidopterans and birds promote the evolution of exaggerated male traits through sexual selection. Specifically, the theory predicts that, because female preference alleles arising on the Z chromosome are transmitted to all sons that have the father's attractive trait rather than to only a fraction of the sons, such alleles will experience stronger positive selection and be less vulnerable to chance loss than would autosomal alleles.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Neurobiol & Behav, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP Iyengar, VK (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Neurobiol & Behav, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA.
EM viyengar@wooster.edu
NR 24
TC 76
Z9 88
U1 1
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6909
BP 830
EP 832
DI 10.1038/nature01027
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 607BD
UT WOS:000178769800044
PM 12397356
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pepys, MB
   Herbert, J
   Hutchinson, WL
   Tennent, GA
   Lachmann, HJ
   Gallimore, JR
   Lovat, LB
   Bartfai, T
   Alanine, A
   Hertel, C
   Hoffmann, T
   Jakob-Roetne, R
   Norcross, RD
   Kemp, JA
   Yamamura, K
   Suzuki, M
   Taylor, GW
   Murray, S
   Thompson, D
   Purvis, A
   Kolstoe, S
   Wood, SP
   Hawkins, PN
AF Pepys, MB
   Herbert, J
   Hutchinson, WL
   Tennent, GA
   Lachmann, HJ
   Gallimore, JR
   Lovat, LB
   Bartfai, T
   Alanine, A
   Hertel, C
   Hoffmann, T
   Jakob-Roetne, R
   Norcross, RD
   Kemp, JA
   Yamamura, K
   Suzuki, M
   Taylor, GW
   Murray, S
   Thompson, D
   Purvis, A
   Kolstoe, S
   Wood, SP
   Hawkins, PN
TI Targeted pharmacological depletion of serum amyloid P component for treatment of human amyloidosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID systemic amyloidosis; alzheimer-disease; liver-transplantation; aa amyloidosis; in-vivo; x-ray; mouse; deposits; program; protein
AB The normal plasma protein serum amyloid P component (SAP) binds to fibrils in all types of amyloid deposits, and contributes to the pathogenesis of amyloidosis. In order to intervene in this process we have developed a drug, R-1-[6-[R-2-carboxy-pyrrolidin-1-yl]-6-oxo-hexanoyl] pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, that is a competitive inhibitor of SAP binding to amyloid fibrils. This palindromic compound also crosslinks and dimerizes SAP molecules, leading to their very rapid clearance by the liver, and thus produces a marked depletion of circulating human SAP. This mechanism of drug action potently removes SAP from human amyloid deposits in the tissues and may provide a new therapeutic approach to both systemic amyloidosis and diseases associated with local amyloid, including Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes.
C1 UCL Royal Free & Univ Coll Med Sch, Ctr Amyloidosis & Acute Phase Prot, London NW3 2PF, England.
   F Hoffmann La Roche & Co Ltd, Preclin CNS Res, Div Pharmaceut, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
   Kumamoto Univ, Inst Mol Embryol & Genet, Kumamoto 860, Japan.
   Kumamoto Univ, Ctr Anim Resources & Dev, Kumamoto 860, Japan.
   Imperial Coll Sch Med, Div Med, London W12 0NN, England.
   Univ Southampton, Sch Biol Sci, Div Biochem & Mol Biol, Southampton SO16 7PX, Hants, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; UCL Medical School; Roche Holding; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto University; Imperial College London; University of Southampton
RP Pepys, MB (corresponding author), UCL Royal Free & Univ Coll Med Sch, Ctr Amyloidosis & Acute Phase Prot, London NW3 2PF, England.
EM m.pepys@rfc.ucl.ac.uk
NR 40
TC 403
Z9 475
U1 1
U2 55
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 254
EP 259
DI 10.1038/417254a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100038
PM 12015594
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tanda, S
   Tsuneta, T
   Okajima, Y
   Inagaki, K
   Yamaya, K
   Hatakenaka, N
AF Tanda, S
   Tsuneta, T
   Okajima, Y
   Inagaki, K
   Yamaya, K
   Hatakenaka, N
TI Crystal topology: A Mobius strip of single crystals - A crystalline ribbon of niobium and selenium can be coaxed into a novel topology.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon; phase
C1 Hokkaido Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608628, Japan.
   NTT Corp, Basic Res Labs, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
C3 Hokkaido University; NTT, Inc
RP Tanda, S (corresponding author), Hokkaido Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608628, Japan.
EM tanda@ang.hokudai.ac.jp
NR 13
TC 214
Z9 220
U1 0
U2 61
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6887
BP 397
EP 398
DI 10.1038/417397a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 554HZ
UT WOS:000175730900027
PM 12024204
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shankar, N
   Baghdayan, AS
   Gilmore, MS
AF Shankar, N
   Baghdayan, AS
   Gilmore, MS
TI Modulation of virulence within a pathogenicity island in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID variant esp gene; aggregation substance; surface protein; nucleotide-sequence; infection; identification; expression; gentamicin; faecium
AB Enterococci are members of the healthy human intestinal flora, but are also leading causes of highly antibiotic-resistant, hospital-acquired infection(1). We examined the genomes of a strain of Enterococcus faecalis that caused an infectious outbreak in a hospital ward in the mid-1980s (ref. 2), and a strain that was identified as the first vancomycin-resistant isolate in the United States(3), and found that virulence determinants were clustered on a large pathogenicity island, a genetic element previously unknown in this genus. The pathogenicity island, which varies only subtly between strains, is approximately 150 kilobases in size, has a lower G + C content than the rest of the genome, and is flanked by terminal repeats. Here we show that subtle variations within the structure of the pathogenicity island enable strains harbouring the element to modulate virulence, and that these variations occur at high frequency. Moreover, the enterococcal pathogenicity island, in addition to coding for most known auxiliary traits that enhance virulence of the organism, includes a number of additional, previously unstudied genes that are rare in non-infection-derived isolates, identifying a class of new targets associated with disease which are not essential for the commensal behaviour of the organism.
C1 Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Oklahoma City, OK 73190 USA.
   Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Ophthalmol, Oklahoma City, OK 73190 USA.
   Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Oklahoma City, OK 73190 USA.
C3 University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
RP Shankar, N (corresponding author), Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, POB 26901, Oklahoma City, OK 73190 USA.
EM nathan-shankar@ouhsc.edu
NR 29
TC 301
Z9 378
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6890
BP 746
EP 750
DI 10.1038/nature00802
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 561QY
UT WOS:000176154700046
PM 12066186
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saitou, M
   Barton, SC
   Surani, MA
AF Saitou, M
   Barton, SC
   Surani, MA
TI A molecular programme for the specification of germ cell fate in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mouse embryo; mesoderm formation; gene-expression; stem-cells; homolog; protein; generation; family; tissue; line
AB Germ cell fate in mice is induced in proximal epiblast cells by the extra-embryonic ectoderm, and is not acquired through the inheritance of any preformed germ plasm. To determine precisely how germ cells are specified, we performed a genetic screen between single nascent germ cells and their somatic neighbours that share common ancestry. Here we show that fragilis, an interferon-inducible transmembrane protein, marks the onset of germ cell competence, and we propose that through homotypic association, it demarcates germ cells from somatic neighbours. Using single-cell gene expression profiles, we also show that only those cells with the highest expression of fragilis subsequently express stella, a gene that we detected exclusively in lineage-restricted germ cells. The stella positive nascent germ cells exhibit repression of homeobox genes, which may explain their escape from a somatic cell fate and the retention of pluripotency.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Canc Res UK Inst Canc & Dev Biol, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Surani, MA (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Canc Res UK Inst Canc & Dev Biol, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
NR 50
TC 695
Z9 856
U1 2
U2 84
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6895
BP 293
EP 300
DI 10.1038/nature00927
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 574BF
UT WOS:000176868000034
PM 12124616
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Temelkuran, B
   Hart, SD
   Benoit, G
   Joannopoulos, JD
   Fink, Y
AF Temelkuran, B
   Hart, SD
   Benoit, G
   Joannopoulos, JD
   Fink, Y
TI Wavelength-scalable hollow optical fibres with large photonic bandgaps for CO2 laser transmission
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light; core
AB Conventional solid-core optical fibres require highly transparent materials. Such materials have been difficult to identify owing to the fundamental limitations associated with the propagation of light through solids, such as absorption, scattering and nonlinear effects. Hollow optical fibres offer the potential to minimize the dependence of light transmission on fibre material transparency(1-3). Here we report on the design and drawing of a hollow optical fibre lined with an interior omnidirectional dielectric mirror(4). Confinement of light in the hollow core is provided by the large photonic bandgaps(5-7) established by the multiple alternating submicrometre-thick layers of a high-refractive-index glass and a low-refractive-index polymer. The fundamental and high-order transmission windows are determined by the layer dimensions and can be scaled from 0.75 to 10.6 mum in wavelength. Tens of metres of hollow photonic bandgap fibres for transmission of carbon dioxide laser light at 10.6 mum wavelength were drawn. The transmission losses are found to be less than 1.0 dB m(-1), orders of magnitude lower than those of the intrinsic fibre material, thus demonstrating that low attenuation can be achieved through structural design rather than high-transparency material selection.
C1 MIT, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Fink, Y (corresponding author), MIT, Elect Res Lab, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM yoel@mit.edu
NR 30
TC 525
Z9 623
U1 3
U2 163
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP 650
EP 653
DI 10.1038/nature01275
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 624GK
UT WOS:000179751800040
PM 12478288
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Masood, E
AF Masood, E
TI Blooms in the desert
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 25
Z9 26
U1 1
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6877
BP 120
EP 122
DI 10.1038/416120a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 530FR
UT WOS:000174348100013
PM 11894069
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hänninen, P
AF Hänninen, P
TI Light microscopy -: Beyond the diffraction limit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Turku, Dept Med Phys, Turku, Finland.
C3 University of Turku
RP Hänninen, P (corresponding author), Univ Turku, Dept Med Phys, Turku, Finland.
NR 2
TC 9
Z9 16
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6909
BP 802
EP 802
DI 10.1038/419802b
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 607BD
UT WOS:000178769800036
PM 12397348
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jernvall, J
   Fortelius, M
AF Jernvall, J
   Fortelius, M
TI Common mammals drive the evolutionary increase of hypsodonty in the Neogene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diversification; ecology
AB During the past 20 million years, herbivorous mammals of numerous lineages have evolved hypsodont, or high-crowned, cheek teeth. Hypsodonty is informative ecologically because it is well developed in mammals eating fibrous and abrasive foods that are most abundant in open and generally or seasonally dry environments(1-5). Here we report that in the Neogene of Europe mammals with the greatest locality coverages showed an increase in hypsodonty. We used a data set of 209 localities to measure whether large mammals occurring in many fossil localities show a similar increase in hypsodonty to mammals occurring in single or few localities. Taxonomic and morphological groupings show a low average hypsodonty in the early Miocene epoch. From the middle Miocene onwards, only the hypsodonty of commonly found mammals shows a marked increase. Therefore, in the drying Europe of the late Miocene, only increasingly hypsodont mammals may have been able to expand their share of habitats and food resources. These results suggest that the relatively small number of species known from multiple localities are palaeoecologically informative by themselves, irrespective of the rest of the known species.
C1 Univ Helsinki, Inst Biotechnol, Dev Biol Programme, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Univ Helsinki, Dept Systemat & Ecol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Univ Helsinki, Dept Geol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
C3 University of Helsinki; University of Helsinki; University of Helsinki
RP Jernvall, J (corresponding author), Univ Helsinki, Inst Biotechnol, Dev Biol Programme, POB 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
EM mikael.fortelius@helsinki.fi
NR 24
TC 144
Z9 170
U1 1
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6888
BP 538
EP 540
DI 10.1038/417538a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 556QK
UT WOS:000175860300039
PM 12037565
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sandström, M
   Jalilehvand, F
   Persson, I
   Gelius, U
   Frank, P
   Hall-Roth, I
AF Sandström, M
   Jalilehvand, F
   Persson, I
   Gelius, U
   Frank, P
   Hall-Roth, I
TI Deterioration of the seventeenth-century warship Vasa by internal formation of sulphuric acid
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-absorption; ascidia-ceratodes; sulfur; spectroscopy; sulfate; cells
AB The seventeenth-century Swedish warship, Vasa, was recovered in good condition after 333 years in the cold brackish water of Stockholm harbour. After extensive treatment to stabilize and dry the ship's timbers(1), the ship has been on display in the Vasa Museum since 1990. However, high acidity and a rapid spread of sulphate salts were recently observed on many wooden surfaces(2), which threaten the continued preservation of the Vasa. Here we show that, in addition to concentrations of sulphate mostly on the surface of oak beams, elemental sulphur has accumulated within the beams (0.2-4 per cent by mass), and also sulphur compounds of intermediate oxidation states exist. The overall quantity of elemental sulphur could produce up to 5,000 kg of sulphuric acid when fully oxidized. We suggest that the oxidation of the reduced sulphur-which probably originated from the penetration of hydrogen sulphide into the timbers as they were exposed to the anoxic water-is being catalysed by iron species released from the completely corroded original iron bolts, as well as from those inserted after salvage. Treatments to arrest acid wood hydrolysis of the Vasa and other wooden marine-archaeological artefacts should therefore focus on the removal of sulphur and iron compounds.
C1 Stockholm Univ, Dept Struct Chem, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA.
   Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Chem, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Uppsala Univ, Angstrom Lab, Dept Phys, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Vasa Museum, SE-10252 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 Stockholm University; Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala University; Stanford University
RP Sandström, M (corresponding author), Stockholm Univ, Dept Struct Chem, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
NR 25
TC 161
Z9 179
U1 6
U2 66
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 21
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6874
BP 893
EP 897
DI 10.1038/415893a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 523EL
UT WOS:000173941000041
PM 11859365
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Santori, C
   Fattal, D
   Vuckovic, J
   Solomon, GS
   Yamamoto, Y
AF Santori, C
   Fattal, D
   Vuckovic, J
   Solomon, GS
   Yamamoto, Y
TI Indistinguishable photons from a single-photon device
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum-dot; turnstile device; room-temperature; microcavity; interference; emission; molecule; time
AB Single-photon sources have recently been demonstrated using a variety of devices, including molecules(1-3), mesoscopic quantum wells(4), colour centres(5), trapped ions(6) and semiconductor quantum dots(7-11). Compared with a Poisson-distributed source of the same intensity, these sources rarely emit two or more photons in the same pulse. Numerous applications for single-photon sources have been proposed in the field of quantum information, but most-including linear-optical quantum computation(12)-also require consecutive photons to have identical wave packets. For a source based on a single quantum emitter, the emitter must therefore be excited in a rapid or deterministic way, and interact little with its surrounding environment. Here we test the indistinguishability of photons emitted by a semiconductor quantum dot in a microcavity through a Hong-Ou-Mandel-type two-photon interference experiment(13,14). We find that consecutive photons are largely indistinguishable, with a mean wave-packet overlap as large as 0.81, making this source useful in a variety of experiments in quantum optics and quantum information.
C1 Stanford Univ, Edward L Ginzton Lab, JST, ICORP,Quantum Entanglement Project, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Solid State Photon Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   NTT Corp, Basic Res Labs, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; NTT, Inc
RP Santori, C (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Edward L Ginzton Lab, JST, ICORP,Quantum Entanglement Project, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM chars@stanford.edu
NR 25
TC 1349
Z9 1478
U1 6
U2 377
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6907
BP 594
EP 597
DI 10.1038/nature01086
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 602AT
UT WOS:000178483100038
PM 12374958
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matsumoto, M
   Saito, S
   Ohmine, I
AF Matsumoto, M
   Saito, S
   Ohmine, I
TI Molecular dynamics simulation of the ice nucleation and growth process leading to water freezing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrogen-bond network; liquid water; homogeneous nucleation; rearrangement dynamics; supercooled water; fluctuation; transitions; perspective; relaxation; scattering
AB Upon cooling, water freezes to ice. This familiar phase transition occurs widely in nature, yet unlike the freezing of simple liquids(1-3), it has never been successfully simulated on a computer. The difficulty lies with the fact that hydrogen bonding between individual water molecules yields a disordered three-dimensional hydrogen-bond network whose rugged and complex global potential energy surface(4-6) permits a large number of possible network configurations. As a result, it is very challenging to reproduce the freezing of 'real' water into a solid with a unique crystalline structure. For systems with a limited number of possible disordered hydrogen-bond network structures, such as confined water, it is relatively easy to locate a pathway from a liquid state to a crystalline structure(7-9). For pure and spatially unconfined water, however, molecular dynamics simulations of freezing are severely hampered by the large number of possible network configurations that exist. Here we present a molecular dynamics trajectory that captures the molecular processes involved in the freezing of pure water. We find that ice nucleation occurs once a sufficient number of relatively long-lived hydrogen bonds develop spontaneously at the same location to forma fairly compact initial nucleus. The initial nucleus then slowly changes shape and size until it reaches a stage that allows rapid expansion, resulting in crystallization of the entire system.
C1 Nagoya Univ, Dept Chem, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
C3 Nagoya University
RP Ohmine, I (corresponding author), Nagoya Univ, Dept Chem, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
NR 26
TC 837
Z9 929
U1 16
U2 631
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6879
BP 409
EP 413
DI 10.1038/416409a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 534UX
UT WOS:000174607800041
PM 11919626
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sagy, A
   Reches, Z
   Fineberg, J
AF Sagy, A
   Reches, Z
   Fineberg, J
TI Dynamic fracture by large extraterrestrial impacts as the origin of shatter cones
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crack front waves; vredefort structure; brittle materials; constraints; spallation; size
AB A large impact by a comet or meteorite releases an enormous amount of energy, which evaporates, melts and fractures the surrounding rocks(1-4). Distinctive features of such impacts are 'shatter cones', deformed rocks characterized by hierarchical striated features(5,6). Although such features have been used for decades as unequivocal fingerprints of large-body impacts, the process by which shatter cones form has remained enigmatic. Here we show that the distinctive shatter-cone striations naturally result from nonlinear waves (front waves) that propagate along a fracture front(7-10). This explains the observed systematic increase of striation angles with the distance from the impact. Shatter-cone networks, typically spanning many scales, can be understood as hierarchical bifurcations of the fracture front, which is generated by the immense energy flux carried by the initial, impact-generated, shock waves. Our quantitative predictions based on this theory are supported by field measurements at the Kentland and Vredefort impact sites. These measurements indicate that shatter cones near to the impact site were formed by fractures propagating at nearly the Rayleigh wave speed of the host rocks, whereas the furthest shatter cones observed (about 40 km from the impact site) were formed by fronts moving more slowly. These results provide insight into impact dynamics as well as dissipative mechanisms in solids subjected to sudden, extremely intense fluxes of energy.
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Racah Inst Phys, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Fineberg, J (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Racah Inst Phys, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
NR 30
TC 54
Z9 60
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6895
BP 310
EP 313
DI 10.1038/nature00903
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 574BF
UT WOS:000176868000038
PM 12124620
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Attrill, MJ
   Power, M
AF Attrill, MJ
   Power, M
TI Climatic influence on a marine fish assemblage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic oscillation; temporal abundance; growth; variability; estuarine; sea
AB Understanding the fluctuations in marine fish stocks is important for the management of fisheries, and attempts have been made to demonstrate links with oceanographic and climatic variability(1-3), including the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)(4,5). The NAO has been correlated with a range of long-term ecological measures(6,7), including certain fish stocks(8,9). Such environmental influences are most likely to affect susceptible juveniles(10) during estuarine residency, as estuaries are critical juvenile nursery or over-wintering habitats(11). Here we show that, during a 16-year period, climatic forcing (by means of the NAO) is consistently the most important parameter explaining variation in assemblage composition, abundance and growth of juvenile marine fish during estuarine residency. A possible mechanism for the effect of the NAO is a temperature differential between estuarine and marine waters that allows fish to facultatively exploit optimal thermal habitats. The connection has potentially important implications for the size and numbers of individuals recruited to the fishery, for understanding and predicting the composition of juvenile fish stocks using estuaries, and for the appropriate conservation of estuarine systems in relation to fish stocks.
C1 Univ Plymouth, Dept Biol Sci, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England.
   Univ Waterloo, Dept Biol, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
C3 University of Plymouth; University of Waterloo
RP Attrill, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Plymouth, Dept Biol Sci, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England.
EM mattrill@plymouth.ac.uk
NR 27
TC 255
Z9 296
U1 0
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 275
EP 278
DI 10.1038/417275a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100044
PM 12015600
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Argo, AM
   Odzak, JF
   Lai, FS
   Gates, BC
AF Argo, AM
   Odzak, JF
   Lai, FS
   Gates, BC
TI Observation of ligand effects during alkene hydrogenation catalysed by supported metal clusters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sum-frequency generation; ethylene hydrogenation; mgo(001) surface; pt(111); platinum; performance; adsorption; propylene; propene; size
AB Homogeneous organometallic catalysts and many enzymes activate reactants through coordination to metal atoms; that is, the reactants are turned into ligands and their reactivity controlled through other ligands in the metal's coordination sphere(1). In the case of supported metal clusters, catalytic performance is influenced by the support and by adsorbed reactants, intermediates or products. The adsorbates are usually treated as ligands, whereas the influence of the supports is usually ascribed to electronic interactions(2,3), even though metal clusters supported on oxides(4-6) and zeolites(7) form chemical bonds to support oxygen atoms. Here we report direct observations of the structure of supported metal clusters consisting of four iridium atoms, and the identification of hydrocarbon ligands bound to them during propene hydrogenation. We find that propene and molecular hydrogen form propylidyne and hydride ligands, respectively(8), whereas simultaneous exposure of the reactants to the supported iridium cluster yields ligands that are reactive intermediates during the catalytic propane-formation reaction. These intermediates weaken the bonding within the tetrahedral iridium cluster and the interactions between the cluster and the support, while replacement of the MgO support with gamma-Al2O3 boosts the catalytic activity tenfold, by affecting the bonding between the reactant-derived ligands and the cluster and therefore also the abundance of individual ligands. This interplay between the support and the reactant-derived ligands, whereby each influences the interaction of the metal cluster with the other, shows that the catalytic properties of supported metal catalysts can be tuned by careful choice of their supports.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Gates, BC (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
EM bcgates@ucdavis.edu
NR 21
TC 188
Z9 213
U1 3
U2 189
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 7
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6872
BP 623
EP 626
DI 10.1038/415623a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 519DC
UT WOS:000173709100041
PM 11832941
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gudiksen, MS
   Lauhon, LJ
   Wang, J
   Smith, DC
   Lieber, CM
AF Gudiksen, MS
   Lauhon, LJ
   Wang, J
   Smith, DC
   Lieber, CM
TI Growth of nanowire superlattice structures for nanoscale photonics and electronics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID semiconductor nanowires; carbon nanotubes; silicon nanowires; transport
AB The assembly of semiconductor nanowires and carbon nanotubes into nanoscale devices and circuits could enable diverse applications in nanoelectronics and photonics(1). Individual semiconducting nanowires have already been configured as field-effect transistors(2), photodetectors(3) and bio/chemical sensors(4). More sophisticated light-emitting diodes(5) (LEDs) and complementary and diode logic(6-8) devices have been realized using both n- and p-type semiconducting nanowires or nanotubes. The n- and p-type materials have been incorporated in these latter devices either by crossing p- and n-type nanowires(2,5,6,9) or by lithographically defining distinct p- and n-type regions in nanotubes 8,10, although both strategies limit device complexity. In the planar semiconductor industry, intricate n- and p-type and more generally compositionally modulated (that is, superlattice) structures are used to enable versatile electronic and photonic functions. Here we demonstrate the synthesis of semiconductor nanowire superlattices from group III-V and group IV materials. (The superlattices are created within the nanowires by repeated modulation of the vapour-phase semiconductor reactants during growth of the wires.) Compositionally modulated superlattices consisting of 2 to 21 layers of GaAs and GaP have been prepared. Furthermore, n-Si/p-Si and n-InP/p-InP modulation doped nanowires have been synthesized. Single-nanowire photoluminescence, electrical transport and electroluminescence measurements show the unique photonic and electronic properties of these nanowire superlattices, and suggest potential applications ranging from nano-barcodes to polarized nanoscale LEDs.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Lieber, CM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/A11595/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 23
TC 2505
Z9 2869
U1 8
U2 1928
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 7
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6872
BP 617
EP 620
DI 10.1038/415617a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 519DC
UT WOS:000173709100039
PM 11832939
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ghose, GM
   Maunsell, JHR
AF Ghose, GM
   Maunsell, JHR
TI Attentional modulation in visual cortex depends on task timing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID parietal cortex; orienting attention; selective attention; neuronal responses; neural mechanisms; time perception; single neurons; cortical areas; shifts; v4
AB Paying attention to a stimulus selectively increases the ability to process it. For example, when subjects attend to a specific region of a visual scene, their sensitivity to changes at that location increases. A large number of studies describe the behavioural consequences and neurophysiological correlates of attending to spatial locations(1-8). There has, in contrast, been little study of the allocation of attention over time(9,10). Because subjects can anticipate predictable events with great temporal precision(11-15), it seems probable that they might dynamically shift their attention when performing a familiar perceptual task whose constraints changed over time. We trained monkeys to respond to a stimulus change where the probability of occurrence changed over time. Recording from area V4 of the visual cortex in these animals, we found that the modulation of neuronal responses changed according to the probability of the change occurring at that instant. Thus, we show that the attentional modulation of sensory neurons reflects a subject's anticipation of the timing of behaviourally relevant events.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Div Neurosci, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Ghose, GM (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Div Neurosci, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
NR 24
TC 233
Z9 274
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6907
BP 616
EP 620
DI 10.1038/nature01057
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 602AT
UT WOS:000178483100045
PM 12374979
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hakeda-Suzuki, S
   Ng, J
   Tzu, J
   Dietzl, G
   Sun, Y
   Harms, M
   Nardine, T
   Luo, LQ
   Dickson, BJ
AF Hakeda-Suzuki, S
   Ng, J
   Tzu, J
   Dietzl, G
   Sun, Y
   Harms, M
   Nardine, T
   Luo, LQ
   Dickson, BJ
TI Rac function and regulation during Drosophila development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-shape changes; actin cytoskeleton; myoblast fusion; axon guidance; rho gtpases; morphogenesis; melanogaster; outgrowth; polarity; protein
AB Rac GTPases regulate the actin cytoskeleton to control changes in cell shape(1,2). To date, the analysis of Rac function during development has relied heavily on the use of dominant mutant isoforms. Here, we use loss-of-function mutations to show that the three Drosophila Rac genes, Rac1, Rac2 and Mtl, have overlapping functions in the control of epithelial morphogenesis, myoblast fusion, and axon growth and guidance. They are not required for the establishment of planar cell polarity, as had been suggested on the basis of studies using dominant mutant isoforms(3,4). The guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Trio, is essential for Rac function in axon growth and guidance, but not for epithelial morphogenesis or myoblast fusion. Different Rac activators thus act in different developmental processes. The specific cellular response to Rac activation may be determined more by the upstream activator than the specific Rac protein involved.
C1 Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94035 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Program Neurosci, Stanford, CA 94035 USA.
C3 Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP); Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Dickson, BJ (corresponding author), Res Inst Mol Pathol, Dr Bohr Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
EM dickson@nt.imp.univie.ac.at
NR 30
TC 300
Z9 382
U1 1
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6879
BP 438
EP 442
DI 10.1038/416438a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 534UX
UT WOS:000174607800049
PM 11919634
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tong, S
   Meagher, S
   Vollenhoven, B
AF Tong, S
   Meagher, S
   Vollenhoven, B
TI Sonography - Dizygotic twin survival in early pregnancy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Monash Univ, Monash Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia.
   Epworth Med Fdn, Monash IVF, Monash Ultrasound Women, Richmond, Vic 3121, Australia.
C3 Monash Health; Monash Medical Centre; Monash University; Epworth Medical Foundation; Monash IVF
RP Tong, S (corresponding author), Monash Univ, Monash Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia.
NR 6
TC 9
Z9 10
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6877
BP 142
EP 142
DI 10.1038/416142a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 530FR
UT WOS:000174348100027
PM 11894085
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Winkler, W
   Nahvi, A
   Breaker, RR
AF Winkler, W
   Nahvi, A
   Breaker, RR
TI Thiamine derivatives bind messenger RNAs directly to regulate bacterial gene expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID salmonella-typhimurium; selection; switches; selex
AB Although proteins fulfil most of the requirements that biology has for structural and functional components such as enzymes and receptors, RNA can also serve in these capacities. For example, RNA has sufficient structural plasticity to form ribozyme(1,2) and receptor(3,4) elements that exhibit considerable enzymatic power and binding specificity. Moreover, these activities can be combined to create allosteric ribozymes(5,6) that are modulated by effector molecules. It has also been proposed(7-12) that certain messenger RNAs might use allosteric mechanisms to mediate regulatory responses depending on specific metabolites. We report here that mRNAs encoding enzymes involved in thiamine (vitamin B-1) biosynthesis in Escherichia coli can bind thiamine or its pyrophosphate derivative without the need for protein cofactors. The mRNA-effector complex adopts a distinct structure that sequesters the ribosome-binding site and leads to a reduction in gene expression. This metabolite-sensing regulatory system provides an example of a 'riboswitch' whose evolutionary origin might pre-date the emergence of proteins.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University
RP Breaker, RR (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, POB 208103, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 27
TC 1011
Z9 1387
U1 0
U2 207
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6910
BP 952
EP 956
DI 10.1038/nature01145
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 609MN
UT WOS:000178909700050
PM 12410317
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU O'Dowd, CD
   Aalto, P
   Hämeri, K
   Kulmala, M
   Hoffmann, T
AF O'Dowd, CD
   Aalto, P
   Hämeri, K
   Kulmala, M
   Hoffmann, T
TI Aerosol formation -: Atmospheric particles from organic vapours
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID forest
C1 Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys Sci, Div Atmospher Sci, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Natl Univ Ireland Univ Coll Galway, Dept Expt Phys, Galway, Ireland.
   Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
   Inst Spectrochem & Appl Spect, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany.
C3 University of Helsinki; Ollscoil na Gaillimhe-University of Galway; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
RP O'Dowd, CD (corresponding author), Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys Sci, Div Atmospher Sci, POB 64, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
NR 7
TC 324
Z9 363
U1 1
U2 129
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6880
BP 497
EP 498
DI 10.1038/416497a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 537JY
UT WOS:000174756500032
PM 11932734
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brasier, MD
   Green, OR
   Jephcoat, AP
   Kleppe, AK
   Van Kranendonk, MJ
   Lindsay, JF
   Steele, A
   Grassineau, NV
AF Brasier, MD
   Green, OR
   Jephcoat, AP
   Kleppe, AK
   Van Kranendonk, MJ
   Lindsay, JF
   Steele, A
   Grassineau, NV
TI Questioning the evidence for Earth's oldest fossils
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-pole; chert; microfossils; graphite; carbon; oxygen
AB Structures resembling remarkably preserved bacterial and cyanobacterial microfossils from similar to3,465-million-year-old Apex cherts of the Warrawoona Group in Western Australia(1-4) currently provide the oldest morphological evidence for life on Earth and have been taken to support an early beginning for oxygen-producing photosynthesis(5). Eleven species of filamentous prokaryote, distinguished by shape and geometry, have been put forward as meeting the criteria required of authentic Archaean microfossils(1-5), and contrast with other microfossils dismissed as either unreliable or unreproducible(1,3,6,7). These structures are nearly a billion years older than putative cyanobacterial biomarkers(8), genomic arguments for cyanobacteria(9), an oxygenic atmosphere(10) and any comparably diverse suite of microfossils(5). Here we report new research on the type and re-collected material, involving mapping, optical and electron microscopy, digital image analysis, micro-Raman spectroscopy and other geochemical techniques. We reinterpret the purported microfossil-like structure as secondary artefacts formed from amorphous graphite within multiple generations of metalliferous hydrothermal vein chert and volcanic glass. Although there is no support for primary biological morphology, a Fischer-Tropsch-type synthesis of carbon compounds and carbon isotopic fractionation is inferred for one of the oldest known hydrothermal systems on Earth.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
   Geol Survey Western Australia, Perth, WA 6004, Australia.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Univ Portsmouth, Sch Earth Environm & Phys Sci, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, Hants, England.
   Royal Holloway Univ London, Dept Geol, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England.
C3 University of Oxford; Geological Survey of Western Australia; Australian National University; University of Portsmouth; University of London; Royal Holloway University London
RP Brasier, MD (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
EM martinb@earth.ox.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 635
Z9 720
U1 3
U2 197
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6876
BP 76
EP 81
DI 10.1038/416076a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 527WU
UT WOS:000174211600041
PM 11882895
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Honma, S
   Kawamoto, T
   Takagi, Y
   Fujimoto, K
   Sato, F
   Noshiro, M
   Kato, Y
   Honma, K
AF Honma, S
   Kawamoto, T
   Takagi, Y
   Fujimoto, K
   Sato, F
   Noshiro, M
   Kato, Y
   Honma, K
TI Dec1 and Dec2 are regulators of the mammalian molecular clock
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID circadian clock; loop; transcription; proteins; rhythm; gene; pathways; period; bmal1; mouse
AB The circadian rhythms in mammals are regulated by a pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus(1,2). Four clock-gene families have been found to be involved in a transcription-translation feedback loop that generates the circadian rhythm at the intracellular level(3). The proteins Clock and Bmal1 form a heterodimer which activates the transcription of the Per gene from the E-box elements in its promoter region(4,5). Protein products of Per act together with Cry proteins to inhibit Per transcription(6,7), thus closing the autoregulatory feedback loop. We found that Dec1 and Dec2, basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, repressed Clock/Bmal1-induced transactivation of the mouse Per1 promoter through direct protein-protein interactions with Bmal1 and/or competition for E-box elements. Dec1 and Dec2 are expressed in the suprachiasmic nucleus in a circadian fashion, with a peak in the subjective day. A brief light pulse induced Dec1 but not Dec2 expression in the suprachiasmic nucleus in a phase-dependent manner. Dec1 and Dec2 are regulators of the mammalian molecular clock, and form a fifth clock-gene family.
C1 Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608638, Japan.
   Hiroshima Univ, Grad Sch Biomed Sci, Dept Dent & Med Biochem, Hiroshima 7348553, Japan.
C3 Hokkaido University; Hiroshima University
RP Honma, S (corresponding author), Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608638, Japan.
EM sathonma@med.hokudai.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 565
Z9 672
U1 1
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6909
BP 841
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature01123
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 607BD
UT WOS:000178769800047
PM 12397359
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Castillo, PE
   Schoch, S
   Schmitz, F
   Südhof, TC
   Malenka, RC
AF Castillo, PE
   Schoch, S
   Schmitz, F
   Südhof, TC
   Malenka, RC
TI RIM1α is required for presynaptic long-term potentiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mossy fiber synapses; cyclic-amp; synaptic transmission; camp; ltp; hippocampus; mice; rab3; enhancement; activation
AB Two main forms of long-term potentiation (LTP)-a prominent model for the cellular mechanism of learning and memory-have been distinguished in the mammalian brain(1). One requires activation of postsynaptic NMDA (N-methyl D-aspartate) receptors, whereas the other, called mossy fibre LTP, has a principal presynaptic component. Mossy fibre LTP is expressed in hippocampal mossy fibre synapses(1,2), cerebellar parallel fibre synapses(3,4) and corticothalamic synapses(5), where it apparently operates by a mechanism that requires activation of protein kinase A. Thus, presynaptic substrates of protein kinase A are probably essential in mediating this form of long-term synaptic plasticity. Studies of knockout mice have shown that the synaptic vesicle protein Rab3A is required for mossy fibre LTP6, but the protein kinase A substrates rabphilin, synapsin I and synapsin II are dispensable(7,8). Here we report that mossy fibre LTP in the hippocampus and the cerebellum is abolished in mice lacking RIM1alpha, an active zone protein that binds to Rab3A and that is also a protein kinase A substrate(9,10). Our results indicate that the long-term increase in neurotransmitter release during mossy fibre LTP may be mediated by a unitary mechanism that involves the GTP-dependent interaction of Rab3A with RIM1alpha at the interface of synaptic vesicles and the active zone.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Nancy Friend Pritzker Lab, Stanford, CA 94304 USA.
   Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Neurosci, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Ctr Basic Neurosci, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol Genet, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Malenka, RC (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Nancy Friend Pritzker Lab, Stanford, CA 94304 USA.
NR 29
TC 304
Z9 369
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 17
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6869
BP 327
EP 330
DI 10.1038/415327a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 511YC
UT WOS:000173293500045
PM 11797010
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Valla, T
   Johnson, PD
   Yusof, Z
   Wells, B
   Li, Q
   Loureiro, SM
   Cava, RJ
   Mikami, M
   Mori, Y
   Yoshimura, M
   Sasaki, T
AF Valla, T
   Johnson, PD
   Yusof, Z
   Wells, B
   Li, Q
   Loureiro, SM
   Cava, RJ
   Mikami, M
   Mori, Y
   Yoshimura, M
   Sasaki, T
TI Coherence-incoherence and dimensional crossover in layered strongly correlated metals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID normal-state; transport; anisotropy
AB The properties of an interacting electron system depend on the electron correlations and the effective dimensionality. For example, Coulomb repulsion between electrons may inhibit, or completely block, conduction by intersite electron hopping, thereby determining whether a material is a metal or an insulator(1). Furthermore, correlation effects increase as the number of effective dimensions decreases; in three-dimensional systems, the low-energy electronic states behave as quasiparticles, whereas in one-dimensional systems, even weak interactions break the quasiparticles into collective excitations(2). Dimensionality is particularly important for exotic low-dimensional materials where one- or two-dimensional building blocks are loosely connected into a three-dimensional whole. Here we examine two such layered metallic systems with angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and electronic transport measurements, and we find a crossover in the number of effective dimensions-from two to three-with decreasing temperature. This is apparent from the observation that, in the direction perpendicular to the layers, the materials have an insulating character at high temperatures but become metal-like at low temperatures, whereas transport within the layers remains metallic over the whole temperature range. We propose that this change in effective dimensionality correlates with the presence of coherent quasiparticles within the layers.
C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
   Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Mat Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
   Univ Connecticut, Dept Phys, Storrs, CT 06269 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Osaka Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; University of Connecticut; Princeton University; Princeton University; University of Osaka
RP Valla, T (corresponding author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
EM valla@bnl.gov
NR 24
TC 172
Z9 185
U1 1
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6889
BP 627
EP 630
DI 10.1038/nature00774
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 559AE
UT WOS:000176001200041
PM 12050659
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mel'nikov, AS
   Vinokur, VM
AF Mel'nikov, AS
   Vinokur, VM
TI Mesoscopic superconductor as a ballistic quantum switch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID states
AB Several key experiments(1-3) have revealed a rich variety of vortex structures in mesoscopic superconductors in which only a few quanta of magnetic flux are trapped: these structures are polygon-like vortex 'molecules' and multi-quanta giant vortices. Ginzburg-Landau calculations(4) confirmed second-order phase transitions between the giant vortex states and stable molecule-like configurations(5). Here we study theoretically the electronic structure and the related phase-coherent transport properties of such mesoscopic superconductor systems. The quasiparticle excitations in the vortices form coherent quantum-mechanical states that offer the possibility of controlling the phase-coherent transport through the sample by changing the number of trapped flux quanta and their configuration. The sample conductance measured in the direction of the applied magnetic field is determined by the transparency of multi-vortex configurations, which form a set of quantum channels. The transmission coefficient for each channel is controlled by multiple Andreev reflections within the vortex cores and at the sample edge. These interference phenomena result in a stepwise behaviour of the conductance as a function of the applied magnetic field, and we propose to exploit this effect to realize a vortex-based quantum switch where the magnetic field plays the role of the gate voltage.
C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Phys Microstruct, Nizhnii Novgorod 603950, Russia.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; Institute for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPM RAS)
RP Vinokur, VM (corresponding author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
NR 13
TC 69
Z9 71
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 3
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6867
BP 60
EP 62
DI 10.1038/415060a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 507KZ
UT WOS:000173028800037
PM 11780114
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bucciantini, M
   Giannoni, E
   Chiti, F
   Baroni, F
   Formigli, L
   Zurdo, JS
   Taddei, N
   Ramponi, G
   Dobson, CM
   Stefani, M
AF Bucciantini, M
   Giannoni, E
   Chiti, F
   Baroni, F
   Formigli, L
   Zurdo, JS
   Taddei, N
   Ramponi, G
   Dobson, CM
   Stefani, M
TI Inherent toxicity of aggregates implies a common mechanism for protein misfolding diseases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amyloid-beta-protein; fibril formation; alzheimers-disease; parkinsons-disease; mtt reduction; sh3 domain; cell-death; neurotoxicity; fibrillization; acceleration
AB A range of human degenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, light-chain amyloidosis and the spongiform encephalopathies, is associated with the deposition in tissue of proteinaceous aggregates known as amyloid fibrils or plaques. It has been shown previously that fibrillar aggregates that are closely similar to those associated with clinical amyloidoses can be formed in vitro from proteins not connected with these diseases, including the SH3 domain from bovine phosphatidyl-inositol-3'-kinase and the amino-terminal domain of the Escherichia coli HypF protein. Here we show that species formed early in the aggregation of these non-disease-associated proteins can be inherently highly cytotoxic. This finding provides added evidence that avoidance of protein aggregation is crucial for the preservation of biological function and suggests common features in the origins of this family of protein deposition diseases.
C1 Univ Florence, Dipartimento Sci Biochim, I-50134 Florence, Italy.
   Univ Florence, Dipartimento Anat Istol & Med Legale, I-50134 Florence, Italy.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
C3 University of Florence; University of Florence; University of Cambridge
RP Stefani, M (corresponding author), Univ Florence, Dipartimento Sci Biochim, Viale Morgagni 50, I-50134 Florence, Italy.
FU Telethon [453/BI, 686] Funding Source: Medline
NR 34
TC 2178
Z9 2496
U1 0
U2 452
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6880
BP 507
EP 511
DI 10.1038/416507a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 537JY
UT WOS:000174756500035
PM 11932737
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Florens, L
   Washburn, MP
   Raine, JD
   Anthony, RM
   Grainger, M
   Haynes, JD
   Moch, JK
   Muster, N
   Sacci, JB
   Tabb, DL
   Witney, AA
   Wolters, D
   Wu, YM
   Gardner, MJ
   Holder, AA
   Sinden, RE
   Yates, JR
   Carucci, DJ
AF Florens, L
   Washburn, MP
   Raine, JD
   Anthony, RM
   Grainger, M
   Haynes, JD
   Moch, JK
   Muster, N
   Sacci, JB
   Tabb, DL
   Witney, AA
   Wolters, D
   Wu, YM
   Gardner, MJ
   Holder, AA
   Sinden, RE
   Yates, JR
   Carucci, DJ
TI A proteomic view of the Plasmodium falciparum life cycle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID malaria parasite; gene-expression; chromosomal domains; identification; sequence; proteins; stage; mosquito; transcriptome; erythrocytes
AB The completion of the Plasmodium falciparum clone 3D7 genome provides a basis on which to conduct comparative proteomics studies of this human pathogen. Here, we applied a high-throughput proteomics approach to identify new potential drug and vaccine targets and to better understand the biology of this complex protozoan parasite. We characterized four stages of the parasite life cycle (sporozoites, merozoites, trophozoites and gametocytes) by multidimensional protein identification technology. Functional profiling of over 2,400 proteins agreed with the physiology of each stage. Unexpectedly, the antigenically variant proteins of var and rif genes, defined as molecules on the surface of infected erythrocytes, were also largely expressed in sporozoites. The detection of chromosomal clusters encoding co-expressed proteins suggested a potential mechanism for controlling gene expression.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Syngenta Res & Technol, Dept Proteom & Metabolom, Torrey Mesa Res Inst, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Infect & Immun Sect, Dept Biol Sci, London SW7 2AZ, England.
   USN, Med Res Ctr, Malaria Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA.
   Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Immunol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA.
   Natl Inst Med Res, Div Parasitol, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Univ Washington, Dept Genome Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Amer Type Culture Collect, Malaria Res & Reference Resource Ctr, Manassas, VA 20110 USA.
   Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Syngenta; Imperial College London; United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR); United States Department of Defense; United States Army; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; J. Craig Venter Institute
RP Yates, JR (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, SR-11,10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM jyates@scripps.edu
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U117532067] Funding Source: Medline; MRC [MC_U117532067] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [MC_U117532067] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 45
TC 1052
Z9 1269
U1 0
U2 231
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6906
BP 520
EP 526
DI 10.1038/nature01107
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 599RF
UT WOS:000178348400047
PM 12368866
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reichhardt, T
AF Reichhardt, T
TI Planetary portraits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 7
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6872
BP 570
EP 571
DI 10.1038/415570a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 519DC
UT WOS:000173709100012
PM 11832909
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Froemke, RC
   Dan, Y
AF Froemke, RC
   Dan, Y
TI Spike-timing-dependent synaptic modification induced by natural spike trains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; pyramidal cells; barrel cortex; neurons; plasticity; synapses; coincidence; hippocampus; patterns; efficacy
AB The strength of the connection between two neurons can be modified by activity, in a way that depends on the timing of neuronal firing on either side of the synapse(1-10). This spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) has been studied by systematically varying the intervals between pre- and postsynaptic spikes. Here we studied how STDP operates in the context of more natural spike trains. We found that in visual cortical slices the contribution of each pre-/postsynaptic spike pair to synaptic modification depends not only on the interval between the pair, but also on the timing of preceding spikes. The efficacy of each spike in synaptic modification was suppressed by the preceding spike in the same neuron, occurring within several tens of milliseconds. The direction and magnitude of synaptic modifications induced by spike patterns recorded in vivo in response to natural visual stimuli were well predicted by incorporating the suppressive inter-spike interaction within each neuron. Thus, activity-induced synaptic modification depends not only on the relative spike timing between the neurons, but also on the spiking pattern within each neuron. For natural spike trains, the timing of the first spike in each burst is dominant in synaptic modification.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Dept Neurobiol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Dan, Y (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Dept Neurobiol, 229 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 28
TC 640
Z9 745
U1 1
U2 117
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6879
BP 433
EP 438
DI 10.1038/416433a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 534UX
UT WOS:000174607800048
PM 11919633
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Koskinen, MT
   Haugen, TO
   Primmer, CR
AF Koskinen, MT
   Haugen, TO
   Primmer, CR
TI Contemporary fisherian life-history evolution in small salmonid populations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural-selection; differentiation; divergence; thymallus; genetics; loci
AB The relative importance of natural selection(1) and random drift(2) in phenotypic evolution has been discussed since the introduction of the first population genetic models(3-5). The empirical evidence used to evaluate the evolutionary theories of Fisher(1) and Wright(2) remains obscure because formal tests for neutral divergence(6-8) or sensitive attempts to separate the effects of selection and drift are scarce, subject to error, and have not been interpreted in the light of well-known population demography. We combined quantitative genetic and microsatellite DNA analyses to investigate the determinants of contemporary life-history evolution in isolated populations of grayling (Thymallus thymallus, Salmonidae) that originated from a common source 80-120 years ago. Here we show that natural selection was the dominant diversifying agent in the evolution of the quantitative traits. However, the populations were founded by a small number of individuals, exhibit very low microsatellite-based effective sizes and show genetic imprints of severe 'bottlenecks'; which are conditions often suggested to constrain selection and favour drift(6,8,9). This study demonstrates a very clear case of fisherian evolution in small natural populations across a contemporary timescale.
C1 Univ Helsinki, Dept Systemat & Ecol, Div Populat Biol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Div Zool, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
C3 University of Helsinki; University of Oslo
RP Koskinen, MT (corresponding author), Univ Helsinki, Dept Systemat & Ecol, Div Populat Biol, POB 65,Viikinkaari 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
EM mtkoskin@cc.helsinki.fi
NR 30
TC 216
Z9 239
U1 0
U2 79
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6909
BP 826
EP 830
DI 10.1038/nature01029
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 607BD
UT WOS:000178769800043
PM 12397355
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cheng, MY
   Bullock, CM
   Li, CY
   Lee, AG
   Bermak, JC
   Belluzzi, J
   Weaver, DR
   Leslie, FM
   Zhou, QY
AF Cheng, MY
   Bullock, CM
   Li, CY
   Lee, AG
   Bermak, JC
   Belluzzi, J
   Weaver, DR
   Leslie, FM
   Zhou, QY
TI Prokineticin 2 transmits the behavioural circadian rhythm of the suprachiasmatic nucleus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID efferent projections; clock; gene; light; expression; mutation; mper2; mice; organization; transport
AB The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) controls the circadian rhythm of physiological and behavioural processes in mammals. Here we show that prokineticin 2 (PK2), a cysteine-rich secreted protein, functions as an output molecule from the SCN circadian clock. PK2 messenger RNA is rhythmically expressed in the SCN, and the phase of PK2 rhythm is responsive to light entrainment. Molecular and genetic studies have revealed that PK2 is a gene that is controlled by a circadian clock (clock-controlled). Receptor for PK2 (PKR2) is abundantly expressed in major target nuclei of the SCN output pathway. Inhibition of nocturnal locomotor activity in rats by intracerebroventricular delivery of recombinant PK2 during subjective night, when the endogenous PK2 mRNA level is low, further supports the hypothesis that PK2 is an output molecule that transmits behavioural circadian rhythm. The high expression of PKR2 mRNA within the SCN and the positive feedback of PK2 on its own transcription through activation of PKR2 suggest that PK2 may also function locally within the SCN to synchronize output.
C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Pharmacol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Worcester, MA 01655 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP Zhou, QY (corresponding author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Pharmacol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
EM qzhou@uci.edu
NR 50
TC 567
Z9 662
U1 1
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6887
BP 405
EP 410
DI 10.1038/417405a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 554HZ
UT WOS:000175730900030
PM 12024206
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fehr, E
   Gächter, S
AF Fehr, E
   Gächter, S
TI Altruistic punishment in humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID indirect reciprocity; evolution; cooperation; handicap
AB Human cooperation is an evolutionary puzzle. Unlike other creatures, people frequently cooperate with genetically unrelated strangers, often in large groups, with people they will never meet again, and when reputation gains are small or absent. These patterns of cooperation cannot be explained by the nepotistic motives associated with the evolutionary theory of kin selection and the selfish motives associated with signalling theory or the theory of reciprocal altruism. Here we show experimentally that the altruistic punishment of defectors is a key motive for the explanation of cooperation. Altruistic punishment means that individuals punish, although the punishment is costly for them and yields no material gain. We show that cooperation flourishes if altruistic punishment is possible, and breaks down if it is ruled out. The evidence indicates that negative emotions towards defectors are the proximate mechanism behind altruistic punishment. These results suggest that future study of the evolution of human cooperation should include a strong focus on explaining altruistic punishment.
C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Empir Res Econ, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ St Gallen, FEW HSG, CH-9000 St Gallen, Switzerland.
C3 University of Zurich; University of St Gallen
RP Fehr, E (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Inst Empir Res Econ, Blumlisalpstr 10, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 28
TC 3975
Z9 4642
U1 29
U2 1334
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 10
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6868
BP 137
EP 140
DI 10.1038/415137a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 509PR
UT WOS:000173159300032
PM 11805825
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Strässer, K
   Masuda, S
   Mason, P
   Pfannstiel, J
   Oppizzi, M
   Rodriguez-Navarro, S
   Rondón, AG
   Aguilera, A
   Struhl, K
   Reed, R
   Hurt, E
AF Strässer, K
   Masuda, S
   Mason, P
   Pfannstiel, J
   Oppizzi, M
   Rodriguez-Navarro, S
   Rondón, AG
   Aguilera, A
   Struhl, K
   Reed, R
   Hurt, E
TI TREX is a conserved complex coupling transcription with messenger RNA export
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear export; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; protein complex; yeast homolog; in-vivo; gene; elongation; sub2p; tho2; identification
AB The essential yeast proteins Yra1 and Sub2 are messenger RNA export factors that have conserved counterparts in metazoans, designated Aly and UAP56, respectively(1-7). These factors couple the machineries that function in splicing and export of mRNA(1-7). Here we show that both Yra1 and Sub2 are stoichiometrically associated with the heterotetrameric THO complex(8),which functions in transcription in yeast(8-11). We also show that Sub2 and Yra1 interact genetically with all four components of the THO complex (Tho2, Hpr1, Mft1 and Thp2). Moreover, these components operate in the export of bulk poly(A)(+) RNA as well as of mRNA derived from intronless genes. Both Aly and UAP56 associate with human counterparts of the THO complex. Together, these data define a conserved complex, designated the TREX ('transcription/export') complex. The TREX complex is specifically recruited to activated genes during transcription and travels the entire length of the gene with RNA polymerase II. Our data indicate that the TREX complex has a conserved role in coupling transcription to mRNA export.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Heidelberg Univ, BZH, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Seville, Dept Genet, E-41012 Seville, Spain.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Sevilla
RP Reed, R (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM Kevin@hms.harvard.edu; rreed@hms.harvard.edu; cg5@ix.urz.uni-heidelberg.de
NR 25
TC 716
Z9 838
U1 2
U2 83
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 304
EP 308
DI 10.1038/nature746
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100051
PM 11979277
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pellikka, M
   Tanentzapf, G
   Pinto, M
   Smith, C
   McGlade, CJ
   Ready, DF
   Tepass, U
AF Pellikka, M
   Tanentzapf, G
   Pinto, M
   Smith, C
   McGlade, CJ
   Ready, DF
   Tepass, U
TI Crumbs, the Drosophila homologue of human CRB1/RP12, is essential for photoreceptor morphogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zonula adherens formation; retinitis-pigmentosa; cell fates; membrane; spectrin; epithelia; mutations; stardust; polarity; crb1
AB The apical transmembrane protein Crumbs is a central regulator of epithelial apical-basal polarity in Drosophila. Loss-of-function mutations in the human homologue of Crumbs, CRB1 (RP12), cause recessive retinal dystrophies, including retinitis pigmentosa. Here we show that Crumbs and CRB1 localize to corresponding subdomains of the photoreceptor apical plasma membrane: the stalk of the Drosophila photoreceptor and the inner segment of mammalian photoreceptors. These subdomains support the morphogenesis and orientation of the photosensitive membrane organelles: rhabdomeres and outer segments, respectively. Drosophila Crumbs is required to maintain zonula adherens integrity during the rapid apical membrane expansion that builds the rhabdomere. Crumbs also regulates stalk development by stabilizing the membrane-associated spectrin cytoskeleton, a function mechanistically distinct from its role in epithelial apical-basal polarity. We propose that Crumbs is a central component of a molecular scaffold that controls zonula adherens assembly and defines the stalk as an apical membrane subdomain. Defects in such scaffolds may contribute to human CRB1-related retinal dystrophies.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Hosp Sick Children, Arthur & Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Res Ctr, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Purdue Univ, Dept Biol Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; Purdue University System; Purdue University
RP Tepass, U (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
EM utepass@zoo.utoronto.ca
NR 43
TC 351
Z9 407
U1 1
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6877
BP 143
EP 149
DI 10.1038/nature721
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 530FR
UT WOS:000174348100028
PM 11850625
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lang, KM
   Madhavan, V
   Hoffman, JE
   Hudson, EW
   Eisaki, H
   Uchida, S
   Davis, JC
AF Lang, KM
   Madhavan, V
   Hoffman, JE
   Hudson, EW
   Eisaki, H
   Uchida, S
   Davis, JC
TI Imaging the granular structure of high-Tc superconductivity in underdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-separation; states; excitations; pseudogap; density; oxides; model
AB Granular superconductivity occurs when microscopic superconducting grains are separated by non-superconducting regions; Josephson tunnelling between the grains establishes the macroscopic superconducting state(1). Although crystals of the copper oxide high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) superconductors are not granular in a structural sense, theory suggests that at low levels of hole doping the holes can become concentrated at certain locations resulting in hole-rich superconducting domains(2-5). Granular superconductivity arising from tunnelling between such domains would represent a new view of the under-doped copper oxide superconductors. Here we report scanning tunnelling microscope studies of underdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta that reveal an apparent segregation of the electronic structure into superconducting domains that are similar to3nm in size (and local energy gap <50 meV), located in an electronically distinct background. We used scattering resonances at Ni impurity atoms(6) as 'markers' for local superconductivity(7-9); no Ni resonances were detected in any region where the local energy gap Δ>50+/-2.5 meV. These observations suggest that underdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta is a mixture of two different short-range electronic orders with the long-range characteristics of a granular superconductor.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Supercond, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94205 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of Tokyo; Stanford University
RP Davis, JC (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 32
TC 697
Z9 738
U1 1
U2 128
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 24
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6870
BP 412
EP 416
DI 10.1038/415412a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 514HR
UT WOS:000173433600045
PM 11807550
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tyner, SD
   Venkatachalam, S
   Choi, J
   Jones, S
   Ghebranious, N
   Igelmann, H
   Lu, XB
   Soron, G
   Cooper, B
   Brayton, C
   Park, SH
   Thompson, T
   Karsenty, G
   Bradley, A
   Donehower, LA
AF Tyner, SD
   Venkatachalam, S
   Choi, J
   Jones, S
   Ghebranious, N
   Igelmann, H
   Lu, XB
   Soron, G
   Cooper, B
   Brayton, C
   Park, SH
   Thompson, T
   Karsenty, G
   Bradley, A
   Donehower, LA
TI p53 mutant mice that display early ageing-associated phenotypes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID replicative senescence; cellular senescence; stress-response; deficient mice; dna-binding; fibroblasts; cancer; tumors; bone; suppression
AB The p53 tumour suppressor is activated by numerous stressors to induce apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, or senescence. To study the biological effects of altered p53 function, we generated mice with a deletion mutation in the first six exons of the p53 gene that express a truncated RNA capable of encoding a carboxy-terminal p53 fragment. This mutation confers phenotypes consistent with activated p53 rather than inactivated p53. Mutant (p53(+/m)) mice exhibit enhanced resistance to spontaneous tumours compared with wild-type (p53(+/+)) littermates. As p53(+/)m mice age, they display an early onset of phenotypes associated with ageing. These include reduced longevity, osteoporosis, generalized organ atrophy and a diminished stress tolerance. A second line of transgenic mice containing a temperature-sensitive mutant allele of p53 also exhibits early ageing phenotypes. These data suggest that p53 has a role in regulating organismal ageing.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol Virol & Microbiol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Cell & Mol Biol Program, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Ctr Comparat Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Scott Dept Urol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Human & Mol Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Worcester, MA 01655 USA.
   Marshfield Med Res Fdn, Marshfield, WI 54449 USA.
   Univ Hamburg, Heinrich Pette Inst Expt Virol & Immunol, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany.
   Sanger Ctr, Cambridge CB10 1SA, Cambs, England.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; Heinrich Pette Institute; University of Hamburg; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
RP Donehower, LA (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol Virol & Microbiol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM larryd@bcm.tmc.edu
NR 44
TC 1187
Z9 1367
U1 1
U2 91
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 3
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6867
BP 45
EP 53
DI 10.1038/415045a
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 507KZ
UT WOS:000173028800034
PM 11780111
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Worm, B
   Lotze, HK
   Hillebrand, H
   Sommer, U
AF Worm, B
   Lotze, HK
   Hillebrand, H
   Sommer, U
TI Consumer versus resource control of species diversity and ecosystem functioning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bottom-up; productivity; disturbance; competition; consequences; predation; richness
AB A key question in ecology is which factors control species diversity in a community(1-3). Two largely separate groups of ecologists have emphasized the importance of productivity or resource supply, and consumers or physical disturbance, respectively. These variables show unimodal relationships with diversity when manipulated in isolation(4-8). Recent multivariate models(9-10), however, predict that these factors interact, such that the disturbance-diversity relationship depends on productivity, and vice versa. We tested these models in marine food webs, using field manipulations of nutrient resources and consumer pressure on rocky shores of contrasting productivity. Here we show that the effects of consumers and nutrients on diversity consistently depend on each other, and that the direction of their effects and peak diversity shift between sites of low and high productivity. Factorial meta-analysis of published experiments confirms these results across widely varying aquatic communities. Furthermore, our experiments demonstrate that these patterns extend to important ecosystem functions such as carbon storage and nitrogen retention. This suggests that human impacts on nutrient supply(11) and food-web structure(12,13) have strong and interdependent effects on species diversity and ecosystem functioning, and must therefore be managed together.
C1 Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada.
   Univ Kiel, Inst Marine Sci, Sect Marine Ecol, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
   Uppsala Univ, Dept Limnol, Erken Lab, S-76173 Norrtalje, Sweden.
C3 Dalhousie University; University of Kiel; Uppsala University
RP Worm, B (corresponding author), Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada.
EM bworm@is.dal.ca
NR 30
TC 393
Z9 466
U1 7
U2 296
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6891
BP 848
EP 851
DI 10.1038/nature00830
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 563YM
UT WOS:000176285600046
PM 12075351
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Copley, J
AF Copley, J
TI All at sea
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID archaea; ocean
NR 16
TC 24
Z9 34
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 7
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6872
BP 572
EP 574
DI 10.1038/415572a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 519DC
UT WOS:000173709100013
PM 11832910
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tregenza, T
   Wedell, N
AF Tregenza, T
   Wedell, N
TI Polyandrous females avoid costs of inbreeding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gryllus-bimaculatus; field cricket; genetic incompatibility; sperm selection; choice; evolution; benefits; recognition; conflict; success
AB Why do females typically mate with more than one male? Female mating patterns have broad implications for sexual selection(1,2), speciation(3) and conflicts of interest between the sexes(4), and yet they are poorly understood. Matings inevitably have costs(5), and for females, the benefits of taking more than one mate are rarely obvious. One possible explanation is that females gain benefits because they can avoid using sperm from genetically incompatible males, or invest less in the offspring of such males(6,7). It has been shown that mating with more than one male can increase offspring viability(8-12), but we present the first clear demonstration that this occurs because females with several mates avoid the negative effects of genetic incompatibility(13). We show that in crickets, the eggs of females that mate only with siblings have decreased hatching success. However, if females mate with both a sibling and a non-sibling they avoid altogether the low egg viability associated with sibling matings. If similar effects occur in other species, inbreeding avoidance may be important in understanding the prevalence of multiple mating.
C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Biol, Ecol & Evolut Grp, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Leeds
RP Tregenza, T (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, Sch Biol, Ecol & Evolut Grp, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
EM T.Tregenza@leeds.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 432
Z9 472
U1 0
U2 128
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 3
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6867
BP 71
EP 73
DI 10.1038/415071a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 507KZ
UT WOS:000173028800041
PM 11780118
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, X
   Makovicky, PJ
   Wang, XL
   Norell, MA
   You, HL
AF Xu, X
   Makovicky, PJ
   Wang, XL
   Norell, MA
   You, HL
TI A Ceratopsian dinosaur from China and the early evolution of Ceratopsia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Ceratopsians (horned dinosaurs) represent one of the last and the most diverse radiations of non-avian dinosaurs(1-4). Although recent systematic work unanimously supports a basal division of Ceratopsia into parrot-like psittacosaurids and frilled neoceratopsians, the early evolution of the group remains poorly understood, mainly owing to its incomplete early fossil record. Here we describe a primitive ceratopsian from China. Cladistic analysis posits this new species as the most basal neoceratopsian. This new taxon demonstrates that some neoceratopsian characters evolved in a more incremental fashion than previously known and also implies mosaic evolution of characters early in ceratopsian history.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
   Amer Museum Nat Hist, New York, NY 10024 USA.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS; Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago); American Museum of Natural History (AMNH)
RP Xu, X (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
NR 18
TC 94
Z9 114
U1 1
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6878
BP 314
EP 317
DI 10.1038/416314a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 532NP
UT WOS:000174482200040
PM 11907575
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bates, NR
   Pequignet, AC
   Johnson, RJ
   Gruber, N
AF Bates, NR
   Pequignet, AC
   Johnson, RJ
   Gruber, N
TI A short-term sink for atmospheric CO2 in subtropical mode water of the North Atlantic Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interannual variability; time-series; sea; oscillation; gyre
AB Large-scale features of ocean circulation, such as deep water formation in the northern North Atlantic Ocean(1), are known to regulate the long-term physical uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere by moving CO2-laden surface waters into the deep ocean. But the importance of CO2 uptake into water masses that ventilate shallower ocean depths, such as subtropical mode waters(2) of the subtropical gyres, are poorly quantified. Here we report that, between 1988 and 2001, dissolved CO2 concentrations in subtropical mode waters of the North Atlantic have increased at a rate twice that expected from these waters keeping in equilibrium with increasing atmospheric CO2. This accounts for an extra similar to0.4-2.8 Pg C (1 Pg = 10(15) g) over this period (that is, about 0.03-0.24 Pg Cyr(-1)), equivalent to similar to3-10% of the current net annual ocean uptake of CO2 (ref. 3). We suggest that the lack of strong winter mixing events, to greater than 300 m in depth, in recent decades is responsible for this accumulation, which would otherwise disturb the mode water layer and liberate accumulated CO2 back to the atmosphere. However, future climate variability (which influences subtropical mode water formation(1,4-8)) and changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation(9) (leading to a return of deep winter mixing events) may reduce CO2 accumulation in subtropical mode waters. We therefore conclude that, although CO2 uptake by subtropical mode waters in the North Atlantic-and possibly elsewhere-does not always represent a long-term CO2 sink, the phenomenon is likely to contribute substantially to interannual variability in oceanic CO2 uptake(3).
C1 Bermuda Biol Stn Res Inc, Ferry Reach GE01, Bermuda.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Bates, NR (corresponding author), Bermuda Biol Stn Res Inc, Ferry Reach GE01, Bermuda.
EM nick@bbsr.edu
NR 30
TC 102
Z9 112
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 489
EP 493
DI 10.1038/nature01253
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600041
PM 12487116
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takayanagi, H
   Kim, S
   Matsuo, K
   Suzuki, H
   Suzuki, T
   Sato, K
   Yokochi, T
   Oda, H
   Nakamura, K
   Ida, N
   Wagner, EF
   Taniguchi, T
AF Takayanagi, H
   Kim, S
   Matsuo, K
   Suzuki, H
   Suzuki, T
   Sato, K
   Yokochi, T
   Oda, H
   Nakamura, K
   Ida, N
   Wagner, EF
   Taniguchi, T
TI RANKL maintains bone homeostasis through c-Fos-dependent induction of interferon-β
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lymph-node organogenesis; osteoclast differentiation; defective interleukin-1; transcription factors; targeted disruption; gene induction; key regulator; cross-talk; mice; osteoprotegerin
AB Osteoclasts are cells of monocyte/macrophage origin that erode bone matrix: regulation of their differentiation is central to the understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of bone diseases such as osteoporosis(1,2). Signalling by RANKL (receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand), also known as Tnfsf11, is essential for the induction of osteoclast differentiation(3-5), and it must be strictly regulated to maintain bone homeostasis. But it is not known whether RANKL signalling to the cell interior is linked to any regulatory mechanisms. Here we show that RANKL induces the interferon-beta (IFN-beta) gene in osteoclast precursor cells, and that IFN-beta inhibits the differentiation by interfering with the RANKL-induced expression of c-Fos, an essential transcription factor for the formation of osteoclasts. This IFN-beta gene induction mechanism is distinct from that induced by virus, and is dependent on c-Fos itself. Thus an autoregulatory mechanism operates-the RANKL-induced c-Fos induces its own inhibitor. The importance of this regulatory mechanism for bone homeostasis is emphasized by the observation that mice deficient in IFN-beta signalling exhibit severe osteopenia (loss of bone mass) accompanied by enhanced osteoclastogenesis. Our study places the IFN-beta system in a new context, and may offer a molecular basis for the treatment of bone diseases.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Fac Med, Dept Immunol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   NILS, Aichi 4748522, Japan.
   Toray Industries Ltd, Pharmaceut Res Labs, Kanagawa 2488555, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP); Toray Industries, Inc.
RP Taniguchi, T (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Fac Med, Dept Immunol, Bunkyo Ku, Hongo 7-3-1, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
NR 30
TC 600
Z9 670
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6882
BP 744
EP 749
DI 10.1038/416744a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 542FU
UT WOS:000175033500044
PM 11961557
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nathan, R
   Katul, GG
   Horn, HS
   Thomas, SM
   Oren, R
   Avissar, R
   Pacala, SW
   Levin, SA
AF Nathan, R
   Katul, GG
   Horn, HS
   Thomas, SM
   Oren, R
   Avissar, R
   Pacala, SW
   Levin, SA
TI Mechanisms of long-distance dispersal of seeds by wind
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plant migration; turbulence; model
AB Long-distance dispersal (LDD) is central to species expansion following climate change, re-colonization of disturbed areas and control of pests(1-8). The current paradigm is that the frequency and spatial extent of LDD events are extremely difficult to predict(9-12). Here we show that mechanistic models coupling seed release and aerodynamics with turbulent transport processes provide accurate probabilistic descriptions of LDD of seeds by wind. The proposed model reliably predicts the vertical distribution of dispersed seeds of five tree species observed along a 45-m high tower in an eastern US deciduous forest. Simulations show that uplifting above the forest canopy is necessary and sufficient for LDD, hence, they provide the means to define LDD quantitatively rather than arbitrarily. Seed uplifting probability thus sets an upper bound on the probability of long-distance colonization. Uplifted yellow poplar seeds are on average lighter than seeds at the forest floor, but also include the heaviest seeds. Because uplifting probabilities are appreciable (as much as 15%), and tree seed crops are commonly massive, some LDD events will establish individuals that can critically affect plant dynamics on large scales.
C1 Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Life Sci, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
   Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Duke Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
C3 Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Duke University; Princeton University; Duke University
RP Nathan, R (corresponding author), Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Life Sci, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
EM rnathan@bgumail.bgu.ac.il
NR 30
TC 522
Z9 611
U1 1
U2 209
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6896
BP 409
EP 413
DI 10.1038/nature00844
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 576MU
UT WOS:000177009700036
PM 12140556
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schoenberg, R
   Kamber, BS
   Collerson, KD
   Moorbath, S
AF Schoenberg, R
   Kamber, BS
   Collerson, KD
   Moorbath, S
TI Tungsten isotope evidence from ∼3.8-Gyr metamorphosed sediments for early meteorite bombardment of the Earth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early solar-system; west greenland; chondrites; accretion; differentiation; carbon
AB The 'Late Heavy Bombardment' was a phase in the impact history of the Moon that occurred 3.8-4.0 Gyr ago, when the lunar basins with known dates were formed(1,2). But no record of this event has yet been reported from the few surviving rocks of this age on the Earth. Here we report tungsten isotope anomalies, based on the Hf-182-W-182 system (half-life of 9 Myr), in metamorphosed sedimentary rocks from the 3.7-3.8-Gyr-old Isua greenstone belt of West Greenland and closely related rocks from northern Labrador, Canada. As it is difficult to conceive of a mechanism by which tungsten isotope heterogeneities could have been preserved in the Earth's dynamic crust-mantle environment from a time when short-lived Hf-182 was still present, we conclude that the metamorphosed sediments contain a component derived from meteorites.
C1 Univ Queensland, Queensland Univ res Excellence ACQUIRE, Adv Ctr, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
C3 University of Queensland; University of Oxford
RP Schoenberg, R (corresponding author), Univ Queensland, Queensland Univ res Excellence ACQUIRE, Adv Ctr, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
NR 22
TC 92
Z9 100
U1 1
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6896
BP 403
EP 405
DI 10.1038/nature00923
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 576MU
UT WOS:000177009700034
PM 12140554
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coates, JC
   de Bono, M
AF Coates, JC
   de Bono, M
TI Antagonistic pathways in neurons exposed to body fluid regulate social feeding in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide-gated channel; neuropeptide-y receptor; c-elegans; natural variation; nervous-system; behavior; family; expression; encodes; protein
AB Wild isolates of Caenorhabditis elegans can feed either alone or in groups(1,2). This natural variation in behaviour is associated with a single residue difference in NPR-1, a predicted G-protein-coupled neuropeptide receptor related to Neuropeptide Y receptors(2). Here we show that the NPR-1 isoform associated with solitary feeding acts in neurons exposed to the body fluid to inhibit social feeding. Furthermore, suppressing the activity of these neurons, called AQR, PQR and URX, using an activated K+ channel, inhibits social feeding. NPR-1 activity in AQR, PQR and URX neurons seems to suppress social feeding by antagonizing signalling through a cyclic GMP-gated ion channel encoded by tax-2 and tax-4. We show that mutations in tax-2 or tax-4 disrupt social feeding, and that tax-4 is required in several neurons for social feeding, including one or more of AQR, PQR and URX. The AQR, PQR and URX neurons are unusual in C. elegans because they are directly exposed to the pseudocoelomic body fluid(3). Our data suggest a model in which these neurons integrate antagonistic signals to control the choice between social and solitary feeding behaviour.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP de Bono, M (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
NR 28
TC 157
Z9 200
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6910
BP 925
EP 929
DI 10.1038/nature01170
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 609MN
UT WOS:000178909700044
PM 12410311
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Youssef, S
   Stüve, O
   Patarroyo, JC
   Ruiz, PJ
   Radosevich, JL
   Hur, EM
   Bravo, M
   Mitchell, DJ
   Sobel, RA
   Steinman, L
   Zamvil, SS
AF Youssef, S
   Stüve, O
   Patarroyo, JC
   Ruiz, PJ
   Radosevich, JL
   Hur, EM
   Bravo, M
   Mitchell, DJ
   Sobel, RA
   Steinman, L
   Zamvil, SS
TI The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, promotes a Th2 bias and reverses paralysis in central nervous system autoimmune disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID experimental allergic encephalomyelitis; ii transactivator gene; t-cells; multiple-sclerosis; expression; statins; astrocytes; cd4(+); lovastatin; microglia
AB Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, which are approved for cholesterol reduction, may also be beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory diseases(1-3). Atorvastatin (Lipitor) was tested in chronic and relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a CD4+ Th1-mediated central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease model of multiple sclerosis(4,5). Here we show that oral atorvastatin prevented or reversed chronic and relapsing paralysis. Atorvastatin induced STAT6 phosphorylation and secretion of Th2 cytokines (interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-10) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. Conversely, STAT4 phosphorylation was inhibited and secretion of Th1 cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha) was suppressed. Atorvastatin promoted differentiation of Th0 cells into Th2 cells. In adoptive transfer, these Th2 cells protected recipient mice from EAE induction. Atorvastatin reduced CNS infiltration and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression. Treatment of microglia inhibited IFN-gamma-inducible transcription at multiple MHC class II transactivator (CIITA) promoters and suppressed class II upregulation. Atorvastatin suppressed IFN-gamma-inducible expression of CD40, CD80 and CD86 co-stimulatory molecules. L-Mevalonate, the product of HMG-CoA reductase, reversed atorvastatin's effects on antigen-presenting cells (APC) and T cells. Atorvastatin treatment of either APC or T cells suppressed antigen-specific T-cell activation. Thus, atorvastatin has pleiotropic immunomodulatory effects involving both APC and T-cell compartments. Statins may be beneficial for multiple sclerosis and other Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Beckman Ctr Mol Med, Dept Neurol & Neurol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Pathol Neuropathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Zamvil, SS (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol, 521 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 30
TC 953
Z9 1052
U1 0
U2 75
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6911
BP 78
EP 84
DI 10.1038/nature01158
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 612HJ
UT WOS:000179068100040
PM 12422218
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, CY
   Bard, AJ
AF Liu, CY
   Bard, AJ
TI Pressure-induced insulator-conductor transition in a photoconducting organic liquid-crystal film
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monolayers; porphyrin; cells
AB Intermolecular separation determines the extent of orbital overlap and thus the rate of electron transfer between neighbouring molecules in an organic crystal. If such a crystal is compressed, the resistivity decreases owing to a diminishing intermolecular distance(1). Metal-insulator transitions have been observed by applying hydrostatic pressure to, for example, Langmuir films of metal nanoparticles(2,3). But previous attempts to observe a clear transition point in organic crystals, such as anthracene and tetracene, were not successful owing to difficulties with electrically insulating the high-pressure cell(4). Here we report a different approach by using a sample that is photoconductive and forms an organized film. A cylindrical tip (similar to100 mum in diameter) was used to compress the sample instead of a piston/cylinder structure, entirely eliminating the problem of electrical insulation. Furthermore, by illuminating the sample with a laser, the conductivity of the sample is increased by several orders of magnitude. By monitoring the photocurrent with sensitivity at the 10(-13) A level, changes in resistivity at very low pressure could be monitored. We observe a sharp increase in current that could indicate a transition from hopping to delocalized conduction.
C1 Univ Texas, Dept Chem & Biochem, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Bard, AJ (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Dept Chem & Biochem, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
NR 12
TC 71
Z9 88
U1 1
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6894
BP 162
EP 164
DI 10.1038/nature00875
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 571GV
UT WOS:000176710400034
PM 12110884
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ho, Y
   Gruhler, A
   Heilbut, A
   Bader, GD
   Moore, L
   Adams, SL
   Millar, A
   Taylor, P
   Bennett, K
   Boutilier, K
   Yang, LY
   Wolting, C
   Donaldson, I
   Schandorff, S
   Shewnarane, J
   Vo, M
   Taggart, J
   Goudreault, M
   Muskat, B
   Alfarano, C
   Dewar, D
   Lin, Z
   Michalickova, K
   Willems, AR
   Sassi, H
   Nielsen, PA
   Rasmussen, KJ
   Andersen, JR
   Johansen, LE
   Hansen, LH
   Jespersen, H
   Podtelejnikov, A
   Nielsen, E
   Crawford, J
   Poulsen, V
   Sorensen, BD
   Matthiesen, J
   Hendrickson, RC
   Gleeson, F
   Pawson, T
   Moran, MF
   Durocher, D
   Mann, M
   Hogue, CWV
   Figeys, D
   Tyers, M
AF Ho, Y
   Gruhler, A
   Heilbut, A
   Bader, GD
   Moore, L
   Adams, SL
   Millar, A
   Taylor, P
   Bennett, K
   Boutilier, K
   Yang, LY
   Wolting, C
   Donaldson, I
   Schandorff, S
   Shewnarane, J
   Vo, M
   Taggart, J
   Goudreault, M
   Muskat, B
   Alfarano, C
   Dewar, D
   Lin, Z
   Michalickova, K
   Willems, AR
   Sassi, H
   Nielsen, PA
   Rasmussen, KJ
   Andersen, JR
   Johansen, LE
   Hansen, LH
   Jespersen, H
   Podtelejnikov, A
   Nielsen, E
   Crawford, J
   Poulsen, V
   Sorensen, BD
   Matthiesen, J
   Hendrickson, RC
   Gleeson, F
   Pawson, T
   Moran, MF
   Durocher, D
   Mann, M
   Hogue, CWV
   Figeys, D
   Tyers, M
TI Systematic identification of protein complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by mass spectrometry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast; checkpoint; degradation; pathways; ligase; domain; repair
AB The recent abundance of genome sequence data has brought an urgent need for systematic proteomics to decipher the encoded protein networks that dictate cellular function(1). To date, generation of large-scale protein-protein interaction maps has relied on the yeast two-hybrid system, which detects binary interactions through activation of reporter gene expression(2-4). With the advent of ultrasensitive mass spectrometric protein identification methods, it is feasible to identify directly protein complexes on a proteome-wide scale(5,6). Here we report, using the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a test case, an example of this approach, which we term high-throughput mass spectrometric protein complex identification (HMS-PCI). Beginning with 10% of predicted yeast proteins as baits, we detected 3,617 associated proteins covering 25% of the yeast proteome. Numerous protein complexes were identified, including many new interactions in various signalling pathways and in the DNA damage response. Comparison of the HMS-PCI data set with interactions reported in the literature revealed an average threefold higher success rate in detection of known complexes compared with large-scale two-hybrid studies(3,4). Given the high degree of connectivity observed in this study, even partial HMS-PCI coverage of complex proteomes, including that of humans, should allow comprehensive identification of cellular networks.
C1 MDS Proteom, Toronto, ON M9W 7H4, Canada.
   Mt Sinai Hosp, Samuel Lunenfeld Res Inst, Programme Mol Biol & Canc, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Biochem, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Genet & Microbiol, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; University of Toronto; University of Toronto
RP Figeys, D (corresponding author), MDS Proteom, 251 Attwell Dr, Toronto, ON M9W 7H4, Canada.
NR 30
TC 2898
Z9 3405
U1 5
U2 345
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 10
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6868
BP 180
EP 183
DI 10.1038/415180a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 509PR
UT WOS:000173159300044
PM 11805837
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shiver, JW
   Fu, TM
   Chen, L
   Casimiro, DR
   Davies, ME
   Evans, RK
   Zhang, ZQ
   Simon, AJ
   Trigona, WL
   Dubey, SA
   Huang, LY
   Harris, VA
   Long, RS
   Liang, XP
   Handt, L
   Schleif, WA
   Zhu, L
   Freed, DC
   Persaud, NV
   Guan, L
   Punt, KS
   Tang, A
   Chen, MC
   Wilson, KA
   Collins, KB
   Heidecker, GJ
   Fernandez, VR
   Perry, HC
   Joyce, JG
   Grimm, KM
   Cook, JC
   Keller, PM
   Kresock, DS
   Mach, H
   Troutman, RD
   Isopi, LA
   Williams, DM
   Xu, Z
   Bohannon, KE
   Volkin, DB
   Montefiori, DC
   Miura, A
   Krivulka, GR
   Lifton, MA
   Kuroda, MJ
   Schmitz, JE
   Letvin, NL
   Caulfield, MJ
   Bett, AJ
   Youil, R
   Kaslow, DC
   Emini, EA
AF Shiver, JW
   Fu, TM
   Chen, L
   Casimiro, DR
   Davies, ME
   Evans, RK
   Zhang, ZQ
   Simon, AJ
   Trigona, WL
   Dubey, SA
   Huang, LY
   Harris, VA
   Long, RS
   Liang, XP
   Handt, L
   Schleif, WA
   Zhu, L
   Freed, DC
   Persaud, NV
   Guan, L
   Punt, KS
   Tang, A
   Chen, MC
   Wilson, KA
   Collins, KB
   Heidecker, GJ
   Fernandez, VR
   Perry, HC
   Joyce, JG
   Grimm, KM
   Cook, JC
   Keller, PM
   Kresock, DS
   Mach, H
   Troutman, RD
   Isopi, LA
   Williams, DM
   Xu, Z
   Bohannon, KE
   Volkin, DB
   Montefiori, DC
   Miura, A
   Krivulka, GR
   Lifton, MA
   Kuroda, MJ
   Schmitz, JE
   Letvin, NL
   Caulfield, MJ
   Bett, AJ
   Youil, R
   Kaslow, DC
   Emini, EA
TI Replication-incompetent adenoviral vaccine vector elicits effective anti-immunodeficiency-virus immunity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytotoxic t-lymphocytes; infected rhesus-monkeys; type-1 infection; disease progression; dna vaccination; responses; viremia; mamu-a-asterisk-01; dominant; epitopes
AB Recent studies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in humans and of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in rhesus monkeys have shown that resolution of the acute viral infection and control of the subsequent persistent infection are mediated by the antiviral cellular immune response(1-11). We comparatively assessed several vaccine vector delivery systems-three formulations of a plasmid DNA vector, the modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus, and a replication incompetent adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vector-expressing the SIV gag protein for their ability to elicit such immune responses in monkeys. The vaccines were tested either as a single modality or in combined modality regimens. Here we show that the most effective responses were elicited by a replication-incompetent Ad5 vector, used either alone or as a booster inoculation after priming with a DNA vector. After challenge with a pathogenic HIV-SIV hybrid virus (SHIV), the animals immunized with Ad5 vector exhibited the most pronounced attenuation of the virus infection. The replication-defective adenovirus is a promising vaccine vector for development of an HIV-1 vaccine.
C1 Merck Res Labs, W Point, PA 19486 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Ctr AIDS Res, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Med,Div Viral Pathogenesis, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Merck & Company; Duke University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School
RP Emini, EA (corresponding author), Merck Res Labs, W Point, PA 19486 USA.
NR 20
TC 1051
Z9 1207
U1 1
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 17
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6869
BP 331
EP 335
DI 10.1038/415331a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 511YC
UT WOS:000173293500046
PM 11797011
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Denker, JA
   Zuckerman, DM
   Maroney, PA
   Nilsen, TW
AF Denker, JA
   Zuckerman, DM
   Maroney, PA
   Nilsen, TW
TI New components of the spliced leader RNP required for nematode trans-splicing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID factor sf1; tri-snrnp; sm
AB Pre-messenger-RNA maturation in nematodes and in several other lower eukaryotic phyla involves spliced leader (SL) addition trans-splicing(1,2). In this unusual RNA processing reaction, a short common 5' exon, the SL, is affixed to the 5'-most exon of multiple pre-mRNAs. The nematode SL is derived from a trans-splicing-specific similar to100-nucleotide RNA (SL RNA) that bears striking similarities to the cis-spliceosomal U small nuclear RNAs U1, U2, U4 and U5 (refs 3, 4); for example, the SL RNA functions only if it is assembled into an Sm small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP)(5). Here we have purified and characterized the SL RNP and show that it contains two proteins (relative molecular masses 175,000 and 30,000 (M-r 175K and 30K)) in addition to core Sm proteins. Immunodepletion and reconstitution with recombinant proteins demonstrates that both proteins are essential for SL trans-splicing; however, neither protein is required either for conventional cis-splicing or for bimolecular (trans-) splicing of fragmented cis constructs. The M-r 175K and 30K SL RNP proteins are the first factors identified that are involved uniquely in SL trans- splicing. Several lines of evidence indicate that the SL RNP proteins function by participating in a trans- splicing specific network of protein-protein interactions analogous to the U1 snRNP-SF1/BBP-U2AF complex that comprises the cross-intron bridge in cis-splicing.
C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Ctr RNA Mol Biol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University
RP Nilsen, TW (corresponding author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Ctr RNA Mol Biol, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
NR 17
TC 43
Z9 46
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6889
BP 667
EP 670
DI 10.1038/nature00783
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 559AE
UT WOS:000176001200053
PM 12050671
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Spoor, F
   Bajpal, S
   Hussaim, ST
   Kumar, K
   Thewissen, JGM
AF Spoor, F
   Bajpal, S
   Hussaim, ST
   Kumar, K
   Thewissen, JGM
TI Vestibular evidence for the evolution of aquatic behaviour in early cetaceans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inner-ear; locomotor evolution; hearing; petrosal; whale; origin; feet
AB Early cetaceans evolved from terrestrial quadrupeds to obligate swimmers, a change that is traditionally studied by functional analysis of the postcranial skeleton(1). Here we assess the evolution of cetacean locomotor behaviour from an independent perspective by looking at the semicircular canal system, one of the main sense organs involved in neural control of locomotion(2). Extant cetaceans are found to be unique in that their canal arc size, corrected for body mass, is approximately three times smaller than in other mammals. This reduces the sensitivity of the canal system, most plausibly to match the fast body rotations that characterize cetacean behaviour. Eocene fossils show that the new sensory regime, incompatible with terrestrial competence, developed quickly and early in cetacean evolution, as soon as the taxa are associated with marine environments. Dedicated agile swimming of cetaceans thus appeared to have originated as a rapid and fundamental shift in locomotion rather than as the gradual transition suggested by postcranial evidence. We hypothesize that the unparalleled modification of the semicircular canal system represented a key 'point of no return' event in early cetacean evolution, leading to full independence from life on land.
C1 Indian Inst Technol, Dept Earth Sci, Roorkee 247667, Uttar Pradesh, India.
   UCL, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, London WC1E 6JJ, England.
   Howard Univ, Coll Med, Dept Anat, Washington, DC 20059 USA.
   Wadia Inst Himalayan Geol, Dehra Dun 248001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
   Northeastern Ohio Univ Coll Med & Pharm, Coll Med, Dept Anat, Rootstown, OH 44272 USA.
C3 Indian Institute of Technology System (IIT System); Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) - Roorkee; University of London; University College London; Howard University; Department of Science & Technology (India); Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology (WIHG); University System of Ohio; Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED)
RP Spoor, F (corresponding author), Indian Inst Technol, Dept Earth Sci, Roorkee 247667, Uttar Pradesh, India.
EM f.spoor@ucl.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 192
Z9 219
U1 1
U2 123
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6885
BP 163
EP 166
DI 10.1038/417163a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 549RH
UT WOS:000175460200040
PM 12000957
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Niikura, H
   Légaré, F
   Hasbani, R
   Bandrauk, AD
   Ivanov, MY
   Villeneuve, DM
   Corkum, PB
AF Niikura, H
   Légaré, F
   Hasbani, R
   Bandrauk, AD
   Ivanov, MY
   Villeneuve, DM
   Corkum, PB
TI Sub-laser-cycle electron pulses for probing molecular dynamics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID above-threshold ionization; tunnel ionization; localization; emission; atoms; ions
AB Experience shows that the ability to make measurements in any new time regime opens new areas of science. Currently, experimental probes for the attosecond time regime (10(-18)-10(-15) s) are being established. The leading approach is the generation of attosecond optical pulses by ionizing atoms with intense laser pulses. This nonlinear process leads to the production of high harmonics during collisions between electrons and the ionized atoms. The underlying mechanism implies control of energetic electrons with attosecond precision. We propose that the electrons themselves can be exploited for ultrafast measurements. We use a 'molecular clock', based on a vibrational wave packet in H-2(+) to show that distinct bunches of electrons appear during electron-ion collisions with high current densities, and durations of about 1 femtosecond (10(-15) s). Furthermore, we use the molecular clock to study the dynamics of non-sequential double ionization.
C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
   Univ Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada.
C3 National Research Council Canada; University of Sherbrooke
RP Corkum, PB (corresponding author), Natl Res Council Canada, 100 Sussex Dr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
EM Paul.Corkum@nrc.ca
NR 42
TC 592
Z9 630
U1 0
U2 169
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6892
BP 917
EP 922
DI 10.1038/nature00787
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 566RC
UT WOS:000176441200030
PM 12087396
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU da Silva, ACR
   Ferro, JA
   Reinach, FC
   Farah, CS
   Furlan, LR
   Quaggio, RB
   Monteiro-Vitorello, CB
   Van Sluys, MA
   Almeida, NF
   Alves, LMC
   do Amaral, AM
   Bertolini, MC
   Camargo, LEA
   Camarotte, G
   Cannavan, F
   Cardozo, J
   Chambergo, F
   Clapina, LP
   Cicarelli, RMB
   Coutinho, LL
   Cursino-Santos, JR
   El-Dorry, H
   Faria, JB
   Ferreira, AJS
   Ferreira, RCC
   Ferro, MIT
   Formighieri, EF
   Franco, MC
   Greggio, CC
   Gruber, A
   Katsuyama, AM
   Kishi, LT
   Leite, RP
   Lemos, EGM
   Lemos, MVF
   Locali, EC
   Machado, MA
   Madeira, AMBN
   Martinez-Rossi, NM
   Martins, EC
   Meidanis, J
   Menck, CFM
   Miyaki, CY
   Moon, DH
   Moreira, LM
   Novo, MTM
   Okura, VK
   Oliveira, MC
   Oliveira, VR
   Pereira, HA
   Rossi, A
   Sena, JAD
   Silva, C
   de Souza, RF
   Spinola, LAF
   Takita, MA
   Tamura, RE
   Teixeira, EC
   Tezza, RID
   dos Santos, MT
   Truffi, D
   Tsai, SM
   White, FF
   Setubal, JC
   Kitajima, JP
AF da Silva, ACR
   Ferro, JA
   Reinach, FC
   Farah, CS
   Furlan, LR
   Quaggio, RB
   Monteiro-Vitorello, CB
   Van Sluys, MA
   Almeida, NF
   Alves, LMC
   do Amaral, AM
   Bertolini, MC
   Camargo, LEA
   Camarotte, G
   Cannavan, F
   Cardozo, J
   Chambergo, F
   Clapina, LP
   Cicarelli, RMB
   Coutinho, LL
   Cursino-Santos, JR
   El-Dorry, H
   Faria, JB
   Ferreira, AJS
   Ferreira, RCC
   Ferro, MIT
   Formighieri, EF
   Franco, MC
   Greggio, CC
   Gruber, A
   Katsuyama, AM
   Kishi, LT
   Leite, RP
   Lemos, EGM
   Lemos, MVF
   Locali, EC
   Machado, MA
   Madeira, AMBN
   Martinez-Rossi, NM
   Martins, EC
   Meidanis, J
   Menck, CFM
   Miyaki, CY
   Moon, DH
   Moreira, LM
   Novo, MTM
   Okura, VK
   Oliveira, MC
   Oliveira, VR
   Pereira, HA
   Rossi, A
   Sena, JAD
   Silva, C
   de Souza, RF
   Spinola, LAF
   Takita, MA
   Tamura, RE
   Teixeira, EC
   Tezza, RID
   dos Santos, MT
   Truffi, D
   Tsai, SM
   White, FF
   Setubal, JC
   Kitajima, JP
TI Comparison of the genomes of two Xanthomonas pathogens with differing host specificities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID campestris pv vesicatoria; gene-cluster; biosynthesis; expression; sequence; hrp; proteins; operon
AB The genus Xanthomonas is a diverse and economically important group of bacterial phytopathogens, belonging to the gamma-subdivision of the Proteobacteria. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) causes citrus canker, which affects most commercial citrus cultivars, resulting in significant losses worldwide. Symptoms include canker lesions, leading to abscission of fruit and leaves and general tree decline(1). Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) causes black rot, which affects crucifers such as Brassica and Arabidopsis. Symptoms include marginal leaf chlorosis and darkening of vascular tissue, accompanied by extensive wilting and necrosis(2). Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris is grown commercially to produce the exopolysaccharide xanthan gum, which is used as a viscosifying and stabilizing agent in many industries(3). Here we report and compare the complete genome sequences of Xac and Xcc. Their distinct disease phenotypes and host ranges belie a high degree of similarity at the genomic level. More than 80% of genes are shared, and gene order is conserved along most of their respective chromosomes. We identified several groups of strain-specific genes, and on the basis of these groups we propose mechanisms that may explain the differing host specificities and pathogenic processes.
C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Quim, Dept Bioquim, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Biociencias, Dept Bot, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Ciencias Biomed, Dept Microbiol, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med Vet & Zootecnia, Dept Patol, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Biociencias, Dept Biol, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agrarias & Vet, Dept Tecnol, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agrarias & Vet, Dept Biol Aplicada Agropecuaria, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Med Vet & Zootecnia, Dept Melhoramento & Nutr Anim, BR-18600000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Escola Super Agr Luiz Queiroz, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Fed Mato Grosso do Sul, Dept Computacao & Estatist, BR-79070900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
   IAC, Ctr Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, BR-13490970 Cordeiropolis, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Quim, Dept Bioquim & Tecnol Quim, BR-14801970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
   Ctr Energia Nucl Agr, BR-13400970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Farmaceut, Dept Ciencias Biol, BR-14801902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med Ribeirao Preto, Dept Genet, BR-14049900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med Ribeirao Preto, Dept Bioquim & Imunol, BR-14049900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
   IAPAR, Inst Tecnol Parana, BR-86001970 Londrina, PR, Brazil.
   Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Computacao, Ctr Biol Mol & Engn Genet, BR-13084971 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
C3 Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade Estadual Paulista; Universidade Estadual Paulista; Universidade Estadual Paulista; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul; Instituto Agronomico de Campinas (IAC); Universidade Estadual Paulista; Universidade Estadual Paulista; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade Estadual de Campinas
RP da Silva, ACR (corresponding author), Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Quim, Dept Bioquim, Av Prof Lineu Prestes 748, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
EM acrasera@iq.usp.br
NR 30
TC 969
Z9 2228
U1 2
U2 224
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6887
BP 459
EP 463
DI 10.1038/417459a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 554HZ
UT WOS:000175730900043
PM 12024217
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Phillips, OL
   Martínez, RV
   Arroyo, L
   Baker, TR
   Killeen, T
   Lewis, SL
   Malhi, Y
   Mendoza, AM
   Neill, D
   Vargas, PN
   Alexiades, M
   Cerón, C
   Di Fiore, A
   Erwin, T
   Jardim, A
   Palacios, W
   Saldias, M
   Vinceti, B
AF Phillips, OL
   Martínez, RV
   Arroyo, L
   Baker, TR
   Killeen, T
   Lewis, SL
   Malhi, Y
   Mendoza, AM
   Neill, D
   Vargas, PN
   Alexiades, M
   Cerón, C
   Di Fiore, A
   Erwin, T
   Jardim, A
   Palacios, W
   Saldias, M
   Vinceti, B
TI Increasing dominance of large lianas in Amazonian forests
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tropical forests; carbon-dioxide; rain-forest; patterns; biomass; ecology
AB Ecological orthodoxy suggests that old-growth forests should be close to dynamic equilibrium, but this view has been challenged by recent findings that neotropical forests are accumulating carbon(1,2) and biomass(3,4), possibly in response to the increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide(5,6). However, it is unclear whether the recent increase in tree biomass has been accompanied by a shift in community composition. Such changes could reduce or enhance the carbon storage potential of old-growth forests in the long term. Here we show that non-fragmented Amazon forests are experiencing a concerted increase in the density, basal area and mean size of woody climbing plants (lianas). Over the last two decades of the twentieth century the dominance of large lianas relative to trees has increased by 1.7-4.6% a year. Lianas enhance tree mortality and suppress tree growth(7), so their rapid increase implies that the tropical terrestrial carbon sink may shut down sooner than current models suggest(8-10). Predictions of future tropical carbon fluxes will need to account for the changing composition and dynamics of supposedly undisturbed forests.
C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Ctr Biodivers & Conservat, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Jardin Bot Missouri, Jaen, Peru.
   Missouri Bot Garden, St Louis, MO 63166 USA.
   Museo Hist Nat Moel Kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
   Conservat Int, Washington, DC 20036 USA.
   Univ Edinburgh, Sch Earth Environm & Geog Sci, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ San Antonio Abad Cusco, Herbario Vargas, Cuzco, Peru.
   Fdn Jatun Sacha, Quito, Ecuador.
   Univ Cent Ecuador, Escuela Biol, Herbario QAP, Quito, Ecuador.
   New York Bot Garden, Bronx, NY 10458 USA.
   NYU, Dept Anthropol, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   Smithsonian Inst, Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA.
C3 University of Leeds; Missouri Botanical Gardens; Conservation International; University of Edinburgh; Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco; Universidad Central del Ecuador; New York Botanical Garden; New York University; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
RP Phillips, OL (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Ctr Biodivers & Conservat, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
EM o.phillips@geog.leeds.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 443
Z9 517
U1 2
U2 127
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6899
BP 770
EP 774
DI 10.1038/nature00926
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 583UF
UT WOS:000177428000037
PM 12181565
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Toth, LJ
   Assad, JA
AF Toth, LJ
   Assad, JA
TI Dynamic coding of behaviourally relevant stimuli in parietal cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primate prefrontal cortex; neural activity; area lip; motor; transformations; representation; selectivity; movements; macaques; space
AB A general function of cerebral cortex is to allow the flexible association of sensory stimuli with specific behaviours. Many neurons in parietal(1,2), prefrontal(3,4) and motor(5-7) cortical areas are activated both by particular movements and by sensory cues that trigger these movements, suggesting a role in linking sensation to action. For example, neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) encode both the location of visual stimuli and the direction of saccadic eye movements(8,9). LIP is not believed to encode nonspatial stimulus attributes such as colour(10,11). Here we investigated whether LIP would encode colour if colour was behaviourally linked to the eye movement. We trained monkeys to make an eye movement in one of two directions based alternately on the colour or location of a visual cue. When cue colour was relevant for directing eye movement, we found a substantial fraction of LIP neurons selective for cue colour. However, when cue location was relevant, colour selectivity was virtually absent in LIP. These results demonstrate that selectivity of cortical neurons can change as a function of the required behaviour.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Toth, LJ (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 22
TC 215
Z9 248
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 10
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6868
BP 165
EP 168
DI 10.1038/415165a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 509PR
UT WOS:000173159300040
PM 11805833
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morris, RM
   Rappé, MS
   Connon, SA
   Vergin, KL
   Siebold, WA
   Carlson, CA
   Giovannoni, SJ
AF Morris, RM
   Rappé, MS
   Connon, SA
   Vergin, KL
   Siebold, WA
   Carlson, CA
   Giovannoni, SJ
TI SAR11 clade dominates ocean surface bacterioplankton communities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 16s ribosomal-rna; in-situ hybridization; labeled oligonucleotide probes; planktonic bacteria; sargasso sea; identification; accessibility; sensitivity; diversity; increase
AB The most abundant class of bacterial ribosomal RNA genes detected in seawater DNA by gene cloning belongs to SAR11-an alpha-proteobacterial clade(1). Other than indications of their prevalence in seawater, little is known about these organisms. Here we report quantitative measurements of the cellular abundance of the SAR11 clade in northwestern Sargasso Sea waters to 3,000 m and in Oregon coastal surface waters. On average, the SAR11 clade accounts for a third of the cells present in surface waters and nearly a fifth of the cells present in the mesopelagic zone. In some regions, members of the SAR11 clade represent as much as 50% of the total surface microbial community and 25% of the subeuphotic microbial community. By extrapolation, we estimate that globally there are 2.4 x 10(28) SAR11 cells in the oceans, half of which are located in the euphotic zone. Although the biogeochemical role of the SAR11 clade remains uncertain, these data support the conclusion that this microbial group is among the most successful organisms on Earth.
C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 Oregon State University; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Giovannoni, SJ (corresponding author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
NR 27
TC 894
Z9 1041
U1 1
U2 184
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 26
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6917
BP 806
EP 810
DI 10.1038/nature01240
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 626WR
UT WOS:000179897300054
PM 12490947
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eden, S
   Rohatgi, R
   Podtelejnikov, AV
   Mann, M
   Kirschner, MW
AF Eden, S
   Rohatgi, R
   Podtelejnikov, AV
   Mann, M
   Kirschner, MW
TI Mechanism of regulation of WAVE1-induced actin nucleation by Rac1 and Nck
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aldrich-syndrome protein; wasp-related protein; arp2/3 complex; n-wasp; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; molecular-cloning; mass-spectrometry; activation; cdc42; wave
AB Rac signalling to actin-a pathway that is thought to be mediated by the protein Scar/WAVE (WASP (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein)-family verprolin homologous protein)-has a principal role in cell motility. In an analogous pathway, direct interaction of Cdc42 with the related protein N-WASP stimulates actin polymerization(1). For the Rac-WAVE pathway, no such direct interaction has been identified. Here we report a mechanism by which Rac and the adapter protein Nck activate actin nucleation through WAVE1. WAVE1 exists in a heterotetrameric complex that includes orthologues of human PIR121 (p53-inducible messenger RNA with a relative molecular mass (M-r)of 140,000), Nap125 (NCK-associated protein with an M-r of 125,000) and HSPC300. Whereas recombinant WAVE1 is constitutively active, the WAVE1 complex is inactive. We therefore propose that Rac1 and Nck cause dissociation of the WAVE1 complex, which releases active WAVE1-HSPC300 and leads to actin nucleation.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ So Denmark Odense, Prot Interact Lab, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Kirschner, MW (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 30
TC 660
Z9 856
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6899
BP 790
EP 793
DI 10.1038/nature00859
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 583UF
UT WOS:000177428000042
PM 12181570
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brunet, M
   Guy, F
   Pilbeam, D
   Mackaye, HT
   Likius, A
   Ahounta, D
   Beauvilain, A
   Blondel, C
   Bocherens, H
   Boisserie, JR
   De Bonis, L
   Coppens, Y
   Dejax, J
   Denys, C
   Duringer, P
   Eisenmann, VR
   Fanone, G
   Fronty, P
   Geraads, D
   Lehmann, T
   Lihoreau, F
   Louchart, A
   Mahamat, A
   Merceron, G
   Mouchelin, G
   Otero, O
   Campomanes, PP
   De Leon, MP
   Rage, JC
   Sapanet, M
   Schuster, M
   Sudre, J
   Tassy, P
   Valentin, X
   Vignaud, P
   Viriot, L
   Zazzo, A
   Zollikofer, C
AF Brunet, M
   Guy, F
   Pilbeam, D
   Mackaye, HT
   Likius, A
   Ahounta, D
   Beauvilain, A
   Blondel, C
   Bocherens, H
   Boisserie, JR
   De Bonis, L
   Coppens, Y
   Dejax, J
   Denys, C
   Duringer, P
   Eisenmann, VR
   Fanone, G
   Fronty, P
   Geraads, D
   Lehmann, T
   Lihoreau, F
   Louchart, A
   Mahamat, A
   Merceron, G
   Mouchelin, G
   Otero, O
   Campomanes, PP
   De Leon, MP
   Rage, JC
   Sapanet, M
   Schuster, M
   Sudre, J
   Tassy, P
   Valentin, X
   Vignaud, P
   Viriot, L
   Zazzo, A
   Zollikofer, C
TI A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, central Africa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID australopithecus-afarensis; lukeino; hadar; skull
AB The search for the earliest fossil evidence of the human lineage has been concentrated in East Africa. Here we report the discovery of six hominid specimens from Chad, central Africa, 2,500 km from the East African Rift Valley. The fossils include a nearly complete cranium and fragmentary lower jaws. The associated fauna suggest the fossils are between 6 and 7 million years old. The fossils display a unique mosaic of primitive and derived characters, and constitute a new genus and species of hominid. The distance from the Rift Valley, and the great antiquity of the fossils, suggest that the earliest members of the hominid clade were more widely distributed than has been thought, and that the divergence between the human and chimpanzee lineages was earlier than indicated by most molecular studies.
C1 Univ Poitiers, Fac Sci, 40 Ave Recteur Pineau, F-86022 Poitiers, France.
   Univ Poitiers, CNRS, UMR 6046, F-86022 Poitiers, France.
   Harvard Univ, Peabody Museum, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ NDjamena, Ndjamena, Chad.
   Ctr Natl Appui Rech, Ndjamena, Chad.
   Univ Montpellier 2, Inst Sci Evolut, CNRS, UMR 5554, F-34095 Montpellier 5, France.
   Coll France, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Museum Natl Hist Nat, F-75005 Paris, France.
   CNRS, UMR 8569, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Univ Strasbourg, Ctr Geochem Surface, CNRS, UMR 7517, F-67084 Strasbourg, France.
   CNRS, UPR 2147, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Univ Lyon 1, Ctr Sci Terre, CNRS, UMR 5125, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
   CSIC, Museo Nacl Ciencias Nat, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
   Univ Zurich Irchel, Inst Anthropol, Multimedia Lab, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Ctr Hosp Univ Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
   Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 162, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
   Univ Paris 06, Inst Natl Rech Agron, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
C3 Universite de Poitiers; Universite de Poitiers; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Harvard University; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite de Montpellier; CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE); Universite PSL; College de France; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE); Universite Lyon 1; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN); University of Zurich; Universite de Poitiers; CHU Poitiers; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; Sorbonne Universite; INRAE
RP Brunet, M (corresponding author), Univ Poitiers, Fac Sci, 40 Ave Recteur Pineau, F-86022 Poitiers, France.
EM michel.brunet@univ-poitiers.fr
NR 28
TC 684
Z9 829
U1 0
U2 137
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6894
BP 145
EP 151
DI 10.1038/nature00879
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 571GV
UT WOS:000176710400030
PM 12110880
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miake, J
   Marbán, E
   Nuss, HB
AF Miake, J
   Marbán, E
   Nuss, HB
TI Gene therapy -: Biological pacemaker created by gene transfer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID channels; myocytes; node
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Inst Mol Cardiobiol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University
RP Miake, J (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Cardiol,Cardiol Res Grp, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
NR 13
TC 325
Z9 400
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6903
BP 132
EP 133
DI 10.1038/419132b
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 592HK
UT WOS:000177931200031
PM 12226654
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Greiner, M
   Mandel, O
   Esslinger, T
   Hänsch, TW
   Bloch, I
AF Greiner, M
   Mandel, O
   Esslinger, T
   Hänsch, TW
   Bloch, I
TI Quantum phase transition from a superfluid to a Mott insulator in a gas of ultracold atoms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coherence; dynamics; lattice
AB For a system at a temperature of absolute zero, all thermal fluctuations are frozen out, while quantum fluctuations prevail. These microscopic quantum fluctuations can induce a macroscopic phase transition in the ground state of a many-body system when the relative strength of two competing energy terms is varied across a critical value. Here we observe such a quantum phase transition in a Bose-Einstein condensate with repulsive interactions, held in a three-dimensional optical lattice potential. As the potential depth of the lattice is increased, a transition is observed from a superfluid to a Mott insulator phase. In the superfluid phase, each atom is spread out over the entire lattice, with long-range phase coherence. But in the insulating phase, exact numbers of atoms are localized at individual lattice sites, with no phase coherence across the lattice; this phase is characterized by a gap in the excitation spectrum. We can induce reversible changes between the two ground states of the system.
C1 Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Munich, Sekt Phys, D-80799 Munich, Germany.
   Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Quantenelektron, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Munich; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Bloch, I (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Sekt Phys, Schellingstr 4-III, D-80799 Munich, Germany.
EM imb@mpq.mpg.de
NR 26
TC 5013
Z9 5571
U1 8
U2 562
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 3
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6867
BP 39
EP 44
DI 10.1038/415039a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 507KZ
UT WOS:000173028800033
PM 11780110
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ueda, HR
   Chen, WB
   Adachi, A
   Wakamatsu, H
   Hayashi, S
   Takasugi, T
   Nagano, M
   Nakahama, K
   Suzuki, Y
   Sugano, S
   Iino, M
   Shigeyoshi, Y
   Hashimoto, S
AF Ueda, HR
   Chen, WB
   Adachi, A
   Wakamatsu, H
   Hayashi, S
   Takasugi, T
   Nagano, M
   Nakahama, K
   Suzuki, Y
   Sugano, S
   Iino, M
   Shigeyoshi, Y
   Hashimoto, S
TI A transcription factor response element for gene expression during circadian night
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID clock; drosophila; mechanism; cloning
AB Mammalian circadian clocks consist of complex integrated feedback loops(1-10) that cannot be elucidated without comprehensive measurement of system dynamics and determination of network structures(11). To dissect such a complicated system, we took a systems-biological approach based on genomic, molecular and cell biological techniques. We profiled suprachiasmatic nuclei and liver genome-wide expression patterns under light/dark cycles and constant darkness. We determined transcription start sites of human orthologues for newly identified cycling genes and then performed bioinformatical searches for relationships between time-of-day specific expression and transcription factor response elements around transcription start sites. Here we demonstrate the role of the Rev-ErbA/ROR response element in gene expression during circadian night, which is in phase with Bmal1 and in antiphase to Per2 oscillations. This role was verified using an in vitro validation system, in which cultured fibroblasts transiently transfected with clock-controlled reporter vectors exhibited robust circadian bioluminescence(12).
C1 Yamanouchi Pharmaceut Co Ltd, Inst Drug Discovery Res, Mol Med Labs, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058585, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Kinki Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, Osakasayama, Osaka 5898511, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Ctr Human Genome, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
C3 Astellas Pharmaceuticals; University of Tokyo; Kindai University (Kinki University); University of Tokyo
RP Ueda, HR (corresponding author), Yamanouchi Pharmaceut Co Ltd, Inst Drug Discovery Res, Mol Med Labs, 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058585, Japan.
NR 30
TC 706
Z9 835
U1 2
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 534
EP 539
DI 10.1038/nature00906
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800041
PM 12152080
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Asfaw, B
   Gilbert, WH
   Beyene, Y
   Hart, WK
   Renne, PR
   WoldeGabriel, G
   Vrba, ES
   White, TD
AF Asfaw, B
   Gilbert, WH
   Beyene, Y
   Hart, WK
   Renne, PR
   WoldeGabriel, G
   Vrba, ES
   White, TD
TI Remains of Homo erectus from bouri, Middle Awash, Ethiopia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pleistocene; cladistics; speciation; hominids; cranium; record
AB The genesis, evolution and fate of Homo erectus have been explored palaeontologically since the taxon's recognition in the late nineteenth century. Current debate(1) is focused on whether early representatives from Kenya and Georgia should be classified as a separate ancestral species ('H. ergaster')(2-4), and whether H. erectus was an exclusively Asian species lineage that went extinct(5,6). Lack of resolution of these issues has obscured the place of H. erectus in human evolution. A hominid calvaria and postcranial remains recently recovered from the Dakanihylo Member of the Bouri Formation, Middle Awash, Ethiopia, bear directly on these issues. These similar to1.0-million-year (Myr)-old Pleistocene sediments contain abundant early Acheulean stone tools and a diverse vertebrate fauna that indicates a predominantly savannah environment. Here we report that the 'Daka' calvaria's metric and morphological attributes centre it firmly within H. erectus. Daka's resemblance to Asian counterparts indicates that the early African and Eurasian fossil hominids represent demes of a widespread palaeospecies. Daka's anatomical intermediacy between earlier and later African fossils provides evidence of evolutionary change. Its temporal and geographic position indicates that African H. erectus was the ancestor of Homo sapiens.
C1 Rift Valley Res Serv, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, VLSB, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Lab Human Evolutionary Studies, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Minist Youth Sports & Culture, Dept Anthropol & Archaeol ARCCH, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
   Miami Univ, Dept Geol, Oxford, OH 45056 USA.
   Berkeley Geochronol Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University System of Ohio; Miami University; Berkeley Geochronolgy Center; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Yale University
RP Asfaw, B (corresponding author), Rift Valley Res Serv, POB 5717, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
NR 30
TC 201
Z9 236
U1 0
U2 55
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6878
BP 317
EP 320
DI 10.1038/416317a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 532NP
UT WOS:000174482200041
PM 11907576
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takano, J
   Noguchi, K
   Yasumori, M
   Kobayashi, M
   Gajdos, Z
   Miwa, K
   Hayashi, H
   Yoneyama, T
   Fujiwara, T
AF Takano, J
   Noguchi, K
   Yasumori, M
   Kobayashi, M
   Gajdos, Z
   Miwa, K
   Hayashi, H
   Yoneyama, T
   Fujiwara, T
TI Arabidopsis boron transporter for xylem loading
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mediated gene-transfer; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; boric-acid; thaliana mutant; plants; translocation; permeability; expression; sunflower; membrane
AB Boron deficiency hampers the productivity of 132 crops in more than 80 countries(1). Boron is essential in higher plants primarily for maintaining the integrity of cell walls(2-4) and is also beneficial and might be essential in animals(5) and in yeast(6). Understanding the molecular mechanism(s) of boron transport is crucial for alleviating boron deficiency. Here we describe the molecular identification of boron transporters in biological systems. The Arabidopsis thaliana mutant bor1-1 is sensitive to boron deficiency(7,8). Uptake studies indicated that xylem loading is the key step for boron accumulation in shoots with a low external boron supply and that the bor1-1 mutant is defective in this process. Positional cloning identified BOR1 as a membrane protein with homology to bicarbonate transporters in animals. Moreover, a fusion protein of BOR1 and green fluorescent protein (GFP) localized to the plasma membrane in transformed cells. The promoter of BOR1 drove GFP expression in root pericycle cells. When expressed in yeast, BOR1 decreased boron concentrations in cells. We show here that BOR1 is an efflux-type boron transporter for xylem loading and is essential for protecting shoots from boron deficiency.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Agr & Life Sci, Dept Appl Biol Chem, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP Fujiwara, T (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Agr & Life Sci, Dept Appl Biol Chem, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan.
EM atorufu@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 505
Z9 576
U1 2
U2 143
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6913
BP 337
EP 340
DI 10.1038/nature01139
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 617BM
UT WOS:000179340400047
PM 12447444
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ferguson, NM
   Ghani, AC
   Donnelly, CA
   Hagenaars, TJ
   Anderson, RM
AF Ferguson, NM
   Ghani, AC
   Donnelly, CA
   Hagenaars, TJ
   Anderson, RM
TI Estimating the human health risk from possible BSE infection of the British sheep flock
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bovine spongiform encephalopathy; great-britain; prion protein; scrapie; epidemiology; transmission; accumulation; dynamics; vcjd
AB Following the controversial failure of a recent study(1) and the small numbers of animals yet screened for infection(2), it remains uncertain whether bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was transmitted to sheep in the past via feed supplements and whether it is still present. Well grounded mathematical and statistical models are therefore essential to integrate the limited and disparate data, to explore uncertainty, and to define data-collection priorities. We analysed the implications of different scenarios of BSE spread in sheep for relative human exposure levels and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) incidence. Here we show that, if BSE entered the sheep population and a degree of transmission occurred, then ongoing public health risks from ovine BSE are likely to be greater than those from cattle, but that any such risk could be reduced by up to 90% through additional restrictions on sheep products entering the food supply. Extending the analysis to consider absolute risk, we estimate the 95% confidence interval for future vCJD mortality to be 50 to 50,000 human deaths considering exposure to bovine BSE alone, with the upper bound increasing to 150,000 once we include exposure from the worst-case ovine BSE scenario examined.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Med, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, London W2 1PG, England.
C3 Imperial College London
RP Ferguson, NM (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Med, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, St Marys Campus,Norfolk Pl, London W2 1PG, England.
EM neil.ferguson@ic.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 84
Z9 93
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 24
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6870
BP 420
EP 424
DI 10.1038/nature709
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 514HR
UT WOS:000173433600047
PM 11786878
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murakami, S
   Nakashima, R
   Yamashita, E
   Yamaguchi, A
AF Murakami, S
   Nakashima, R
   Yamashita, E
   Yamaguchi, A
TI Crystal structure of bacterial multidrug efflux transporter AcrB
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; molecular architecture; resistance; pump; proteins; crystallization; antibiotics; periplasm; system; family
AB AcrB is a major multidrug exporter in Escherichia coli. It cooperates with a membrane fusion protein, AcrA, and an outer membrane channel, TolC. We have determined the crystal structure of AcrB at 3.5 Angstrom resolution. Three AcrB protomers are organized as a homotrimer in the shape of a jellyfish. Each protomer is composed of a transmembrane region 50 Angstrom thick and a 70 Angstrom protruding headpiece. The top of the headpiece opens like a funnel, where TolC might directly dock into AcrB. A pore formed by three alpha-helices connects the funnel with a central cavity located at the bottom of the headpiece. The cavity has three vestibules at the side of the headpiece which lead into the periplasm. In the transmembrane region, each protomer has twelve transmembrane alpha-helices. The structure implies that substrates translocated from the cell interior through the transmembrane region and from the periplasm through the vestibules are collected in the central cavity and then actively transported through the pore into the TolC tunnel.
C1 Osaka Univ, Inst Sci & Ind Res, Dept Cell Membrane Biol, Osaka 5670047, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Inst Prot Res, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Osaka 5670047, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Osaka; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Yamaguchi, A (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Inst Sci & Ind Res, Dept Cell Membrane Biol, Osaka 5670047, Japan.
EM akihito@sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp
NR 45
TC 813
Z9 970
U1 3
U2 83
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6907
BP 587
EP 593
DI 10.1038/nature01050
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 602AT
UT WOS:000178483100037
PM 12374972
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hainzl, T
   Huang, SH
   Sauer-Eriksson, AE
AF Hainzl, T
   Huang, SH
   Sauer-Eriksson, AE
TI Structure of the SRP19-RNA complex and implications for signal recognition particle assembly
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; rna; domain
AB The signal recognition particle (SRP) is a phylogenetically conserved ribonucleoprotein. It associates with ribosomes to mediate co-translational targeting of membrane and secretory proteins to biological membranes. In mammalian cells, the SRP consists of a 7S RNA and six protein components. The S domain of SRP comprises the 7S. S part of RNA bound to SRP19, SRP54 and the SRP68/72 heterodimer; SRP54 has the main role in recognizing signal sequences of nascent polypeptide chains and docking SRP to its receptor(1-3). During assembly of the SRP, binding of SRP19 precedes and promotes the association of SRP54 (refs 4, 5). Here we report the crystal structure at 2.3 Angstrom resolution of the complex formed between 7S. S RNA and SRP19 in the archaeon Methanococcus jannaschii. SRP19 bridges the tips of helices 6 and 8 of 7S. S RNA by forming an extensive network of direct protein-RNA interactions. Helices 6 and 8 pack side by side; tertiary RNA interactions, which also involve the strictly conserved tetraloop bases, stabilize helix 8 in a conformation competent for SRP54 binding. The structure explains the role of SRP19 and provides a molecular framework for SRP54 binding and SRP assembly in Eukarya and Archaea.
C1 Umea Univ, Umea Ctr Mol Pathogenesis, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden.
C3 Umea University
RP Hainzl, T (corresponding author), Umea Univ, Umea Ctr Mol Pathogenesis, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden.
EM tobias.hainzl@ucmp.umu.se
NR 29
TC 89
Z9 101
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6890
BP 767
EP 771
DI 10.1038/nature00768
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 561QY
UT WOS:000176154700051
PM 12050674
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Metz, M
   Fütterer, J
AF Metz, M
   Fütterer, J
TI Biodiversity (communications arising) -: Suspect evidence of transgenic contamination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Microbiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   ETH Zurich, Inst Plant Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Metz, M (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Microbiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
NR 4
TC 64
Z9 75
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6881
BP 600
EP 601
DI 10.1038/nature738
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 539YV
UT WOS:000174901900030
PM 11935144
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blanke, O
   Ortigue, S
   Landis, T
   Seeck, M
AF Blanke, O
   Ortigue, S
   Landis, T
   Seeck, M
TI Neuropsychology: Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions - The part of the brain that can induce out-of-body experiences has been located.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cortex; stroke
C1 Univ Hosp Geneva, Program Funct Neurol & Neurosurg, Lab Presurg Epilepsy Evaluat, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
   Univ Lausanne Hosp, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
   Univ Hosp Geneva, Dept Neurol, Funct Brain Mapping Lab, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
C3 University of Geneva; University of Lausanne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV); University of Geneva
RP Blanke, O (corresponding author), Univ Hosp Geneva, Program Funct Neurol & Neurosurg, Lab Presurg Epilepsy Evaluat, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
NR 10
TC 568
Z9 627
U1 1
U2 91
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6904
BP 269
EP 270
DI 10.1038/419269a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 594NH
UT WOS:000178056300036
PM 12239558
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, A
AF Smith, A
TI Screening for drug discovery: The leading question
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 98
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6896
BP 453
EP +
DI 10.1038/418453b
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 576MU
UT WOS:000177009700046
PM 12140563
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Donley, EA
   Claussen, NR
   Thompson, ST
   Wieman, CE
AF Donley, EA
   Claussen, NR
   Thompson, ST
   Wieman, CE
TI Atom-molecule coherence in a Bose-Einstein condensate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID feshbach resonances; dynamics; collisions
AB Recent advances in the precise control of ultracold atomic systems have led to the realisation of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) and degenerate Fermi gases. An important challenge is to extend this level of control to more complicated molecular systems. One route for producing ultracold molecules is to form them from the atoms in a BEC. For example, a two-photon stimulated Raman transition in a Rb-87 BEC has been used to produce Rb-87(2) molecules in a single rotational-vibrational state(1), and ultracold molecules have also been formed(2) through photo-association of a sodium BEC. Although the coherence properties of such systems have not hitherto been probed, the prospect of creating a superposition of atomic and molecular condensates has initiated much theoretical work(3-7). Here we make use of a time-varying magnetic field near a Feshbach resonance(8-12) to produce coherent coupling between atoms and molecules in a Rb-85 BEC. A mixture of atomic and molecular states is created and probed by sudden changes in the magnetic field, which lead to oscillations in the number of atoms that remain in the condensate. The oscillation frequency, measured over a large range of magnetic fields, is in excellent agreement with the theoretical molecular binding energy, indicating that we have created a quantum superposition of atoms and diatomic molecules-two chemically different species.
C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA
RP Claussen, NR (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM nclausse@jilau1.colorado.edu
NR 31
TC 615
Z9 672
U1 0
U2 67
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6888
BP 529
EP 533
DI 10.1038/417529a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 556QK
UT WOS:000175860300036
PM 12037562
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rusconi, CP
   Scardino, E
   Layzer, J
   Pitoc, GA
   Ortel, TL
   Monroe, D
   Sullenger, BA
AF Rusconi, CP
   Scardino, E
   Layzer, J
   Pitoc, GA
   Ortel, TL
   Monroe, D
   Sullenger, BA
TI RNA aptamers as reversible antagonists of coagulation factor IXa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heparin-induced thrombocytopenia; anticoagulant-therapy; bind; inhibition; generation; molecules; selection
AB Many therapeutic agents are associated with adverse effects in patients. Anticoagulants can engender acute complications such as significant bleeding that increases patient morbidity and mortality(1). Antidote control provides the safest means to regulate drug action. For this reason, despite its known limitations and toxicities, heparin use remains high because it is the only anticoagulant that can be controlled by an antidote, the polypeptide protamine(2-4). To date, no generalizable strategy for developing drug-antidote pairs has been described. We investigated whether drug-antidote pairs could be rationally designed by taking advantage of properties inherent to nucleic acids to make antidote-controlled anticoagulant agents. Here we show that protein-binding oligonucleotides (aptamers) against coagulation factor IXa are potent anticoagulants. We also show that oligonucleotides complementary to these aptamers can act as antidotes capable of efficiently reversing the activity of these new anticoagulants in plasma from healthy volunteers and from patients who cannot tolerate heparin(5). This generalizable strategy for rationally designing a drug-antidote pair thus opens up the way for developing safer regulatable therapeutics.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Program Combinatorial Therapeut, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol & Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Ctr Thrombosis & Hemostasis, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
C3 Duke University; Duke University; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina School of Medicine
RP Rusconi, CP (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Program Combinatorial Therapeut, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
EM c.rusconi@cgct.duke.edu; b.sullenger@cgct.duke.edu
NR 29
TC 441
Z9 572
U1 1
U2 86
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6902
BP 90
EP 94
DI 10.1038/nature00963
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 589YF
UT WOS:000177788600043
PM 12214238
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thomas, JH
   Weiss, NO
   Tobias, SM
   Brummell, NH
AF Thomas, JH
   Weiss, NO
   Tobias, SM
   Brummell, NH
TI Downward pumping of magnetic flux as the cause of filamentary structures in sunspot penumbrae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stratified convection; infrared lines; evershed flow; fields; transport; features; geometry; probes
AB The structure of a sunspot is determined by the local interaction between magnetic fields and convection near the Sun's surface(1,2). The dark central umbra is surrounded by a filamentary penumbra, whose complicated fine structure has only recently been revealed by high-resolution observations(3-14). The penumbral magnetic field has an intricate and unexpected interlocking-comb structure and some field lines, with associated outflows of gas(15), dive back down below the solar surface at the outer edge of the spot. These field lines might be expected to float quickly back to the surface because of magnetic buoyancy, but they remain submerged. Here we show that the field lines are kept submerged outside the spot by turbulent, compressible convection, which is dominated by strong, coherent, descending plumes(16,17). Moreover, this downward pumping of magnetic flux explains the origin of the interlocking-comb structure of the penumbral magnetic field, and the behaviour of other magnetic features near the sunspot.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Appl Math & Theoret Phys, Cambridge CB3 0WA, England.
   Univ Rochester, Dept Phys & Astron, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
   Univ Rochester, Dept Mech Engn, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
   Univ Leeds, Dept Appl Math, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Rochester; University of Rochester; University of Leeds; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Thomas, JH (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Appl Math & Theoret Phys, Cambridge CB3 0WA, England.
EM thomas@me.rochester.edu
NR 27
TC 106
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6914
BP 390
EP 393
DI 10.1038/nature01174
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 619TZ
UT WOS:000179494700031
PM 12459777
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marsicano, G
   Wotjak, CT
   Azad, SC
   Bisogno, T
   Rammes, G
   Cascio, MG
   Hermann, H
   Tang, JR
   Hofmann, C
   Zieglgänsberger, W
   Di Marzo, V
   Lutz, B
AF Marsicano, G
   Wotjak, CT
   Azad, SC
   Bisogno, T
   Rammes, G
   Cascio, MG
   Hermann, H
   Tang, JR
   Hofmann, C
   Zieglgänsberger, W
   Di Marzo, V
   Lutz, B
TI The endogenous cannabinoid system controls extinction of aversive memories
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID basolateral amygdala; prefrontal cortex; mouse-brain; receptor; mice; fear; cb1; transmission; enhancement; antagonist
AB Acquisition and storage of aversive memories is one of the basic principles of central nervous systems throughout the animal kingdom(1). In the absence of reinforcement, the resulting behavioural response will gradually diminish to be finally extinct. Despite the importance of extinction(2), its cellular mechanisms are largely unknown. The cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1)(3) and endocannabinoids(4) are present in memory-related brain areas(5,6) and modulate memory(7,8). Here we show that the endogenous cannabinoid system has a central function in extinction of aversive memories. CB1-deficient mice showed strongly impaired short-term and long-term extinction in auditory fear-conditioning tests, with unaffected memory acquisition and consolidation. Treatment of wild-type mice with the CB1 antagonist SR141716A mimicked the phenotype of CB1-deficient mice, revealing that CB1 is required at the moment of memory extinction. Consistently, tone presentation during extinction trials resulted in elevated levels of endocannabinoids in the basolateral amygdala complex,a region known to control extinction of aversive memories(9). In the basolateral amygdala, endocannabinoids and CB1 were crucially involved in long-term depression of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)-mediated inhibitory currents. We propose that endocannabinoids facilitate extinction of aversive memories through their selective inhibitory effects on local inhibitory networks in the amygdala.
C1 Max Planck Inst Psychiat, Mol Genet Behav Grp, D-80804 Munich, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Psychiat, Neuronal Plast Mouse Behav Grp, D-80804 Munich, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Psychiat, Neuropharmacol Grp, D-80804 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Munich, Klinikum Grosshadern, Clin Anaesthesiol, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
   CNR, Inst Biomol Chem, Endocannabinoid Res Grp, I-80078 Naples, Italy.
   GSF, Natl Res Ctr Environm & Hlth, Inst Mammalian Genet, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society; University of Munich; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health
RP Lutz, B (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Psychiat, Mol Genet Behav Grp, Kraepelinstr 2-10, D-80804 Munich, Germany.
NR 30
TC 1409
Z9 1602
U1 1
U2 123
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 530
EP 534
DI 10.1038/nature00839
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800040
PM 12152079
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Le Masson, G
   Renaud-Le Masson, S
   Debay, D
   Bal, T
AF Le Masson, G
   Renaud-Le Masson, S
   Debay, D
   Bal, T
TI Feedback inhibition controls spike transfer in hybrid thalamic circuits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lateral geniculate-nucleus; thalamocortical oscillations; neurons; cat; mechanisms; conductances; dynamics; arousal; cells; model
AB Sensory information reaches the cerebral cortex through the thalamus, which differentially relays this input depending on the state of arousal(1-5). Such 'gating' involves inhibition of the thalamocortical relay neurons by the reticular nucleus of the thalamus(6-8), but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We reconstructed the thalamocortical circuit as an artificial and biological hybrid network in vitro. With visual input simulated as retinal cell activity, we show here that when the gain in the thalamic inhibitory feedback loop is greater than a critical value, the circuit tends towards oscillations-and thus imposes a temporal decorrelation of retinal cell input and thalamic relay output. This results in the functional disconnection of the cortex from the sensory drive, a feature typical of sleep states. Conversely, low gain in the feedback inhibition and the action of noradrenaline, a known modulator of arousal(4,9,10), converge to increase input-output correlation in relay neurons. Combining gain control of feedback inhibition and modulation of membrane excitability thus enables thalamic circuits to finely tune the gating of spike transmission from sensory organs to the cortex.
C1 Inst Neurobiol Alfred Fessard, CNRS, UPR 2191, Unite Neurosci Integrat & Computat, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Univ Bordeaux 2, Inst Francois Magendie, Lab Physiopathol Reseaux Neuronaux Medullaires, INSERM,EPI 9914, F-33077 Bordeaux, France.
   Univ Bordeaux 1, ENSEIRB, CNRS, UMR 5818,Lab IXL, F-33405 Talence, France.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Bordeaux; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Bordeaux
RP Bal, T (corresponding author), Inst Neurobiol Alfred Fessard, CNRS, UPR 2191, Unite Neurosci Integrat & Computat, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM thierry.bal@iaf.cnrs-gif.fr
NR 30
TC 162
Z9 184
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6891
BP 854
EP 858
DI 10.1038/nature00825
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 563YM
UT WOS:000176285600048
PM 12075353
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Galant, R
   Carroll, SB
AF Galant, R
   Carroll, SB
TI Evolution of a transcriptional repression domain in an insect Hox protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID functional equivalence; gene-expression; homeotic genes; dna-binding; extradenticle; ultrabithorax
AB Homeotic (Hox) genes code for principal transcriptional regulators of animal body regionalization(1). The duplication and divergence of Hox genes, changes in their regulation, and changes in the regulation of Hox target genes have all been implicated in the evolution of animal diversity(2-4). It is not known whether Hox proteins have also acquired new activities during the evolution of specific lineages. Amino-acid sequences outside the DNA-binding homeodomains of Hox orthologues diverge significantly. These sequence differences may be neutral with respect to protein function, or they could be involved in the functional divergence of Hox proteins and the evolutionary diversification of animals. Here, we identify a transcriptional repression domain in the carboxy-terminal region of the Drosophila Ultrabithorax (Ubx) protein. This domain is highly conserved among Ubx orthologues in other insects, but is absent from Ubx in other arthropods and onychophorans. The evolution of this domain may have facilitated the greater morphological diversification of posterior thoracic and anterior abdominal segments characteristic of modern insects.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Mol Biol Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Carroll, SB (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 1525 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM sbcarrol@facstgaff.wisc.edu
NR 30
TC 259
Z9 312
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 21
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6874
BP 910
EP 913
DI 10.1038/nature717
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 523EL
UT WOS:000173941000045
PM 11859369
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fraser, PJ
   Shelmerdine, RL
AF Fraser, PJ
   Shelmerdine, RL
TI Fish physiology - Dogfish hair cells sense hydrostatic pressure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Aberdeen, Dept Zool, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland.
C3 University of Aberdeen
RP Fraser, PJ (corresponding author), Univ Aberdeen, Dept Zool, Tillydrone Ave, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland.
NR 9
TC 34
Z9 37
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 31
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6871
BP 495
EP 496
DI 10.1038/415495a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 516PQ
UT WOS:000173564300036
PM 11823850
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Giles, J
AF Giles, J
TI What kind of science is this?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 10
Z9 12
U1 1
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 216
EP 218
DI 10.1038/417216a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100012
PM 12015565
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vignaud, P
   Duringer, P
   Mackaye, HT
   Likius, A
   Blondel, C
   Boisserie, JR
   de Bonis, L
   Eisenmann, V
   Etienne, ME
   Geraads, D
   Guy, F
   Lehmann, T
   Lihoreau, F
   Lopez-Martinez, N
   Mourer-Chauviré, C
   Otero, O
   Rage, JC
   Schuster, M
   Viriot, L
   Zazzo, A
   Brunet, M
AF Vignaud, P
   Duringer, P
   Mackaye, HT
   Likius, A
   Blondel, C
   Boisserie, JR
   de Bonis, L
   Eisenmann, V
   Etienne, ME
   Geraads, D
   Guy, F
   Lehmann, T
   Lihoreau, F
   Lopez-Martinez, N
   Mourer-Chauviré, C
   Otero, O
   Rage, JC
   Schuster, M
   Viriot, L
   Zazzo, A
   Brunet, M
TI Geology and palaeontology of the Upper Miocene Toros-Menalla hominid locality, Chad
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID manonga valley; early pliocene; discovery; rift; tanzania; lothagam; ethiopia; fauna
AB All six known specimens of the early hominid Sahelanthropus tchadensis come from Toros-Menalla site 266 (TM 266), a single locality in the Djurab Desert, northern Chad, central Africa. Here we present a preliminary analysis of the palaeontological and palaeoecological context of these finds. The rich fauna from TM 266 includes a significant aquatic component such as fish, crocodiles and amphibious mammals, alongside animals associated with gallery forest and savannah, such as primates, rodents, elephants, equids and bovids. The fauna suggests a biochronological age between 6 and 7 million years. Taken together with the sedimentological evidence, the fauna suggests that S. tchadensis lived close to a lake, but not far from a sandy desert, perhaps the oldest record of desert conditions in the Neogene of northern central Africa.
C1 Univ Poitiers, Fac Sci, F-86022 Poitiers, France.
   Univ Poitiers, CNRS, UMR 6046, F-86022 Poitiers, France.
   Univ Strasbourg 1, Ctr Geochim Surface, CNRS, UMR 7517, F-67084 Strasbourg, France.
   Univ NDjamena, Ndjamena, Chad.
   Museum Natl Hist Nat, F-75005 Paris, France.
   CNRS, UMR 8569, F-75005 Paris, France.
   CNRS, UPR 2147, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Harvard Univ, Peabody Museum, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Complutense, Dept Paleontol, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
   Univ Lyon 1, Ctr Sci Terre, CNRS, UMR 5125, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
   Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 162, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
   Univ Paris 06, Inst Natl Rech Agron, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
C3 Universite de Poitiers; Universite de Poitiers; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE); Harvard University; Complutense University of Madrid; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Lyon 1; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; INRAE
RP Vignaud, P (corresponding author), Univ Poitiers, Fac Sci, 40 Ave Recteur Pineau, F-86022 Poitiers, France.
NR 32
TC 291
Z9 332
U1 0
U2 52
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6894
BP 152
EP 155
DI 10.1038/nature00880
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 571GV
UT WOS:000176710400031
PM 12110881
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barouch, LA
   Harrison, RW
   Skaf, MW
   Rosas, GO
   Cappola, TP
   Kobeissi, ZA
   Hobai, IA
   Lemmon, CA
   Burnett, AL
   O'Rourke, B
   Rodriguez, ER
   Huang, PL
   Lima, JAC
   Berkowitz, DE
   Hare, JM
AF Barouch, LA
   Harrison, RW
   Skaf, MW
   Rosas, GO
   Cappola, TP
   Kobeissi, ZA
   Hobai, IA
   Lemmon, CA
   Burnett, AL
   O'Rourke, B
   Rodriguez, ER
   Huang, PL
   Lima, JAC
   Berkowitz, DE
   Hare, JM
TI Nitric oxide regulates the heart by spatial confinement of nitric oxide synthase isoforms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cardiac-specific overexpression; calcium-release channel; function in-vivo; skeletal-muscle; inhibition; potentiation; hypertrophy; activation; receptor; failure
AB Subcellular localization of nitric oxide (NO) synthases with effector molecules is an important regulatory mechanism for NO signalling(1). In the heart, NO inhibits L-type Ca2+ channels 2 but stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release(3-5), leading to variable effects on myocardial contractility. Here we show that spatial confinement of specific NO synthase isoforms regulates this process. Endothelial NO synthase (NOS3) localizes to caveolae(6-8), where compartmentalization with beta-adrenergic receptors and L-type Ca2+ channels(9) allows NO to inhibit beta-adrenergic-induced inotropy(8,10). Neuronal NO synthase (NOS1), however, is targeted to cardiac SR11. NO stimulation of SR Ca2+ release via the ryanodine receptor (RyR) in vitro(3,4) suggests that NOS1 has an opposite, facilitative effect on contractility. We demonstrate that NOS1-deficient mice have suppressed inotropic response, whereas NOS3-deficient mice have enhanced contractility, owing to corresponding changes in SR Ca2+ release. Both NOS1(-/-) and NOS3(-/-) mice develop age-related hypertrophy, although only NOS3(-/-) mice are hypertensive. NOS1/3(-/-) double knockout mice have suppressed beta-adrenergic responses and an additive phenotype of marked ventricular remodelling. Thus, NOS1 and NOS3 mediate independent, and in some cases opposite, effects on cardiac structure and function.
C1 Johns Hopkins Med Inst, Dept Med, Div Cardiol, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Med Inst, Dept Biomed Engn, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Med Inst, Dept Urol, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Med Inst, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Med Inst, Dept Anaesthesiol & Crit Care Med, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Hare, JM (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Med Inst, Dept Med, Div Cardiol, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
NR 29
TC 651
Z9 738
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6878
BP 337
EP 340
DI 10.1038/416337a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 532NP
UT WOS:000174482200047
PM 11907582
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Simpson, AGB
   MacQuarrie, EK
   Roger, AJ
AF Simpson, AGB
   MacQuarrie, EK
   Roger, AJ
TI Eukaryotic evolution - Early origin of canonical introns
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spliceosomal introns; carpediemonas; history
C1 Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Program Evolutionary Biol, Canadian Inst Adv Res, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada.
C3 Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR); Dalhousie University
RP Simpson, AGB (corresponding author), Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Program Evolutionary Biol, Canadian Inst Adv Res, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada.
EM simpson@hades.biochem.dal.ca
NR 13
TC 49
Z9 56
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6904
BP 270
EP 270
DI 10.1038/419270a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 594NH
UT WOS:000178056300037
PM 12239559
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU De Martini, F
   Buzek, V
   Sciarrino, F
   Sias, C
AF De Martini, F
   Buzek, V
   Sciarrino, F
   Sias, C
TI Experimental realization of the quantum universal NOT gate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cloning; states
AB In classical computation, a 'bit' of information can be flipped (that is, changed in value from zero to one and vice versa) using a logical NOT gate; but the quantum analogue of this process is much more complicated. A quantum bit (qubit) can exist simultaneously in a superposition of two logical states with complex amplitudes, and it is impossible(1-3) to find a universal transformation that would flip the original superposed state into a perpendicular state for all values of the amplitudes. But although perfect flipping of a qubit prepared in an arbitrary state (a universal NOT operation) is prohibited by the rules of quantum mechanics, there exists an optimal approximation(2) to this procedure. Here we report the experimental realization of a universal quantum machine(4) that performs the best possible approximation to the universal NOT transformation. The system adopted was an optical parametric amplifier of entangled photon states, which also enabled us to investigate universal quantum cloning.
C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Roma La Sapienza, Ist Nazl Fis Mat, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
   Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Res Ctr Quantum Informat, Bratislava 84228, Slovakia.
   Natl Univ Ireland, Dept Math Phys, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland.
C3 Sapienza University Rome; Sapienza University Rome; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); Slovak Academy of Sciences; Institute of Physics, SAS; Maynooth University
RP De Martini, F (corresponding author), Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
EM francesco.demartini@uniroma1.it
NR 10
TC 154
Z9 156
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6909
BP 815
EP 818
DI 10.1038/nature01093
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 607BD
UT WOS:000178769800039
PM 12397351
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Percy, KE
   Awmack, CS
   Lindroth, RL
   Kubiske, ME
   Kopper, BJ
   Isebrands, JG
   Pregitzer, KS
   Hendrey, GR
   Dickson, RE
   Zak, DR
   Oksanen, E
   Sober, J
   Harrington, R
   Karnosky, DF
AF Percy, KE
   Awmack, CS
   Lindroth, RL
   Kubiske, ME
   Kopper, BJ
   Isebrands, JG
   Pregitzer, KS
   Hendrey, GR
   Dickson, RE
   Zak, DR
   Oksanen, E
   Sober, J
   Harrington, R
   Karnosky, DF
TI Altered performance of forest pests under atmospheres enriched by CO2 and O3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon-dioxide; aspen; management; responses; systems; growth
AB Human activity causes increasing background concentrations of the greenhouse gases CO2 and O-3(1). Increased levels of CO2 can be found in all terrestrial ecosystems(2). Damaging O-3 concentrations currently occur over 29% of the world's temperate and subpolar forests but are predicted to affect fully 60% by 2100 (ref. 3). Although individual effects of CO2 and O-3 on vegetation have been widely investigated, very little is known about their interaction, and long-term studies on mature trees and higher trophic levels are extremely rare(4). Here we present evidence from the most widely distributed North American tree species(5), Populus tremuloides, showing that CO2 and O-3, singly and in combination, affected productivity, physical and chemical leaf defences and, because of changes in plant quality, insect and disease populations. Our data show that feedbacks to plant growth from changes induced by CO2 and O-3 in plant quality and pest performance are likely. Assessments of global change effects on forest ecosystems must therefore consider the interacting effects of CO2 and O-3 on plant performance, as well as the implications of increased pest activity.
C1 Canadian Forest Serv, Atlantic Forestry Ctr, Nat Resources Canada, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Entomol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA.
   Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forest Resources & Environm Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA.
   Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Kuopio, Dept Ecol & Environm Sci, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
   Rothamsted Res, Plant & Invertebrate Ecol Div, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England.
C3 Natural Resources Canada; Canadian Forest Service; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); United States Forest Service; Michigan Technological University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Eastern Finland; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Rothamsted Research
RP Percy, KE (corresponding author), Canadian Forest Serv, Atlantic Forestry Ctr, Nat Resources Canada, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada.
NR 30
TC 229
Z9 272
U1 2
U2 79
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6914
BP 403
EP 407
DI 10.1038/nature01028
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 619TZ
UT WOS:000179494700036
PM 12459738
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murdoch, WW
   Kendall, BE
   Nisbet, RM
   Briggs, CJ
   McCauley, E
   Bolser, R
AF Murdoch, WW
   Kendall, BE
   Nisbet, RM
   Briggs, CJ
   McCauley, E
   Bolser, R
TI Single-species models for many-species food webs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID population-cycles; spectral-analysis; dynamics; patterns; behavior
AB Most species live in species-rich food webs; yet, for a century, most mathematical models for population dynamics have included only one or two species(1-3). We ask whether such models are relevant to the real world. Two-species population models of an interacting consumer and resource collapse to one-species dynamics when recruitment to the resource population is unrelated to resource abundance, thereby weakening the coupling between consumer and resource(4-6). We predict that, in nature, generalist consumers that feed on many species should similarly show one-species dynamics. We test this prediction using cyclic populations, in which it is easier to infer underlying mechanisms(7), and which are widespread in nature(8). Here we show that one-species cycles can be distinguished from consumer-resource cycles by their periods. We then analyse a large number of time series from cyclic populations in nature and show that almost all cycling, generalist consumers examined have periods that are consistent with one-species dynamics. Thus generalist consumers indeed behave as if they were one-species populations, and a one-species model is a valid representation for generalist population dynamics in many-species food webs.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Donald Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calgary, Div Ecol, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Calgary
RP Murdoch, WW (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
EM murdoch@lifesci.ucsb.edu
NR 27
TC 139
Z9 160
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6888
BP 541
EP 543
DI 10.1038/417541a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 556QK
UT WOS:000175860300040
PM 12037520
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ko, HW
   Jiang, J
   Edery, I
AF Ko, HW
   Jiang, J
   Edery, I
TI Role for Slimb in the degradation of Drosophila Period protein phosphorylated by Doubletime
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID casein-kinase-i; double-time; clock-gene; cyclin-e; f-box; light; ubiquitination; expression; mutation
AB Protein phosphorylation has a key role in modulating the stabilities of circadian clock proteins in a manner specific to the time of day(1). A conserved feature of animal clocks is that Period (Per) proteins undergo daily rhythms in phosphorylation and levels(2,3), events that are crucial for normal clock progression(4-7). Casein kinase Iepsilon (CKIepsilon) has a prominent role in regulating the phosphorylation and abundance of Per proteins in animals(8). This was first shown in Drosophila with the characterization of Doubletime (Dbt), a homologue of vertebrate casein kinase Iepsilon(4,6). However, it is not clear how Dbt regulates the levels of Per. Here we show, using a cell culture system, that Dbt promotes the progressive phosphorylation of Per, leading to the rapid degradation of hyperphosphorylated isoforms by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Slimb, an F-box/WD40-repeat protein functioning in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway(9,10) interacts preferentially with phosphorylated Per and stimulates its degradation. Overexpression of slimb or expression in clock cells of a dominant-negative version of slimb disrupts normal rhythmic activity in flies. Our findings suggest that hyperphosphorylated Per is targeted to the proteasome by interactions with Slimb.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Adv Biotechnol & Med, Dept Mol Biol & Biochem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Adv Biotechnol & Med, Grad Program Physiol & Neurobiol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Ctr Dev Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Edery, I (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Adv Biotechnol & Med, Dept Mol Biol & Biochem, 679 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM edery@cabm.rutgers.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM061269] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 275
Z9 341
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP 673
EP 678
DI 10.1038/nature01272
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 624GK
UT WOS:000179751800047
PM 12442174
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hulot, G
   Eymin, C
   Langlais, B
   Mandea, M
   Olsen, N
AF Hulot, G
   Eymin, C
   Langlais, B
   Mandea, M
   Olsen, N
TI Small-scale structure of the geodynamo inferred from Oersted and Magsat satellite data
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID geomagnetic reversal paths; past 5 myr; secular variation; torsional oscillations; angular-momentum; magnetic-field; core surface; earths core; inner-core; outer-core
AB The 'geodynamo' in the Earth's liquid outer core produces a magnetic field that dominates the large and medium length scales of the magnetic field observed at the Earth's surface(1,2). Here we use data from the currently operating Danish Oersted(3) satellite, and from the US Magsat(2) satellite that operated in 1979/80, to identify and interpret variations in the magnetic field over the past 20 years, down to length scales previously inaccessible. Projected down to the surface of the Earth's core, we found these variations to be small below the Pacific Ocean, and large at polar latitudes and in a region centred below southern Africa. The flow pattern at the surface of the core that we calculate to account for these changes is characterized by a westward flow concentrated in retrograde polar vortices and an asymmetric ring where prograde vortices are correlated with highs (and retrograde vortices with lows) in the historical (400-year average) magnetic field(4,5). This pattern is analogous to those seen in a large class of numerical dynamo simulations(6), except for its longitudinal asymmetry. If this asymmetric state was reached often in the past, it might account for several persistent patterns observed in the palaeomagnetic field(7-10). We postulate that it might also be a state in which the geodynamo operates before reversing.
C1 Inst Phys Globe, Dept Geomagnetisme & Paleomagnetisme, CNRS, UMR 7577, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
   Danish Space Res Inst, Ctr Planetary Sci, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
C3 Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Technical University of Denmark
RP Hulot, G (corresponding author), Inst Phys Globe, Dept Geomagnetisme & Paleomagnetisme, CNRS, UMR 7577, 4 Pl Jussieu,B89,Tour 24, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
EM gh@ipgp.jussieu.fr
NR 30
TC 242
Z9 260
U1 2
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6881
BP 620
EP 623
DI 10.1038/416620a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 539YV
UT WOS:000174901900039
PM 11948347
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stelling, J
   Klamt, S
   Bettenbrock, K
   Schuster, S
   Gilles, ED
AF Stelling, J
   Klamt, S
   Bettenbrock, K
   Schuster, S
   Gilles, ED
TI Metabolic network structure determines key aspects of functionality and regulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; biochemical networks; complex networks; pathway; definition; transcriptome; capability; organization
AB The relationship between structure, function and regulation in complex cellular networks is a still largely open question(1-3). Systems biology aims to explain this relationship by combining experimental and theoretical approaches(4). Current theories have various strengths and shortcomings in providing an integrated, predictive description of cellular networks. Specifically, dynamic mathematical modelling of large-scale networks meets difficulties because the necessary mechanistic detail and kinetic parameters are rarely available. In contrast, structure-oriented analyses only require network topology, which is well known in many cases. Previous approaches of this type focus on network robustness(5) or metabolic phenotype(2,6), but do not give predictions on cellular regulation. Here, we devise a theoretical method for simultaneously predicting key aspects of network functionality, robustness and gene regulation from network structure alone. This is achieved by determining and analysing the non-decomposable pathways able to operate coherently at steady state (elementary flux modes). We use the example of Escherichia coli central metabolism to illustrate the method.
C1 Max Planck Inst Dynam Complex Tech Syst, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
   Max Delbruck Ctr Mol Med, D-13092 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine
RP Stelling, J (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Dynam Complex Tech Syst, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
NR 29
TC 578
Z9 677
U1 1
U2 104
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6912
BP 190
EP 193
DI 10.1038/nature01166
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 614QM
UT WOS:000179200900049
PM 12432396
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gross, C
   Zhuang, XX
   Stark, K
   Ramboz, S
   Oosting, R
   Kirby, L
   Santarelli, L
   Beck, S
   Hen, R
AF Gross, C
   Zhuang, XX
   Stark, K
   Ramboz, S
   Oosting, R
   Kirby, L
   Santarelli, L
   Beck, S
   Hen, R
TI Serotonin1A receptor acts during development to establish normal anxiety-like behaviour in the adult
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monoamine-oxidase; mice; expression; rat; binding; depletion; mediate; models; excess
AB Serotonin is implicated in mood regulation, and drugs acting via the serotonergic system are effective in treating anxiety and depression. Specifically, agonists of the serotonin(1A) receptor have anxiolytic properties, and knockout mice lacking this receptor show increased anxiety-like behaviour. Here we use a tissue-specific, conditional rescue strategy to show that expression of the serotonin(1A) receptor primarily in the hippocampus and cortex, but not in the raphe nuclei, is sufficient to rescue the behavioural phenotype of the knockout mice. Furthermore, using the conditional nature of these transgenic mice, we suggest that receptor expression during the early postnatal period, but not in the adult, is necessary for this behavioural rescue. These findings show that postnatal developmental processes help to establish adult anxiety-like behaviour. In addition, the normal role of the serotonin(1A) receptor during development may be different from its function when this receptor is activated by therapeutic intervention in adulthood.
C1 Columbia Univ, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Dept Pediat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Columbia University; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia
RP Hen, R (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM rh95@columbia.edu
FU NIMH NIH HHS [P01 MH048125, RC1 MH089800, R21 MH099488] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 729
Z9 835
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6879
BP 396
EP 400
DI 10.1038/416396a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 534UX
UT WOS:000174607800037
PM 11919622
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nishimura, EK
   Jordan, SA
   Oshima, H
   Yoshida, H
   Osawa, M
   Moriyama, M
   Jackson, IJ
   Barrandon, Y
   Miyachi, Y
   Nishikawa, S
AF Nishimura, EK
   Jordan, SA
   Oshima, H
   Yoshida, H
   Osawa, M
   Moriyama, M
   Jackson, IJ
   Barrandon, Y
   Miyachi, Y
   Nishikawa, S
TI Dominant role of the niche in melanocyte stem-cell fate determination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-kit antibody; expression; migration; skin; mice; differentiation; proliferation; melanogenesis; embryos; wave
AB Stem cells-which have the capacity to self-renew and generate differentiated progeny-are thought to be maintained in a specific environment known as a niche(1-3). The localization of the niche, however, remains largely obscure for most stem-cell systems. Melanocytes (pigment cells) in hair follicles proliferate and differentiate closely coupled to the hair regeneration cycle(4). Here we report that stem cells of the melanocyte lineage can be identified, using Dct-lacZ transgenic mice(5,6), in the lower permanent portion of mouse hair follicles throughout the hair cycle. It is only the population in this region that fulfils the criteria for stem cells, being immature, slow cycling, self-maintaining and fully competent in regenerating progeny on activation at early anagen (the growing phase of hair follicles). Induction of the repigmentation process in K14-steel factor transgenic mice(7) demonstrates that a portion of amplifying stem-cell progeny can migrate out from the niche and retain sufficient self-renewing capability to function as stem cells after repopulation into vacant niches. Our data indicate that the niche has a dominant role in the fate determination of melanocyte stem-cell progeny.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Mol Genet, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Dermatol, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
   Western Gen Hosp, MRC, Human Genet Unit, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Ecole Normale Super, F-75230 Paris 05, France.
   Riken Ctr Dev Biol, Chuo Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6500047, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University; Kyoto University; University of Edinburgh; Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); RIKEN
RP Nishikawa, S (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Mol Genet, Sakyo Ku, Shogoin Kawaharacho 53, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
NR 30
TC 678
Z9 809
U1 4
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6883
BP 854
EP 860
DI 10.1038/416854a
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 544MH
UT WOS:000175163800053
PM 11976685
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barton, RA
AF Barton, RA
TI How did brains evolve?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution
C1 Univ Durham, Dept Anthropol, Evolutionary Anthropol Res Grp, Durham DH1 3HN, England.
C3 Durham University
RP Barton, RA (corresponding author), Univ Durham, Dept Anthropol, Evolutionary Anthropol Res Grp, Durham DH1 3HN, England.
NR 8
TC 19
Z9 23
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 10
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6868
BP 134
EP 135
DI 10.1038/415134a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 509PR
UT WOS:000173159300030
PM 11805823
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rodriguez-Fornells, A
   Rotte, M
   Heinze, HJ
   Nösselt, T
   Münte, TF
AF Rodriguez-Fornells, A
   Rotte, M
   Heinze, HJ
   Nösselt, T
   Münte, TF
TI Brain potential and functional MRI evidence for how to handle two languages with one brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lexical access; word; independence; recognition; bilinguals; repetition; sentences; anatomy; cortex; fmri
AB Bilingual individuals need effective mechanisms to prevent interference from one language while processing material in the other(1). Here we show, using event-related brain potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), that words from the nontarget language are rejected at an early stage before semantic analysis in bilinguals. Bilingual Spanish/Catalan and monolingual Spanish subjects were instructed to press a button when presented with words in one language, while ignoring words in the other language and pseudowords. The brain potentials of bilingual subjects in response to words of the non-target language were not sensitive to word frequency, indicating that the meaning of non-target words was not accessed in bilinguals. The fMRI activation patterns of bilinguals included a number of areas previously implicated in phonological and pseudoword processing(2-5), suggesting that bilinguals use an indirect phonological access route to the lexicon of the target language to avoid interference(6).
C1 Otto von Guericke Univ, Dept Neuropsychol, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
   Otto von Guericke Univ, Klin Neurol 2, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
C3 Otto von Guericke University; Otto von Guericke University
RP Münte, TF (corresponding author), Otto von Guericke Univ, Dept Neuropsychol, Univ Pl 2,Gebaude 24, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
NR 30
TC 226
Z9 258
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 1026
EP 1029
DI 10.1038/4151026a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000046
PM 11875570
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gurney, KR
   Law, RM
   Denning, AS
   Rayner, PJ
   Baker, D
   Bousquet, P
   Bruhwiler, L
   Chen, YH
   Ciais, P
   Fan, S
   Fung, IY
   Gloor, M
   Heimann, M
   Higuchi, K
   John, J
   Maki, T
   Maksyutov, S
   Masarie, K
   Peylin, P
   Prather, M
   Pak, BC
   Randerson, J
   Sarmiento, J
   Taguchi, S
   Takahashi, T
   Yuen, CW
AF Gurney, KR
   Law, RM
   Denning, AS
   Rayner, PJ
   Baker, D
   Bousquet, P
   Bruhwiler, L
   Chen, YH
   Ciais, P
   Fan, S
   Fung, IY
   Gloor, M
   Heimann, M
   Higuchi, K
   John, J
   Maki, T
   Maksyutov, S
   Masarie, K
   Peylin, P
   Prather, M
   Pak, BC
   Randerson, J
   Sarmiento, J
   Taguchi, S
   Takahashi, T
   Yuen, CW
TI Towards robust regional estimates of CO2 sources and sinks using atmospheric transport models
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon-dioxide; synthesis inversion; land; delta-c-13; emissions; fluxes; budget; cycle
AB Information about regional carbon sources and sinks can be derived from variations in observed atmospheric CO2 concentrations via inverse modelling with atmospheric tracer transport models. A consensus has not yet been reached regarding the size and distribution of regional carbon fluxes obtained using this approach, partly owing to the use of several different atmospheric transport models(1-9). Here we report estimates of surface- atmosphere CO2 fluxes from an intercomparison of atmospheric CO2 inversion models (the TransCom 3 project), which includes 16 transport models and model variants. We find an uptake of CO2 in the southern extratropical ocean less than that estimated from ocean measurements, a result that is not sensitive to transport models or methodological approaches. We also find a northern land carbon sink that is distributed relatively evenly among the continents of the Northern Hemisphere, but these results show some sensitivity to transport differences among models, especially in how they respond to seasonal terrestrial exchange of CO2. Overall, carbon fluxes integrated over latitudinal zones are strongly constrained by observations in the middle to high latitudes. Further significant constraints to our understanding of regional carbon fluxes will therefore require improvements in transport models and expansion of the CO2 observation network within the tropics.
C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
   CSIRO Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia.
   Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
   LSCE, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
   MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   Princeton Univ, AOS Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany.
   Environm Canada, Meteorol Serv Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada.
   Japan Meteorol Agcy, Observ Dept, Div Atmospher Environm, Qual Assurance Sect,Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1008122, Japan.
   Frontier Res Syst Global Change, Inst Global Change Res, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058569, Japan.
   Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
C3 Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) - USA; Universite Paris Saclay; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Princeton University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Max Planck Society; Environment & Climate Change Canada; Meteorological Service of Canada; Japan Meteorological Agency; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science & Technology (JAMSTEC); University of California System; University of California Irvine; California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); Columbia University
RP Denning, AS (corresponding author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
EM denning@atmos.colostate.edu
NR 30
TC 933
Z9 1054
U1 8
U2 290
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 7
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6872
BP 626
EP 630
DI 10.1038/415626a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 519DC
UT WOS:000173709100042
PM 11832942
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, XM
   Yang, YL
   Ashwell, JD
AF Li, XM
   Yang, YL
   Ashwell, JD
TI TNF-RII and c-IAP1 mediate ubiquitination and degradation of TRAF2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; nf-kappa-b; cell-death; signaling complex; protein ligase; apoptosis; activation; receptor; mice; sensitivity
AB Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a proinflammatory mediator that exerts its biological functions by binding two TNF receptors (TNF-RI and TNF-RII), which initiate biological responses by interacting with adaptor and signalling proteins. Among the signalling components that associate with TNF receptors are members of the TNF-R-associated factor (TRAF) family(1,2). TRAF2 is required for TNF-alpha-mediated activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), contributes to activation of NF-kappaB, and mediates anti- apoptotic signals(3,4). TNF-RI and TNF-RII signalling complexes also contain the anti- apoptotic ('inhibitor of apoptosis') molecules c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 (refs 5, 6), which also have RING domain-dependent ubiquitin protein ligase (E3) activity(7). The function of IAPs in TNF-R signalling is unknown. Here we show that binding of TNF-alpha to TNF-RII induces ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of TRAF2. Although c-IAP1 bound TRAF2 and TRAF1 in vitro, it ubiquitinated only TRAF2. Expression of wild-type c-IAP1, but not an E3-defective mutant, resulted in TRAF2 ubiquitination and degradation. Moreover, E3-defective c-IAP1 prevented TNF-alpha-induced TRAF2 degradation and inhibited apoptosis. These findings identify a physiologic role for c-IAP1 and define a mechanism by which TNF-RII-regulated ubiquitin protein ligase activity can potentiate TNF-induced apoptosis.
C1 NCI, Lab Immune Cell Biol, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Ashwell, JD (corresponding author), NCI, Lab Immune Cell Biol, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 30
TC 401
Z9 457
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6878
BP 345
EP 349
DI 10.1038/416345a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 532NP
UT WOS:000174482200049
PM 11907583
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nielsen, PR
   Nietlispach, D
   Mott, HR
   Callaghan, J
   Bannister, A
   Kouzarides, T
   Murzin, AG
   Murzina, NV
   Laue, ED
AF Nielsen, PR
   Nietlispach, D
   Mott, HR
   Callaghan, J
   Bannister, A
   Kouzarides, T
   Murzin, AG
   Murzina, NV
   Laue, ED
TI Structure of the HP1 chromodomain bound to histone H3 methylated at lysine 9
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nmr-spectroscopy; macromolecular structure; intermolecular noes; domain; program
AB Specific modifications to histones are essential epigenetic markers(1)-heritable changes in gene expression that do not affect the DNA sequence. Methylation of lysine 9 in histone H3 is recognized by heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1), which directs the binding of other proteins to control chromatin structure and gene expression(2-4). Here we show that HP1 uses an induced-fit mechanism for recognition of this modification, as revealed by the structure of its chromodomain bound to a histone H3 peptide dimethylated at Nzeta of lysine 9. The binding pocket for the N-methyl groups is provided by three aromatic side chains, Tyr 21, Trp 42 and Phe 45, which reside in two regions that become ordered on binding of the peptide. The side chain of Lys 9 is almost fully extended and surrounded by residues that are conserved in many other chromodomains. The QTAR peptide sequence preceding Lys 9 makes most of the additional interactions with the chromodomain, with HP1 residues Val 23, Leu 40, Trp 42, Leu 58 and Cys 60 appearing to be a major determinant of specificity by binding the key buried Ala 7. These findings predict which other chromodomains will bind methylated proteins and suggest a motif that they recognize.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Biochem, Cambridge Ctr Mol Recognit, Cambridge CB2 1GA, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Canc Res UK, Inst Canc & Dev Biol, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Pathol, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   MRC, Ctr Prot Engn, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
RP Murzina, NV (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Biochem, Cambridge Ctr Mol Recognit, 80 Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1GA, England.
NR 27
TC 533
Z9 654
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6876
BP 103
EP 107
DI 10.1038/nature722
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 527WU
UT WOS:000174211600048
PM 11882902
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, JH
   Weidner, DJ
   Vaughan, MT
AF Chen, JH
   Weidner, DJ
   Vaughan, MT
TI The strength of Mg0.9Fe0.1SiO3 perovskite at high pressure and temperature
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mgsio3 perovskite; subducted slabs; lower mantle; creep; catio3; earthquakes; plasticity; viscosity; rheology; analog
AB The Earth's lower mantle consists mainly of (Mg,Fe)SiO(3) perovskite and (Mg,Fe)O magnesiowustite, with the perovskite taking up at least 70 per cent of the total volume(1). Although the rheology of olivine, the dominant upper-mantle mineral, has been extensively studied, knowledge about the rheological behaviour of perovskite is limited. Seismological studies indicate that slabs of subducting oceanic lithosphere are often deflected horizontally at the perovskite-forming depth, and changes in the Earth's shape and gravity field during glacial rebound indicate that viscosity increases in the lower part of the mantle. The rheological properties of the perovskite may be important in governing these phenomena. But (Mg,Fe)SiO(3) perovskite is not stable at high temperatures under ambient pressure, and therefore mechanical tests on (Mg,Fe)SiO(3) perovskite are difficult. Most rheological studies of perovskite have been performed on analogous materials(2-7), and the experimental data on (Mg,Fe)SiO(3) perovskite are limited to strength measurements at room temperature in a diamond-anvil cell(8) and microhardness tests at ambient conditions(9). Here we report results of strength and stress relaxation measurements of (Mg(0.9)Fe(0.1))SiO(3) perovskite at high pressure and temperature. Compared with the transition-zone mineral ringwoodite(10) at the same pressure and temperature, we found that perovskite is weaker at room temperature, which is consistent with a previous diamond-anvil-cell experiment(8), but that perovskite is stronger than ringwoodite at high temperature.
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Inst Mineral Phys, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Chen, JH (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Inst Mineral Phys, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
EM jiuhua.chen@sunysb.edu
NR 29
TC 71
Z9 76
U1 2
U2 71
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6909
BP 824
EP 826
DI 10.1038/nature01130
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 607BD
UT WOS:000178769800042
PM 12397354
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Golding, NL
   Staff, NP
   Spruston, N
AF Golding, NL
   Staff, NP
   Spruston, N
TI Dendritic spikes as a mechanism for cooperative long-term potentiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ca1 pyramidal neurons; hippocampal-neurons; synaptic potentials; calcium influx; in-vivo; propagation; initiation; plasticity; afferents; induction
AB Strengthening of synaptic connections following coincident pre- and postsynaptic activity was proposed by Hebb as a cellular mechanism for learning(1). Contemporary models assume that multiple synapses must act cooperatively to induce the postsynaptic activity required for hebbian synaptic plasticity(2-5). One mechanism for the implementation of this cooperation is action potential firing, which begins in the axon, but which can influence synaptic potentiation following active backpropagation into dendrites(6). Backpropagation is limited, however, and action potentials often fail to invade the most distal dendrites(7-10). Here we show that long-term potentiation of synapses on the distal dendrites of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons does require cooperative synaptic inputs, but does not require axonal action potential firing and backpropagation. Rather, locally generated and spatially restricted regenerative potentials (dendritic spikes) contribute to the postsynaptic depolarization and calcium entry necessary to trigger potentiation of distal synapses. We find that this mechanism can also function at proximal synapses, suggesting that dendritic spikes participate generally in a form of synaptic potentiation that does not require postsynaptic action potential firing in the axon.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Inst Neurosci, Dept Neurobiol & Physiol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 Northwestern University
RP Spruston, N (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Inst Neurosci, Dept Neurobiol & Physiol, 2153 N Campus Dr, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
NR 30
TC 498
Z9 577
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6895
BP 326
EP 331
DI 10.1038/nature00854
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 574BF
UT WOS:000176868000043
PM 12124625
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ishikawa, T
   Yamaoka, H
   Harada, Y
   Fujii, T
   Nagasawa, T
AF Ishikawa, T
   Yamaoka, H
   Harada, Y
   Fujii, T
   Nagasawa, T
TI A general process for in situ formation of functional surface layers on ceramics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sic fiber; coatings; crystals; nitride; carbide; films
AB Ceramics are often prepared with surface layers of different composition from the bulk(1,2), in order to impart a specific functionality to the surface or to act as a protective layer for the bulk material(3,4). Here we describe a general process by which functional surface layers with a nanometre-scale compositional gradient can be readily formed during the production of bulk ceramic components. The basis of our approach is to incorporate selected low-molecular-mass additives into either the precursor polymer from which the ceramic forms, or the binder polymer used to prepare bulk components from ceramic powders. Thermal treatment of the resulting bodies leads to controlled phase separation ('bleed out') of the additives, analogous to the normally undesirable outward loss of low-molecular-mass components from some plastics(5-9); subsequent calcination stabilizes the compositionally changed surface region, generating a functional surface layer. This approach is applicable to a wide range of materials and morphologies, and should find use in catalysts, composites and environmental barrier coatings.
C1 Ube Ind Ltd, Ube Res Lab, Corp Res & Dev, Yamaguchi 7558633, Japan.
C3 Ube Industries Ltd.
RP Ishikawa, T (corresponding author), Ube Ind Ltd, Ube Res Lab, Corp Res & Dev, 1978-5 Kogushi, Yamaguchi 7558633, Japan.
EM 24613u@ube-ind.co.jp
NR 24
TC 117
Z9 122
U1 4
U2 154
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6876
BP 64
EP 67
DI 10.1038/416064a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 527WU
UT WOS:000174211600037
PM 11882891
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fleury, V
   Watters, WA
   Allam, L
   Devers, T
AF Fleury, V
   Watters, WA
   Allam, L
   Devers, T
TI Rapid electroplating of insulators
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electrochemical deposition; ramified electrodeposits; growth; patterns
AB Electrochemical techniques for depositing metal films and coatings(1) have a long history(2-5). Such techniques essentially fall into two categories, with different advantages and disadvantages. The first, and oldest, makes use of spontaneous redox reactions to deposit a metal from solution, and can be used on both insulating and metallic substrates. But the deposition conditions of these processes are difficult to control in situ, in part because of the variety of salts and additives present in the solution. The second approach-electroplating-uses an electric current to reduce metal ions in solution, and offers control over the quantity (and, to some extent, grain size) of deposited metal. But application of this technique has hitherto been restricted to conducting substrates. Here we describe an electroplating technique that permits coating of insulating substrates with metals having controlled grain size, thickness and growth speed. The basis of our approach is the progressive outward growth of the metal from an electrode in contact with the substrate, with the cell geometry chosen so that the electron current providing the reduction passes through the growing deposit. Such an approach would normally form dendritic or powdery deposits, but we identify a range of conditions in which uniform films rapidly form.
C1 Ecole Polytech, CNRS, Phys Mat Condensee Lab, F-91128 Palaiseau, France.
   IUT Chartres, Lab Phys Electron, F-28000 Chartres, France.
C3 Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Fleury, V (corresponding author), Ecole Polytech, CNRS, Phys Mat Condensee Lab, F-91128 Palaiseau, France.
NR 23
TC 69
Z9 78
U1 1
U2 46
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6882
BP 716
EP 719
DI 10.1038/416716a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 542FU
UT WOS:000175033500036
PM 11961549
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Choi, HJ
   Roundy, D
   Sun, H
   Cohen, ML
   Louie, SG
AF Choi, HJ
   Roundy, D
   Sun, H
   Cohen, ML
   Louie, SG
TI The origin of the anomalous superconducting properties of MgB2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID energy
AB Magnesium diboride(1) differs from ordinary metallic superconductors in several important ways, including the failure of conventional models(2) to predict accurately its unusually high transition temperature, the effects of isotope substitution on the critical transition temperature, and its anomalous specific heat(3-5). A detailed examination of the energy associated with the formation of charge-carrying pairs, referred to as the 'superconducting energy gap', should clarify why MgB2 is different. Some early experimental studies have indicated that MgB2 has multiple gaps(3-9), but past theoretical studies(10-16) have not explained from first principles the origin of these gaps and their effects. Here we report an ab initio calculation of the superconducting gaps in MgB2 and their effects on measurable quantities. An important feature is that the electronic states dominated by orbitals in the boron plane couple strongly to specific phonon modes, making pair formation favourable. This explains the high transition temperature, the anomalous structure in the specific heat, and the existence of multiple gaps in this material. Our analysis suggests comparable or higher transition temperatures may result in layered materials based on B, C and N with partially filled planar orbitals.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Louie, SG (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM sglouie@uclink.berkeley.edu
NR 29
TC 926
Z9 1010
U1 4
U2 301
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6899
BP 758
EP 760
DI 10.1038/nature00898
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 583UF
UT WOS:000177428000033
PM 12181561
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trewick, SC
   Henshaw, TF
   Hausinger, RP
   Lindahl, T
   Sedgwick, B
AF Trewick, SC
   Henshaw, TF
   Hausinger, RP
   Lindahl, T
   Sedgwick, B
TI Oxidative demethylation by Escherichia coli AlkB directly reverts DNA base damage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-ketoglutarate; adaptive response; alkylating-agents; repair; protein; gene; sensitivity; expression; homolog; iron
AB Methylating agents generate cytotoxic and mutagenic DNA damage. Cells use 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylases to excise some methylated bases from DNA, and suicidal O-6-methyl-guanine- DNA methyltransferases to transfer alkyl groups from other lesions onto a cysteine residue(1,2). Here we report that the highly conserved AlkB protein repairs DNA alkylation damage by means of an unprecedented mechanism. AlkB has no detectable nuclease, DNA glycosylase or methyltransferase activity; however, Escherichia coli alkB mutants are defective in processing methylation damage generated in single-stranded DNA(3-5). Theoretical protein fold recognition had suggested that AlkB resembles the Fe(II)- and alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (6), which use iron-oxo intermediates to oxidize chemically inert compounds(7,8). We show here that purified AlkB repairs the cytotoxic lesions 1-methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine in single- and double-stranded DNA in a reaction that is dependent on oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate and Fe( II). The AlkB enzyme couples oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate to the hydroxylation of these methylated bases in DNA, resulting in direct reversion to the unmodified base and the release of formaldehyde.
C1 Canc Res UK London Res Inst, Clare Hall Labs, S Mimms EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
C3 Cancer Research UK; Michigan State University; Michigan State University
RP Sedgwick, B (corresponding author), Canc Res UK London Res Inst, Clare Hall Labs, S Mimms EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK045686] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 671
Z9 810
U1 2
U2 115
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6903
BP 174
EP 178
DI 10.1038/nature00908
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 592HK
UT WOS:000177931200043
PM 12226667
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lähteenmäki, R
AF Lähteenmäki, R
TI Finnish biotechnology -: built on solid foundations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP A34
EP +
DI 10.1038/420a34a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 625LG
UT WOS:000179817500007
PM 12501125
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU GrandPré, T
   Li, SX
   Strittmatter, SM
AF GrandPré, T
   Li, SX
   Strittmatter, SM
TI Nogo-66 receptor antagonist peptide promotes axonal regeneration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID myelin-associated glycoprotein; neurite growth-inhibitors; functional recovery; identification; plasticity; outgrowth; injury; sites; rats
AB Myelin-derived axon outgrowth inhibitors, such as Nogo, may account for the lack of axonal regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) after trauma in adult mammals. A 66-residue domain of Nogo (Nogo-66) is expressed on the surface of oligodendrocytes(1) and can inhibit axonal outgrowth through an axonal Nogo-66 receptor (NgR)(2). The IN-1 monoclonal antibody recognizes Nogo-A and promotes corticospinal tract regeneration and locomotor recovery(3-5); however, the undefined nature of the IN-1 epitope in Nogo, the limited specificity of IN-1 for Nogo, and nonspecific anti-myelin effects have prevented a firm conclusion about the role of Nogo-66 or NgR. Here, we identify competitive antagonists of NgR derived from amino-terminal peptide fragments of Nogo-66. The Nogo-66(1-40) antagonist peptide (NEP1-40) blocks Nogo-66 or CNS myelin inhibition of axonal outgrowth in vitro, demonstrating that NgR mediates a significant portion of axonal outgrowth inhibition by myelin. Intrathecal administration of NEP1-40 to rats with mid-thoracic spinal cord hemisection results in significant axon growth of the corticospinal tract, and improves functional recovery. Thus, Nogo-66 and NgR have central roles in limiting axonal regeneration after CNS injury, and NEP1-40 provides a potential therapeutic agent.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Neurobiol Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University
RP Strittmatter, SM (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, POB 208018, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 14
TC 597
Z9 801
U1 1
U2 43
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6888
BP 547
EP 551
DI 10.1038/417547a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 556QK
UT WOS:000175860300042
PM 12037567
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Powell, K
AF Powell, K
TI On the double
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 456
EP 456
DI 10.1038/420456a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600012
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kobayashi, K
   Inohara, N
   Hernandez, LD
   Galán, JE
   Núñez, G
   Janeway, CA
   Medzhitov, R
   Flavell, RA
AF Kobayashi, K
   Inohara, N
   Hernandez, LD
   Galán, JE
   Núñez, G
   Janeway, CA
   Medzhitov, R
   Flavell, RA
TI RICK/Rip2/CARDIAK mediates signalling for receptors of the innate and adaptive immune systems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf-kappa-b; protein; kinase; recognition; expression; inhibitor; apoptosis; pathways; domain; mice
AB The immune system consists of two evolutionarily different but closely related responses, innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Each of these responses has characteristic receptors-Toll-like receptors (TLRs) for innate immunity and antigen-specific receptors for adaptive immunity. Here we show that the caspase recruitment domain (CARD)-containing serine/threonine kinase Rip2 (also known as RICK, CARDIAK, CCK and Ripk2)(1-4) transduces signals from receptors of both immune responses. Rip2 was recruited to TLR2 signalling complexes after ligand stimulation. Moreover, cytokine production in Rip2-deficient cells was reduced on stimulation of TLRs with lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan and double-stranded RNA, but not with bacterial DNA, indicating that Rip2 is downstream of TLR2/3/4 but not TLR9. Rip2-deficient cells were also hyporesponsive to signalling through interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-18 receptors, and deficient for signalling through Nod proteins-molecules also implicated in the innate immune response. Furthermore, Rip2-deficient T cells showed severely reduced NF-kappaB activation, IL-2 production and proliferation on T-cell-receptor (TCR) engagement, and impaired differentiation to T-helper subtype 1 (T(H)1) cells, indicating that Rip2 is required for optimal TCR signalling and T-cell differentiation. Rip2 is therefore a signal transducer and integrator of signals for both the innate and adaptive immune systems.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Immunobiol Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Ctr Comprehens Canc, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Boyer Ctr Mol Med, Ctr Microbial Pathogenesis, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
C3 Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Yale University
RP Flavell, RA (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Immunobiol Sect, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 29
TC 752
Z9 876
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6877
BP 194
EP 199
DI 10.1038/416194a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 530FR
UT WOS:000174348100042
PM 11894098
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rannou, P
   Hourdin, F
   McKay, CP
AF Rannou, P
   Hourdin, F
   McKay, CP
TI A wind origin for Titan's haze structure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID general-circulation; atmosphere; aerosols; model; occultation; scattering; growth
AB Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, is the only satellite in the Solar System with a dense atmosphere. Titan's atmosphere is mainly nitrogen with a surface pressure of 1.5 atmospheres and a temperature of 95 K (ref. 1). A seasonally varying(2) haze, which appears to be the main source of heating and cooling that drives atmospheric circulation(3,4), shrouds the moon. The haze has numerous features that have remained unexplained. There are several layers(5), including a 'polar hood'(6-8), and a pronounced hemispheric asymmetry(2). The upper atmosphere rotates much faster than the surface of the moon(9,10), and there is a significant latitudinal temperature asymmetry at the equinoxes(11,12). Here we describe a numerical simulation of Titan's atmosphere, which appears to explain the observed features of the haze. The critical new factor in our model is the coupling of haze formation with atmospheric dynamics, which includes a component of strong positive feedback between the haze and the winds.
C1 Univ Paris 06 Univ Versailles St Quentin, Serv Aeron, F-75252 Paris, France.
   Univ Paris 06, Meteorol Dynam Lab, F-75252 Paris, France.
   NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; Universite Paris Saclay; Sorbonne Universite; Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center
RP Rannou, P (corresponding author), Univ Paris 06 Univ Versailles St Quentin, Serv Aeron, B102,4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France.
EM pra@ccr.jussieu.fr
NR 28
TC 104
Z9 113
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6900
BP 853
EP 856
DI 10.1038/nature00961
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 585YR
UT WOS:000177555600031
PM 12192403
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hoppe, HG
   Gocke, K
   Koppe, R
   Begler, C
AF Hoppe, HG
   Gocke, K
   Koppe, R
   Begler, C
TI Bacterial growth and primary production along a north-south transect of the Atlantic Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID euphotic zone; respiration; ecosystems; bacterioplankton; photosynthesis; temperature; balance; biomass; waters; fresh
AB The oceanic carbon cycle is mainly determined by the combined activities of bacteria and phytoplankton(1,2), but the interdependence of climate, the carbon cycle and the microbes is not well understood. To elucidate this interdependence, we performed high-frequency sampling of sea water along a north-south transect of the Atlantic Ocean. Here we report that the interaction of bacteria and phytoplankton is closely related to the meridional profile of water temperature, a variable directly dependent on climate. Water temperature was positively correlated with the ratio of bacterial production to primary production, and, more strongly, with the ratio of bacterial carbon demand to primary production. In warm latitudes (25degrees N to 30degrees S), we observed alternating patches of predominantly heterotrophic and autotrophic community metabolism. The calculated regression lines (for data north and south of the Equator) between temperature and the ratio of bacterial production to primary production give a maximum value for this ratio of 40% in the oligotrophic equatorial regions. Taking into account a bacterial growth efficiency(3,4) of 30%, the resulting area of net heterotrophy (where the bacterial carbon demand for growth plus respiration exceeds phytoplankton carbon fixation(4-6)) expands from 8degrees N (27 degreesC) to 20degrees S (23 degreesC). This suggests an output of CO2 from parts of the ocean to the atmosphere(6,7).
C1 Inst Marine Sci, Sect Marine Ecol, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
   Inst Marine Sci, Sect Ocean Circulat & Climate, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
RP Hoppe, HG (corresponding author), Inst Marine Sci, Sect Marine Ecol, Dusternbroker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
EM hhoppe@ifm.uni-kiel.de
NR 29
TC 146
Z9 161
U1 1
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6877
BP 168
EP 171
DI 10.1038/416168a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 530FR
UT WOS:000174348100035
PM 11894092
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maureille, B
AF Maureille, B
TI A lost Neanderthal neonate found
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diversity; ontogeny
C1 Univ Bordeaux, Lab Anthropol Populat Passe, CNRS, UMR 5809, F-33405 Talence, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Bordeaux
RP Maureille, B (corresponding author), Univ Bordeaux, Lab Anthropol Populat Passe, CNRS, UMR 5809, 1 Ave Fac, F-33405 Talence, France.
NR 14
TC 42
Z9 47
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6902
BP 33
EP 34
DI 10.1038/419033a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 589YF
UT WOS:000177788600028
PM 12214223
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lorenz, T
   Hofmann, M
   Grüninger, M
   Freimurth, A
   Uhrig, GS
   Dumm, M
   Dressel, M
AF Lorenz, T
   Hofmann, M
   Grüninger, M
   Freimurth, A
   Uhrig, GS
   Dumm, M
   Dressel, M
TI RETRACTED: Evidence for spin-charge separation in quasi-one-dimensional organic conductors (Retracted Article. See vol 440, pg 707, 2006)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID thermal-conductivity; chain
AB Interacting conduction electrons are usually described within Fermi-liquid theory(1), which states that, in spite of strong interactions, the low-energy excitations are electron-like quasiparticles with charge and spin. In recent years there has been tremendous interest in conducting systems that are not Fermi liquids, motivated by the observation of highly anomalous metallic states in various materials, most notably the copper oxide superconductors(2,3). Non-Fermi-liquid behaviour is generic to one-dimensional interacting electron systems, which are predicted to be Luttinger liquids(4,5). One of their key properties is spin-charge separation: instead of quasiparticles, collective excitations of charge (with no spin) and spin (with no charge) are formed, which move independently and at different velocities. However, experimental confirmation of spin-charge separation remains a challenge. Here we report experiments probing the charge and heat current in quasi-one-dimensional conductors-the organic Bechgaard salts(6-10). It was found that the charge and spin excitations have distinctly different thermal conductivities, which gives strong evidence for spin-charge separation. The spin excitations have a much larger thermal conductivity than the charge excitations, which indicates that the coupling of the charge excitations to the lattice is important.
C1 Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 2, D-50937 Cologne, Germany.
   Univ Cologne, Inst Theoret Phys, D-50937 Cologne, Germany.
   Univ Stuttgart, Inst Phys 1, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
C3 University of Cologne; University of Cologne; University of Stuttgart
RP Freimurth, A (corresponding author), Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 2, D-50937 Cologne, Germany.
EM freimuth@ph2.uni-koeln.de
NR 26
TC 103
Z9 111
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 614
EP 617
DI 10.1038/nature00913
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600035
PM 12167854
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hails, RS
AF Hails, RS
TI Assessing the risks associated with new agricultural practices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genetically-modified crops; farmland birds; granivorous birds; survival rates; biodiversity; abundance; diversity; ecology; green; intensification
AB One key challenge for the twenty-first century is how to produce the food we need, yet ensure the landscape we want. Genetically modified crops have focused our attention on how to answer this question for one part of agriculture. The same principles could be applied to assess environmental impacts of future land-use change in a much broader context.
C1 NERC, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Oxford OX1 3SR, England.
C3 UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
RP Hails, RS (corresponding author), NERC, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3SR, England.
EM rha@ceh.ac.uk
NR 51
TC 90
Z9 107
U1 2
U2 74
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 685
EP 688
DI 10.1038/nature01016
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600055
PM 12167875
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sharon, E
   Roman, B
   Marder, M
   Shin, GS
   Swinney, HL
AF Sharon, E
   Roman, B
   Marder, M
   Shin, GS
   Swinney, HL
TI Mechanics: Buckling cascades in free sheets - Wavy leaves may not depend only on their genes to make their edges crinkle.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Texas, Ctr Nonlinear Dynam, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Univ Texas, Dept Phys, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Kyung Hee Univ, Dept Phys, Yongin, Kyunggi, South Korea.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; Kyung Hee University
RP Sharon, E (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Ctr Nonlinear Dynam, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
NR 7
TC 183
Z9 210
U1 1
U2 78
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6907
BP 579
EP 579
DI 10.1038/419579a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 602AT
UT WOS:000178483100031
PM 12374967
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martin, JD
   Goettler, SJ
   Fossé, N
   Iton, L
AF Martin, JD
   Goettler, SJ
   Fossé, N
   Iton, L
TI Designing intermediate-range order in amorphous materials
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sharp diffraction peak; neutron-diffraction; zinc-chloride; isotopic-substitution; glasses; liquid
AB Amorphous materials are commonly understood to consist of random organizations of molecular-type structural units. However, it has long been known that structural organizations intermediate between discrete chemical bonds and periodic crystalline lattices are present even in liquids(1,2). Numerous models-including random networks and crystalline-type structures with networks composed of clusters(3,4) and voids(5,6)-have been proposed to account for this intermediate-range order(7). Nevertheless, understanding and controlling structural features that determine intermediate-range order in amorphous materials remain fundamental, yet presently unresolved, issues(7-9). The most characteristic signature of such order is the first peak in the total structure factor, referred to as the first sharp diffraction peak or 'low Q' structure. These features correspond to large real-space distances in the materials, and understanding their origin is key to unravelling details of intermediate-range order. Here we employ principles of crystal engineering to design specific patterns of intermediate-range order within amorphous zinc-chloride networks. Using crystalline models, we demonstrate the impact of various structural features on diffraction at low values of Q. Such amorphous network engineering is anticipated to provide the structure/property relationships necessary to tailor specific optical, electronic and mechanical properties.
C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
C3 North Carolina State University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory
RP Martin, JD (corresponding author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem, Box 8204, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.
NR 26
TC 65
Z9 83
U1 0
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6905
BP 381
EP 384
DI 10.1038/nature01022
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 596ZB
UT WOS:000178195400041
PM 12353031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sawamura, H
   Shima, K
   Tanji, J
AF Sawamura, H
   Shima, K
   Tanji, J
TI Numerical representation for action in the parietal cortex of the monkey
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neuronal-activity; macaque monkeys; area-5; arm; organization; movements; numbers; motor
AB The anterior part of the parietal association area in the cerebral cortex of primates has been implicated in the integration of somatosensory signals(1,2), which generate neural images of body parts and apposed objects and provide signals for sensorial guidance of movements(3-6). Here we show that this area is active in primates performing numerically based behavioural tasks. We required monkeys to select and perform movement A five times, switch to movement B for five repetitions, and return to movement A, in a cyclical fashion. Cellular activity in the superior parietal lobule reflected the number of self-movement executions. For the most part, the number-selective activity was also specific for the type of movement. This type of numerical representation of self-action was seen less often in the inferior parietal lobule, and rarely in the primary somatosensory cortex. Such activity in the superior parietal lobule is useful for processing numerical information, which is necessary to provide a foundation for the forthcoming motor selection.
C1 Tohoku Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Sendai, Miyagi 980, Japan.
   Core Res Evolut Sci & Technol Program, Kawaguchi 3320012, Japan.
C3 Tohoku University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Tanji, J (corresponding author), Tohoku Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Sendai, Miyagi 980, Japan.
NR 23
TC 223
Z9 263
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 21
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6874
BP 918
EP 922
DI 10.1038/415918a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 523EL
UT WOS:000173941000047
PM 11859371
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sun, ZW
   Allis, CD
AF Sun, ZW
   Allis, CD
TI Ubiquitination of histone H2B regulates H3 methylation and gene silencing in yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID n-end rule; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; conjugating enzyme; rad6 protein; acetylation; nucleosome; particle; domains; code
AB In eukaryotes, the DNA of the genome is packaged with histone proteins to form nucleosomal filaments, which are, in turn, folded into a series of less well understood chromatin structures(1). Post-translational modifications of histone tail domains modulate chromatin structure and gene expression(2-4). Of these, histone ubiquitination is poorly understood. Here we show that the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Rad6 (Ubc2) mediates methylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (Lys 4) through ubiquitination of H2B at Lys 123 in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Moreover, H3 (Lys 4) methylation is abolished in the H2B-K123R mutant, whereas H3-K4R retains H2B (Lys 123) ubiquitination. These data indicate a unidirectional regulatory pathway in which ubiquitination of H2B (Lys 123) is a prerequisite for H3 (Lys 4) methylation. We also show that an H2B-K123R mutation perturbs silencing at the telomere, providing functional links between Rad6-mediated H2B (Lys 123) ubiquitination, Set1-mediated H3 (Lys 4) methylation, and transcriptional silencing. Thus, these data reveal a pathway leading to gene regulation through concerted histone modifications on distinct histone tails. We refer to this as 'trans-tail' regulation of histone modification, a stated prediction of the histone code hypothesis(5,6)
C1 Univ Virginia Hlth Syst, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
C3 University of Virginia; University of Virginia (UVA) Health System
RP Allis, CD (corresponding author), Univ Virginia Hlth Syst, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
NR 30
TC 878
Z9 1139
U1 1
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6893
BP 104
EP 108
DI 10.1038/nature00883
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 569JL
UT WOS:000176599200048
PM 12077605
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zimmerman, C
   Klein, KC
   Kiser, PK
   Singh, AR
   Firestein, BL
   Riba, SC
   Lingappa, JR
AF Zimmerman, C
   Klein, KC
   Kiser, PK
   Singh, AR
   Firestein, BL
   Riba, SC
   Lingappa, JR
TI Identification of a host protein essential for assembly of immature HIV-1 capsids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-immunodeficiency-virus; rnase-l inhibitor; retroviral morphogenesis; vif protein; type-1; cells; pathway; nef; infectivity; expression
AB To form an immature HIV-1 capsid, 1,500 HIV-1 Gag (p55) polypeptides must assemble properly along the host cell plasma membrane. Insect cells and many higher eukaryotic cell types support efficient capsid assembly 1, but yeast(2) and murine cells(3,4) do not, indicating that host machinery is required for immature HIV-1 capsid formation. Additionally, in a cell-free system that reconstitutes HIV-1 capsid formation, post-translational assembly events require ATP and a subcellular fraction(5), suggesting a requirement for a cellular ATP-binding protein. Here we identify such a protein (HP68), described previously as an RNase L inhibitor(6), and demonstrate that it associates post-translationally with HIV-1 Gag in a cell-free system and human T cells infected with HIV-1. Using a dominant negative mutant of HP68 in mammalian cells and depletion-reconstitution experiments in the cell-free system, we demonstrate that HP68 is essential for post-translational events in immature HIV-1 capsid assembly. Furthermore, in cells the HP68-Gag complex is associated with HIV-1 Vif, which is involved in virion morphogenesis and infectivity. These findings support a critical role for HP68 in posttranslational events of HIV-1 assembly and reveal a previously unappreciated dimension of host-viral interaction.
C1 Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Pathobiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Allergy & Infect Dis, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Cell Biol & Neurosci, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Lingappa, JR (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Pathobiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
NR 30
TC 194
Z9 275
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 3
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6867
BP 88
EP 92
DI 10.1038/415088a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 507KZ
UT WOS:000173028800046
PM 11780123
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI GlaxoSmithKline & malaria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 7
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6872
BP 716
EP 717
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 519DC
UT WOS:000173709100062
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gregory, SG
   Sekhon, M
   Schein, J
   Zhao, SY
   Osoegawa, K
   Scott, CE
   Evans, RS
   Burridge, PW
   Cox, TV
   Fox, CA
   Hutton, RD
   Mullenger, IR
   Phillips, KJ
   Smith, J
   Stalker, J
   Threadgold, GJ
   Birney, E
   Wylie, K
   Chinwalla, A
   Wallis, J
   Hillier, L
   Carter, J
   Gaige, T
   Jaeger, S
   Kremitzki, C
   Layman, D
   Maas, J
   McGrane, R
   Mead, K
   Walker, R
   Jones, S
   Smith, M
   Asano, J
   Bosdet, I
   Chan, S
   Chittaranjan, S
   Chiu, R
   Fjell, C
   Fuhrmann, D
   Girn, N
   Gray, C
   Guin, R
   Hsiao, L
   Krzywinski, M
   Kutsche, R
   Lee, SS
   Mathewson, C
   McLeavy, C
   Messervier, S
   Ness, S
   Pandoh, P
   Prabhu, AL
   Saeedi, P
   Smailus, D
   Spence, L
   Stott, J
   Taylor, S
   Terpstra, W
   Tsai, M
   Vardy, J
   Wye, N
   Yang, G
   Shatsman, S
   Ayodeji, B
   Geer, K
   Tsegaye, G
   Shvartsbeyn, A
   Gebregeorgis, E
   Krol, M
   Russell, D
   Overton, L
   Malek, JA
   Holmes, M
   Heaney, M
   Shetty, J
   Feldblyum, T
   Nierman, WC
   Catanese, JJ
   Hubbard, T
   Waterston, RH
   Rogers, J
   de Jong, PJ
   Fraser, CM
   Marra, M
   McPherson, JD
   Bentley, DR
AF Gregory, SG
   Sekhon, M
   Schein, J
   Zhao, SY
   Osoegawa, K
   Scott, CE
   Evans, RS
   Burridge, PW
   Cox, TV
   Fox, CA
   Hutton, RD
   Mullenger, IR
   Phillips, KJ
   Smith, J
   Stalker, J
   Threadgold, GJ
   Birney, E
   Wylie, K
   Chinwalla, A
   Wallis, J
   Hillier, L
   Carter, J
   Gaige, T
   Jaeger, S
   Kremitzki, C
   Layman, D
   Maas, J
   McGrane, R
   Mead, K
   Walker, R
   Jones, S
   Smith, M
   Asano, J
   Bosdet, I
   Chan, S
   Chittaranjan, S
   Chiu, R
   Fjell, C
   Fuhrmann, D
   Girn, N
   Gray, C
   Guin, R
   Hsiao, L
   Krzywinski, M
   Kutsche, R
   Lee, SS
   Mathewson, C
   McLeavy, C
   Messervier, S
   Ness, S
   Pandoh, P
   Prabhu, AL
   Saeedi, P
   Smailus, D
   Spence, L
   Stott, J
   Taylor, S
   Terpstra, W
   Tsai, M
   Vardy, J
   Wye, N
   Yang, G
   Shatsman, S
   Ayodeji, B
   Geer, K
   Tsegaye, G
   Shvartsbeyn, A
   Gebregeorgis, E
   Krol, M
   Russell, D
   Overton, L
   Malek, JA
   Holmes, M
   Heaney, M
   Shetty, J
   Feldblyum, T
   Nierman, WC
   Catanese, JJ
   Hubbard, T
   Waterston, RH
   Rogers, J
   de Jong, PJ
   Fraser, CM
   Marra, M
   McPherson, JD
   Bentley, DR
TI A physical map of the mouse genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-chromosome 7q11.23; williams-syndrome; sequence-analysis; human-chromosome-19; evolution; regions; dna; conservation; segments; cloning
AB A physical map of a genome is an essential guide for navigation, allowing the location of any gene or other landmark in the chromosomal DNA. We have constructed a physical map of the mouse genome that contains 296 contigs of overlapping bacterial clones and 16,992 unique markers. The mouse contigs were aligned to the human genome sequence on the basis of 51,486 homology matches, thus enabling use of the conserved synteny (correspondence between chromosome blocks) of the two genomes to accelerate construction of the mouse map. The map provides a framework for assembly of whole-genome shotgun sequence data, and a tile path of clones for generation of the reference sequence. Definition of the human-mouse alignment at this level of resolution enables identification of a mouse clone that corresponds to almost any position in the human genome. The human sequence may be used to facilitate construction of other mammalian genome maps using the same strategy.
C1 Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
   British Columbia Canc Agcy, Genome Sci Ctr, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada.
   Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Oakland Res Inst, Oakland, CA 94609 USA.
   EMBL European Bioinformat Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SD, England.
   Washington Univ, Dept Elect Engn, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Washington University (WUSTL); British Columbia Cancer Agency; J. Craig Venter Institute; Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); European Bioinformatics Institute; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Bentley, DR (corresponding author), Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
EM drb@sanger.ac.uk
FU NHGRI NIH HHS [U01 HG002137] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 245
Z9 298
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6899
BP 743
EP U3
DI 10.1038/nature00957
PG 11
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 583UF
UT WOS:000177428000030
PM 12181558
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martinez, F
   Taylor, B
AF Martinez, F
   Taylor, B
TI Mantle wedge control on back-arc crustal accretion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID valu-fa-ridge; southern lau basin; melt extraction; spreading ridge; mariana trough; lithosphere; petrogenesis; evolution; pacific; water
AB At mid-ocean ridges, plate separation leads to upward advection and pressure-release partial melting of fertile mantle material; the melt is then extracted to the spreading centre and the residual depleted mantle flows horizontally away(1). In back-arc basins, the subducting slab is an important control on the pattern of mantle advection and melt extraction, as well as on compositional and fluid gradients(2). Modelling studies(3) predict significant mantle wedge effects on back-arc spreading processes. Here we show that various spreading centres in the Lau back-arc basin exhibit enhanced, diminished or normal magma supply, which correlates with distance from the arc volcanic front but not with spreading rate. To explain this correlation we propose that depleted upper-mantle material, generated by melt extraction in the mantle wedge, is overturned and re-introduced beneath the back-arc basin by subduction-induced corner flow. The spreading centres experience enhanced melt delivery near the volcanic front, diminished melting within the overturned depleted mantle farther from the corner and normal melting conditions in undepleted mantle farther away. Our model explains fundamental differences in crustal accretion variables between back-arc and mid-ocean settings.
C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa; University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa
RP Martinez, F (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
NR 30
TC 145
Z9 165
U1 0
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6879
BP 417
EP 420
DI 10.1038/416417a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 534UX
UT WOS:000174607800043
PM 11919628
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Song, SH
   Stevens, CF
   Gage, FH
AF Song, SH
   Stevens, CF
   Gage, FH
TI Astroglia induce neurogenesis from adult neural stem cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hippocampal-neurons; spinal-cord; astrocytes; glia; differentiation; proliferation; progenitors; generation; niche
AB During an investigation of the mechanisms through which the local environment controls the fate specification of adult neural stem cells, we discovered that adult astrocytes from hippocampus are capable of regulating neurogenesis by instructing the stem cells to adopt a neuronal fate. This role in fate specification was unexpected because, during development, neurons are generated before most of the astrocytes. Our findings, together with recent reports that astrocytes regulate synapse formation and synaptic transmission, reinforce the emerging view that astrocytes have an active regulatory role-rather than merely supportive roles traditionally assigned to them-in the mature central nervous system.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Mol Neurobiol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Genet Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Salk Institute; Salk Institute
RP Stevens, CF (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Mol Neurobiol Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM stevens@salk.edu; gage@salk.edu
NR 42
TC 1151
Z9 1433
U1 0
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6884
BP 39
EP 44
DI 10.1038/417039a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 546ZM
UT WOS:000175307200031
PM 11986659
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yoshida, Y
   Chiba, T
   Tokunaga, F
   Kawasaki, H
   Iwai, K
   Suzuki, T
   Ito, Y
   Matsuoka, K
   Yoshida, M
   Tanaka, K
   Tai, T
AF Yoshida, Y
   Chiba, T
   Tokunaga, F
   Kawasaki, H
   Iwai, K
   Suzuki, T
   Ito, Y
   Matsuoka, K
   Yoshida, M
   Tanaka, K
   Tai, T
TI E3 ubiquitin ligase that recognizes sugar chains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hif-alpha; protein; degradation; proteasome; hydroxylation; precursor; receptor; pathway; cftr; scf
AB N-glycosylation of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has a central role in protein quality control(1-3). Here we report that N-glycan serves as a signal for degradation by the Skp1-Cullin1-Fbx2-Roc1 (SCFFbx2) ubiquitin ligase complex. The F-box protein Fbx2 (ref. 4) binds specifically to proteins attached to N-linked high-mannose oligosaccharides and subsequently contributes to ubiquitination of N-glycosylated proteins. Pre-integrin beta1 is a target of Fbx2; these two proteins interact in the cytosol after inhibition of the proteasome. In addition, expression of the mutant Fbx2DeltaF, which lacks the F-box domain that is essential for forming the SCF complex, appreciably blocks degradation of typical substrates of the ER-associated degradation pathway(5,6). Our results indicate that SCFFbx2 ubiquitinates N-glycosylated proteins that are translocated from the ER to the cytosol by the quality control mechanism.
C1 Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Med Sci, Dept Tumor Immunol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138613, Japan.
   Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Med Sci, Dept Mol Oncol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138613, Japan.
   JST, CREST, Wako, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Osaka City Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Mol Cell Biol, Osaka 5458585, Japan.
   Yokohama City Univ, Grad Sch Integrated Sci, Kihara Inst Biol Res, Kanagawa 2440813, Japan.
   RIKEN, Synthet Cellular Chem Lab, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   RIKEN, Chem Genet Lab, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   Saitama Univ, Dept Funct Mat Sci, Saitama, Saitama 3388570, Japan.
C3 Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Osaka Metropolitan University; Yokohama City University; RIKEN; RIKEN; Saitama University
RP Tai, T (corresponding author), Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Med Sci, Dept Tumor Immunol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138613, Japan.
EM tanakak@rinshoken.or.jp
NR 24
TC 311
Z9 356
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6896
BP 438
EP 442
DI 10.1038/nature00890
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 576MU
UT WOS:000177009700043
PM 12140560
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blomqvist, D
   Andersson, M
   Küpper, C
   Cuthill, IC
   Kis, J
   Lanctot, RB
   Sandercock, BK
   Székely, T
   Wallander, J
   Kempenaers, B
AF Blomqvist, D
   Andersson, M
   Küpper, C
   Cuthill, IC
   Kis, J
   Lanctot, RB
   Sandercock, BK
   Székely, T
   Wallander, J
   Kempenaers, B
TI Genetic similarity between mates and extra-pair parentage in three species of shorebirds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID great reed warbler; hatching failure; birds; paternity; microsatellites; fertilizations; promiscuity; survival; reveal; leks
AB Matings between close relatives often reduce the fitness of offspring, probably because homozygosity leads to the expression of recessive deleterious alleles(1-5). Studies of several animals have shown that reproductive success is lower when genetic similarity between parents is high(4-7), and that survival and other measures of fitness increase with individual levels of genetic diversity(8-11). These studies indicate that natural selection may favour the avoidance of matings with genetically similar individuals. But constraints on social mate choice, such as a lack of alternatives, can lead to pairing with genetically similar mates. In such cases, it has been suggested that females may seek extra-pair copulations with less related males(4), but the evidence is weak or lacking(4,5). Here we report a strong positive relationship between the genetic similarity of social pair members and the occurrence of extra-pair paternity and maternity ('quasi-parasitism') in three species of shorebirds. We propose that extra-pair parentage may represent adaptive behavioural strategies to avoid the negative effects of pairing with a genetically similar mate.
C1 Max Planck Res Ctr Ornithol, D-82305 Seewiesen, Germany.
   Austrian Acad Sci, Konrad Lorenz Inst Comparat Ethol, A-1160 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ Gothenburg, Dept Zool, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Univ Bristol, Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Behav Biol, Bristol BS8 1UG, Avon, England.
   Szent Istvan Univ, Fac Vet Sci, Inst Zool, Behav Biol Res Grp, H-1400 Budapest, Hungary.
   US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA.
   Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66505 USA.
   Univ Bath, Dept Biol & Biochem, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
C3 Max Planck Society; Austrian Academy of Sciences; University of Gothenburg; University of Bristol; Hungarian University of Agriculture & Life Sciences; United States Department of the Interior; US Fish & Wildlife Service; Kansas State University; University of Bath
RP Kempenaers, B (corresponding author), Max Planck Res Ctr Ornithol, POB 1564, D-82305 Seewiesen, Germany.
NR 30
TC 185
Z9 209
U1 1
U2 94
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6907
BP 613
EP 615
DI 10.1038/nature01104
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 602AT
UT WOS:000178483100044
PM 12374978
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scharmer, GRB
   Gudiksen, BV
   Kiselman, D
   Löfdahl, MG
   van der Voort, LHMR
AF Scharmer, GRB
   Gudiksen, BV
   Kiselman, D
   Löfdahl, MG
   van der Voort, LHMR
TI Dark cores in sunspot penumbral filaments
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fine-structure; flux tube; flow; sun
AB Sunspot umbrae-the dark central regions of the spots-are surrounded by brighter filamentary penumbrae, the existence of which remains largely inexplicable(1). The penumbral filaments contain magnetic fields with varying inclinations(2) and are associated with flowing gas(3-5), but discriminating between theoretical models(6-8) has been difficult because the structure of the filaments has not hitherto been resolved. Here we report observations of penumbral filaments that reveal dark cores inside them. We cannot determine the nature of these dark cores, but their very existence provides a crucial test for any model of penumbrae. Our images also reveal other very small structures, in line with the view that many of the fundamental physical processes in the solar photosphere occur on scales smaller than 100 km.
C1 Royal Swedish Acad Sci, AlbaNova Univ Ctr, Inst Solar Phys, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
RP Kiselman, D (corresponding author), Royal Swedish Acad Sci, AlbaNova Univ Ctr, Inst Solar Phys, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
EM dan@astro.su.se
NR 17
TC 201
Z9 204
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6912
BP 151
EP 153
DI 10.1038/nature01173
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 614QM
UT WOS:000179200900037
PM 12432384
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Janvier, P
   Arsenault, M
AF Janvier, P
   Arsenault, M
TI Palaeobiology - Calcification of early vertebrate cartilage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID petromyzon-marinus; lamprey
C1 Museum Natl Hist Nat, CNRS, UMR 8569, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN)
RP Janvier, P (corresponding author), Museum Natl Hist Nat, CNRS, UMR 8569, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
NR 5
TC 35
Z9 42
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6889
BP 609
EP 609
DI 10.1038/417609a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 559AE
UT WOS:000176001200035
PM 12050653
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Anversa, P
   Nadal-Ginard, B
AF Anversa, P
   Nadal-Ginard, B
TI Myocyte renewal and ventricular remodelling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stem-cell factor; cyclin-dependent kinases; myoblast transplantation; telomerase activity; cardiac myocytes; c-kit; expression; proliferation; heart; cardiomyopathy
AB Remaining young at heart is a desirable but elusive goal. Unbeknown to us, however, myocyte regeneration may accomplish just that. Continuous cell renewal in the adult myocardium was thought to be impossible, but multipotent cardiac stem cells may be able to renew the myocardium and, under certain circumstances, can be coaxed to repair the broken heart after infarction.
C1 New York Med Coll, Dept Med, Cardiovasc Res Inst, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA.
C3 New York Medical College
RP Anversa, P (corresponding author), New York Med Coll, Dept Med, Cardiovasc Res Inst, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA.
EM piero_anversa@nymc.edu
NR 46
TC 350
Z9 443
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 10
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6868
BP 240
EP 243
DI 10.1038/415240a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 509PR
UT WOS:000173159300055
PM 11805849
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Amoretti, M
   Amsler, C
   Bonomi, G
   Bouchta, A
   Bowe, P
   Carraro, C
   Cesar, CL
   Charlton, M
   Collier, MJT
   Doser, M
   Filippini, V
   Fine, KS
   Fontana, A
   Fujiwara, MC
   Funakoshi, R
   Genova, P
   Hangst, JS
   Hayano, RS
   Holzscheiter, MH
   Jorgensen, LV
   Lagomarsino, V
   Landua, R
   Lindelöf, D
   Rizzini, EL
   Macri, M
   Madsen, N
   Manuzio, G
   Marchesotti, M
   Montagna, P
   Pruys, H
   Regenfus, C
   Riedler, P
   Rochet, J
   Rotondi, A
   Rouleau, G
   Testera, G
   Variola, A
   Watson, TL
   van der Werf, DP
AF Amoretti, M
   Amsler, C
   Bonomi, G
   Bouchta, A
   Bowe, P
   Carraro, C
   Cesar, CL
   Charlton, M
   Collier, MJT
   Doser, M
   Filippini, V
   Fine, KS
   Fontana, A
   Fujiwara, MC
   Funakoshi, R
   Genova, P
   Hangst, JS
   Hayano, RS
   Holzscheiter, MH
   Jorgensen, LV
   Lagomarsino, V
   Landua, R
   Lindelöf, D
   Rizzini, EL
   Macri, M
   Madsen, N
   Manuzio, G
   Marchesotti, M
   Montagna, P
   Pruys, H
   Regenfus, C
   Riedler, P
   Rochet, J
   Rotondi, A
   Rouleau, G
   Testera, G
   Variola, A
   Watson, TL
   van der Werf, DP
TI Production and detection of cold antihydrogen atoms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB A theoretical underpinning of the standard model of fundamental particles and interactions is CPT invariance, which requires that the laws of physics be invariant under the combined discrete operations of charge conjugation, parity and time reversal. Antimatter, the existence of which was predicted by Dirac, can be used to test the CPT theorem-experimental investigations involving comparisons of particles with antiparticles are numerous(1). Cold atoms and anti-atoms, such as hydrogen and antihydrogen, could form the basis of a new precise test, as CPT invariance implies that they must have the same spectrum. Observations of antihydrogen in small quantities and at high energies have been reported at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)(2) and at Fermilab(3), but these experiments were not suited to precision comparison measurements. Here we demonstrate the production of antihydrogen atoms at very low energy by mixing trapped antiprotons and positrons in a cryogenic environment. The neutral anti-atoms have been detected directly when they escape the trap and annihilate, producing a characteristic signature in an imaging particle detector.
C1 Univ Aarhus, Dept Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Univ Genoa, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Genova, I-16146 Genoa, Italy.
   Univ Genoa, Dipartimento Fis, I-16146 Genoa, Italy.
   Univ Zurich, Inst Phys, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   CERN, Div EP, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.
   Univ Brescia, Dipartimento Chim & Fis Ingn & Mat, I-25123 Brescia, Italy.
   Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Fis, BR-21945970 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
   Ctr Fed Educ Tecnol Ceara, BR-60040531 Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil.
   Univ Wales Swansea, Dept Phys, Swansea SA2 8PP, W Glam, Wales.
   Univ Pavia, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
   Univ Pavia, Dipartimento Fis Nucl & Teor, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Phys, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 Aarhus University; University of Genoa; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); University of Genoa; University of Zurich; European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN); University of Brescia; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Swansea University; University of Pavia; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); University of Pavia; University of Tokyo
RP Hangst, JS (corresponding author), Univ Aarhus, Dept Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
EM jeffrey.hangst@cern.ch
NR 18
TC 778
Z9 837
U1 2
U2 105
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6906
BP 456
EP 459
DI 10.1038/nature01096
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 599RF
UT WOS:000178348400030
PM 12368849
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hole, DG
   Whittingham, MJ
   Bradbury, RB
   Anderson, GQA
   Lee, PLM
   Wilson, JD
   Krebs, JR
AF Hole, DG
   Whittingham, MJ
   Bradbury, RB
   Anderson, GQA
   Lee, PLM
   Wilson, JD
   Krebs, JR
TI Widespread local house-sparrow extinctions - Agricultural intensification is blamed for the plummeting populations of these birds.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Farmland Bird Grp, Edward Grey Inst Field Ornithol, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Royal Soc Protect Birds, Sandy SG19 2DL, Beds, England.
   Dunedin House, Edinburgh EH4 3TP, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Coll Swansea, Sch Biol Sci, Swansea SA2 8PP, W Glam, Wales.
C3 University of Oxford; Royal Society for Protection of Birds; Swansea University
RP Hole, DG (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Farmland Bird Grp, Edward Grey Inst Field Ornithol, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
NR 9
TC 128
Z9 150
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6901
BP 931
EP 932
DI 10.1038/418931a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 588AP
UT WOS:000177677500031
PM 12198534
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Euler, T
   Detwiler, PB
   Denk, W
AF Euler, T
   Detwiler, PB
   Denk, W
TI Directionally selective calcium signals in dendrites of starburst amacrine cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinal ganglion-cells; rabbit retina; cholinergic neurons; acetylcholine; gaba; receptors; microscopy; release; immunoreactivity; identification
AB The detection of image motion is fundamental to vision. In many species, unique classes of retinal ganglion cells selectively respond to visual stimuli that move in specific directions. It is not known which retinal cell first performs the neural computations that give rise to directional selectivity in the ganglion cell. A prominent candidate has been an interneuron called the 'starburst amacrine cell'. Using two-photon optical recordings of intracellular calcium concentration, here we find that individual dendritic branches of starburst cells act as independent computation modules. Dendritic calcium signals, but not somatic membrane voltage, are directionally selective for stimuli that move centrifugally from the cell soma. This demonstrates that direction selectivity is computed locally in dendritic branches at a stage before ganglion cells.
C1 Max Planck Inst Med Res, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Washington, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Euler, T (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Med Res, Jahnstr 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 45
TC 456
Z9 547
U1 1
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6900
BP 845
EP 852
DI 10.1038/nature00931
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 585YR
UT WOS:000177555600030
PM 12192402
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dai, ZR
   Bradley, JP
   Joswiak, DJ
   Brownlee, DE
   Hill, HGM
   Genge, MJ
AF Dai, ZR
   Bradley, JP
   Joswiak, DJ
   Brownlee, DE
   Hill, HGM
   Genge, MJ
TI Possible in situ formation of meteoritic nanodiamonds in the early Solar System
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interplanetary dust particles; presolar diamonds; grains; comets; carbon
AB Grains of dust that pre-date the Sun provide insights into their formation around other stars and into the early evolution of the Solar System(1-4). Nanodiamonds recovered from meteorites, which originate in asteroids, have been thought to be the most abundant type of presolar grain(3,4). If that is true, then nanodiamonds should be at least as abundant in comets, because they are thought to have formed further out in the early Solar System than the asteroid parent bodies, and because they should be more pristine(5-7). Here we report that nanodiamonds are absent or very depleted in fragile, carbon-rich interplanetary dust particles, some of which enter the atmosphere at speeds within the range of cometary meteors(8,9). One interpretation of the results is that some (perhaps most) nanodiamonds formed within the inner Solar System and are not presolar at all, consistent with the recent detection of nanodiamonds within the accretion discs of other young stars(10). An alternative explanation is that all meteoritic nanodiamonds are indeed presolar, but that their abundance decreases with heliocentric distance, in which case our understanding of large-scale transport and circulation within the early Solar System is incomplete(11).
C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Nat Hist Museum, Dept Mineral, London SW7 5BD, England.
C3 University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Natural History Museum London
RP Bradley, JP (corresponding author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Mail Stop L-413,7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
EM jbradley@igpp.ucllnl.org
NR 28
TC 141
Z9 153
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6894
BP 157
EP 159
DI 10.1038/nature00897
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 571GV
UT WOS:000176710400032
PM 12110882
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Norell, M
   Ji, Q
   Gao, KQ
   Yuan, CX
   Zhao, YB
   Wang, LX
AF Norell, M
   Ji, Q
   Gao, KQ
   Yuan, CX
   Zhao, YB
   Wang, LX
TI Palaeontology - 'Modern' feathers on a non-avian dinosaur
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID theropod dinosaur; origin; china
C1 Amer Museum Nat Hist, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Geol, Beijing 100037, Peoples R China.
   Liaoning Prov Bur Land & Resources, Shenyang 110032, Peoples R China.
C3 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); China Geological Survey; Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences; Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences
RP Norell, M (corresponding author), Amer Museum Nat Hist, Cent Pk W & 79th St, New York, NY 10024 USA.
EM norell@amnh.org
NR 13
TC 81
Z9 97
U1 2
U2 58
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6876
BP 36
EP 37
DI 10.1038/416036a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 527WU
UT WOS:000174211600029
PM 11882883
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, J
   Kim, H
   Kahng, SJ
   Kim, G
   Son, YW
   Ihm, J
   Kato, H
   Wang, ZW
   Okazaki, T
   Shinohara, H
   Kuk, Y
AF Lee, J
   Kim, H
   Kahng, SJ
   Kim, G
   Son, YW
   Ihm, J
   Kato, H
   Wang, ZW
   Okazaki, T
   Shinohara, H
   Kuk, Y
TI Bandgap modulation of carbon nanotubes by encapsulated metallofullerenes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wave-functions; c-60
AB Motivated by the technical and economic difficulties in further miniaturizing silicon-based transistors with the present fabrication technologies, there is a strong effort to develop alternative electronic devices, based, for example, on single molecules(1,2). Recently, carbon nanotubes have been successfully used for nanometre-sized devices such as diodes(3,4), transistors(5,6), and random access memory cells(7). Such nanotube devices are usually very long compared to silicon-based transistors. Here we report a method for dividing a semiconductor nanotube into multiple quantum dots with lengths of about 10 nm by inserting Gd@C-82 endohedral fullerenes. The spatial modulation of the nanotube electronic bandgap is observed with a low-temperature scanning tunnelling microscope. We find that a bandgap of similar to0.5 eV is narrowed down to similar to0.1 eV at sites where endohedral metallofullerenes are inserted. This change in bandgap can be explained by local elastic strain and charge transfer at metallofullerene sites. This technique for fabricating an array of quantum dots could be used for nano-electronics(8) and nano-optoelectronics(9).
C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Phys, Seoul 151747, South Korea.
   Seoul Natl Univ, Ctr Sci Nanometer Scale, Seoul 151747, South Korea.
   Soongsil Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 156743, South Korea.
   Nagoya Univ, Dept Chem, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
C3 Seoul National University (SNU); Seoul National University (SNU); Soongsil University; Nagoya University
RP Kuk, Y (corresponding author), Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Phys, Seoul 151747, South Korea.
EM ykuk@phya.snu.ac.kr
NR 23
TC 461
Z9 482
U1 3
U2 150
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 1005
EP 1008
DI 10.1038/4151005a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000039
PM 11875563
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kodama, R
   Shiraga, H
   Shigemori, K
   Toyama, Y
   Fujioka, S
   Azechi, H
   Fujita, H
   Habara, H
   Hall, T
   Izawa, Y
   Jitsuno, T
   Kitagawa, Y
   Krushelnick, KM
   Lancaster, KL
   Mima, K
   Nagai, K
   Nakai, M
   Nishimura, H
   Norimatsu, T
   Norreys, PA
   Sakabe, S
   Tanaka, KA
   Youssef, A
   Zepf, M
AF Kodama, R
   Shiraga, H
   Shigemori, K
   Toyama, Y
   Fujioka, S
   Azechi, H
   Fujita, H
   Habara, H
   Hall, T
   Izawa, Y
   Jitsuno, T
   Kitagawa, Y
   Krushelnick, KM
   Lancaster, KL
   Mima, K
   Nagai, K
   Nakai, M
   Nishimura, H
   Norimatsu, T
   Norreys, PA
   Sakabe, S
   Tanaka, KA
   Youssef, A
   Zepf, M
TI Nuclear fusion - Fast heating scalable to laser fusion ignition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Osaka Univ, Inst Laser Engn, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka
RP Kodama, R (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Inst Laser Engn, 2-6 Yamada Oka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
EM ryo@ile.osaka-u.ac.jp
NR 7
TC 468
Z9 505
U1 3
U2 103
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6901
BP 933
EP 934
DI 10.1038/418933a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 588AP
UT WOS:000177677500033
PM 12198536
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Obata, Y
   Kono, T
   Hatada, I
AF Obata, Y
   Kono, T
   Hatada, I
TI Oogenesis:: Maturation of mouse fetal germ cells in vitro -: Even immature oocytes can eventually be fertilized after some skilful manipulation.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID epigenetic modifications; in-vitro; growth; expression; mice; follicles
C1 Gunma Univ, Ctr Gene Res, Maebashi, Gumma 3718511, Japan.
   Tokyo Univ Agr, Dept Biosci, Setagaya Ku, Tokyo 1568502, Japan.
C3 Gunma University; Tokyo University of Agriculture
RP Obata, Y (corresponding author), Gunma Univ, Ctr Gene Res, 3-39-22 Showa Machi, Maebashi, Gumma 3718511, Japan.
EM ihatada@showa.gunma-u.ac.jp
NR 11
TC 78
Z9 84
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 497
EP 498
DI 10.1038/418497a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800027
PM 12152066
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamamoto, M
   Sato, S
   Hemmi, H
   Sanjo, H
   Uematsu, S
   Kaisho, T
   Hoshino, K
   Takeuchi, O
   Kobayashi, M
   Fujita, T
   Takeda, K
   Akira, S
AF Yamamoto, M
   Sato, S
   Hemmi, H
   Sanjo, H
   Uematsu, S
   Kaisho, T
   Hoshino, K
   Takeuchi, O
   Kobayashi, M
   Fujita, T
   Takeda, K
   Akira, S
TI Essential role for TIRAP in activation of the signalling cascade shared by TLR2 and TLR4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-stranded-rna; nf-kappa-b; signaling pathway; toll; recognition; endotoxin; cells
AB Signal transduction through Toll-like receptors ( TLRs) originates from their intracellular Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain, which binds to MyD88, a common adaptor protein containing a TIR domain(1-4). Although cytokine production is completely abolished in MyD88-deficient mice, some responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), including the induction of interferon-inducible genes and the maturation of dendritic cells, are still observed(5-7). Another adaptor, TIRAP ( also known as Mal), has been cloned as a molecule that specifically associates with TLR4 and thus may be responsible for the MyD88-independent response(8,9). Here we report that LPS-induced splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production are abolished in mice lacking TIRAP. As in MyD88-deficient mice, LPS activation of the nuclear factor NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinases is induced with delayed kinetics in TIRAP-deficient mice(5). Expression of interferon-inducible genes and the maturation of dendritic cells is observed in these mice; they also show defective response to TLR2 ligands, but not to stimuli that activate TLR3, TLR7 or TLR9. In contrast to previous suggestions, our results show that TIRAP is not specific to TLR4 signalling and does not participate in the MyD88-independent pathway. Instead, TIRAP has a crucial role in the MyD88-dependent signalling pathway shared by TLR2 and TLR4.
C1 Osaka Univ, Res Inst Microbial Dis, Dept Host Def, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, Solut Oriented Res Sci & Technol, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   RIKEN, Res Ctr Allergy & Immunol, Tsurumi Ku, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Med Sci, Dept Tumor Cell Biol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138613, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); RIKEN; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
RP Akira, S (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Res Inst Microbial Dis, Dept Host Def, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
NR 19
TC 789
Z9 1014
U1 3
U2 60
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6913
BP 324
EP 329
DI 10.1038/nature01182
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 617BM
UT WOS:000179340400044
PM 12447441
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reeves, JN
   Watson, D
   Osborne, JP
   Pounds, DA
   O'Brien, PT
   Short, ADT
   Turner, MJL
   Watson, MG
   Mason, KO
   Ehle, M
   Schartel, N
AF Reeves, JN
   Watson, D
   Osborne, JP
   Pounds, DA
   O'Brien, PT
   Short, ADT
   Turner, MJL
   Watson, MG
   Mason, KO
   Ehle, M
   Schartel, N
TI The signature of supernova ejecta in the X-ray afterglow of the γ-ray burst 011211
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID line signatures; alpha emission; neutron-stars; bursts; mergers; grb
AB Now that gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have been determined to lie at cosmological distances(1), their isotropic burst energies are estimated to be as high as 10(54) erg (ref. 2), making them the most energetic phenomena in the Universe. The nature of the progenitors responsible for the bursts remains, however, elusive. The favoured models range from the merger of two neutron stars in a binary system(3-5) to the collapse of a massive star(6-8). Spectroscopic studies of the afterglow emission could reveal details of the environment of the burst, by indicating the elements present, the speed of the outflow and an estimate of the temperature. Here we report an X-ray spectrum of the afterglow of GRB011211, which shows emission lines of magnesium, silicon, sulphur, argon, calcium and possibly nickel, arising in metal-enriched material with an outflow velocity of the order of one-tenth the speed of light. These observations strongly favour models(30) where a supernova explosion from a massive stellar progenitor precedes the burst event and is responsible for the outflowing matter.
C1 Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Xray Astron Grp, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
   UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England.
   XMM Newton SOC, Madrid 28080, Spain.
C3 University of Leicester; University of London; University College London
RP Reeves, JN (corresponding author), Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Xray Astron Grp, Univ Rd, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
EM jnr@star.le.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 202
Z9 204
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6880
BP 512
EP 515
DI 10.1038/416512a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 537JY
UT WOS:000174756500036
PM 11932738
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lambert, JD
   Nagy, LM
AF Lambert, JD
   Nagy, LM
TI Asymmetric inheritance of centrosomally localized mRNAs during embryonic cleavages
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans embryos; ilyanassa-obsoleta; ascidian embryo; messenger-rna; pie-1 protein; drosophila; specification; cells; gene; centrioles
AB During development, different cell fates are generated by cell-cell interactions or by the asymmetric distribution of patterning molecules. Asymmetric inheritance is known to occur either through directed transport along actin microfilaments into one daughter cell(1,2) or through capture of determinants by a region of the cortex inherited by one daughter(3-5). Here we report a third mechanism of asymmetric inheritance in a mollusc embryo. Different messenger RNAs associate with centrosomes in different cells and are subsequently distributed asymmetrically during division. The segregated mRNAs are diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm and then localize, in a microtubule-dependent manner, to the pericentriolar matrix. During division, they dissociate from the core mitotic centrosome and move by means of actin filaments to the presumptive animal daughter cell cortex. In experimental cells with two interphase centrosomes, mRNAs accumulate on the correct centrosome, indicating that differences between centrosomes control mRNA targeting. Blocking the accumulation of mRNAs on the centrosome shows that this event is required for subsequent cortical localization. These events produce a complex pattern of mRNA localization, in which different messages distinguish groups of cells with the same birth order rank and similar developmental potentials.
C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 University of Arizona
RP Nagy, LM (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
NR 28
TC 180
Z9 218
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP 682
EP 686
DI 10.1038/nature01241
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 624GK
UT WOS:000179751800049
PM 12478296
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gestwicki, JE
   Kiessling, LL
AF Gestwicki, JE
   Kiessling, LL
TI Inter-receptor communication through arrays of bacterial chemoreceptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single cytoplasmic domain; escherichia-coli; kinase activation; chemotaxis; complex; dimer; sensitivity; mechanism; location; lattice
AB The sensing mechanisms of chemotactic bacteria allow them to respond sensitively to stimuli. Escherichia coli, for example, respond to changes in chemoattractant concentration of less than 10% over a range spanning six orders of magnitude(1,2). Sensitivity over this range depends on a nonlinear relationship between ligand concentration and output response(3). At low ligand concentrations, substantial amplification of the chemotactic signal is required; however, the mechanism responsible for this amplification remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that inter-receptor communication within a lattice(4,5) acts to amplify and integrate sensory information. Synthetic multivalent ligands that interact through the low-abundance, galactose-sensing receptor Trg stabilize large clusters of chemoreceptors and markedly enhance signal output from these enforced clusters. On treatment with multivalent ligands, the response to the attractant serine is amplified by at least 100-fold. This amplification requires a full complement of chemoreceptors; deletion of the aspartate (Tar) or dipeptide (Tap) receptors diminishes the amplification of the serine response. These results demonstrate that the entire array is involved in sensing. This mode of information exchange has general implications for the processing of signals by cellular receptors.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem & Biochem, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Kiessling, LL (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem & Biochem, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
NR 30
TC 211
Z9 249
U1 1
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 3
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6867
BP 81
EP 84
DI 10.1038/415081a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 507KZ
UT WOS:000173028800044
PM 11780121
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schwartz, MK
   Mills, LS
   McKelvey, KS
   Ruggiero, LF
   Allendorf, FW
AF Schwartz, MK
   Mills, LS
   McKelvey, KS
   Ruggiero, LF
   Allendorf, FW
TI DNA reveals high dispersal synchronizing the population dynamics of Canada lynx
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene flow; microsatellite loci; differentiation; migration; patterns
AB Population dynamics of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) have been of interest to ecologists for nearly sixty years(1-4). Two competing hypotheses concerning lynx population dynamics and large-scale spatial synchrony are currently debated. The first suggests that dispersal is substantial among lynx populations(5), and the second proposes that lynx at the periphery of their range exist in small, isolated patches that maintain cycle synchrony via correlation with extrinsic environmental factors(2). Resolving the nature of lynx population dynamics and dispersal is important both to ecological theory and to the conservation of threatened lynx populations: the lack of knowledge about connectivity between populations at the southern periphery of the lynx's geographic range delayed their legal listing in the United States(6). We test these competing hypotheses using microsatellite DNA markers and lynx samples from 17 collection sites in the core and periphery of the lynx's geographic range. Here we show high gene flow despite separation by distances greater than 3,100 km, supporting the dispersal hypothesis. We therefore suggest that management actions in the contiguous United States should focus on maintaining connectivity with the core of the lynx's geographic range.
C1 Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Wildlife Biol Program, Missoula, MT 59812 USA.
   USDA, USFS, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59801 USA.
   Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA.
C3 University of Montana System; University of Montana; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); United States Forest Service; University of Montana System; University of Montana
RP Schwartz, MK (corresponding author), Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Wildlife Biol Program, Missoula, MT 59812 USA.
NR 28
TC 133
Z9 157
U1 1
U2 49
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 31
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6871
BP 520
EP 522
DI 10.1038/415520a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 516PQ
UT WOS:000173564300045
PM 11823858
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tatarakis, M
   Watts, I
   Beg, FN
   Clark, EL
   Dangor, AE
   Gopal, A
   Haines, MG
   Norreys, PA
   Wagner, U
   Wei, MS
   Zepf, M
   Krushelnick, K
AF Tatarakis, M
   Watts, I
   Beg, FN
   Clark, EL
   Dangor, AE
   Gopal, A
   Haines, MG
   Norreys, PA
   Wagner, U
   Wei, MS
   Zepf, M
   Krushelnick, K
TI Laser technology - Measuring huge magnetic fields
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasma; pulse; generation; targets
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London SW7 2BZ, England.
   Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
C3 Imperial College London; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
RP Tatarakis, M (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Prince Consort Rd, London SW7 2BZ, England.
NR 10
TC 189
Z9 203
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 17
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6869
BP 280
EP 280
DI 10.1038/415280a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 511YC
UT WOS:000173293500032
PM 11796997
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fischer, KM
AF Fischer, KM
TI Waning buoyancy in the crustal roots of old mountains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID continental-crust; southern urals; seismic images; evolution; mantle; reflection; model; constraints; lithosphere; subduction
AB When mountains form through the collision of lithospheric plates, uplift of the Earth's surface is accompanied by thickening of the crust, and the buoyancy of these deep crustal roots (relative to the surrounding mantle) is thought to contribute to the support of mountain topography. Once active tectonism ceases, continuing erosion will progressively wear away surface relief. Here I provide new constraints on how crustal roots respond to erosional unloading over very long timescales. In old collisional mountain belts, ratios of surface relief to the thickness of the underlying crustal root are observed to be smaller than in young mountains. On the basis of gravity data, this trend is best explained by a decrease in the buoyancy of the crustal root with greater age since the most recent mountain-building episode-which is consistent with metamorphic reactions(1,2) produced by long-term cooling. An approximate balance between mountain and root mass anomalies suggests that the continental lithosphere remains weak enough to permit exhumation of crustal roots in response to surface erosion for hundreds of millions of years. The amount of such uplift, however, appears to be significantly reduced by progressive loss of root buoyancy.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
C3 Brown University
RP Fischer, KM (corresponding author), Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
NR 32
TC 112
Z9 133
U1 1
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6892
BP 933
EP 936
DI 10.1038/nature00855
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 566RC
UT WOS:000176441200034
PM 12087400
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mahon, MJ
   Donowitz, M
   Yun, CC
   Segre, GV
AF Mahon, MJ
   Donowitz, M
   Yun, CC
   Segre, GV
TI Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 2 directs parathyroid hormone 1 receptor signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ok cells; protein-binding; phospholipase-c; peptide; domain; pdz; inhibition; transport; calcium; pth
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Endocrine Unit, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Gastroenterol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Johns Hopkins University
RP Segre, GV (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Endocrine Unit, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK061418, P01 DK044484] Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 250
Z9 280
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6891
BP 858
EP 861
DI 10.1038/nature00816
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 563YM
UT WOS:000176285600049
PM 12075354
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Giaever, G
   Chu, AM
   Ni, L
   Connelly, C
   Riles, L
   Véronneau, S
   Dow, S
   Lucau-Danila, A
   Anderson, K
   André, B
   Arkin, AP
   Astromoff, A
   El Bakkoury, M
   Bangham, R
   Benito, R
   Brachat, S
   Campanaro, S
   Curtiss, M
   Davis, K
   Deutschbauer, A
   Entian, KD
   Flaherty, P
   Foury, F
   Garfinkel, DJ
   Gerstein, M
   Gotte, D
   Güldener, U
   Hegemann, JH
   Hempel, S
   Herman, Z
   Jaramillo, DF
   Kelly, DE
   Kelly, SL
   Kötter, P
   LaBonte, D
   Lamb, DC
   Lan, N
   Liang, H
   Liao, H
   Liu, L
   Luo, CY
   Lussier, M
   Mao, R
   Menard, P
   Ooi, SL
   Revuelta, JL
   Roberts, CJ
   Rose, M
   Ross-Macdonald, P
   Scherens, B
   Schimmack, G
   Shafer, B
   Shoemaker, DD
   Sookhai-Mahadeo, S
   Storms, RK
   Strathern, JN
   Valle, G
   Voet, M
   Volckaert, G
   Wang, CY
   Ward, TR
   Wilhelmy, J
   Winzeler, EA
   Yang, YH
   Yen, G
   Youngman, E
   Yu, KX
   Bussey, H
   Boeke, JD
   Snyder, M
   Philippsen, P
   Davis, RW
   Johnston, M
AF Giaever, G
   Chu, AM
   Ni, L
   Connelly, C
   Riles, L
   Véronneau, S
   Dow, S
   Lucau-Danila, A
   Anderson, K
   André, B
   Arkin, AP
   Astromoff, A
   El Bakkoury, M
   Bangham, R
   Benito, R
   Brachat, S
   Campanaro, S
   Curtiss, M
   Davis, K
   Deutschbauer, A
   Entian, KD
   Flaherty, P
   Foury, F
   Garfinkel, DJ
   Gerstein, M
   Gotte, D
   Güldener, U
   Hegemann, JH
   Hempel, S
   Herman, Z
   Jaramillo, DF
   Kelly, DE
   Kelly, SL
   Kötter, P
   LaBonte, D
   Lamb, DC
   Lan, N
   Liang, H
   Liao, H
   Liu, L
   Luo, CY
   Lussier, M
   Mao, R
   Menard, P
   Ooi, SL
   Revuelta, JL
   Roberts, CJ
   Rose, M
   Ross-Macdonald, P
   Scherens, B
   Schimmack, G
   Shafer, B
   Shoemaker, DD
   Sookhai-Mahadeo, S
   Storms, RK
   Strathern, JN
   Valle, G
   Voet, M
   Volckaert, G
   Wang, CY
   Ward, TR
   Wilhelmy, J
   Winzeler, EA
   Yang, YH
   Yen, G
   Youngman, E
   Yu, KX
   Bussey, H
   Boeke, JD
   Snyder, M
   Philippsen, P
   Davis, RW
   Johnston, M
TI Functional profiling of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast genome; expression; deletion; genes
AB Determining the effect of gene deletion is a fundamental approach to understanding gene function. Conventional genetic screens exhibit biases, and genes contributing to a phenotype are often missed. We systematically constructed a nearly complete collection of gene-deletion mutants (96% of annotated open reading frames, or ORFs) of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. DNA sequences dubbed 'molecular bar codes' uniquely identify each strain, enabling their growth to be analysed in parallel and the fitness contribution of each gene to be quantitatively assessed by hybridization to high-density oligonucleotide arrays. We show that previously known and new genes are necessary for optimal growth under six well-studied conditions: high salt, sorbitol, galactose, pH 8, minimal medium and nystatin treatment. Less than 7% of genes that exhibit a significant increase in messenger RNA expression are also required for optimal growth in four of the tested conditions. Our results validate the yeast gene-deletion collection as a valuable resource for functional genomics.
C1 Stanford Univ, Stanford Genome Technol Ctr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada.
   Rosetta Inpharmat Inc, Kirkland, WA 98034 USA.
   Catholic Univ Louvain, FYSA, B-1348 Louvain, Belgium.
   Free Univ Brussels, Lab Physiol Cellulaire, Gosselies, Belgium.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Bioengn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Free Univ Brussels, IRMW, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.
   Univ Salamanca, CSIC, Inst Microbiol & Bioquim, Dept Genet & Microbiol, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
   Univ Basel, Biozentrum, Dept Mol Microbiol, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
   Univ Padua, Dept Biol, I-35121 Padua, Italy.
   Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Microbiol, EUROSCARF, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   NCI, Ctr Canc Res, Gene Regulat & Chromosome Biol Lab, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
   Univ Dusseldorf, Inst Mikrobiol, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
   Univ Wales, Inst Biol Sci, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, Dyfed, Wales.
   Concordia Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3G 1M8, Canada.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Gene Technol, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Yale University; Yale University; Johns Hopkins University; Washington University (WUSTL); McGill University; Universite Catholique Louvain; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC-USAL - Instituto de Biologia Funcional y Genomica (IBFG); University of Salamanca; University of Basel; University of Padua; Goethe University Frankfurt; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf; Aberystwyth University; Concordia University - Canada; KU Leuven
RP Davis, RW (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Stanford Genome Technol Ctr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
EM dbowe@cmgm.stanford.edu
NR 22
TC 3366
Z9 5312
U1 7
U2 392
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6896
BP 387
EP 391
DI 10.1038/nature00935
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 576MU
UT WOS:000177009700029
PM 12140549
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Litingtung, Y
   Dahn, RD
   Li, YN
   Fallon, JF
   Chiang, C
AF Litingtung, Y
   Dahn, RD
   Li, YN
   Fallon, JF
   Chiang, C
TI Shh and Gli3 are dispensable for limb skeleton formation but regulate digit number and identity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cubitus-interruptus protein; sonic hedgehog; polarizing activity; activation; repressor; mutations; gene; mice; zpa
AB Most current models propose Sonic hedgehog (Shh) as the primary determinant of anteroposterior development of amniote limbs(1). Shh protein is said to be required to direct the formation of skeletal elements and to specify digit identity through dose-dependent activation of target gene expression. However, the identity of genes targeted by Shh, and the regulatory mechanisms controlling their expression, remain poorly understood. Gli3 (the gene implicated in human Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome) is proposed to negatively regulate Shh by restricting its expression and influence to the posterior mesoderm(2-4). Here we report genetic analyses in mice showing that Shh and Gli3 are dispensable for formation of limb skeletal elements: Shh(-/-) Gli3(-/-) limbs are distally complete and polydactylous, but completely lack wild-type digit identities. We show that the effects of Shh signalling on skeletal patterning and ridge maintenance are necessarily mediated through Gli3. We propose that the function of Shh and Gli3 in limb skeletal patterning is limited to refining autopodial morphology, imposing pentadactyl constraint on the limb's polydactyl potential, and organizing digit identity specification, by regulating the relative balance of Gli3 transcriptional activator and repressor activities.
C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anat, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 Vanderbilt University; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Fallon, JF (corresponding author), Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
EM jfallon@facstaff.wisc.edu; chin.chiang@vanderbilt.edu
NR 30
TC 483
Z9 591
U1 1
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6901
BP 979
EP 983
DI 10.1038/nature01033
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 588AP
UT WOS:000177677500045
PM 12198547
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chelur, DS
   Ernstrom, GG
   Goodman, MB
   Yao, CA
   Chen, L
   O'Hagan, R
   Chalfie, M
AF Chelur, DS
   Ernstrom, GG
   Goodman, MB
   Yao, CA
   Chen, L
   O'Hagan, R
   Chalfie, M
TI The mechanosensory protein MEC-6 is a subunit of the C-elegans touch-cell degenerin channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; gene-expression; member; family; paraoxonase; unc-8
AB Mechanosensory transduction in touch receptor neurons is believed to be mediated by DEG/ENaC (degenerin/epithelial Na+ channel) proteins in nematodes and mammals(1). In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, gain-of-function mutations in the degenerin genes mec-4 and mec-10 (denoted mec-4(d) and mec-10(d), respectively) cause degeneration of the touch cells(2,3). This phenotype is completely suppressed by mutation in a third gene, mec-6 (refs 3, 4), that is needed for touch sensitivity. This last gene is also required for the function of other degenerins(4-8). Here we show that mec-6 encodes a single-pass membrane-spanning protein with limited similarity to paraoxonases, which are implicated in human coronary heart disease(9). This gene is expressed in muscle cells and in many neurons, including the six touch receptor neurons. MEC-6 increases amiloride-sensitive Na+ currents produced by MEC-4(d)/MEC-10(d) by similar to30-fold, and functions synergistically with MEC-2 (a stomatin-like protein(10) that regulates MEC-4(d)/MEC-10(d) channel activity(11)) to increase the currents by 200-fold. MEC-6 physically interacts with all three channel proteins. In vivo, MEC-6 colocalizes with MEC-4, and is required for punctate MEC-4 expression along touch-neuron processes. We propose that MEC-6 is a part of the degenerin channel complex that may mediate mechanotransduction in touch cells.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Stanford University
RP Chalfie, M (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
EM mc21@columbia.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R37 GM030997] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 130
Z9 192
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP 669
EP 673
DI 10.1038/nature01205
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 624GK
UT WOS:000179751800046
PM 12478294
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kmita, M
   Fraudeau, N
   Hérault, Y
   Duboule, D
AF Kmita, M
   Fraudeau, N
   Hérault, Y
   Duboule, D
TI Serial deletions and duplications suggest a mechanism for the collinearity of Hoxd genes in limbs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID regulatory controls; beta-globin; complex; expression; colinearity; mice; mouse; morphogenesis; transcription; hierarchy
AB Hox genes, located at one end of the HoxD cluster, are essential for the development of the extremities of our limbs; that is, the digits. This 'collinear' correspondence is accompanied by a gradual decrease in the transcriptional efficiency of the genes. To decipher the underlying regulatory mechanisms, and thus to understand better how digits develop, we engineered a series of deletions and duplications in vivo. We find that HoxD genes compete for a remote enhancer that recognizes the locus in a polar fashion, with a preference for the 5' extremity. Modifications in either the number or topography of Hoxd loci induced regulatory reallocations affecting both the number and morphology of digits. These results demonstrate why genes located at the extremity of the cluster are expressed at the distal end of the limbs, following a gradual reduction in transcriptional efficiency, and thus highlight the mechanistic nature of collinearity in limbs.
C1 Univ Geneva, Dept Zool & Anim Biol, NCCR Frontiers Genet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
C3 University of Geneva
RP Duboule, D (corresponding author), Univ Geneva, Dept Zool & Anim Biol, NCCR Frontiers Genet, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
NR 35
TC 179
Z9 199
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6912
BP 145
EP 150
DI 10.1038/nature01189
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 614QM
UT WOS:000179200900036
PM 12432383
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ng, J
   Nardine, T
   Harms, M
   Tzu, J
   Goldstein, A
   Sun, Y
   Dietzl, G
   Dickson, BJ
   Luo, LQ
AF Ng, J
   Nardine, T
   Harms, M
   Tzu, J
   Goldstein, A
   Sun, Y
   Dietzl, G
   Dickson, BJ
   Luo, LQ
TI Rac GTPases control axon growth, guidance and branching
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gtp-binding protein; drosophila-melanogaster; neuronal morphogenesis; actin polymerization; rho gtpases; distinct; cdc42; pak; proliferation; purification
AB Growth, guidance and branching of axons are all essential processes for the precise wiring of the nervous system. Rho family GTPases transduce extracellular signals to regulate the actin cytoskeleton(1). In particular, Rac has been implicated in axon growth and guidance(2-8). Here we analyse the loss-of-function phenotypes of three Rac GTPases in Drosophila mushroom body neurons. We show that progressive loss of combined Rac1, Rac2 and Mtl activity leads first to defects in axon branching, then guidance, and finally growth. Expression of a Rac1 effector domain mutant that does not bind Pak rescues growth, partially rescues guidance, but does not rescue branching defects of Rac mutant neurons. Mosaic analysis reveals both cell autonomous and non-autonomous functions for Rac GTPases, the latter manifesting itself as a strong community effect in axon guidance and branching. These results demonstrate the central role of Rac GTPases in multiple aspects of axon development in vivo, and suggest that axon growth, guidance and branching could be controlled by differential activation of Rac signalling pathways.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Neurosci Program, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)
RP Luo, LQ (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 30
TC 281
Z9 350
U1 1
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6879
BP 442
EP 447
DI 10.1038/416442a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 534UX
UT WOS:000174607800050
PM 11919635
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schödel, R
   Ott, T
   Genzel, R
   Hofmann, R
   Lehnert, M
   Eckart, A
   Mouawad, N
   Alexander, T
   Reid, MJ
   Lenzen, R
   Hartung, M
   Lacombe, F
   Rouan, D
   Gendron, E
   Rousset, G
   Lagrange, AM
   Brandner, W
   Ageorges, N
   Lidman, C
   Moorwood, AFM
   Spyromilio, J
   Hubin, N
   Menten, KM
AF Schödel, R
   Ott, T
   Genzel, R
   Hofmann, R
   Lehnert, M
   Eckart, A
   Mouawad, N
   Alexander, T
   Reid, MJ
   Lenzen, R
   Hartung, M
   Lacombe, F
   Rouan, D
   Gendron, E
   Rousset, G
   Lagrange, AM
   Brandner, W
   Ageorges, N
   Lidman, C
   Moorwood, AFM
   Spyromilio, J
   Hubin, N
   Menten, KM
TI A star in a 15.2-year orbit around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sagittarius-a-asterisk; galactic-center; proper-motion; galaxy; nuclei; radio; mass; vlt
AB Many galaxies are thought to have supermassive black holes at their centres(1)-more than a million times the mass of the Sun. Measurements of stellar velocities(2-7) and the discovery of variable X-ray emission(8) have provided strong evidence in favour of such a black hole at the centre of the Milky Way, but have hitherto been unable to rule out conclusively the presence of alternative concentrations of mass. Here we report ten years of high-resolution astrometric imaging that allows us to trace two-thirds of the orbit of the star currently closest to the compact radio source (and massive black-hole candidate) Sagittarius A(star). The observations, which include both pericentre and apocentre passages, show that the star is on a bound, highly elliptical keplerian orbit around Sgr A(star), with an orbital period of 15.2 years and a pericentre distance of only 17 light hours. The orbit with the best fit to the observations requires a central point mass of (3.7 +/- 1.5) x 10(6) solar masses (M-.). The data no longer allow for a central mass composed of a dense cluster of dark stellar objects or a ball of massive, degenerate fermions.
C1 Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, D-50937 Cologne, Germany.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Fac Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys MS42, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Astron, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Observ Paris, Sect Meudon, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   Off Natl Etud & Rech Aerosp, F-92322 Chatillon, France.
   Observ Grenoble, Astrophys Lab, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France.
   European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Cologne; Weizmann Institute of Science; Max Planck Society; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; National Office for Aerospace Studies & Research (ONERA); Universite Paris Saclay; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); European Southern Observatory; Max Planck Society
RP Schödel, R (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, Giessenbachstr, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
NR 23
TC 805
Z9 874
U1 2
U2 48
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6908
BP 694
EP 696
DI 10.1038/nature01121
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 604JF
UT WOS:000178615200032
PM 12384690
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Irie, M
   Fukaminato, T
   Sasaki, T
   Tamai, N
   Kawai, T
AF Irie, M
   Fukaminato, T
   Sasaki, T
   Tamai, N
   Kawai, T
TI Organic chemistry: A digital fluorescent molecular photoswitch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single molecules; room-temperature; spectroscopy
C1 Kyushu Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Chem & Biochem, Higashi Ku, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol, CREST, Higashi Ku, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan.
   Kwansei Gakuin Univ, Sch Sci & Technol, Dept Chem, Sanda 6691337, Japan.
C3 Kyushu University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Kwansei Gakuin University
RP Irie, M (corresponding author), Kyushu Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Chem & Biochem, Higashi Ku, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan.
EM irie@cstf.kyushu-u.ac.jp
NR 10
TC 1076
Z9 1120
U1 6
U2 318
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 26
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6917
BP 759
EP 760
DI 10.1038/420759a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 626WR
UT WOS:000179897300043
PM 12490936
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sun, JY
   Wu, XS
   Wu, LG
AF Sun, JY
   Wu, XS
   Wu, LG
TI Single and multiple vesicle fusion induce different rates of endocytosis at a central synapse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID frog neuromuscular-junction; hippocampal synapses; transmitter release; chromaffin cells; time-course; calcium; exocytosis; calyx; kinetics; capacitance
AB During synaptic transmission, neurotransmitter-laden vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane and discharge their contents into the synaptic cleft. After fusion, the vesicular membrane is retrieved by endocytosis for reuse. This recycling mechanism(1) ensures a constant supply of releasable vesicles at the nerve terminal(1). The kinetics of endocytosis have been measured mostly after intense or non-physiological stimulation(2-13). Here we use capacitance measurements to resolve the fusion and retrieval of single and multiple vesicles following mild physiological stimulation at a mammalian central synapse. The time constant of endocytosis after single vesicle fusion was 56 ms; after a single action potential or trains at less than or equal to2 Hz it was about 115 ms, but increased gradually to tens of seconds as the frequency and the number of action potentials increased. These results indicate that an increase in the rate of exocytosis at the active zone induces a decrease in the rate of endocytosis. Existing models(5,10), including inhibition of endocytosis by Ca2+, could not account for these results-our results suggest that an accumulation of unretrieved vesicles at the plasma membrane slows endocytosis. These findings may resolve the debate about the dependence of endocytosis kinetics on the stimulation frequency(2,3), and suggest a potential role of regulation of endocytosis in short-term synaptic depression.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Wu, LG (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
NR 30
TC 190
Z9 213
U1 1
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6888
BP 555
EP 559
DI 10.1038/417555a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 556QK
UT WOS:000175860300044
PM 12037569
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gascard, JC
   Watson, AJ
   Messias, MJ
   Olsson, KA
   Johannessen, T
   Simonsen, K
AF Gascard, JC
   Watson, AJ
   Messias, MJ
   Olsson, KA
   Johannessen, T
   Simonsen, K
TI Long-lived vortices as a mode of deep ventilation in the Greenland Sea
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ocean convection; winter; mesoscale; fluid
AB The Greenland Sea is one of a few sites in the world ocean where convection to great depths occurs(1-4)-a process that forms some of the densest waters in the ocean. But the role of deep convective eddies, which result from surface cooling and mixing across density surfaces followed by geostrophic adjustment(5), has not been fully taken into account in the description of the initiation and growth of convection(6). Here we present tracer, float and hydrographic observations of long-lived (similar to1 year) and compact (similar to5 km core diameter) vortices that reach down to depths of 2 km. The eddies form in winter, near the rim of the Greenland Sea central gyre, and rotate clockwise with periods of a few days. The cores of the observed eddies are constituted from a mixture of modified Atlantic water that is warm and salty with polar water that is cold and fresh. We infer that these submesoscale coherent eddies contribute substantially to the input of Atlantic and polar waters to depths greater than 500 m in the central Greenland Sea.
C1 Univ Paris 06, Lab Oceanog Dynam & Climatol, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
   Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   Univ Gothenburg, Dept Analyt & Marine Chem, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Univ Bergen, Inst Geophys, N-5007 Bergen, Norway.
   Univ Bergen, Bjerknes Ctr Climate Res, N-5007 Bergen, Norway.
   Nansen Environm & Remote Sensing Ctr, N-5037 Bergen, Norway.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; University of East Anglia; University of Gothenburg; University of Bergen; Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research; University of Bergen; Nansen Environmental & Remote Sensing Center (NERSC)
RP Gascard, JC (corresponding author), Univ Paris 06, Lab Oceanog Dynam & Climatol, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
NR 14
TC 77
Z9 82
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6880
BP 525
EP 527
DI 10.1038/416525a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 537JY
UT WOS:000174756500040
PM 11932742
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Levin, V
   Shapiro, N
   Park, J
   Ritzwoller, M
AF Levin, V
   Shapiro, N
   Park, J
   Ritzwoller, M
TI Seismic evidence for catastrophic slab loss beneath Kamchatka
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID klyuchevskoy volcano; lithosphere; subduction; mantle; deformation; constraints; tomography; detachment; magmatism; pacific
AB In the northwest Pacific Ocean, a sharp corner in the boundary between the Pacific plate and the North American plate joins a subduction zone running along the southern half of the Kamchatka peninsula(1) with a region of transcurrent motion along the western Aleutian arc(1,2). Here we present images of the seismic structure beneath the Aleutian-Kamchatka junction and the surrounding region, indicating that: the subducting Pacific lithosphere terminates at the Aleutian-Kamchatka junction; no relict slab underlies the extinct northern Kamchatka volcanic arc; and the upper mantle beneath northern Kamchatka has unusually slow shear wavespeeds. From the tectonic and volcanic evolution of Kamchatka over the past 10 Myr (refs 3-5) we infer that at least two episodes of catastrophic slab loss have occurred. About 5 to 10 Myr ago, catastrophic slab loss shut down island-arc volcanic activity north of the Aleutian-Kamchatka junction. A later episode of slab loss, since about 2 Myr ago, seems to be related to the activity of the world's most productive island-arc volcano, Klyuchevskoy(6). Removal of lithospheric mantle is commonly discussed in the context of a continental collision, but our findings imply that episodes of slab detachment and loss are also important agents in the evolution of oceanic convergent margins.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 Yale University; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Levin, V (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM vadim.levin@yale.edu
NR 30
TC 164
Z9 183
U1 2
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6899
BP 763
EP 767
DI 10.1038/nature00973
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 583UF
UT WOS:000177428000035
PM 12181563
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gavriil, FP
   Kaspi, VM
   Woods, PM
AF Gavriil, FP
   Kaspi, VM
   Woods, PM
TI Magnetar-like X-ray bursts from an anomalous X-ray pulsar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID soft gamma-repeaters; neutron-stars; field; emission; model
AB Anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs) are a class of rare X-ray emitting pulsars whose energy source has been perplexing for some 20 years(1-3). Unlike other X-ray emitting pulsars, AXPs cannot be powered by rotational energy or by accretion of matter from a binary companion star, hence the designation `anomalous'. Many of the rotational and radiative properties of the AXPs are strikingly similar to those of another class of exotic objects, the soft-gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs). But the defining property of the SGRs-their low-energy-gamma-ray and X-ray bursts-has not hitherto been observed for AXPs. Soft-gamma-ray repeaters are thought to be 'magnetars', which are young neutron stars whose emission is powered by the decay of an ultra-high magnetic field 4,5; the suggestion that AXPs might also be magnetars has been controversial(6). Here we report two X-ray bursts, with properties similar to those of SGRs, from the direction of the anomalous X-ray pulsar 1E1048.1-5937. These events imply a close relationship (perhaps evolutionary) between AXPs and SGRs, with both being magnetars.
C1 McGill Univ, Dept Phys, Montreal, PQ H3W 2C4, Canada.
   MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Space Res Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Space Sci Res Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA.
C3 McGill University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Kaspi, VM (corresponding author), McGill Univ, Dept Phys, Montreal, PQ H3W 2C4, Canada.
NR 27
TC 208
Z9 226
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6903
BP 142
EP 144
DI 10.1038/nature01011
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 592HK
UT WOS:000177931200034
PM 12226658
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Drenkard, E
   Ausubel, FM
AF Drenkard, E
   Ausubel, FM
TI Pseudomonas biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance are linked to phenotypic variation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID small-colony variants; brown blotch disease; cystic-fibrosis; escherichia-coli; surface hydrophobicity; persistent infections; bacterial biofilms; aeruginosa; strains; multiple
AB Colonization of the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients by the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the principal cause of mortality in CF populations(1,2). Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections generally persist despite the use of long-term antibiotic therapy(1,3). This has been explained by postulating that P. aeruginosa forms an antibiotic-resistant biofilm(4,5) consisting of bacterial communities embedded in an exopolysaccharide matrix. Alternatively, it has been proposed that resistant P. aeruginosa variants may be selected in the CF respiratory tract by antimicrobial therapy itself(1,6). Here we report that both explanations are correct, and are interrelated. We found that antibiotic-resistant phenotypic variants of P. aeruginosa with enhanced ability to form biofilms arise at high frequency both in vitro and in the lungs of CF patients. We also identified a regulatory protein (PvrR) that controls the conversion between antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-susceptible forms. Compounds that affect PvrR function could have an important role in the treatment of CF infections.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Ausubel, FM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
NR 28
TC 767
Z9 934
U1 4
U2 233
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6882
BP 740
EP 743
DI 10.1038/416740a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 542FU
UT WOS:000175033500043
PM 11961556
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Conte, MH
   Weber, JC
AF Conte, MH
   Weber, JC
TI Plant biomarkers in aerosols record isotopic discrimination of terrestrial photosynthesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric co2; carbon-dioxide; organic-matter; lipids; delta-c-13; biosphere; trends; cycle
AB Carbon uptake by the oceans and by the terrestrial biosphere can be partitioned using changes in the C-12/C-13 isotopic ratio (delta(13)C) of atmospheric carbon dioxide(1-4), because terrestrial photosynthesis strongly discriminates against (CO2)-C-13,whereas ocean uptake does not. This approach depends on accurate estimates of the carbon isotopic discrimination of terrestrial photosynthesis (Delta; ref. 5) at large regional scales(6), yet terrestrial ecosystem heterogeneity(7) makes such estimates problematic. Here we show that ablated plant wax compounds in continental air masses can be used to estimate Delta over large spatial scales and at less than monthly temporal resolution. We measured plant waxes in continental air masses advected to Bermuda, which are mainly of North American origin, and used the wax isotopic composition to estimate Delta simply. Our estimates indicate a large (5-6parts per thousand) seasonal variation in Delta of the temperate North American biosphere, with maximum discrimination occurring in late spring, coincident with the onset of production. We suggest that the observed seasonality arises from several factors, including seasonal shifts in the proportions of production by C-3 and C-4 plants, and environmentally controlled adjustments in the photosynthetic discrimination of C-3-plant-dominated ecosystems.
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Conte, MH (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
NR 30
TC 89
Z9 102
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6889
BP 639
EP 641
DI 10.1038/nature00777
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 559AE
UT WOS:000176001200045
PM 12050663
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Castellani, F
   van Rossum, B
   Diehl, A
   Schubert, M
   Rehbein, K
   Oschkinat, H
AF Castellani, F
   van Rossum, B
   Diehl, A
   Schubert, M
   Rehbein, K
   Oschkinat, H
TI Structure of a protein determined by solid-state magic-angle-spinning NMR spectroscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spectrin sh3 domain; distance measurements; rhodobacter-sphaeroides; membrane-proteins; reaction centers; rotating solids; c-13; assignment; resonance; environment
AB The determination of a representative set of protein structures is a chief aim in structural genomics. Solid-state NMR may have a crucial role in structural investigations of those proteins that do not easily form crystals or are not accessible to solution NMR, such as amyloid systems 1 or membrane proteins(2-4). Here we present a protein structure determined by solid-state magic-angle-spinning (MAS) NMR. Almost complete C-13 and N-15 resonance assignments for a micro-crystalline preparation of the alpha-spectrin Src-homology 3 (SH3) domain(5) formed the basis for the extraction of a set of distance restraints. These restraints were derived from proton-driven spin diffusion (PDSD) spectra of biosynthetically site-directed, labelled samples obtained from bacteria grown using [1,3- C-13] glycerol or [2-C-13] glycerol as carbon sources. This allowed the observation of long-range distance correlations up to similar to7 Angstrom. The calculated global fold of the alpha-spectrin SH3 domain is based on 286 inter-residue C-13-C-13 and six N-15-N-15 restraints, all self-consistently obtained by solid-state MAS NMR. This MAS NMR procedure should be widely applicable to small membrane proteins that can be expressed in bacteria.
C1 Forschungsinst Mol Pharmakol, D-13125 Berlin, Germany.
   Free Univ Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Free University of Berlin
RP Oschkinat, H (corresponding author), Forschungsinst Mol Pharmakol, Robert Rossle Str 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany.
NR 28
TC 790
Z9 909
U1 0
U2 266
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6911
BP 98
EP 102
DI 10.1038/nature01070
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 612HJ
UT WOS:000179068100044
PM 12422222
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Piskorowski, R
   Aldrich, RW
AF Piskorowski, R
   Aldrich, RW
TI Calcium activation of BKCa potassium channels lacking the calcium bowl and RCK domains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID allosteric gating mechanism; ca2+-activated k+ channels; large-conductance; ca channels; hair-cells; voltage; sensitivity; currents; identification; subunit
AB In many physiological systems such as neurotransmitter release, smooth muscle relaxation and frequency tuning of auditory hair cells, large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BKCa) channels create a connection between calcium signalling pathways and membrane excitability(1-4). BKCa channels are activated by voltage and by micromolar concentrations of intracellular calcium. Although it is possible to open BKCa channels in the absence of calcium(5-9), calcium binding is essential for their activation under physiological conditions. In the presence of intracellular calcium, BKCa channels open at more negative membrane potentials(5,10-14). Many experiments investigating the molecular mechanism of calcium activation of the BKCa channel have focused on the large intracellular carboxy terminus, and much evidence supports the hypothesis that calcium-binding sites are located in this region of the channel. Here we show that BKCa channels that lack the whole intracellular C terminus retain wild-type calcium sensitivity. These results show that the intracellular C terminus, including the 'calcium bowl' and the RCK domain, is not necessary for the calcium-activated opening of these channels.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Aldrich, RW (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 30
TC 56
Z9 69
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 499
EP 502
DI 10.1038/nature01199
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600044
PM 12466841
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Briggs, SD
   Xiao, TJ
   Sun, ZW
   Caldwell, JA
   Shabanowitz, J
   Hunt, DF
   Allis, CD
   Strahl, BD
AF Briggs, SD
   Xiao, TJ
   Sun, ZW
   Caldwell, JA
   Shabanowitz, J
   Hunt, DF
   Allis, CD
   Strahl, BD
TI Gene silencing -: Trans-histone regulatory pathway in chromatin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Chem, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Pathol, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
C3 University of Virginia; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of Virginia; University of Virginia
RP Briggs, SD (corresponding author), Univ Virginia, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
NR 11
TC 415
Z9 536
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 498
EP 498
DI 10.1038/nature00970
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800028
PM 12152067
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stott, PA
   Kettleborough, JA
AF Stott, PA
   Kettleborough, JA
TI Origins and estimates of uncertainty in predictions of twenty-first century temperature rise
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate-change; 20th-century temperature; model
AB Predictions of temperature rise over the twenty-first century are necessarily uncertain, both because the sensitivity of the climate system to changing atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations, as well as the rate of ocean heat uptake, is poorly quantified(1,2) and because future influences on climate-of anthropogenic as well as natural origin-are difficult to predict(3). Past observations have been used to help constrain the range of uncertainties in future warming rates, but under the assumption of a particular scenario of future emissions(4). Here we investigate the relative importance of the uncertainty in climate response to a particular emissions scenario versus the uncertainty caused by the differences between future emissions scenarios for our estimates of future change. We present probabilistic forecasts of global-mean temperatures for four representative scenarios for future emissions(5), obtained with a comprehensive climate model. We find that, in the absence of policies to mitigate climate change, global-mean temperature rise is insensitive to the differences in the emissions scenarios over the next four decades. We also show that in the future, as the signal of climate change emerges further, the predictions will become better constrained.
C1 Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Met Off, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England.
   Rutherford Appleton Lab, Space Sci & Technol Dept, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
C3 Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
RP Stott, PA (corresponding author), Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Met Off, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England.
NR 29
TC 284
Z9 312
U1 0
U2 88
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6882
BP 723
EP 726
DI 10.1038/416723a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 542FU
UT WOS:000175033500038
PM 11961551
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Suzuki, Y
   Kelly, SD
   Kemner, KM
   Banfield, JF
AF Suzuki, Y
   Kelly, SD
   Kemner, KM
   Banfield, JF
TI Radionuclide contamination - Nanometre-size products of uranium bioreduction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Environm Res, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Suzuki, Y (corresponding author), Japan Marine Sci & Technol Ctr, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237006, Japan.
EM jill@seismo.berkeley.edu
NR 4
TC 314
Z9 370
U1 0
U2 135
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6903
BP 134
EP 134
DI 10.1038/419134a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 592HK
UT WOS:000177931200032
PM 12226656
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Petersen-Mahrt, SK
   Harris, RS
   Neuberger, MS
AF Petersen-Mahrt, SK
   Harris, RS
   Neuberger, MS
TI AID mutates E-coli suggesting a DNA deamination mechanism for antibody diversification
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID class-switch recombination; somatic hypermutation; escherichia-coli; endonuclease-v; mutagenesis; deficiency; conversion; sequences; mutations; region
AB After gene rearrangement, immunoglobulin variable genes are diversified by somatic hypermutation or gene conversion, whereas the constant region is altered by class-switch recombination. All three processes depend on activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)(1-7), a B-cell-specific protein that has been proposed (because of sequence homology 1) to function by RNA editing. But indications that the three gene diversification processes might be initiated by a common type of DNA lesion(8-11), together with the proposal that there is a first phase of hypermutation that targets dC/dG(12), suggested to us that AID may function directly at dC/dG pairs. Here we show that expression of AID in Escherichia coli gives a mutator phenotype that yields nucleotide transitions at dC/dG in a context-dependent manner. Mutation triggered by AID is enhanced by a deficiency of uracil-DNA glycosylase, which indicates that AID functions by deaminating dC residues in DNA. We propose that diversification of functional immunoglobulin genes is triggered by AID-mediated deamination of dC residues in the immunoglobulin locus with the outcome-that is, hypermutation phases 1 and 2, gene conversion or switch recombination-dependent on the way in which the initiating dU/dG lesion is resolved.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP Neuberger, MS (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
NR 29
TC 735
Z9 903
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6893
BP 99
EP 103
DI 10.1038/nature00862
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 569JL
UT WOS:000176599200047
PM 12097915
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schofield, L
   Hewitt, MC
   Evans, K
   Siomos, MA
   Seeberger, PH
AF Schofield, L
   Hewitt, MC
   Evans, K
   Siomos, MA
   Seeberger, PH
TI Synthetic GPI as a candidate anti-toxic vaccine in a model of malaria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intercellular-adhesion molecule-1; vascular endothelial-cells; tumor-necrosis-factor; protein-kinase-c; glycosylphosphatidylinositol toxin; plasmodium-falciparum; intraerythrocytic stage; monoclonal-antibody; signal-transduction; cerebral malaria
AB The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum infects 5-10% of the world's population and kills two million people annually(1). Fatalities are thought to result in part from pathological reactions initiated by a malarial toxin. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) originating from the parasite has the properties predicted of a toxin(2-6); however, a requirement for toxins in general and GPI in particular in malarial pathogenesis and fatality remains unproven. As anti-toxic vaccines can be highly effective public health tools, we sought to determine whether anti-GPI vaccination could prevent pathology and fatalities in the Plasmodium berghei/rodent model of severe malaria. The P. falciparum GPI glycan of the sequence NH2-CH2-CH2-PO4-( Manalpha1-2) 6Manalpha1-2Manalpha1-6Manalpha1-4GlcNH(2)alpha1-6myo-inositol- 1,2-cyclic-phosphate was chemically synthesized, conjugated to carriers, and used to immunize mice. Recipients were substantially protected against malarial acidosis, pulmonary oedema, cerebral syndrome and fatality. Anti-GPI antibodies neutralized pro-inflammatory activity by P. falciparum in vitro. Thus, we show that GPI is a significant pro-inflammatory endotoxin of parasitic origin, and that several disease parameters in malarious mice are toxin-dependent. GPI may contribute to pathogenesis and fatalities in humans. Synthetic GPI is therefore a prototype carbohydrate anti-toxic vaccine against malaria.
C1 Royal Melbourne Hosp, Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Melbourne, Vic 3050, Australia.
   MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Walter & Eliza Hall Institute; Melbourne Health; Royal Melbourne Hospital; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Schofield, L (corresponding author), Royal Melbourne Hosp, Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Melbourne, Vic 3050, Australia.
EM schofield@wehi.edu.au; seeberg@mit.edu
NR 30
TC 387
Z9 469
U1 1
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6899
BP 785
EP 789
DI 10.1038/nature00937
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 583UF
UT WOS:000177428000041
PM 12181569
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kazmierczak, J
   Kremer, B
AF Kazmierczak, J
   Kremer, B
TI Palaeontology (Communication arising): Thermal alteration of the Earth's oldest fossils
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Polish Acad Sci, Inst Paleobiol, PL-00818 Warsaw, Poland.
C3 Polish Academy of Sciences; Institute of Paleobiology of the Polish Academy of Sciences
RP Kazmierczak, J (corresponding author), Polish Acad Sci, Inst Paleobiol, PL-00818 Warsaw, Poland.
NR 9
TC 30
Z9 35
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 477
EP 478
DI 10.1038/420477b
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600037
PM 12466835
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walsh, JE
   Doran, PT
   Priscu, JC
   Lyons, WB
   Fountain, AG
   McKnight, DM
   Moorhead, DL
   Virginia, RA
   Wall, DH
   Clow, GD
   Fritsen, CH
   McKay, CP
   Parsons, AN
AF Walsh, JE
   Doran, PT
   Priscu, JC
   Lyons, WB
   Fountain, AG
   McKnight, DM
   Moorhead, DL
   Virginia, RA
   Wall, DH
   Clow, GD
   Fritsen, CH
   McKay, CP
   Parsons, AN
TI Climate change - Recent temperature trends in the Antarctic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital
RP Doran, PT (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
NR 4
TC 5
Z9 6
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6895
BP 292
EP 292
DI 10.1038/418292a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 574BF
UT WOS:000176868000033
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thomas, JA
   Knapp, JJ
   Akino, T
   Gerty, S
   Wakamura, S
   Simcox, DJ
   Wardlaw, JC
   Elmes, GW
AF Thomas, JA
   Knapp, JJ
   Akino, T
   Gerty, S
   Wakamura, S
   Simcox, DJ
   Wardlaw, JC
   Elmes, GW
TI Insect communication: Parasitoid secretions provoke ant warfare - Subterfuge used by a rare wasp may be the key to an alternative type of pest control.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID butterfly maculinea-rebeli; chemical mimicry; host-specificity; social parasite
C1 Winfrith Technol Ctr, NERC, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Dorchester DT2 8ZD, Dorset, England.
   Univ Southampton, Sch Biol Sci, Southampton SO16 7PX, Hants, England.
   Natl Inst Agrobiol Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058634, Japan.
C3 UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); University of Southampton; National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences - Japan
RP Thomas, JA (corresponding author), Winfrith Technol Ctr, NERC, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Dorchester DT2 8ZD, Dorset, England.
EM jat@ceh.ac.uk
NR 11
TC 39
Z9 44
U1 0
U2 56
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6888
BP 505
EP 506
DI 10.1038/417505a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 556QK
UT WOS:000175860300030
PM 12037556
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ford, MGJ
   Mills, IG
   Peter, BJ
   Vallis, Y
   Praefcke, GJK
   Evans, PR
   McMahon, HT
AF Ford, MGJ
   Mills, IG
   Peter, BJ
   Vallis, Y
   Praefcke, GJK
   Evans, PR
   McMahon, HT
TI Curvature of clathrin-coated pits driven by epsin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID enth domain; vesicle formation; binding; eps15; amphiphysin; undergoes; dynamin; number
AB Clathrin-mediated endocytosis involves cargo selection and membrane budding into vesicles with the aid of a protein coat. Formation of invaginated pits on the plasma membrane and subsequent budding of vesicles is an energetically demanding process that involves the cooperation of clathrin with many different proteins. Here we investigate the role of the brain-enriched protein epsin 1 in this process. Epsin is targeted to areas of endocytosis by binding the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5) P-2). We show here that epsin 1 directly modifies membrane curvature on binding to PtdIns(4,5) P-2 in conjunction with clathrin polymerization. We have discovered that formation of an amphipathic alpha-helix in epsin is coupled to PtdIns(4,5)P-2 binding. Mutation of residues on the hydrophobic region of this helix abolishes the ability to curve membranes. We propose that this helix is inserted into one leaflet of the lipid bilayer, inducing curvature. On lipid monolayers epsin alone is sufficient to facilitate the formation of clathrin-coated invaginations.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP McMahon, HT (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM pre@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk; hmm@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
NR 27
TC 818
Z9 1039
U1 3
U2 96
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6905
BP 361
EP 366
DI 10.1038/nature01020
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 596ZB
UT WOS:000178195400037
PM 12353027
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Petersen, PH
   Zou, KY
   Hwang, JK
   Jan, YN
   Zhong, WM
AF Petersen, PH
   Zou, KY
   Hwang, JK
   Jan, YN
   Zhong, WM
TI Progenitor cell maintenance requires numb and numblike during mouse neurogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cortical neurogenesis; nervous-system; neuronal differentiation; asymmetric localization; pattern-formation; mammalian numb; glial-cells; stem-cells; expression; gene
AB Neurons in most regions of the mammalian nervous system are generated over an extended period of time during development. Maintaining sufficient numbers of progenitors over the course of neurogenesis is essential to ensure that neural cells are produced in correct numbers and diverse types(1-3). The underlying molecular mechanisms, like those governing stem-cell self-renewal in general, remain poorly understood. We report here that mouse numb and numblike (Nbl)(4-6), two highly conserved homologues of Drosophila numb(7,8), play redundant but critical roles in maintaining neural progenitor cells during embryogenesis, by allowing their progenies to choose progenitor over neuronal fates. In Nbl mutant embryos also conditionally mutant for mouse numb in the nervous system, early neurons emerge in the expected spatial and temporal pattern, but at the expense of progenitor cells, leading to a nearly complete depletion of dividing cells shortly after the onset of neurogenesis. Our findings show that a shared molecular mechanism, with mouse Numb and Nbl as key components, governs the self-renewal of all neural progenitor cells, regardless of their lineage or regional identities.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Yale University; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Zhong, WM (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS042048] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 280
Z9 346
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6910
BP 929
EP 934
DI 10.1038/nature01124
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 609MN
UT WOS:000178909700045
PM 12410312
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Noren, AJ
   Bierman, PR
   Steig, EJ
   Lini, A
   Southon, J
AF Noren, AJ
   Bierman, PR
   Steig, EJ
   Lini, A
   Southon, J
TI Millennial-scale storminess variability in the northeastern United States during the Holocene epoch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic; yr record; climate; ice; circulation; sediments; erosion; events; norway; cores
C1 Univ Vermont, Dept Geol, Burlington, VT 05405 USA.
   Univ Washington, Quaternary Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, CA 94551 USA.
C3 University of Vermont; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
RP Noren, AJ (corresponding author), Univ Vermont, Dept Geol, Burlington, VT 05405 USA.
NR 30
TC 145
Z9 177
U1 0
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6909
BP 821
EP 824
DI 10.1038/nature01132
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 607BD
UT WOS:000178769800041
PM 12397353
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Masumoto, H
   Muramatsu, S
   Kamimura, Y
   Araki, H
AF Masumoto, H
   Muramatsu, S
   Kamimura, Y
   Araki, H
TI S-Cdk-dependent phosphorylation of Sld2 essential for chromosomal DNA replication in budding yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; cell-cycle; polymerase-alpha; shuttle vectors; kinase; phase; origins; complex; protein; cdc45p
AB Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdks) in eukaryotic cells work as a key enzyme at various points in the cell cycle(1,2). At the onset of S phase, active S-phase Cdks (S-Cdks) are essential for chromosomal DNA replication(3). Although several replication proteins are phosphorylated in a Cdk-dependent manner(3), the biological effects of phosphorylation of these proteins on the activation of DNA replication have not been elucidated. Here we show that Sld2 (ref. 4) (also known as Drc1; ref. 5), one of the replication proteins of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), is phosphorylated in S phase in an S-Cdk-dependent manner, and mutant Sld2 lacking all the preferred Cdk phosphorylation sites (All-A) is defective in chromosomal DNA replication. Moreover, the complex that contains, at least, Sld2 and Dpb11 (ref. 6) (the Sld2-Dpb11 complex(4)) is formed predominantly in S phase; the All-A protein is defective in this complex formation. Because this complex is suggested to be essential for chromosomal DNA replication 4,5, it seems likely that S-Cdk positively regulates formation of the Sld2-Dpb11 complex and, consequently, chromosomal DNA replication.
C1 Grad Univ Adv Studies, Dept Genet, Natl Inst Genet, Div Microbial Genet, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Araki, H (corresponding author), Grad Univ Adv Studies, Dept Genet, Natl Inst Genet, Div Microbial Genet, Yata 1111, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
EM hiaraki@lab.nig.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 169
Z9 222
U1 1
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 7
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6872
BP 651
EP 655
DI 10.1038/nature713
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 519DC
UT WOS:000173709100049
PM 11807498
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lissauer, JJ
AF Lissauer, JJ
TI Extrasolar planets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID search; gj-876; pair; star
C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center
RP Lissauer, JJ (corresponding author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
NR 10
TC 32
Z9 35
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6905
BP 355
EP 358
DI 10.1038/419355a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 596ZB
UT WOS:000178195400033
PM 12353023
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jackson, JP
   Lindroth, AM
   Cao, XF
   Jacobsen, SE
AF Jackson, JP
   Lindroth, AM
   Cao, XF
   Jacobsen, SE
TI Control of CpNpG DNA methylation by the KRYPTONITE histone H3 methyltransferase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lysine-9 methylation; epigenetic alleles; protein; mutations; domains; chromo; site; heterochromatin; specificity
AB Gene silencing in eukaryotes is associated with the formation of heterochromatin, a complex of proteins and DNA that block transcription. Heterochromatin is characterized by the methylation of cytosine nucleotides of the DNA, the methylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3 Lys 9), and the specific binding of heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) to methylated H3 Lys 9 (refs 1-7). Although the relationship between these chromatin modifications is generally unknown, in the fungus Neurospora crassa, DNA methylation acts genetically downstream of H3 Lys 9 methylation(8). Here we report the isolation of KRYPTONITE, a methyltransferase gene specific to H3 Lys 9, identified in a mutant screen for suppressors of gene silencing at the Arabidopsis thaliana SUPERMAN (SUP) locus. Loss-of-function kryptonite alleles resemble mutants in the DNA methyltransferase gene CHROMOMETHYLASE3 (CMT3)(9), showing loss of cytosine methylation at sites of CpNpG trinucleotides (where N is A, C, G or T) and reactivation of endogenous retrotransposon sequences. We show that CMT3 interacts with an Arabidopsis homologue of HP1, which in turn interacts with methylated histones. These data suggest that CpNpG DNA methylation is controlled by histone H3 Lys 9 methylation, through interaction of CMT3 with methylated chromatin.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mol Cell & Dev Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Jacobsen, SE (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mol Cell & Dev Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM jacobsen@ucla.edu
NR 27
TC 1020
Z9 1212
U1 3
U2 133
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6880
BP 556
EP 560
DI 10.1038/nature731
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 537JY
UT WOS:000174756500049
PM 11898023
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pasteris, JD
   Wopenka, B
AF Pasteris, JD
   Wopenka, B
TI Laser-Raman spectroscopy (Communication arising): Images of the Earth's earliest fossils?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID structural characterization; graphite; carbons; spectra
C1 Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Pasteris, JD (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
NR 10
TC 51
Z9 52
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 476
EP 477
DI 10.1038/420476b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600035
PM 12466833
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harris, KD
   Henze, DA
   Hirase, H
   Leinekugel, X
   Dragoi, G
   Czurkó, A
   Buzsáki, G
AF Harris, KD
   Henze, DA
   Hirase, H
   Leinekugel, X
   Dragoi, G
   Czurkó, A
   Buzsáki, G
TI Spike train dynamics predicts theta-related phase precession in hippocampal pyramidal cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID behaving rat; in-vivo; neurons; synchronization; events; cortex
AB According to the temporal coding hypothesis(1), neurons encode information by the exact timing of spikes. An example of temporal coding is the hippocampal phase precession phenomenon, in which the timing of pyramidal cell spikes relative to the theta rhythm shows a unidirectional forward precession during spatial behaviour(2,3). Here we show that phase precession occurs in both spatial and non-spatial behaviours. We found that spike phase correlated with instantaneous discharge rate, and precessed unidirectionally at high rates, regardless of behaviour. The spatial phase precession phenomenon is therefore a manifestation of a more fundamental principle governing the timing of pyramidal cell discharge. We suggest that intrinsic properties of pyramidal cells have a key role in determining spike times, and that the interplay between the magnitude of dendritic excitation and rhythmic inhibition of the somatic region is responsible for the phase assignment of spikes(4,5)
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Mol & Behav Neurosci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Newark
RP Buzsáki, G (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Mol & Behav Neurosci, 197 Univ Ave, Newark, NJ 07102 USA.
NR 23
TC 303
Z9 365
U1 1
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6890
BP 738
EP 741
DI 10.1038/nature00808
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 561QY
UT WOS:000176154700044
PM 12066184
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bennett, IM
   Farfano, HMV
   Bogani, F
   Primak, A
   Liddell, PA
   Otero, L
   Sereno, L
   Silber, JJ
   Moore, AL
   Moore, TA
   Gust, D
AF Bennett, IM
   Farfano, HMV
   Bogani, F
   Primak, A
   Liddell, PA
   Otero, L
   Sereno, L
   Silber, JJ
   Moore, AL
   Moore, TA
   Gust, D
TI Active transport of Ca2+ by an artificial photosynthetic membrane
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-transfer; liquid membranes; derivatives
AB Transport of calcium ions across membranes and against a thermodynamic gradient is essential to many biological processes, including muscle contraction, the citric acid cycle, glycogen metabolism, release of neurotransmitters, vision, biological signal transduction and immune response. Synthetic systems that transport metal ions across lipid or liquid membranes are well known(1-6), and in some cases light has been used to facilitate transport(7). Typically, a carrier molecule located in a symmetric membrane binds the ion from aqueous solution on one side and releases it on the other. The thermodynamic driving force is provided by an ion concentration difference between the two aqueous solutions, coupling to such a gradient in an auxiliary species, or photomodulation of the carrier by an asymmetric photon flux(7). Here we report a different approach, in which active transport is driven not by concentration gradients, but by light-induced electron transfer in a photoactive molecule that is asymmetrically disposed across a lipid bilayer. The system comprises a synthetic, light-driven transmembrane Ca2+ pump based on a redox-sensitive, lipophilic Ca2+-binding shuttle molecule whose function is powered by an intramembrane artificial photosynthetic reaction centre. The resulting structure transports calcium ions across the bilayer of a liposome to develop both a calcium ion concentration gradient and a membrane potential, expanding Mitchell's concept of a redox loop mechanism for protons(8) to include divalent cations. Although the quantum yield is relatively low (similar to1 per cent), the Ca2+ electrochemical potential developed is significant.
C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Ctr Study Early Events Photosynthesis, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Univ Natl Rio Cuarto, Dept Quim & Fis, Rio Cuarto, Argentina.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Universidad Nacional Rio Cuarto
RP Gust, D (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
NR 12
TC 159
Z9 174
U1 5
U2 115
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6914
BP 398
EP 401
DI 10.1038/nature01209
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 619TZ
UT WOS:000179494700034
PM 12459780
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dawson, E
   Abecasis, GR
   Bumpstead, S
   Chen, Y
   Hunt, S
   Beare, DM
   Pabial, J
   Dibling, T
   Tinsley, E
   Kirby, S
   Carter, D
   Papaspyridonos, M
   Livingstone, S
   Ganske, R
   Lohmmussaar, E
   Zernant, J
   Tonisson, N
   Remm, M
   Mägi, R
   Puurand, T
   Vilo, J
   Kurg, A
   Rice, K
   Deloukas, P
   Mott, R
   Metspalu, A
   Bentley, DR
   Cardon, LR
   Dunham, I
AF Dawson, E
   Abecasis, GR
   Bumpstead, S
   Chen, Y
   Hunt, S
   Beare, DM
   Pabial, J
   Dibling, T
   Tinsley, E
   Kirby, S
   Carter, D
   Papaspyridonos, M
   Livingstone, S
   Ganske, R
   Lohmmussaar, E
   Zernant, J
   Tonisson, N
   Remm, M
   Mägi, R
   Puurand, T
   Vilo, J
   Kurg, A
   Rice, K
   Deloukas, P
   Mott, R
   Metspalu, A
   Bentley, DR
   Cardon, LR
   Dunham, I
TI A first-generation linkage disequilibrium map of human chromosome 22
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID meiotic recombination; sequence; finland; region; scan
AB DNA sequence variants in specific genes or regions of the human genome are responsible for a variety of phenotypes such as disease risk or variable drug response(1). These variants can be investigated directly, or through their non-random associations with neighbouring markers (called linkage disequilibrium (LD))(2-8). Here we report measurement of LD along the complete sequence of human chromosome 22. Duplicate genotyping and analysis of 1,504 markers in Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) reference families at a median spacing of 15 kilobases (kb) reveals a highly variable pattern of LD along the chromosome, in which extensive regions of nearly complete LD up to 804 kb in length are interspersed with regions of little or no detectable LD. The LD patterns are replicated in a panel of unrelated UK Caucasians. There is a strong correlation between high LD and low recombination frequency in the extant genetic map, suggesting that historical and contemporary recombination rates are similar. This study demonstrates the feasibility of developing genome-wide maps of LD.
C1 Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Biostat, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Third Wave Technol Inc, Madison, WI 53719 USA.
   Univ Tartu, IMCB, EE-51010 Tartu, Estonia.
   Univ Tartu, Estonian Bioctr, EE-51010 Tartu, Estonia.
   Asper Ltd, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia.
   European Bioinformat Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SD, England.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; University of Oxford; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Tartu; University of Tartu; Estonian Biocentre; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); European Bioinformatics Institute
RP Dunham, I (corresponding author), Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
EM lon.cardon@well.ox.ac.uk; id1@sanger.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 297
Z9 366
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 544
EP 548
DI 10.1038/nature00864
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800043
PM 12110843
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mayberry, RI
   Lock, E
   Kazmi, H
AF Mayberry, RI
   Lock, E
   Kazmi, H
TI Development - Linguistic ability and early language exposure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID critical period; acquisition; age
C1 McGill Univ, Sch Commun Sci & Disorders, Montreal, PQ H3G 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Ottawa, Fac Med, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
   Univ Western Ontario, Elborn Coll, Sch Commun Sci & Disorders, London, ON N6G 1H1, Canada.
C3 McGill University; University of Ottawa; Western University (University of Western Ontario)
RP Mayberry, RI (corresponding author), McGill Univ, Sch Commun Sci & Disorders, 1266 Pine Ave W, Montreal, PQ H3G 1A8, Canada.
NR 12
TC 214
Z9 273
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6884
BP 38
EP 38
DI 10.1038/417038a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 546ZM
UT WOS:000175307200030
PM 11986658
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cumming, BG
AF Cumming, BG
TI An unexpected specialization for horizontal disparity in primate primary visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cortical area v1; binocular disparity; depth discrimination; striate cortex; complex cells; neurons; macaque; mechanisms; perception; responses
AB The horizontal separation of the eyes means that objects nearer or farther than the fixation point project to different locations on the two retinae, differing principally in their horizontal coordinates (horizontal binocular disparity). Disparity-selective neurons have generally been studied with disparities applied in only one direction 1 (often horizontal), which cannot determine whether the encoding is specialized for processing disparities along the horizontal axis. It is therefore unclear if disparity selectivity represents a specialization for naturally occurring disparities. I used random dot stereograms to study disparity-selective neurons from the primary visual cortex (V1) of awake fixating monkeys. Many combinations of vertical and horizontal disparity were used, characterizing the surface of responses as a function of two-dimensional disparity. Here I report that the response surface usually showed elongation along the horizontal disparity axis, despite the isotropic stimulus. Thus these neurons modulated their firing rate over a wider range of horizontal disparity than vertical disparity. This demonstrates that disparity-selective cells are specialized for processing horizontal disparity, and that existing models(2,3) of disparity selectivity require substantial revision.
C1 NEI, Sensorimotor Res Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20982 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Eye Institute (NEI)
RP Cumming, BG (corresponding author), NEI, Sensorimotor Res Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20982 USA.
FU National Eye Institute [ZIAEY000404] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 20
TC 94
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 633
EP 636
DI 10.1038/nature00909
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600041
PM 12167860
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Breyton, C
   Haase, W
   Rapoport, TA
   Kühlbrandt, W
   Collinson, I
AF Breyton, C
   Haase, W
   Rapoport, TA
   Kühlbrandt, W
   Collinson, I
TI Three-dimensional structure of the bacterial protein-translocation complex SecYEG
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; preprotein translocation; membrane; seca; channel; reconstitution; topology; sec61p
AB Transport and membrane integration of polypeptides is carried out by specific protein complexes in the membranes of all living cells. The Sec transport path provides an essential and ubiquitous route for protein translocation(1). In the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, the channel is formed by oligomers of a heterotrimeric membrane protein complex consisting of subunits SecY, SecE and SecG(2,3). In the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, the channel is formed from the related Sec61 complex(4). Here we report the structure of the Escherichia coli SecYEG assembly at an in-plane resolution of 8 Angstrom. The three-dimensional map, calculated from two-dimensional SecYEG crystals, reveals a sandwich of two membranes interacting through the extensive cytoplasmic domains. Each membrane is composed of dimers of SecYEG. The monomeric complex contains 15 transmembrane helices. In the centre of the dimer we observe a 16 x 25 Angstrom cavity closed on the periplasmic side by two highly tilted transmembrane helices. This may represent the closed state of the protein-conducting channel.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biophys, Abt Strukturbiol, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   IBPC, CNRS, UMR 7099, F-75005 Paris, France.
C3 Max Planck Society; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB)
RP Breyton, C (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biophys, Abt Strukturbiol, Hoffmann Str 7, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
EM Cecile.Breyton@ibpc.fr; Ian.Collinson@mpibp-frankfurt.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 212
Z9 246
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 662
EP 665
DI 10.1038/nature00827
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600048
PM 12167867
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Macilwain, C
AF Macilwain, C
TI The rise of the bean counters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 31
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6871
BP 466
EP 467
DI 10.1038/415466a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 516PQ
UT WOS:000173564300012
PM 11823822
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Said, R
AF Said, R
TI Geoarchaeology: Did Nile flooding sink two ancient cities?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Geol Survey Egypt, Annandale, VA 22003 USA.
NR 8
TC 2
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 3
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6867
BP 37
EP 38
DI 10.1038/415037a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 507KZ
UT WOS:000173028800030
PM 11780107
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bird, AW
   Yu, DY
   Pray-Grant, MG
   Qiu, QF
   Harmon, KE
   Megee, PC
   Grant, PA
   Smith, MM
   Christman, MF
AF Bird, AW
   Yu, DY
   Pray-Grant, MG
   Qiu, QF
   Harmon, KE
   Megee, PC
   Grant, PA
   Smith, MM
   Christman, MF
TI Acetylation of histone H4 by Esa1 is required for DNA double-strand break repair
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; acetyltransferase; complex; protein; recombination; recruitment; involvement; interacts; binding; saga
AB Although the acetylation of histones has a well-documented regulatory role in transcription(1-4), its role in other chromosomal functions remains largely unexplored. Here we show that distinct patterns of histone H4 acetylation are essential in two separate pathways of double-strand break repair. A budding yeast strain with mutations in wild-type H4 acetylation sites shows defects in nonhomologous end joining repair and in a newly described pathway of replication-coupled repair. Both pathways require the ESA1 histone acetyl transferase (HAT), which is responsible for acetylating all H4 tail lysines, including ectopic lysines that restore repair capacity to a mutant H4 tail. Arp4, a protein that binds histone H4 tails and is part of the Esa1-containing NuA4 HAT complex, is recruited specifically to DNA double-strand breaks that are generated in vivo. The purified Esa1-Arp4 HAT complex acetylates linear nucleosomal arrays with far greater efficiency than circular arrays in vitro, indicating that it preferentially acetylates nucleosomes near a break site. Together, our data show that histone tail acetylation is required directly for DNA repair and suggest that a related human HAT complex may function similarly.
C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Microbiol, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Boston Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Genet & Genom, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
C3 University of Virginia; University of Virginia; Boston University
RP Christman, MF (corresponding author), Univ Virginia, Dept Microbiol, 1300 Jefferson Pk Ave, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
EM mfc@bu.edu
NR 27
TC 456
Z9 567
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6905
BP 411
EP 415
DI 10.1038/nature01035
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 596ZB
UT WOS:000178195400050
PM 12353039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ji, Q
   Luo, ZX
   Yuan, CX
   Wible, JR
   Zhang, JP
   Georgi, JA
AF Ji, Q
   Luo, ZX
   Yuan, CX
   Wible, JR
   Zhang, JP
   Georgi, JA
TI The earliest known eutherian mammal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mongolia; evolution; phylogeny; tree
AB The skeleton of a eutherian (placental) mammal has been discovered from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of northeastern China. We estimate its age to be about 125 million years (Myr), extending the date of the oldest eutherian records with skull and skeleton by about 40-50 Myr. Our analyses place the new fossil at the root of the eutherian tree and among the four other known Early Cretaceous eutherians, and suggest an earlier and greater diversification of stem eutherians that occurred well before the molecular estimate for the diversification of extant placental superorders (104-64 Myr). The new eutherian has limb and foot features that are known only from scansorial (climbing) and arboreal (tree-living) extant mammals, in contrast to the terrestrial or cursorial (running) features of other Cretaceous eutherians. This suggests that the earliest eutherian lineages developed different locomotory adaptations, facilitating their spread to diverse niches in the Cretaceous.
C1 Carnegie Museum Nat Hist, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
   Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Beijing 100037, Peoples R China.
   Geosci Univ China, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China.
C3 China Geological Survey; Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences; China University of Geosciences
RP Luo, ZX (corresponding author), Carnegie Museum Nat Hist, 4400 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
NR 50
TC 367
Z9 451
U1 6
U2 87
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6883
BP 816
EP 822
DI 10.1038/416816a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 544MH
UT WOS:000175163800043
PM 11976675
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tauchi, H
   Kobayashi, J
   Morishima, K
   van Gent, DC
   Shiraishi, T
   Verkaik, NS
   vanHeems, D
   Ito, E
   Nakamura, A
   Sonodo, E
   Takata, M
   Takeda, S
   Matsuura, S
   Komatsu, K
AF Tauchi, H
   Kobayashi, J
   Morishima, K
   van Gent, DC
   Shiraishi, T
   Verkaik, NS
   vanHeems, D
   Ito, E
   Nakamura, A
   Sonodo, E
   Takata, M
   Takeda, S
   Matsuura, S
   Komatsu, K
TI Nbs1 is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination in higher vertebrate cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strand break repair; gene conversion; human mre11; complex; protein; yeast; integration; cloning; roles
AB Double-strand breaks occur during DNA replication and are also induced by ionizing radiation. There are at least two pathways which can repair such breaks: non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination (HR). Although these pathways are essentially independent of one another, it is possible that the proteins Mre11, Rad50 and Xrs2 are involved in both pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae(1). In vertebrate cells, little is known about the exact function of the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex in the repair of double-strand breaks because Mre11-andRad50-null mutations are lethal(2). Here we show that Nbs1 is essential for HR-mediated repair in higher vertebrate cells. The disruption of Nbs1 reduces gene conversion and sister chromatid exchanges, similar to other HR-deficient mutants(3). In fact, a site-specific double-strand break repair assay showed a notable reduction of HR events following generation of such breaks in Nbs1-disrupted cells. The rare recombinants observed in the Nbs1-disrupted cells were frequently found to have aberrant structures, which possibly arise from unusual crossover events, suggesting that the Nbs1 complex might be required to process recombination intermediates.
C1 Ibaraki Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Environm Sci, Mito, Ibaraki 3108512, Japan.
   Hiroshima Univ, Res Inst Radiat Biol & Med, Dept Radiat Biol, Minami Ku, Hiroshima 7348553, Japan.
   Erasmus Univ, Dept Cell Biol & Genet, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
   Kyoto Univ, Fac Med, Dept Radiat Genet, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Radiat Biol Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
   Kawasaki Med Sch, Okayama 7010192, Japan.
C3 Ibaraki University; Hiroshima University; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus University Rotterdam - Excl Erasmus MC; Kyoto University; Kyoto University; Kawasaki Medical School
RP Tauchi, H (corresponding author), Ibaraki Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Environm Sci, Bunkyo 2-1-1, Mito, Ibaraki 3108512, Japan.
EM htauchi@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp; komatsu@house.rbc.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 238
Z9 276
U1 1
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6911
BP 93
EP 98
DI 10.1038/nature01125
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 612HJ
UT WOS:000179068100043
PM 12422221
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lemaïtre, JM
   Bocquet, S
   Méchali, M
AF Lemaïtre, JM
   Bocquet, S
   Méchali, M
TI Competence to replicate in the unfertilized egg is conferred by Cdc6 during meiotic maturation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclin-dependent kinases; dna-replication; cell-cycle; xenopus-laevis; chromosome-replication; chromatin association; oocyte maturation; cytostatic factor; proto-oncogene; mcm complex
AB Meiotic maturation, the final step of oogenesis, is a crucial stage of development in which an immature oocyte becomes a fertilizable egg(1). In Xenopus, the ability to replicate DNA is acquired during maturation at breakdown of the nuclear envelope 2 by translation of a DNA synthesis inducer that is not present in the oocyte(2,3). Here we identify Cdc6, which is essential for recruiting the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase to the prereplication complex, as this inducer of DNA synthesis. We show that maternal cdc6 mRNA but not protein is stored in the oocyte. Cdc6 protein is synthesized during maturation, but this process can be blocked by degrading the maternal cdc6 mRNA by oligonucleotide antisense injections or by translation inhibition. Rescue experiments using recombinant Cdc6 protein show that Cdc6 is the only missing replication factor whose translation is necessary and sufficient to confer DNA replication competence to the egg before fertilization. The licence to replicate is given by Cdc6 at the end of meiosis I, but the cytostatic factor (CSF) pathway, which maintains large amounts of active Cdc2/Cyclin B2, prevents the entry into S phase until fertilization.
C1 CNRS, Inst Human Genet, F-34396 Montpellier 5, France.
C3 Universite de Montpellier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Méchali, M (corresponding author), CNRS, Inst Human Genet, 141 Rue Cardonille, F-34396 Montpellier 5, France.
NR 30
TC 49
Z9 51
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6908
BP 718
EP 722
DI 10.1038/nature01046
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 604JF
UT WOS:000178615200040
PM 12384698
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ruitenberg, M
   Kannt, A
   Bamberg, E
   Fendler, K
   Michel, H
AF Ruitenberg, M
   Kannt, A
   Bamberg, E
   Fendler, K
   Michel, H
TI Reduction of cytochrome c oxidase by a second electron leads to proton translocation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bo ubiquinol oxidase; paracoccus-denitrificans; escherichia-coli; subunit-i; site; state
AB Cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal enzyme of cellular respiration in mitochondria and many bacteria, reduces O-2 to water. This four-electron reduction process is coupled to translocation (pumping) of four protons across the mitochondrial or bacterial membrane(1); however, proton pumping is poorly understood. Proton pumping was thought to be linked exclusively to the oxidative phase, that is, to the transfer of the third and fourth electron(2). Upon re-evaluation of these data, however, this proposal has been questioned(3,4), and a transport mechanism including proton pumping in the reductive phase-that is, during the transfer of the first two electrons-was suggested. Subsequently, additional studies reported that proton pumping during the reductive phase can occur, but only when it is immediately preceded by an oxidative phase(5). To help clarify the issue we have measured the generation of the electric potential across the membrane, starting from a defined one-electron reduced state. Here we show that a second electron transfer into the enzyme leads to charge translocation corresponding to pumping of one proton without necessity for a preceding turnover.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biophys, Dept Mol Membrane Biol, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Biophys, Dept Biophys Chem, D-60596 Frankfurt, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society
RP Michel, H (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biophys, Dept Mol Membrane Biol, Heinrich Hoffmann Str 7, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
EM fendler@mpibp-frankfurt.mpg.de; michel@mpibp-frankfurt.mpg.de
NR 22
TC 102
Z9 112
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6884
BP 99
EP 102
DI 10.1038/417099a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 546ZM
UT WOS:000175307200046
PM 11986672
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knight, J
AF Knight, J
TI Physics meets biology: Bridging the culture gap
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 5
TC 17
Z9 19
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6904
BP 244
EP 246
DI 10.1038/419244a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 594NH
UT WOS:000178056300014
PM 12239534
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Van Eerdewegh, P
   Little, RD
   Dupuis, J
   Del Mastro, RG
   Falls, K
   Simon, J
   Torrey, D
   Pandit, S
   McKenny, J
   Braunschweiger, K
   Walsh, A
   Liu, ZY
   Hayward, B
   Folz, C
   Manning, SP
   Bawa, A
   Saracino, L
   Thackston, M
   Benchekroun, Y
   Capparell, N
   Wang, M
   Adair, R
   Feng, Y
   Dubois, J
   FitzGerald, MG
   Huang, H
   Gibson, R
   Allen, KM
   Pedan, A
   Danzig, MR
   Umland, SP
   Egan, RW
   Cuss, FM
   Rorke, S
   Clough, JB
   Holloway, JW
   Holgate, ST
   Keith, TP
AF Van Eerdewegh, P
   Little, RD
   Dupuis, J
   Del Mastro, RG
   Falls, K
   Simon, J
   Torrey, D
   Pandit, S
   McKenny, J
   Braunschweiger, K
   Walsh, A
   Liu, ZY
   Hayward, B
   Folz, C
   Manning, SP
   Bawa, A
   Saracino, L
   Thackston, M
   Benchekroun, Y
   Capparell, N
   Wang, M
   Adair, R
   Feng, Y
   Dubois, J
   FitzGerald, MG
   Huang, H
   Gibson, R
   Allen, KM
   Pedan, A
   Danzig, MR
   Umland, SP
   Egan, RW
   Cuss, FM
   Rorke, S
   Clough, JB
   Holloway, JW
   Holgate, ST
   Keith, TP
TI Association of the ADAM33 gene with asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID linkage disequilibrium; protease; proteins; markers; mutation; domain; family
AB Asthma is a common respiratory disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of coughing, wheezing and breathlessness. Although environmental factors such as allergen exposure are risk factors in the development of asthma, both twin and family studies point to a strong genetic component(1,2). To date, linkage studies have identified more than a dozen genomic regions linked to asthma(3). In this study, we performed a genome-wide scan on 460 Caucasian families and identified a locus on chromosome 20p13 that was linked to asthma (log(10) of the likelihood ratio (LOD), 2.94) and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (LOD, 3.93). A survey of 135 polymorphisms in 23 genes identified the ADAM33 gene 4 as being significantly associated with asthma using case-control, transmission disequilibrium and haplotype analyses (P=0.04-0.000003). ADAM proteins are membrane-anchored metalloproteases with diverse functions, which include the shedding of cell-surface proteins such as cytokines and cytokine receptors(5). The identification and characterization of ADAM33, a putative asthma susceptibility gene identified by positional cloning in an outbred population, should provide insights into the pathogenesis and natural history of this common disease.
C1 Genome Therapeut Corp, Waltham, MA 02453 USA.
   Schering Plough Corp, Res Inst, Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA.
   Univ Southampton, Sch Med, Resp Cell & Mol Biol Infect Inflammat & Repair Re, Southampton Gen Hosp, Southampton, Hants, England.
C3 Merck & Company; Schering Plough Corporation; University of Southampton
RP Keith, TP (corresponding author), Genome Therapeut Corp, 100 Beaver St, Waltham, MA 02453 USA.
NR 30
TC 840
Z9 937
U1 1
U2 60
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6896
BP 426
EP 430
DI 10.1038/nature00878
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 576MU
UT WOS:000177009700040
PM 12110844
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jiang, YH
   Jahagirdar, BN
   Reinhardt, RL
   Schwartz, RE
   Keene, CD
   Ortiz-Gonzalez, XR
   Reyes, M
   Lenvik, T
   Lund, T
   Blackstad, M
   Du, JB
   Aldrich, S
   Lisberg, A
   Low, WC
   Largaespada, DA
   Verfaillie, CM
AF Jiang, YH
   Jahagirdar, BN
   Reinhardt, RL
   Schwartz, RE
   Keene, CD
   Ortiz-Gonzalez, XR
   Reyes, M
   Lenvik, T
   Lund, T
   Blackstad, M
   Du, JB
   Aldrich, S
   Lisberg, A
   Low, WC
   Largaespada, DA
   Verfaillie, CM
TI RETRACTED: Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow (Retracted Article)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID bone-marrow; progenitor cells; mouse; differentiate; expression; origin; mice; hepatocytes; engraftment; generation
AB We report here that cells co-purifying with mesenchymal stem cells-termed here multipotent adult progenitor cells or MAPCs-differentiate, at the single cell level, not only into mesenchymal cells, but also cells with visceral mesoderm, neuroectoderm and endoderm characteristics in vitro. When injected into an early blastocyst, single MAPCs contribute to most, if not all, somatic cell types. On transplantation into a non-irradiated host, MAPCs engraft and differentiate to the haematopoietic lineage, in addition to the epithelium of liver, lung and gut. Engraftment in the haematopoietic system as well as the gastrointestinal tract is increased when MAPCs are transplanted in a minimally irradiated host. As MAPCs proliferate extensively without obvious senescence or loss of differentiation potential, they may be an ideal cell source for therapy of inherited or degenerative diseases.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Stem Cell Inst, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Hematol Oncol & Transplantat, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Ctr Immunol, Dept Microbiol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Neurosurg, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Genet Cell Biol & Dev, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Verfaillie, CM (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Stem Cell Inst, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
EM verfa001@umn.edu
NR 49
TC 4524
Z9 5792
U1 10
U2 770
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6893
BP 41
EP 49
DI 10.1038/nature00870
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 569JL
UT WOS:000176599200033
PM 12077603
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beerling, D
AF Beerling, D
TI Palaeoclimatology -: CO2 and the end-Triassic mass extinction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atlantic magmatic province; basalts
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Sheffield
RP Beerling, D (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
NR 10
TC 42
Z9 46
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 24
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6870
BP 386
EP 387
DI 10.1038/415386a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 514HR
UT WOS:000173433600037
PM 11807542
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Merbach, MA
   Merbach, DJ
   Maschwitz, U
   Booth, WE
   Fiala, B
   Zizka, G
AF Merbach, MA
   Merbach, DJ
   Maschwitz, U
   Booth, WE
   Fiala, B
   Zizka, G
TI Carnivorous plants - Mass march of termites into the deadly trap
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID borneo
C1 Univ Frankfurt, Inst Zool, Fachbereich Biol, D-60054 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Univ Wurzburg, Biozentrum, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
   Univ Frankfurt, D-60325 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Forschungsinst Senckenberg, D-60325 Frankfurt, Germany.
C3 Goethe University Frankfurt; University of Wurzburg; Goethe University Frankfurt; Leibniz Association; Senckenberg Gesellschaft fur Naturforschung (SGN)
RP Merbach, MA (corresponding author), Univ Frankfurt, Inst Zool, Fachbereich Biol, Postfach 111932, D-60054 Frankfurt, Germany.
NR 7
TC 45
Z9 50
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 3
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6867
BP 36
EP 37
DI 10.1038/415036a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 507KZ
UT WOS:000173028800029
PM 11780106
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gill, RA
   Polley, HW
   Johnson, HB
   Anderson, LJ
   Maherali, H
   Jackson, RB
AF Gill, RA
   Polley, HW
   Johnson, HB
   Anderson, LJ
   Maherali, H
   Jackson, RB
TI Nonlinear grassland responses to past and future atmospheric CO2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID elevated co2; carbon-dioxide; water-use; soil; nitrogen; biomass; decomposition; feedback; litter
AB Carbon sequestration in soil organic matter may moderate increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations (C-a) as C-a increases to more than 500 mumol mol(-1) this century from interglacial levels of less than 200 mumol mol(-1) (refs 1- 6). However, such carbon storage depends on feedbacks between plant responses to Ca and nutrient availability(7,8). Here we present evidence that soil carbon storage and nitrogen cycling in a grassland ecosystem are much more responsive to increases in past Ca than to those forecast for the coming century. Along a continuous gradient of 200 to 550 mumol mol(-1) (refs 9, 10), increased C-a promoted higher photosynthetic rates and altered plant tissue chemistry. Soil carbon was lost at subambient C-a, but was unchanged at elevated C-a where losses of old soil carbon offset increases in new carbon. Along the experimental gradient in C-a there was a nonlinear, threefold decrease in nitrogen availability. The differences in sensitivity of carbon storage to historical and future C-a and increased nutrient limitation suggest that the passive sequestration of carbon in soils may have been important historically, but the ability of soils to continue as sinks is limited.
C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   ARS, USDA, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA.
   Univ Texas, Dept Bot, Austin, TX 78713 USA.
   Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
C3 Duke University; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; Duke University
RP Gill, RA (corresponding author), Washington State Univ, Program Environm Sci & Reg Planning, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
EM rgill@wsu.edu
NR 29
TC 264
Z9 318
U1 1
U2 133
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 279
EP 282
DI 10.1038/417279a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100045
PM 12015601
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Frisch, U
   Matarrese, S
   Mohayaee, R
   Sobolevski, A
AF Frisch, U
   Matarrese, S
   Mohayaee, R
   Sobolevski, A
TI A reconstruction of the initial conditions of the Universe by optimal mass transportation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primordial density-fluctuations; large-scale structure; gravitational-instability; least action; velocity; fields; back
AB Reconstructing the density fluctuations in the early Universe that evolved into the distribution of galaxies we see today is a challenge to modern cosmology(1). An accurate reconstruction would allow us to test cosmological models by simulating the evolution starting from the reconstructed primordial state and comparing it to observations. Several reconstruction techniques have been proposed(2-9), but they all suffer from lack of uniqueness because the velocities needed to produce a unique reconstruction usually are not known. Here we show that reconstruction can be reduced to a well-determined problem of optimization, and present a specific algorithm that provides excellent agreement when tested against data from N-body simulations. By applying our algorithm to the redshift surveys now under way(10), we will be able to recover reliably the properties of the primeval fluctuation field of the local Universe, and to determine accurately the peculiar velocities (deviations from the Hubble expansion) and the true positions of many more galaxies than is feasible by any other method.
C1 Observ Cote Azur, CNRS, UMR 6529, F-06304 Nice 4, France.
   Dipartimento Fis G Galilei, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
   Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Padova, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
   Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
   Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Dept Phys, Moscow 119899, Russia.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Cote d'Azur; Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); Sapienza University Rome; Lomonosov Moscow State University
RP Frisch, U (corresponding author), Observ Cote Azur, CNRS, UMR 6529, BP 4229, F-06304 Nice 4, France.
EM uriel@obs-nice.fr
NR 31
TC 136
Z9 154
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 260
EP 262
DI 10.1038/417260a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100039
PM 12015595
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kern, B
   Martin, C
AF Kern, B
   Martin, C
TI Optical pulsations from the anomalous X-ray pulsar 4U0142+61
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neutron-stars; white-dwarf; magnetic-field; counterpart; 4u-0142+61; b0540-69; nebula
AB Anomalous X-ray pulsars(1) (AXPs) differ from ordinary radio pulsars in that their X-ray luminosity is orders of magnitude greater than their rate of rotational energy loss, and so they require an additional energy source. One possibility is that AXPs are highly magnetized neuron stars(2)-or 'magnetars'-having surface magnetic fields greater than 10(14) G. This would make them similar to the soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs)(3), but alternative models that do not require extreme magnetic fields also exist. An optical counterpart to the AXP 4U0142+61 was recently discovered(4), consistent with emission from a magnetar, but also from a magnetized hot white dwarf(5), or an accreting isolated(6) neutron star(7). Here we report the detection of optical pulsations from 4U0142+61. The pulsed fraction of optical light (27 per cent) is five to ten times greater than that of soft X-rays, from which we conclude that 4U0142+61 is a magnetar. Although this establishes a direct relationship between AXPs and the soft gamma-ray repeaters, the evolutionary connection between AXPs, SGRs and radio pulsars remains controversial.
C1 CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Kern, B (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron, MS 405-47, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 30
TC 91
Z9 97
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6888
BP 527
EP 529
DI 10.1038/417527a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 556QK
UT WOS:000175860300035
PM 12037561
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Costa, RM
   Federov, NB
   Kogan, JH
   Murphy, GG
   Stern, J
   Ohno, M
   Kucherlapati, R
   Jacks, T
   Silva, AJ
AF Costa, RM
   Federov, NB
   Kogan, JH
   Murphy, GG
   Stern, J
   Ohno, M
   Kucherlapati, R
   Jacks, T
   Silva, AJ
TI Mechanism for the learning deficits in a mouse model of neurofibromatosis type 1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; morris water maze; farnesyltransferase inhibitors; n-ras; nf1; gene; cells; gap; impairment; drosophila
AB Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is one of the most common single-gene disorders that causes learning deficits in humans(1). Mice carrying a heterozygous null mutation of the Nf1 gene (Nf1(+/-)) show important features of the learning deficits associated with NF1 (ref. 2). Although neurofibromin has several known properties and functions, including Ras GTPase-activating protein activity(3,4), adenylyl cyclase modulation(5,6) and microtubule binding(7), it is unclear which of these are essential for learning in mice and humans. Here we show that the learning deficits of Nf1(+/-) mice can be rescued by genetic and pharmacological manipulations that decrease Ras function. We also show that the Nf1(+/-) mice have increased GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid)-mediated inhibition and specific deficits in long-term potentiation, both of which can be reversed by decreasing Ras function. Our results indicate that the learning deficits associated with NF1 may be caused by excessive Ras activity, which leads to impairments in long-term potentiation caused by increased GABA-mediated inhibition. Our findings have implications for the development of treatments for learning deficits associated with NF1.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, BRI, Dept Neurobiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, BRI, Dept Psychiat, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, BRI, Dept Psychol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Mol Genet, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Silva, AJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, BRI, Dept Neurobiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS38480] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 455
Z9 533
U1 2
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 31
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6871
BP 526
EP 530
DI 10.1038/nature711
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 516PQ
UT WOS:000173564300047
PM 11793011
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pandur, P
   Läsche, M
   Eisenberg, LM
   Kühl, M
AF Pandur, P
   Läsche, M
   Eisenberg, LM
   Kühl, M
TI Wnt-11 activation of a non-canonical Wnt signalling pathway is required for cardiogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID convergent extension movements; protein-kinase-c; xenopus-laevis; transcription factor; cardiac development; signaling pathways; frizzled homologs; wnt/beta-catenin; expression; mesoderm
AB Formation of the vertebrate heart requires a complex interplay of several temporally regulated signalling cascades(1). In Xenopus laevis, cardiac specification occurs during gastrulation and requires signals from the dorsal lip and underlying endoderm(2). Among known Xenopus Wnt genes, only Wnt-11 shows a spatiotemporal pattern of expression that correlates with cardiac specification, which indicates that Wnt-11 may be involved in heart development(3,4). Here we show, through loss- and gain-of-function experiments, that XWnt-11 is required for heart formation in Xenopus embryos and is sufficient to induce a contractile phenotype in embryonic explants. Treating the mouse embryonic carcinoma stem cell line P19 with murine Wnt-11 conditioned medium triggers cardiogenesis, which indicates that the function of Wnt-11 in heart development has been conserved in higher vertebrates. XWnt-11 mediates this effect by non-canonical Wnt signalling, which is independent of beta-catenin and involves protein kinase C and Jun amino-terminal kinase. Our results indicate that the cardiac developmental program requires non-canonical Wnt signal transduction.
C1 Univ Gottingen, Abt Entwicklungsbiochem, Jr Grp SFB 271, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.
   Univ Ulm, Biochem Abt, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
   Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Charleston, SC 29425 USA.
C3 University of Gottingen; Ulm University; Medical University of South Carolina
RP Kühl, M (corresponding author), Univ Gottingen, Abt Entwicklungsbiochem, Jr Grp SFB 271, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.
EM wnt_signaling@web.de
NR 29
TC 440
Z9 535
U1 1
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 636
EP 641
DI 10.1038/nature00921
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600042
PM 12167861
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bose, HS
   Lingappa, VR
   Miller, WL
AF Bose, HS
   Lingappa, VR
   Miller, WL
TI Rapid regulation of steroidogenesis by mitochondrial protein import
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chain cleavage enzyme; star; mechanism; expression; membrane; sequence; binding; cloning
AB Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes and imported into mitochondria(1-3). The imported proteins are directed to one of four submitochondrial compartments-the outer mitochondrial membrane, the inner mitochondrial membrane, the intramembraneous space, or the matrix-where the protein then functions. Here we show that the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), a mitochondrial protein required for stress responses, reproduction, and sexual differentiation of male fetuses(4-7), exerts its activity transiently at the outer mitochondrial membrane rather than at its final resting place in the matrix. We also show that its residence time at this outer membrane and its activity are regulated by its speed of mitochondrial import. This may be the first example of a mitochondrial protein exerting its biological activity in a compartment other than that to which it is finally targeted. This system enables steroidogenic cells to initiate and terminate massive levels of steroidogenesis within a few minutes, permitting the rapid regulation of serum steroid hormone concentrations.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pediat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Metab Res Unit, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Miller, WL (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pediat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM wlmlab@itsa.ucsf.edu
NR 30
TC 291
Z9 323
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6884
BP 87
EP 91
DI 10.1038/417087a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 546ZM
UT WOS:000175307200043
PM 11986670
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trujillo Bueno, J
   Degl'Innocenti, EL
   Collados, M
   Merenda, L
   Sainz, RM
AF Trujillo Bueno, J
   Degl'Innocenti, EL
   Collados, M
   Merenda, L
   Sainz, RM
TI Selective absorption processes as the origin of puzzling spectral line polarization from the Sun
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic-fields; scattering; diagnostics; prominences; helium
AB Magnetic fields play a key role in most astrophysical systems, from the Sun to active galactic nuclei(1-3). They can be studied through their effects on atomic energy levels, which produce polarized spectral lines(4,5). In particular, anisotropic radiation 'pumping' processes(6,7) (which send electrons to higher atomic levels) induce population imbalances that are modified by weak magnetic fields(8,9). Here we report peculiarly polarized light in the He I 10,830-Angstrom multiplet observed in a coronal filament located at the centre of the solar disk. We show that the polarized light arises from selective absorption from the ground level of the triplet system of helium, and that it implies the presence of magnetic fields of the order of a few gauss that are highly inclined with respect to the solar radius vector. This disproves the common belief(4,10,11) that population imbalances in long-lived atomic levels are insignificant in the presence of inclined fields of the order of a few gauss, and opens up a new diagnostic window for the investigation of solar magnetic fields.
C1 Inst Astrofis Canarias, E-38200 San Cristobal la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
   Univ Florence, Dipartimento Astron & Sci Spazio, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
   Univ Trent, Dipartimento Fis, I-38050 Povo, Italy.
   CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
C3 Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias; University of Florence; University of Trento; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)
RP Trujillo Bueno, J (corresponding author), Inst Astrofis Canarias, E-38200 San Cristobal la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
EM jtb@ll.iac.es
NR 28
TC 176
Z9 181
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 24
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6870
BP 403
EP 406
DI 10.1038/415403a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 514HR
UT WOS:000173433600042
PM 11807547
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yin, QZ
   Jacobsen, SB
   Yamashita, K
   Blichert-Toft, J
   Télouk, P
   Albarède, F
AF Yin, QZ
   Jacobsen, SB
   Yamashita, K
   Blichert-Toft, J
   Télouk, P
   Albarède, F
TI A short timescale for terrestrial planet formation from Hf-W chronometry of meteorites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early solar-system; isotopic evidence; core formation; accretion; moon; earth; differentiation; constraints; chondrites; gases
AB Determining the chronology for the assembly of planetary bodies in the early Solar System is essential for a complete understanding of star- and planet-formation processes. Various radionuclide chronometers (applied to meteorites) have been used to determine that basaltic lava flows on the surface of the asteroid Vesta formed within 3 million years (3 Myr) of the origin of the Solar System(1-3). Such rapid formation is broadly consistent with astronomical observations of young stellar objects, which suggest that formation of planetary systems occurs within a few million years after star formation(4,5). Some hafnium-tungsten isotope data, however, require that Vesta formed later 6 (similar to16 Myr after the formation of the Solar System) and that the formation of the terrestrial planets took a much longer time(7-10) (62(-14)(+4504) Myr). Here we report measurements of tungsten isotope compositions and hafnium-tungsten ratios of several meteorites. Our measurements indicate that, contrary to previous results(7-10), the bulk of metal-silicate separation in the Solar System was completed within <30 Myr. These results are completely consistent with other evidence for rapid planetary formation(1-5), and are also in agreement with dynamic accretion models(11-13) that predict a relatively short time (∼10 Myr) for the main growth stage of terrestrial planet formation.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Ecole Normale Super Lyon, Lab Sci Terr, F-69364 Lyon 7, France.
C3 Harvard University; Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON)
RP Yin, QZ (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 30
TC 492
Z9 550
U1 1
U2 123
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6901
BP 949
EP 952
DI 10.1038/nature00995
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 588AP
UT WOS:000177677500037
PM 12198540
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wood, V
   Gwilliam, R
   Rajandream, MA
   Lyne, M
   Lyne, R
   Stewart, A
   Sgouros, J
   Peat, N
   Hayles, J
   Baker, S
   Basham, D
   Bowman, S
   Brooks, K
   Brown, D
   Brown, S
   Chillingworth, T
   Churcher, C
   Collins, M
   Connor, R
   Cronin, A
   Davis, P
   Feltwell, T
   Fraser, A
   Gentles, S
   Goble, A
   Hamlin, N
   Harris, D
   Hidalgo, J
   Hodgson, G
   Holroyd, S
   Hornsby, T
   Howarth, S
   Huckle, EJ
   Hunt, S
   Jagels, K
   James, K
   Jones, L
   Jones, M
   Leather, S
   McDonald, S
   McLean, J
   Mooney, P
   Moule, S
   Mungall, K
   Murphy, L
   Niblett, D
   Odell, C
   Oliver, K
   O'Neil, S
   Pearson, D
   Quail, MA
   Rabbinowitsch, E
   Rutherford, K
   Rutter, S
   Saunders, D
   Seeger, K
   Sharp, S
   Skelton, J
   Simmonds, M
   Squares, R
   Squares, S
   Stevens, K
   Taylor, K
   Taylor, RG
   Tivey, A
   Walsh, S
   Warren, T
   Whitehead, S
   Woodward, J
   Volckaert, G
   Aert, R
   Robben, J
   Grymonprez, B
   Weltjens, I
   Vanstreels, E
   Rieger, M
   Schäfer, M
   Müller-Auer, S
   Gabel, C
   Fuchs, M
   Fritzc, C
   Holzer, E
   Moestl, D
   Hilbert, H
   Borzym, K
   Langer, I
   Beck, A
   Lehrach, H
   Reinhardt, R
   Pohl, TM
   Eger, P
   Zimmermann, W
   Wedler, H
   Wambutt, R
   Purnelle, B
   Goffeau, A
   Cadieu, E
   Dréano, S
   Gloux, S
   Lelaure, V
   Mottier, S
   Galibert, F
   Aves, SJ
   Xiang, Z
   Hunt, C
   Moore, K
   Hurst, SM
   Lucas, M
   Rochet, M
   Gaillardin, C
   Tallada, VA
   Garzon, A
   Thode, G
   Daga, RR
   Cruzado, L
   Jimenez, J
   Sánchez, M
   del Rey, F
   Benito, J
   Domínguez, A
   Revuelta, JL
   Moreno, S
   Armstrong, J
   Forsburg, SL
   Cerrutti, L
   Lowe, T
   McCombie, WR
   Paulsen, I
   Potashkin, J
   Shpakovski, GV
   Ussery, D
   Barrell, BG
   Nurse, P
AF Wood, V
   Gwilliam, R
   Rajandream, MA
   Lyne, M
   Lyne, R
   Stewart, A
   Sgouros, J
   Peat, N
   Hayles, J
   Baker, S
   Basham, D
   Bowman, S
   Brooks, K
   Brown, D
   Brown, S
   Chillingworth, T
   Churcher, C
   Collins, M
   Connor, R
   Cronin, A
   Davis, P
   Feltwell, T
   Fraser, A
   Gentles, S
   Goble, A
   Hamlin, N
   Harris, D
   Hidalgo, J
   Hodgson, G
   Holroyd, S
   Hornsby, T
   Howarth, S
   Huckle, EJ
   Hunt, S
   Jagels, K
   James, K
   Jones, L
   Jones, M
   Leather, S
   McDonald, S
   McLean, J
   Mooney, P
   Moule, S
   Mungall, K
   Murphy, L
   Niblett, D
   Odell, C
   Oliver, K
   O'Neil, S
   Pearson, D
   Quail, MA
   Rabbinowitsch, E
   Rutherford, K
   Rutter, S
   Saunders, D
   Seeger, K
   Sharp, S
   Skelton, J
   Simmonds, M
   Squares, R
   Squares, S
   Stevens, K
   Taylor, K
   Taylor, RG
   Tivey, A
   Walsh, S
   Warren, T
   Whitehead, S
   Woodward, J
   Volckaert, G
   Aert, R
   Robben, J
   Grymonprez, B
   Weltjens, I
   Vanstreels, E
   Rieger, M
   Schäfer, M
   Müller-Auer, S
   Gabel, C
   Fuchs, M
   Fritzc, C
   Holzer, E
   Moestl, D
   Hilbert, H
   Borzym, K
   Langer, I
   Beck, A
   Lehrach, H
   Reinhardt, R
   Pohl, TM
   Eger, P
   Zimmermann, W
   Wedler, H
   Wambutt, R
   Purnelle, B
   Goffeau, A
   Cadieu, E
   Dréano, S
   Gloux, S
   Lelaure, V
   Mottier, S
   Galibert, F
   Aves, SJ
   Xiang, Z
   Hunt, C
   Moore, K
   Hurst, SM
   Lucas, M
   Rochet, M
   Gaillardin, C
   Tallada, VA
   Garzon, A
   Thode, G
   Daga, RR
   Cruzado, L
   Jimenez, J
   Sánchez, M
   del Rey, F
   Benito, J
   Domínguez, A
   Revuelta, JL
   Moreno, S
   Armstrong, J
   Forsburg, SL
   Cerrutti, L
   Lowe, T
   McCombie, WR
   Paulsen, I
   Potashkin, J
   Shpakovski, GV
   Ussery, D
   Barrell, BG
   Nurse, P
TI The genome sequence of Schizosaccharomyces pombe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transfer-rna genes; fission yeast; nucleotide-sequence; functional-analysis; molecular evidence; dna; organization; centromere; database; repeat
AB We have sequenced and annotated the genome of fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), which contains the smallest number of protein-coding genes yet recorded for a eukaryote: 4,824. The centromeres are between 35 and 110 kilobases (kb) and contain related repeats including a highly conserved 1.8-kb element. Regions upstream of genes are longer than in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), possibly reflecting more-extended control regions. Some 43% of the genes contain introns, of which there are 4,730. Fifty genes have significant similarity with human disease genes; half of these are cancer related. We identify highly conserved genes important for eukaryotic cell organization including those required for the cytoskeleton, compartmentation, cell-cycle control, proteolysis, protein phosphorylation and RNA splicing. These genes may have originated with the appearance of eukaryotic life. Few similarly conserved genes that are important for multicellular organization were identified, suggesting that the transition from prokaryotes to eukaryotes required more new genes than did the transition from unicellular to multicellular organization.
C1 Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Canc Res UK London Res Inst, Computat Genome Anal Lab, London WC2A 3PX, England.
   Canc Res UK London Res Inst, Cell Cycle Lab, London WC2A 3PX, England.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Fac Agr & Appl Biol Sci, Lab Gene Technol, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium.
   Genotype GmbH, Mol Biol & Biotech Res, D-69259 Wilhelmsfeld, Germany.
   QIAGEN GmbH, D-40724 Hilden, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Genet, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   GATC Biotech AG, D-78467 Constance, Germany.
   AGOWA GmbH, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   Catholic Univ Louvain, Unite Biochim Physiol, B-1348 Louvain, Belgium.
   Fac Med, UMR CNRS Genet & Dev 6061, F-35043 Rennes, France.
   Univ Exeter, Sch Biol Sci, Washington Singer Labs, Exeter EX4 4QG, Devon, England.
   Inst Natl Agron Paris Grignon, INRA, CNRS, URA1925,UMR216, F-78850 Thiverval Grignon, France.
   Univ Malaga, Fac Ciencias, Dept Genet, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
   Univ Pablo de Olavide, Lab Andaluz Biol, Seville, Spain.
   Univ Salamanca, Edificio Dept, CSIC, Dept Microbiol & Genet,Inst Microbiol & Bioquim, Salamanca 37007, Spain.
   Univ Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Mol & Cell Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   TIGR, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Finch Univ Hlth Sci Chicago Med Sch, N Chicago, IL 60064 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, Shemyakin Ovchinnikov Inst Bioorgan Chem, Moscow 117997, Russia.
   Tech Univ Denmark, Bioctr DTU, Ctr Biol Sequence Anal, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Cancer Research UK; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Earlham Institute; Cancer Research UK; KU Leuven; QIAGEN GmbH; Max Planck Society; Universite Catholique Louvain; Universite de Rennes; University of Exeter; Universite Paris Saclay; AgroParisTech; INRAE; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universidad de Malaga; Universidad Pablo de Olavide; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC-USAL - Instituto de Biologia Funcional y Genomica (IBFG); University of Salamanca; University of Sussex; Salk Institute; Stanford University; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; J. Craig Venter Institute; Chicago Medical School; Russian Academy of Sciences; Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research (PSCBI) of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Technical University of Denmark
RP Rajandream, MA (corresponding author), Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
EM mar@sanger.ac.uk
NR 78
TC 1283
Z9 6713
U1 0
U2 208
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 21
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6874
BP 871
EP 880
DI 10.1038/nature724
PG 10
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 523EL
UT WOS:000173941000036
PM 11859360
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nishimura, R
   Hayashi, M
   Wu, GJ
   Kouchi, H
   Imaizumi-Anraku, H
   Murakami, Y
   Kawasaki, S
   Akao, S
   Ohmori, M
   Nagasawa, M
   Harada, K
   Kawaguchi, M
AF Nishimura, R
   Hayashi, M
   Wu, GJ
   Kouchi, H
   Imaizumi-Anraku, H
   Murakami, Y
   Kawasaki, S
   Akao, S
   Ohmori, M
   Nagasawa, M
   Harada, K
   Kawaguchi, M
TI HAR1 mediates systemic regulation of symbiotic organ development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID split-root system; lotus-japonicus; receptor kinase; wild-type; linkage map; nodulation; mutant; shoot; clavata1; suppression
AB Symbiotic root nodules are beneficial to leguminous host plants; however, excessive nodulation damages the host because it interferes with the distribution of nutrients in the plant. To keep a steady balance, the nodulation programme is regulated systemically in leguminous hosts(1),(2). Leguminous mutants that have lost this ability display a hypernodulating phenotype. Through the use of reciprocal and self-grafting studies using Lotus japonicus hypernodulating mutants, har1 (also known as sym78)(3), we show that the shoot genotype is responsible for the negative regulation of nodule development. A map-based cloning strategy revealed that HAR1 encodes a protein with a relative molecular mass of 108, 000, which contains 21 leucine-rich repeats, a single transmembrane domain and serine/threonine kinase domains. The har1 mutant phenotype was rescued by transfection of the HAR1 gene. In a comparison of Arabidopsis receptor-like kinases, HAR1 showed the highest level of similarity with CLAVATA1 (CLV1)(4). CLV1 negatively regulates formation of the shoot and floral meristems through cell-cell communication involving the CLV3 peptide(5). Identification of hypernodulation genes thus indicates that genes in leguminous plants bearing a close resemblance to CLV1 regulate nodule development systemically, by means of organ-organ communication.
C1 Niigata Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Environm Sci, Niigata 9502181, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Arts & Sci, Dept Life Sci, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1638902, Japan.
   Chiba Univ, Fac Hort, Chiba 2718510, Japan.
   Natl Inst Agrobiol Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 Niigata University; University of Tokyo; Chiba University; National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences - Japan; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Kawaguchi, M (corresponding author), Niigata Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Environm Sci, Niigata 9502181, Japan.
EM masayosi@env.sc.niigata-u.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 424
Z9 489
U1 0
U2 93
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6914
BP 426
EP 429
DI 10.1038/nature01231
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 619TZ
UT WOS:000179494700042
PM 12442172
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Belluscio, L
   Lodovichi, C
   Feinstein, P
   Mombaerts, P
   Katz, LC
AF Belluscio, L
   Lodovichi, C
   Feinstein, P
   Mombaerts, P
   Katz, LC
TI Odorant receptors instruct functional circuitry in the mouse olfactory bulb
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intrabulbar associational system; sensory map; topographic organization; representations; mice; projections; glomerulus; dendrites; synapse
AB The mammalian olfactory system detects and discriminates thousands of odorants using many different receptors expressed by sensory neurons in the nasal epithelium(1). Axonal projections from these neurons to the main olfactory bulbs form reproducible patterns of glomeruli in two widely separated regions of each bulb, creating two mirror-symmetric maps of odorant receptor projections(2). To investigate whether odorant receptors organize neural circuitry in the olfactory bulb, we have examined a genetically modified mouse line, rI7 --> M71, in which a functionally characterized receptor, rI7(3,4), has been substituted into the M71 receptor locus(5). Here we show that despite their ectopic location the resulting glomeruli are responsive to known ligands of the rI7 receptor, attract postsynaptic innervation by mitral/tufted cell dendrites, and endow these cells with responses that are characteristic of the rI7 receptor. External tufted cells receiving input from rI7 --> M71 glomeruli form precise intrabulbar projections that link medial and lateral rI7 --> M71 glomeruli anatomically, thus providing a substrate for coordinating isofunctional glomeruli. We conclude that odorant receptor identity in epithelial neurons determines not only glomerular convergence and function, but also functional circuitry in the olfactory bulb.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Duke University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University
RP Belluscio, L (corresponding author), NINDS, NIH, 36 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM belluscl@ninds.nih.gov
NR 29
TC 130
Z9 164
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6904
BP 296
EP 300
DI 10.1038/nature01001
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 594NH
UT WOS:000178056300045
PM 12239567
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhou, ZL
   Licklider, LJ
   Gygi, SP
   Reed, R
AF Zhou, ZL
   Licklider, LJ
   Gygi, SP
   Reed, R
TI Comprehensive proteomic analysis of the human spliceosome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dominant retinitis-pigmentosa; rna-polymerase-ii; splicing factors; protein; database; complex; gene
AB The precise excision of introns from pre-messenger RNA is performed by the spliceosome, a macromolecular machine containing five small nuclear RNAs and numerous proteins. Much has been learned about the protein components of the spliceosome from analysis of individual purified small nuclear ribonucleoproteins and salt-stable spliceosome 'core' particles. However, the complete set of proteins that constitutes intact functional spliceosomes has yet to be identified. Here we use maltose-binding protein affinity chromatography to isolate spliceosomes in highly purified and functional form. Using nanoscale microcapillary liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, we identify similar to145 distinct spliceosomal proteins, making the spliceosome the most complex cellular machine so far characterized. Our spliceosomes comprise all previously known splicing factors and 58 newly identified components. The spliceosome contains at least 30 proteins with known or putative roles in gene expression steps other than splicing. This complexity may be required not only for splicing multi-intronic metazoan pre-messenger RNAs, but also for mediating the extensive coupling between splicing and other steps in gene expression.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Taplin Biol Mass Spectrometry Facil, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University
RP Reed, R (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 30
TC 735
Z9 902
U1 0
U2 63
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6903
BP 182
EP 185
DI 10.1038/nature01031
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 592HK
UT WOS:000177931200045
PM 12226669
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU von Mering, C
   Krause, R
   Snel, B
   Cornell, M
   Oliver, SG
   Fields, S
   Bork, P
AF von Mering, C
   Krause, R
   Snel, B
   Cornell, M
   Oliver, SG
   Fields, S
   Bork, P
TI Comparative assessment of large-scale data sets of protein-protein interactions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; genome; yeast; complex; information; phosphatase; profiles; glycine; system; arrays
AB Comprehensive protein-protein interaction maps promise to reveal many aspects of the complex regulatory network underlying cellular function. Recently, large-scale approaches have predicted many new protein interactions in yeast. To measure their accuracy and potential as well as to identify biases, strengths and weaknesses, we compare the methods with each other and with a reference set of previously reported protein interactions.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, D-69012 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Cellzome AG, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Manchester, Sch Biol Sci, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
   Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Genome Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); GlaxoSmithKline; Cellzome GmbH; University of Manchester; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Bork, P (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, Meyerhofstr 1, D-69012 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 44
TC 1812
Z9 2067
U1 2
U2 120
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6887
BP 399
EP 403
DI 10.1038/nature750
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 554HZ
UT WOS:000175730900029
PM 12000970
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hibberd, JM
   Quick, WP
AF Hibberd, JM
   Quick, WP
TI Characteristics of C4 photosynthesis in stems and petioles of C3 flowering plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dissolved inorganic carbon; photorespiratory enzymes; bundle-sheath; metabolism; growth; localization; rhizosphere; tobacco; leaves; cells
AB Most plants are known as C-3 plants because the first product of photosynthetic CO2 fixation is a three-carbon compound(1). C-4 plants, which use an alternative pathway in which the first product is a four-carbon compound, have evolved independently many times and are found in at least 18 families(2,3). In addition to differences in their biochemistry, photosynthetic organs of C-4 plants show alterations in their anatomy and ultrastructure(4). Little is known about whether the biochemical or anatomical characteristics of C-4 photosynthesis evolved first. Here we report that tobacco, a typical C-3 plant, shows characteristics of C-4 photosynthesis in cells of stems and petioles that surround the xylem and phloem, and that these cells are supplied with carbon for photosynthesis from the vascular system and not from stomata. These photosynthetic cells possess high activities of enzymes characteristic of C-4 photosynthesis, which allow the decarboxylation of four-carbon organic acids from the xylem and phloem, thus releasing CO2 for photosynthesis. These biochemical characteristics of C-4 photosynthesis in cells around the vascular bundles of stems of C-3 plants might explain why C-4 photosynthesis has evolved independently many times.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Plant Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EA, England.
   Univ Sheffield, Robert Hill Inst, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Sheffield
RP Hibberd, JM (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Plant Sci, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EA, England.
EM julian.hibberd@plantsci.cam.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 335
Z9 391
U1 2
U2 118
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 24
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6870
BP 451
EP 454
DI 10.1038/415451a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 514HR
UT WOS:000173433600055
PM 11807559
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yin, QZ
   Jacobsen, SB
   Yamashita, K
AF Yin, QZ
   Jacobsen, SB
   Yamashita, K
TI Diverse supernova sources of pre-solar material inferred from molybdenum isotopes in meteorites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID presolar grains; silicon-carbide; abundances; system; chondrites; survival; elements; stars; disks
AB Variations in the isotopic composition of some components in primitive meteorites demonstrate that the pre-solar material was not completely homogenized, nor was it processed at sufficiently high temperatures to erase the signatures of the diverse stellar sources(1). This is in accord with the observation that accretion disks of young stellar objects are at relatively low temperatures(2). Carbonaceous chondrites are considered to represent the 'average' Solar System composition; the rare pre-solar grains in the matrixes of carbonaceous chondrites(3) have been used to identify some sources of the pre-solar material. Here we report that the molybdenum isotopic composition of bulk carbonaceous chondrites is distinctly different from the accepted average solar value. We show that the Mo data require the presence of material produced in at least two different r-processes, and that the contribution from the p-process material is decoupled from the r-process, all occurring in supernova explosions. This is consistent with the emerging picture of diverse sources inferred from short-lived isotopes in the early Solar System(4) and elemental analyses of metal-poor stars(5,6).
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 01238 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Jacobsen, SB (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 01238 USA.
EM jacobsen@neodymium.harvard.edu
NR 27
TC 100
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 21
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6874
BP 881
EP 883
DI 10.1038/415881a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 523EL
UT WOS:000173941000037
PM 11859361
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Genoux, D
   Haditsch, U
   Knobloch, M
   Michalon, A
   Storm, D
   Mansuy, IM
AF Genoux, D
   Haditsch, U
   Knobloch, M
   Michalon, A
   Storm, D
   Mansuy, IM
TI Protein phosphatase 1 is a molecular constraint on learning and memory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression; creb; term; phosphorylation; calcineurin; induction; camkii; rats; ltp
AB Repetition in learning is a prerequisite for the formation of accurate and long-lasting memory. Practice is most effective when widely distributed over time, rather than when closely spaced or massed. But even after efficient learning, most memories dissipate with time unless frequently used(1,2). The molecular mechanisms of these time-dependent constraints on learning and memory are unknown. Here we show that protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) determines the efficacy of learning and memory by limiting acquisition and favouring memory decline. When PP1 is genetically inhibited during learning, short intervals between training episodes are sufficient for optimal performance. The enhanced learning correlates with increased phosphorylation of cyclic AMP-dependent response element binding (CREB) protein, of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and of the GluR1 subunit of the AMPA receptor; it also correlates with CREB-dependent gene expression that, in control mice, occurs only with widely distributed training. Inhibition of PP1 prolongs memory when induced after learning, suggesting that PP1 also promotes forgetting. This property may account for ageing-related cognitive decay, as old mutant animals had preserved memory. Our findings emphasize the physiological importance of PP1 as a suppressor of learning and memory, and as a potential mediator of cognitive decline during ageing.
C1 ETH Honggerberg, Dept Biol, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Cell Biol, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Washington, Dept Pharmacol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Mansuy, IM (corresponding author), ETH Honggerberg, Dept Biol, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Cell Biol, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM isabelle.mansuy@cell.biol.ethz.ch
NR 30
TC 366
Z9 440
U1 1
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6901
BP 970
EP 975
DI 10.1038/nature00928
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 588AP
UT WOS:000177677500043
PM 12198546
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gardner, MJ
   Shallom, SJ
   Carlton, JM
   Salzberg, SL
   Nene, V
   Shoaibi, A
   Ciecko, A
   Lynn, J
   Rizzo, M
   Weaver, B
   Jarrahi, B
   Brenner, M
   Parvizi, B
   Tallon, L
   Moazzez, A
   Granger, D
   Fujii, C
   Hansen, C
   Pederson, J
   Feldblyum, T
   Peterson, J
   Suh, B
   Angiuoli, S
   Pertea, M
   Allen, J
   Selengut, J
   White, O
   Cummings, LM
   Smith, HO
   Adams, MD
   Venter, JC
   Carucci, DJ
   Hoffman, SL
   Fraser, CM
AF Gardner, MJ
   Shallom, SJ
   Carlton, JM
   Salzberg, SL
   Nene, V
   Shoaibi, A
   Ciecko, A
   Lynn, J
   Rizzo, M
   Weaver, B
   Jarrahi, B
   Brenner, M
   Parvizi, B
   Tallon, L
   Moazzez, A
   Granger, D
   Fujii, C
   Hansen, C
   Pederson, J
   Feldblyum, T
   Peterson, J
   Suh, B
   Angiuoli, S
   Pertea, M
   Allen, J
   Selengut, J
   White, O
   Cummings, LM
   Smith, HO
   Adams, MD
   Venter, JC
   Carucci, DJ
   Hoffman, SL
   Fraser, CM
TI Sequence of Plasmodium falciparum chromosomes 2, 10, 11 and 14
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proteins; identification; prediction; resource; database; proteome; program; signals; map
AB The mosquito-borne malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum kills an estimated 0.7-2.7 million people every year, primarily children in sub-Saharan Africa. Without effective interventions, a variety of factors-including the spread of parasites resistant to antimalarial drugs and the increasing insecticide resistance of mosquitoes-may cause the number of malaria cases to double over the next two decades(1). To stimulate basic research and facilitate the development of new drugs and vaccines, the genome of Plasmodium falciparum clone 3D7 has been sequenced using a chromosome- by-chromosome shotgun strategy(2-4). We report here the nucleotide sequences of chromosomes 10, 11 and 14, and a re-analysis of the chromosome 2 sequence(5). These chromosomes represent about 35% of the 23-megabase P. falciparum genome.
C1 Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   USN, Malaria Program, Med Res Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA.
C3 J. Craig Venter Institute; United States Department of Defense; United States Navy
RP Gardner, MJ (corresponding author), Inst Genom Res, 9712 Med Ctr Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
EM gardner@tigr.org
NR 30
TC 152
Z9 208
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6906
BP 531
EP 534
DI 10.1038/nature01094
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 599RF
UT WOS:000178348400049
PM 12368868
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, JH
   Auerbach, JM
   Rodríguez-Gómez, JA
   Velasco, I
   Gavin, D
   Lumelsky, N
   Lee, SH
   Nguyen, J
   Sánchez-Pernaute, R
   Bankiewicz, K
   McKay, R
AF Kim, JH
   Auerbach, JM
   Rodríguez-Gómez, JA
   Velasco, I
   Gavin, D
   Lumelsky, N
   Lee, SH
   Nguyen, J
   Sánchez-Pernaute, R
   Bankiewicz, K
   McKay, R
TI Dopamine neurons derived from embryonic stem cells function in an animal model of Parkinson's disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; nurr1-deficient mice; isthmic organizer; neural plate; spinal-cord; mutant mice; in-vitro; differentiation; transplantation; expression
AB Parkinson's disease is a widespread condition caused by the loss of midbrain neurons that synthesize the neurotransmitter dopamine. Cells derived from the fetal midbrain can modify the course of the disease, but they are an inadequate source of dopamine-synthesizing neurons because their ability to generate these neurons is unstable. In contrast, embryonic stem (ES) cells proliferate extensively and can generate dopamine neurons. If ES cells are to become the basis for cell therapies, we must develop methods of enriching for the cell of interest and demonstrate that these cells show functions that will assist in treating the disease. Here we show that a highly enriched population of midbrain neural stem cells can be derived from mouse ES cells. The dopamine neurons generated by these stem cells show electrophysiological and behavioural properties expected of neurons from the midbrain. Our results encourage the use of ES cells in cell-replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease.
C1 NINCDS, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
RP McKay, R (corresponding author), NINCDS, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 43
TC 1278
Z9 1555
U1 2
U2 259
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6893
BP 50
EP 56
DI 10.1038/nature00900
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 569JL
UT WOS:000176599200034
PM 12077607
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barnes, DKA
AF Barnes, DKA
TI Biodiversity - Invasions by marine life on plastic debris
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dispersal; island
C1 British Antarctic Survey, Nat Environm Res Council, Cambridge CB3 OET, England.
   Univ Coll Cork, Dept Zool & Anim Ecol, Cork, Ireland.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Antarctic Survey; University College Cork
RP Barnes, DKA (corresponding author), British Antarctic Survey, Nat Environm Res Council, High Cross,Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 OET, England.
EM dkab@bas.ac.uk
NR 13
TC 538
Z9 610
U1 4
U2 381
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6883
BP 808
EP 809
DI 10.1038/416808a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 544MH
UT WOS:000175163800039
PM 11976671
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lindskog, M
   Svenningsson, P
   Pozzi, L
   Kim, Y
   Fienberg, AA
   Bibb, JA
   Fredholm, BB
   Nairn, AC
   Greengard, P
   Fisone, G
AF Lindskog, M
   Svenningsson, P
   Pozzi, L
   Kim, Y
   Fienberg, AA
   Bibb, JA
   Fredholm, BB
   Nairn, AC
   Greengard, P
   Fisone, G
TI Involvement of DARPP-32 phosphorylation in the stimulant action of caffeine
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID regulated phosphoprotein; gene-expression; rat striatum; dopamine d-1; adenosine; receptors; brain; mice
AB Caffeine has been imbibed since ancient times in tea and coffee, and more recently in colas. Caffeine owes its psychostimulant action to a blockade of adenosine A(2A) receptors(1), but little is known about its intracellular mechanism of action. Here we show that the stimulatory effect of caffeine on motor activity in mice was greatly reduced following genetic deletion of DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein of relative molecular mass 32,000)(2). Results virtually identical to those seen with caffeine were obtained with the selective A(2A) antagonist SCH 58261. The depressant effect of the A(2A) receptor agonist, CGS 21680, on motor activity was also greatly attenuated in DARPP-32 knockout mice. In support of a role for DARPP-32 in the action of caffeine, we found that, in striata of intact mice, caffeine increased the state of phosphorylation of DARPP-32 at Thr 75. Caffeine increased Thr 75 phosphorylation through inhibition of PP-2A-catalysed dephosphorylation, rather than through stimulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5)-catalysed phosphorylation, of this residue. Together, these studies demonstrate the involvement of DARPP-32 and its phosphorylation/dephosphorylation in the stimulant action of caffeine.
C1 Karolinska Inst, Dept Neurosci, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Rockefeller Univ, Mol & Cellular Neurosci Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Karolinska Inst, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 Karolinska Institutet; Rockefeller University; Karolinska Institutet
RP Fisone, G (corresponding author), Karolinska Inst, Dept Neurosci, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
EM gilberto.fisone@neuro.ki.se
FU NIDA NIH HHS [P01 DA010044] Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 137
Z9 154
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6899
BP 774
EP 778
DI 10.1038/nature00817
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 583UF
UT WOS:000177428000038
PM 12181566
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ernst, MO
   Banks, MS
AF Ernst, MO
   Banks, MS
TI Humans integrate visual and haptic information in a statistically optimal fashion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID texture-perception; ideal observers; touch; psychophysics; discrepancy; dominance; vision; slant
AB When a person looks at an object while exploring it with their hand, vision and touch both provide information for estimating the properties of the object. Vision frequently dominates the integrated visual-haptic percept, for example when judging size, shape or position(1-3), but in some circumstances the percept is clearly affected by haptics(4-7). Here we propose that a general principle, which minimizes variance in the final estimate, determines the degree to which vision or haptics dominates. This principle is realized by using maximum-likelihood estimation(8-15) to combine the inputs. To investigate cue combination quantitatively, we first measured the variances associated with visual and haptic estimation of height. We then used these measurements to construct a maximum-likelihood integrator. This model behaved very similarly to humans in a visual-haptic task. Thus, the nervous system seems to combine visual and haptic information in a fashion that is similar to a maximum-likelihood integrator. Visual dominance occurs when the variance associated with visual estimation is lower than that associated with haptic estimation.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Optometry, Vis Sci Program, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Ernst, MO (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biol Cybernet, Spemannstr 38, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
EM marc.ernst@tuebingen.mpg.de
NR 25
TC 3454
Z9 3975
U1 17
U2 462
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 24
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6870
BP 429
EP 433
DI 10.1038/415429a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 514HR
UT WOS:000173433600050
PM 11807554
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sleutels, F
   Zwart, R
   Barlow, DP
AF Sleutels, F
   Zwart, R
   Barlow, DP
TI The non-coding Air RNA is required for silencing autosomal imprinted genes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-inactivation; antisense rna; cpg island; transcript; locus; methylation; expression; chromosome; overlaps; igf2
AB In genomic imprinting, one of the two parental alleles of an autosomal gene is silenced epigenetically by a cis-acting mechanism(1,2). A bidirectional silencer for a 400-kilobase region that contains three imprinted, maternally expressed protein-coding genes (Igf2r/Slc22a2/Slc22a3) has been shown by targeted deletion to be located in a sequence of 3.7 kilobases(3-5), which also contains the promoter for the imprinted, paternally expressed non-coding Air RNA(6). Expression of Air is correlated with repression of all three genes on the paternal allele(5); however, Air RNA overlaps just one of these genes in an antisense orientation(6). Here we show, by inserting a polyadenylation signal that truncates 96% of the RNA transcript, that Air RNA is required for silencing. The truncated Air allele maintains imprinted expression and methylation of the Air promoter, but shows complete loss of silencing of the Igf2r/Slc22a2/Slc22a3 gene cluster on the paternal chromosome. Our results indicate that non-coding RNAs have an active role in genomic imprinting.
C1 Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Mol Biol, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.
   Netherlands Canc Inst, Dept Mol Genet, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Austrian Academy of Sciences; Netherlands Cancer Institute
RP Barlow, DP (corresponding author), Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Mol Biol, Billrothstr 11, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.
NR 27
TC 873
Z9 1065
U1 1
U2 41
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 14
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6873
BP 810
EP 813
DI 10.1038/415810a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 521HE
UT WOS:000173833900051
PM 11845212
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nikolaides, MG
   Bausch, AR
   Hsu, MF
   Dinsmore, AD
   Brenner, MP
   Weitz, DA
   Gay, C
AF Nikolaides, MG
   Bausch, AR
   Hsu, MF
   Dinsmore, AD
   Brenner, MP
   Weitz, DA
   Gay, C
TI Electric-field-induced capillary attraction between like-charged particles at liquid interfaces
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colloidal spheres; forces; meniscus; films; water
AB Nanometre- and micrometre-sized charged particles at aqueous interfaces are typically stabilized by a repulsive Coulomb interaction. If one of the phases forming the interface is a nonpolar substance ( such as air or oil) that cannot sustain a charge, the particles will exhibit long-ranged dipolar repulsion(1); if the interface area is confined, mutual repulsion between the particles can induce ordering(2) and even crystallization(3,4). However, particle ordering has also been observed in the absence of area confinement(5), suggesting that like-charged particles at interfaces can also experience attractive interactions(6). Interface deformations are known to cause capillary forces that attract neighbouring particles to each other, but a satisfying explanation for the origin of such distortions remains outstanding(7,8). Here we present quantitative measurements of attractive interactions between colloidal particles at an oil - water interface and show that the attraction can be explained by capillary forces that arise from a distortion of the interface shape that is due to electrostatic stresses caused by the particles' dipolar field. This explanation, which is consistent with all reports on interfacial particle ordering so far, also suggests that the attractive interactions might be controllable: by tuning the polarity of one of the interfacial fluids, it should be possible to adjust the electrostaticstresses of the system and hence the interparticle attractions.
C1 Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   CNRS, Ctr Rech Paul Pascal, F-33600 Pessac, France.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Bordeaux; Harvard University
RP Weitz, DA (corresponding author), Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Biophys E22, D-8000 Munich, Germany.
EM weitz@deas.harvard.edu
NR 22
TC 286
Z9 341
U1 3
U2 202
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6913
BP 299
EP 301
DI 10.1038/nature01113
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 617BM
UT WOS:000179340400037
PM 12447435
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moore, SA
   Saito, F
   Chen, JG
   Michele, DE
   Henry, MD
   Messing, A
   Cohn, RD
   Ross-Barta, SE
   Westra, S
   Williamson, RA
   Hoshi, T
   Campbell, KP
AF Moore, SA
   Saito, F
   Chen, JG
   Michele, DE
   Henry, MD
   Messing, A
   Cohn, RD
   Ross-Barta, SE
   Westra, S
   Williamson, RA
   Hoshi, T
   Campbell, KP
TI Deletion of brain dystroglycan recapitulates aspects of congenital muscular dystrophy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fukuyama-type; laminin; disruption; deficiency; mutations; integrins; membrane; complex; roles; mice
AB Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD), muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB), and Walker-Warburg syndrome are congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) with associated developmental brain defects(1-4). Mutations reported in genes of FCMD2 and MEB5 patients suggest that the genes may be involved in protein glycosylation. Dystroglycan is a highly glycosylated component of the muscle dystrophin-glycoprotein complex(6) that is also expressed in brain, where its function is unknown(7). Here we show that brain-selective deletion of dystroglycan in mice is sufficient to cause CMD-like brain malformations, including disarray of cerebral cortical layering, fusion of cerebral hemispheres and cerebellar folia, and aberrant migration of granule cells. Dystroglycan-null brain loses its high-affinity binding to the extracellular matrix protein laminin, and shows discontinuities in the pial surface basal lamina (glia limitans) that probably underlie the neuronal migration errors. Furthermore, mutant mice have severely blunted hippocampal long-term potentiation with electrophysiologic characterization indicating that dystroglycan might have a postsynaptic role in learning and memory. Our data strongly support the hypothesis that defects in dystroglycan are central to the pathogenesis of structural and functional brain abnormalities seen in CMD.
C1 Univ Iowa, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Dept Pathol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Dept Neurol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Waisman Ctr, Madison, WI 53705 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Pathobiol Sci, Madison, WI 53705 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Iowa; University of Iowa; University of Iowa; University of Iowa; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Campbell, KP (corresponding author), Univ Iowa, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
EM kevin-campbell@uiowa.edu
NR 30
TC 464
Z9 504
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6896
BP 422
EP 425
DI 10.1038/nature00838
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 576MU
UT WOS:000177009700039
PM 12140559
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, HX
   Ramsey, IS
   Kotecha, SA
   Moran, MM
   Chong, JHA
   Lawson, D
   Ge, P
   Lilly, J
   Silos-Santiago, I
   Xie, Y
   DiStefano, PS
   Curtis, R
   Clapham, DE
AF Xu, HX
   Ramsey, IS
   Kotecha, SA
   Moran, MM
   Chong, JHA
   Lawson, D
   Ge, P
   Lilly, J
   Silos-Santiago, I
   Xie, Y
   DiStefano, PS
   Curtis, R
   Clapham, DE
TI TRPV3 is a calcium-permeable temperature-sensitive cation channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat sensory neurons; capsaicin-receptor; ion channels; noxious heat; currents; dependence; cells
AB Transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins are cation-selective channels that function in processes as diverse as sensation and vasoregulation. Mammalian TRP channels that are gated by heat and capsaicin (> 43 degreesC; TRPV1 (ref. 1)), noxious heat (> 52 degreesC; TRPV2 (ref. 2)), and cooling (< 22 degrees C; TRPM8 (refs 3, 4)) have been cloned; however, little is known about the molecular determinants of temperature sensing in the range between similar to 22 degrees C and 40 degrees C. Here we have identified a member of the vanilloid channel family, human TRPV3 (hTRPV3) that is expressed in skin, tongue, dorsal root ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, spinal cord and brain. Increasing temperature from 22 degrees C to 40 degrees C in mammalian cells transfected with hTRPV3 elevated intracellular calcium by activating a nonselective cationic conductance. As in published recordings from sensory neurons, the current was steeply dependent on temperature, sensitized with repeated heating, and displayed a marked hysteresis on heating and cooling(5-10). On the basis of these properties, we propose that hTRPV3 is thermosensitive in the physiological range of temperatures between TRPM8 and TRPV1.
C1 Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Program Neurosci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Millennium Pharmaceut Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd; Millennium Pharmaceuticals
RP Clapham, DE (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Enders 1309,320 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM dclapham@enders.tch.harvard.edu
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [T32 HL007572] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 707
Z9 852
U1 2
U2 88
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6894
BP 181
EP 186
DI 10.1038/nature00882
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 571GV
UT WOS:000176710400040
PM 12077604
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buckling, A
   Rainey, PB
AF Buckling, A
   Rainey, PB
TI The role of parasites in sympatric and allopatric host diversification
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; diversity; coevolution; competition; adaptation; divergence; predation; evolution; model
AB Exploiters (parasites and predators) are thought to play a significant role in diversification, and ultimately speciation, of their hosts or prey(1-3). Exploiters may drive sympatric (within-population) diversification if there are a variety of exploiter-resistance strategies or fitness costs associated with exploiter resistance(4-8). Exploiters may also drive allopatric (between-population) diversification by creating different selection pressures and increasing the rate of random divergence(9,10). We examined the effect of a virulent viral parasite (phage) on the diversification of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens in spatially structured microcosms(11). Here we show that in the absence of phages, bacteria rapidly diversified into spatial niche specialists with similar patterns of diversity across replicate populations. In the presence of phages, sympatric diversity was greatly reduced, as a result of phage-imposed reductions in host density decreasing competition for resources. In contrast, allopatric diversity was greatly increased as a result of phage-imposed selection for resistance, which caused populations to follow divergent evolutionary trajectories. These results show that exploiters can drive diversification between populations, but may inhibit diversification within populations by opposing diversifying selection that arises from resource competition.
C1 Univ Bath, Dept Biol & Biochem, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, Oxford OX1 3RB, England.
   Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Auckland 1, New Zealand.
C3 University of Bath; University of Oxford; University of Auckland
RP Buckling, A (corresponding author), Univ Bath, Dept Biol & Biochem, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
EM bssagjb@bath.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 217
Z9 251
U1 1
U2 89
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 496
EP 499
DI 10.1038/nature01164
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600043
PM 12466840
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Inagaki, S
   Guan, S
   Ohsuna, T
   Terasaki, O
AF Inagaki, S
   Guan, S
   Ohsuna, T
   Terasaki, O
TI An ordered mesoporous organosilica hybrid material with a crystal-like wall structure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-sieves; organic groups; frameworks; oxide
AB Surfactant-mediated synthesis strategies are widely used to fabricate ordered mesoporous solids(1-6) in the form of metal oxides(7), metals(8), carbon(9) and hybrid organosilicas(10-14). These materials have amorphous pore walls, which could limit their practical utility. In the case of mesoporous metal oxides, efforts to crystallize the framework structure by thermal(15,16) and hydrothermal treatments(17) have resulted in crystallization of only a fraction of the pore walls. Here we report the surfactant-mediated synthesis of an ordered benzene-silica hybrid material; this material has an hexagonal array of mesopores with a lattice constant of 52.5 Angstrom, and crystal-like pore walls that exhibit structural periodicity with a spacing of 7.6 Angstrom along the channel direction. The periodic pore surface structure results from alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers, composed of silica and benzene, respectively. We believe that this material is formed as a result of structure-directing interactions between the benzene-silica precursor molecules, and between the precursor molecules and the surfactants. We expect that other organosilicas and organo-metal oxides can be produced in a similar fashion, to yield a range of hierarchically ordered mesoporous solids with molecular-scale pore surface periodicity.
C1 Toyota Cent Res & Dev Labs Inc, Aichi 4801192, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Mat Res Inst, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Grad Sch Sci, JST, CREST, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Dept Phys, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
C3 Toyota Central R&D Labs Inc; Tohoku University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Tohoku University; Tohoku University
RP Inagaki, S (corresponding author), Toyota Cent Res & Dev Labs Inc, Aichi 4801192, Japan.
NR 22
TC 1236
Z9 1334
U1 1
U2 565
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6878
BP 304
EP 307
DI 10.1038/416304a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 532NP
UT WOS:000174482200037
PM 11907572
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hon, WC
   Wilson, MI
   Harlos, K
   Claridge, TDW
   Schofield, CJ
   Pugh, CW
   Maxwell, PH
   Ratcliffe, PJ
   Stuart, DI
   Jones, EY
AF Hon, WC
   Wilson, MI
   Harlos, K
   Claridge, TDW
   Schofield, CJ
   Pugh, CW
   Maxwell, PH
   Ratcliffe, PJ
   Stuart, DI
   Jones, EY
TI Structural basis for the recognition of hydroxyproline in αIF-1α by pVHL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inducible factor-i; hif-alpha; vhl; complex; destruction; software; domains; binding; family
AB Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a transcriptional complex that controls cellular and systemic homeostatic responses to oxygen availability(1). HIF-1alpha is the oxygen-regulated subunit of HIF-1, an alphabeta heterodimeric complex(1). HIF-1alpha is stable in hypoxia, but in the presence of oxygen it is targeted for proteasomal degradation by the ubiquitination complex pVHL, the protein of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumour suppressor gene and a component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex(2,3). Capture of HIF-1alpha by pVHL is regulated by hydroxylation of specific prolyl residues in two functionally independent regions of HIF-1alpha(4-7). The crystal structure of a hydroxylated HIF-1alpha peptide bound to VCB (pVHL, elongins C and B) and solution binding assays reveal a single, conserved hydroxyproline-binding pocket in pVHL. Optimized hydrogen bonding to the buried hydroxyprolyl group confers precise discrimination between hydroxylated and unmodified prolyl residues. This mechanism provides a new focus for development of therapeutic agents to modulate cellular responses to hypoxia.
C1 Div Struct Biol, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
   Cellular Physiol Grp, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
   Oxford Ctr Mol Sci, Oxford OX1 3QY, England.
   Dyson Perrins Lab, Oxford OX1 3QY, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford; University of Oxford; University of Oxford
RP Jones, EY (corresponding author), Div Struct Biol, Henry Wellcome Bldg Genom Med,Roosevelt Dr, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
EM peter.ratcliffe@ndm.ox.ac.uk; yvonne@strubi.ox.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 640
Z9 813
U1 4
U2 80
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6892
BP 975
EP 978
DI 10.1038/nature00767
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 566RC
UT WOS:000176441200045
PM 12050673
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martin, SJ
   Beekman, M
   Wossler, TC
   Ratnieks, FLW
AF Martin, SJ
   Beekman, M
   Wossler, TC
   Ratnieks, FLW
TI Parasitic Cape honeybee workers, Apis mellifera capensis, evade policing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bee; removal
AB Relocation of the Cape honeybee, Apis mellifera capensis, by bee-keepers from southern to northern South Africa in 1990 has caused widespread death of managed African honeybee, A. m. scutellata, colonies(1). Apis mellifera capensis worker bees are able to lay diploid, female eggs without mating by means of automictic thelytoky(2) (meiosis followed by fusion of two meiotic products to restore egg diploidy), whereas workers of other honeybee subspecies are able to lay only haploid, male eggs. The A. m. capensis workers, which are parasitizing and killing A. m. scutellata colonies in northern South Africa, are the asexual offspring of a single, original worker in which the small amount of genetic variation observed is due to crossing over during meiosis(3) (P. Kryger, personal communication). Here we elucidate two principal mechanisms underlying this parasitism. Parasitic A. m. capensis workers activate their ovaries in host colonies that have a queen present (queenright colonies), and they lay eggs that evade being killed by other workers (worker policing)-the normal fate of worker-laid eggs in colonies with a queen(4-8). This unique parasitism by workers is an instance in which a society is unable to control the selfish actions of its members.
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Lab Apiculture & Social Insects, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Pretoria, Dept Zool & Entomol, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa.
C3 University of Sheffield; University of Pretoria
RP Ratnieks, FLW (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Lab Apiculture & Social Insects, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
EM F.Ratnieks@Shefreld.ac.uk
NR 18
TC 109
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 10
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6868
BP 163
EP 165
DI 10.1038/415163a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 509PR
UT WOS:000173159300039
PM 11805832
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Helenius, J
   Ng, DTW
   Marolda, CL
   Walter, P
   Valvano, MA
   Aebi, M
AF Helenius, J
   Ng, DTW
   Marolda, CL
   Walter, P
   Valvano, MA
   Aebi, M
TI Translocation of lipid-linked oligosaccharides across the ER membrane requires Rft1 protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; endoplasmic-reticulum; glycosylation reactions; transmembrane movement; biosynthesis; transport; cloning; glycoproteins; topography
AB N-linked glycosylation of proteins in eukaryotic cells follows a highly conserved pathway. The tetradecasaccharide substrate (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)) is first assembled at the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as a dolichylpyrophosphate (DolPP)-linked intermediate, and then transferred to nascent polypeptide chains in the lumen of the ER1. The assembly of the oligosaccharide starts on the cytoplasmic side of the ER membrane with the synthesis of a Man(5)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol intermediate. This lipid-linked intermediate is then translocated across the membrane so that the oligosaccharides face the lumen of the ER, where the biosynthesis of Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol continues to completion. The fully assembled oligosaccharide is transferred to selected asparagine residues of target proteins. The transmembrane movement of lipid-linked Man(5)GlcNAc(2) oligosaccharide is of fundamental importance in this biosynthetic pathway, and similar processes involving phospholipids and glycolipids are essential in all types of cells(2-4). The process is predicted to be catalysed by proteins, termed flippases, which to date have remained elusive(2-4). Here we provide evidence that yeast RFT1 encodes an evolutionarily conserved protein required for the translocation of Man(5)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol from the cytoplasmic to the lumenal leaflet of the ER membrane.
C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Microbiol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Western Ontario, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Western University (University of Western Ontario); Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Aebi, M (corresponding author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Microbiol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM aebi@micro.biol.ethz.ch
NR 28
TC 217
Z9 255
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 24
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6870
BP 447
EP 450
DI 10.1038/415447a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 514HR
UT WOS:000173433600054
PM 11807558
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fukushima, K
   Yamanobe, T
   Shinmei, Y
   Fukushima, J
   Kurkin, S
   Peterson, BW
AF Fukushima, K
   Yamanobe, T
   Shinmei, Y
   Fukushima, J
   Kurkin, S
   Peterson, BW
TI Coding of smooth eye movements in three-dimensional space by frontal cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID disparity sensitivity; premotor cortex; cortical area; pursuit; neurons; monkey; responses; direction; macaque; signals
AB Through the development of a high-acuity fovea, primates with frontal eyes have acquired the ability to use binocular eye movements to track small objects moving in space(1). The smooth-pursuit system moves both eyes in the same direction to track movement in the frontal plane (frontal pursuit), whereas the vergence system moves left and right eyes in opposite directions to track targets moving towards or away from the observer (vergence tracking). In the cerebral cortex and brainstem, signals related to vergence eye movements-and the retinal disparity and blur signals that elicit them-are coded independently of signals related to frontal pursuit(2-6). Here we show that these types of signal are represented in a completely different way in the smooth-pursuit region of the frontal eye fields(7-11). Neurons of the frontal eye field modulate strongly during both frontal pursuit and vergence tracking, which results in three-dimensional cartesian representations of eye movements. We propose that the brain creates this distinctly different intermediate representation to allow these neurons to function as part of a system that enables primates to track and manipulate objects moving in three-dimensional space.
C1 Hokkaido Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608638, Japan.
   Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
C3 Hokkaido University; Northwestern University
RP Fukushima, K (corresponding author), Hokkaido Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, West 7,North 15, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608638, Japan.
EM kikuro@med.hokudai.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 84
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6903
BP 157
EP 162
DI 10.1038/nature00953
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 592HK
UT WOS:000177931200039
PM 12226663
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Comforti, E
   Chung, YC
   Heiblum, M
   Umansky, V
   Mahalu, D
AF Comforti, E
   Chung, YC
   Heiblum, M
   Umansky, V
   Mahalu, D
TI Bunching of fractionally charged quasiparticles tunnelling through high-potential barriers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quasi-particle; electrons; noise
AB Shot noise measurements have been used to measure the charge of quasiparticles in the fractional quantum Hall (FQH) regime(1-3). To induce shot noise in an otherwise noiseless current of quasiparticles, a barrier is placed in its path to cause weak backscattering. The measured shot noise is proportional to the charge of the quasiparticles; for example, at filling factor v = 1/3, noise corresponding to q = e/3 appears. For increasingly opaque barriers, the measured charge increases monotonically, approaching q = e asymptotically(4,5). It was therefore believed that only electrons, or alternatively, three bunched quasiparticles, can tunnel through high-potential barriers encountered by a noiseless current of quasiparticles. Here we investigate the interaction of e/3 quasiparticles with a strong barrier in FQH samples and find that bunching of quasiparticles in the strong backscattering limit depends on the average dilution of the quasiparticle current. For a very dilute current, bunching ceases altogether and the transferred charge approaches q = e/3. This surprising result demonstrates that quasiparticles can tunnel individually through high-potential barriers originally thought to be opaque for them.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, Braun Ctr Submicron Res, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Heiblum, M (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, Braun Ctr Submicron Res, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
NR 12
TC 40
Z9 43
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6880
BP 515
EP 518
DI 10.1038/416515a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 537JY
UT WOS:000174756500037
PM 11932739
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kato, Y
   Habas, R
   Katsuyama, Y
   Näär, AM
   He, X
AF Kato, Y
   Habas, R
   Katsuyama, Y
   Näär, AM
   He, X
TI A component of the ARC/mediator complex required for TGFβ/Nodal signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcriptional regulation; drosophila homologs; mediator complex; cofactor complex; beta signals; coactivator; protein; induction; smads; gene
AB The transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) family of cytokines, including Nodal, Activin and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), have essential roles in development and tumorigenesis(1,2). TGFbeta molecules activate the Smad family of signal transducers, which form complexes with specific DNA-binding proteins to regulate gene expression(1,2). Two discrete Smad-dependent signalling pathways have been identified: TGFbeta, Activin and Nodal signal via the Smad2 (or Smad3)-Smad4 complex, whereas BMP signals via the Smad1-Smad4 complex(1,2). How distinct Smad complexes regulate specific gene expression is not fully understood. Here we show that ARC105, a component of the activator-recruited co-factor (ARC)(3) complex or the metazoan Mediator complex, is essential for TGFbeta/Activin/Nodal/Smad2/3 signal transduction. Expression of ARC105 stimulates Activin/Nodal/Smad2 signalling in Xenopus laevis embryos, inducing axis duplication and mesendoderm differentiation, and enhances TGFbeta response in human cells. Depletion of ARC105 inhibits TGFbeta/Activin/Nodal/Smad2/3 signalling and Xenopus axis formation, but not BMP/Smad1 signalling. ARC105 protein binds to Smad2/3-Smad4 in response to TGFbeta and is recruited to Activin/Nodal-responsive promoters in chromatin in a Smad2-dependent fashion. Thus ARC105 is a specific and key ARC/Mediator component linking TGFbeta/Activin/Nodal/Smad2/3 signalling to transcriptional activation.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Dept Neurol,Div Neurosci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Canc Ctr,Dept Cell Biol, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP He, X (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Dept Neurol,Div Neurosci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 30
TC 135
Z9 182
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 641
EP 646
DI 10.1038/nature00969
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600043
PM 12167862
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Adini, Y
   Sagi, D
   Tsodyks, M
AF Adini, Y
   Sagi, D
   Tsodyks, M
TI Context-enabled learning in the human visual system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synaptic plasticity; cortex; discrimination; experience; neurons; vision
AB Training was found to improve the performance of humans on a variety of visual perceptual tasks(1,2). However, the ability to detect small changes in the contrast of simple visual stimuli could not be improved by repetition(3). Here we show that the performance of this basic task could be modified after the discrimination of the stimulus contrast was practised in the presence of similar laterally placed stimuli, suggesting a change in the local neuronal circuit involved in the task. On the basis of a combination of hebbian and anti-hebbian synaptic learning rules compatible with our results, we propose a mechanism of plasticity in the visual cortex that is enabled by a change in the context.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Neurobiol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Sagi, D (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Neurobiol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM dov.sagi@weizmann.ac.il
NR 31
TC 139
Z9 167
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 14
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6873
BP 790
EP 793
DI 10.1038/415790a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 521HE
UT WOS:000173833900046
PM 11845209
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chi, TH
   Wan, M
   Zhao, KJ
   Taniuchi, I
   Chen, L
   Littman, DR
   Crabtree, GR
AF Chi, TH
   Wan, M
   Zhao, KJ
   Taniuchi, I
   Chen, L
   Littman, DR
   Crabtree, GR
TI Reciprocal regulation of CD4/CD8 expression by SWI/SNF-like BAF complexes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cd4 gene-expression; t-cell development; stochastic mechanism; chromatin; lineage; promoter; subsets; brahma; yeast
AB Thymic development produces two sub-lineages of T cells expressing either CD4 or CD8 co-receptors that assist antibody production and mediate cell killing, respectively. The mechanisms for mutually exclusive co-receptor expression remain poorly defined(1,2). We find that mutations in the high mobility group (HMG) domain of BAF57-a DNA-binding subunit of the mammalian SWI/SNF-like chromatin-remodelling BAF complexesor in the BAF complex ATPase subunit Brg, impair both CD4 silencing and CD8 activation. Brg is haploinsufficient for CD8 activation, but not for CD4 silencing, whereas BAF57 mutations preferentially impair CD4 silencing, pointing to target- and subunit-specific mechanisms of chromatin remodelling. BAF complexes directly bind the CD4 silencer, but the BAF57 HMG domain is dispensable for tethering BAF complexes to the CD4 silencer or other chromatin loci in vivo, or for remodelling reconstituted templates in vitro(3,4), suggesting that chromatin remodelling in vivo requires HMG-dependent DNA bending. These results indicate that BAF complexes contribute to lineage bifurcation by reciprocally regulating lineage-specific genes, reminiscent of the role of the yeast SWI/SNF complex in mediating mating-type switching(5,6)
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Pathol & Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   NHLBI, Mol Immunol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Skirball Inst Biomol Med, Mol Pathogenesis Program, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Heart Lung & Blood Institute (NHLBI); New York University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; New York University
RP Crabtree, GR (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Pathol & Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 23
TC 213
Z9 259
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6894
BP 195
EP 199
DI 10.1038/nature00876
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 571GV
UT WOS:000176710400043
PM 12110891
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Motani, R
AF Motani, R
TI Scaling effects in caudal fin propulsion and the speed of ichthyosaurs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dolphins tursiops-truncatus; large water tunnel; tuna swimming performance; power output; energy-expenditure; oscillating foils; fish propulsion; kinematics; mackerel; size
AB Four unrelated groups of large cruising vertebrates (tunas, whales, lamnid sharks and parvipelvian ichthyosaurs) evolved tuna-shaped (thunniform) body plans(1,2). Stringent physical constraints, imposed by the surrounding fluids, are probably responsible for this example of evolutionary convergence(1,2). Here I present a mathematical model of swimming kinematics and fluid mechanics that specifies and quantifies such constraints, and test the model with empirical data. The test shows quantitatively that morphology, kinematics, and physiology indeed covary tightly in large cruisers. The model enables calculations of optimal cruising speed from external measurements, and also predicts that wide caudal fin spans, typical of thunniform swimmers, are necessary for large cruisers. This finding is contrary to a popular yet rather teleological view that thunniform tails were selected for their high aspect ratios that increased propulsive efrciency(1,2). I also show by calculation that Stenopterygius, a Jurassic ichthyosaur, probably had optimal cruising speeds and basal metabolic rates similar to living tunas.
C1 Royal Ontario Museum, Dept Paleobiol, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada.
C3 Royal Ontario Museum
RP Motani, R (corresponding author), Royal Ontario Museum, Dept Paleobiol, 100 Queens Pk, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada.
NR 30
TC 65
Z9 76
U1 1
U2 59
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 17
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6869
BP 309
EP 312
DI 10.1038/415309a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 511YC
UT WOS:000173293500040
PM 11797005
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yu, MK
   Wu, P
   Widelitz, RB
   Chuong, CM
AF Yu, MK
   Wu, P
   Widelitz, RB
   Chuong, CM
TI The morphogenesis of feathers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID integumentary structures; adhesion molecules; dinosaur; origin; china; expression; evolution; induction
AB Feathers are highly ordered, hierarchical branched structures(1,2) that confer birds with the ability of flight(3-5). Discoveries of fossilized dinosaurs in China bearing 'feather-like' structures have prompted interest in the origin and evolution of feathers(6-14). However, there is uncertainty about whether the irregularly branched integumentary fibres on dinosaurs such as Sinornithosaurus are truly feathers(11), and whether an integumentary appendage with a major central shaft and notched edges is a non-avian feather or a proto-feather(8-10). Here, we use a developmental approach to analyse molecular mechanisms in feather-branching morphogenesis. We have used the replication-competent avian sarcoma retrovirus(15) to deliver exogenous genes to regenerating flight feather follicles of chickens. We show that the antagonistic balance between noggin and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) has a critical role in feather branching, with BMP4 promoting rachis formation and barb fusion, and noggin enhancing rachis and barb branching. Furthermore, we show that sonic hedgehog (Shh) is essential for inducing apoptosis of the marginal plate epithelia, which results in spaces between barbs. Our analyses identify the molecular pathways underlying the topological transformation of feathers from cylindrical epithelia to the hierarchical branched structures, and provide insights on the possible developmental mechanisms in the evolution of feather forms.
C1 Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA.
C3 University of Southern California
RP Chuong, CM (corresponding author), Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Dept Pathol, 2011 Zonal Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA.
FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR042177] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 191
Z9 217
U1 2
U2 88
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6913
BP 308
EP 312
DI 10.1038/nature01196
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 617BM
UT WOS:000179340400040
PM 12442169
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hyde, PS
   Knudsen, EI
AF Hyde, PS
   Knudsen, EI
TI The optic tectum controls visually guided adaptive plasticity in the owl's auditory space map
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID experience-dependent plasticity; frequency-specific adjustments; superior collicular map; barn owl; inferior colliculus; neural representation; localization cues; guinea-pig; calibration; deprivation
AB The midbrain contains an auditory map of space that is shaped by visual experience(1-3). When barn owls are raised wearing spectacles that horizontally displace the visual field, the auditory space map in the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICX) shifts according to the optical displacement of the prisms(4). Topographic visual activity in the optic tectum could serve as the template that instructs the auditory space map(5). We studied the effects of a restricted, unilateral lesion in the portion of the optic tectum that represents frontal space. Here we show that such a lesion eliminates adaptive adjustments specifically in the portion of the auditory map that represents frontal space on the same side of the brain, while the rest of the map continues to adjust adaptively. Thus, activity in the tectum calibrates the auditory space map in a location-specific manner. Because the site of adaptive changes is the ICX4,6,7, the results also indicate that the tectum provides a topographic instructive signal that controls adaptive auditory plasticity in the ICX.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Knudsen, EI (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 30
TC 48
Z9 60
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 3
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6867
BP 73
EP 76
DI 10.1038/415073a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 507KZ
UT WOS:000173028800042
PM 11780119
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wyatt, MB
   McSween, HY Jr
AF Wyatt, MB
   McSween, HY Jr
TI Spectral evidence for weathered basalt as an alternative to andesite in the northern lowlands of Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID martian surface; rocks
AB Mineral abundances derived from the analysis of remotely sensed thermal emission data from Mars have been interpreted to indicate that the surface is composed of basalt (Surface Type 1) and andesite (Surface Type 2)(1). The global distribution of these rock types is divided roughly along the planetary dichotomy which separates ancient, heavily cratered crust in the southern hemisphere (basalt) from younger lowland plains in the north (andesite)(1). But the existence of such a large volume of andesite is difficult to reconcile with our present understanding of the geological evolution of Mars. Here we reinterpret martian surface rock lithologies using mineral abundances from previous work(1) and new mineralogies derived from a spectral end-member set representing minerals common in unaltered and low-temperature aqueously altered basalts. Our results continue to indicate the dominance of unaltered basalt in the southern highlands, but reveal that the northern lowlands can be interpreted as weathered basalt as an alternative to andesite. The coincidence between locations of such altered basalt and a suggested northern ocean basin implies that lowland plains material may be composed of basalts weathered under submarine conditions or weathered basaltic sediments transported into this depocentre.
C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Geol Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
C3 University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville
RP McSween, HY Jr (corresponding author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Geol Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
EM mcsween@utk.edu
NR 20
TC 227
Z9 269
U1 4
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 263
EP 266
DI 10.1038/417263a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100040
PM 12015596
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smit, RHM
   Noat, Y
   Untiedt, C
   Lang, ND
   van Hemert, MC
   van Ruitenbeek, JM
AF Smit, RHM
   Noat, Y
   Untiedt, C
   Lang, ND
   van Hemert, MC
   van Ruitenbeek, JM
TI Measurement of the conductance of a hydrogen molecule
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spectroscopy; resistance; transition
AB Recent years have shown steady progress towards molecular electronics(1,2), in which molecules form basic components such as switches(3-5), diodes(6) and electronic mixers(7). Often, a scanning tunnelling microscope is used to address an individual molecule, although this arrangement does not provide long-term stability. Therefore, metal-molecule-metal links using break-junction devices(8-10) have also been explored; however, it is difficult to establish unambiguously that a single molecule forms the contact(11). Here we show that a single hydrogen molecule can form a stable bridge between platinum electrodes. In contrast to results for organic molecules, the bridge has a nearly perfect conductance of one quantum unit, carried by a single channel. The hydrogen bridge represents a simple test system in which to understand fundamental transport properties of single-molecule devices.
C1 Leiden Univ, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   IBM Corp, Div Res, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
   Leiden Univ, Gorlaeus Labs, Leids Inst Chem Onderzoek, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
C3 Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University
RP van Ruitenbeek, JM (corresponding author), Leiden Univ, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, POB 9504, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
EM ruitenbe@phys.leidenuniv.nl
NR 31
TC 886
Z9 978
U1 2
U2 189
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6910
BP 906
EP 909
DI 10.1038/nature01103
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 609MN
UT WOS:000178909700037
PM 12410305
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Perozo, E
   Cortes, DM
   Sompornpisut, P
   Kloda, A
   Martinac, B
AF Perozo, E
   Cortes, DM
   Sompornpisut, P
   Kloda, A
   Martinac, B
TI Open channel structure of MscL and the gating mechanism of mechanosensitive channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; ion-channel; conformational-changes; protein structures; k+ channel; architecture; activation; pressure; insights; models
AB Mechanosensitive channels act as membrane-embedded mechano-electrical switches, opening a large water-filled pore in response to lipid bilayer deformations. This process is critical to the response of living organisms to direct physical stimulation, such as in touch, hearing and osmoregulation. Here, we have determined the structural rearrangements that underlie these events in the large prokaryotic mechanosensitive channel (MscL) using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and site-directed spin labelling. MscL was trapped in both the open and in an intermediate closed state by modulating bilayer morphology. Transition to the intermediate state is characterized by small movements in the first transmembrane helix (TM1). Subsequent transitions to the open state are accompanied by massive rearrangements in both TM1 and TM2, as shown by large increases in probe dynamics, solvent accessibility and the elimination of all intersubunit spin-spin interactions. The open state is highly dynamic, supporting a water-filled pore of at least 25 Angstrom, lined mostly by TM1. These structures suggest a plausible molecular mechanism of gating in mechanosensitive channels.
C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Mol Physiol & Biol Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22906 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Ctr Struct Biol, Charlottesville, VA 22906 USA.
   Univ Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
   Chulalongkorn Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Chem, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
C3 University of Virginia; University of Virginia; University of Western Australia; Chulalongkorn University
RP Perozo, E (corresponding author), Univ Virginia, Dept Mol Physiol & Biol Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22906 USA.
NR 37
TC 522
Z9 612
U1 1
U2 100
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6901
BP 942
EP 948
DI 10.1038/nature00992
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 588AP
UT WOS:000177677500036
PM 12198539
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Singh, PK
   Parsek, MR
   Greenberg, EP
   Welsh, MJ
AF Singh, PK
   Parsek, MR
   Greenberg, EP
   Welsh, MJ
TI A component of innate immunity prevents bacterial biofilm development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lower respiratory-tract; pseudomonas-aeruginosa; cystic-fibrosis; antimicrobial activity; chronic-bronchitis; lactoferrin; iron; lysozyme; transferrin; infection
AB Antimicrobial factors form one arm of the innate immune system, which protects mucosal surfaces from bacterial infection(1-3). These factors can rapidly kill bacteria deposited on mucosal surfaces and prevent acute invasive infections(1-4). In many chronic infections, however, bacteria live in biofilms, which are distinct, matrix-encased communities specialized for surface persistence(5-7). The transition from a free-living, independent existence to a biofilm lifestyle can be devastating, because biofilms notoriously resist killing by host defence mechanisms and antibiotics(5,8). We hypothesized that the innate immune system possesses specific activity to protect against biofilm infections. Here we show that lactoferrin, a ubiquitous and abundant constituent of human external secretions, blocks biofilm development by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This occurs at lactoferrin concentrations below those that kill or prevent growth. By chelating iron, lactoferrin stimulates twitching, a specialized form of surface motility, causing the bacteria to wander across the surface instead of forming cell clusters and biofilms. These findings reveal a specific anti-biofilm defence mechanism acting at a critical juncture in biofilm development, the time bacteria stop roaming as individuals and aggregate into durable communities.
C1 Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   WM Keck Fdn Microbial Communities & Cell Signalin, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
C3 University of Iowa; University of Iowa; University of Iowa; University of Iowa; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Northwestern University
RP Singh, PK (corresponding author), Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [K24 HL102246] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 820
Z9 1014
U1 5
U2 207
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6888
BP 552
EP 555
DI 10.1038/417552a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 556QK
UT WOS:000175860300043
PM 12037568
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, J
   Ning, YH
   Hedley, W
   Saunders, B
   Chen, YS
   Tindill, N
   Hannay, T
   Subramaniam, S
AF Li, J
   Ning, YH
   Hedley, W
   Saunders, B
   Chen, YS
   Tindill, N
   Hannay, T
   Subramaniam, S
TI The Molecule Pages database
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The Alliance for Cellular Signaling (AfCS)-Nature Molecule Pages will be a comprehensive database of key facts about more than 3,000 proteins involved in cell signalling. Each entry will be created by invited experts and be peer-reviewed. Alongside the large-scale experiments being conducted by the AfCS scientists, the wealth of information contained in this database offers the potential of accelerating the pace of discovery in signal transduction research.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego Supercomp Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Bioengn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biochem, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Nat Publishing Grp, London N1 9XW, England.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Subramaniam, S (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego Supercomp Ctr, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 0
TC 52
Z9 81
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP 716
EP 717
DI 10.1038/nature01307
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 624GK
UT WOS:000179751800057
PM 12478304
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tahirov, TH
   Temiakov, D
   Anikin, M
   Patlan, V
   McAllister, WT
   Vassylyev, DG
   Yokoyama, S
AF Tahirov, TH
   Temiakov, D
   Anikin, M
   Patlan, V
   McAllister, WT
   Vassylyev, DG
   Yokoyama, S
TI Structure of a T7 RNA polymerase elongation complex at 2.9Å resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; transcription initiation; promoter; bacteriophage-t7; holoenzyme; molscript; insights; binding; bubble
AB The single-subunit bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase carries out the transcription cycle in an identical manner to that of bacterial and eukaryotic multisubunit enzymes. Here we report the crystal structure of a T7 RNA polymerase elongation complex, which shows that incorporation of an 8-base-pair RNA-DNA hybrid into the active site of the enzyme induces a marked rearrangement of the amino-terminal domain. This rearrangement involves alternative folding of about 130 residues and a marked reorientation (about 130degrees rotation) of a stable core subdomain, resulting in a structure that provides elements required for stable transcription elongation. A wide opening on the enzyme surface that is probably an RNA exit pathway is formed, and the RNA-DNA hybrid is completely buried in a newly formed, deep protein cavity. Binding of 10 base pairs of downstream DNA is stabilized mostly by long-distance electrostatic interactions. The structure implies plausible mechanisms for the various phases of the transcription cycle, and reveals important structural similarities with the multisubunit RNA polymerases.
C1 RIKEN, Harima Inst SPring 8, Structurome Res Grp, Sayo, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
   RIKEN, Harima Inst SPring 8, High Throughput Factory, Sayo, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
   RIKEN, Harima Inst SPring 8, Cellular Signaling Lab, Sayo, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
   SUNY Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Morse Inst Mol Genet, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA.
   RIKEN, Genom Sci Ctr, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biophys & Biochem, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 RIKEN; RIKEN; RIKEN; State University of New York (SUNY) System; SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University; RIKEN; University of Tokyo
RP Vassylyev, DG (corresponding author), RIKEN, Harima Inst SPring 8, Structurome Res Grp, 1-1-1 Kouto,Mikazuki Cho, Sayo, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
EM dmitry@yumiyoshi.harima.riken.go.jp; yokoyama@biochem.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM038147] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 212
Z9 257
U1 2
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6911
BP 43
EP 50
DI 10.1038/nature01129
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 612HJ
UT WOS:000179068100031
PM 12422209
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haw, M
AF Haw, M
TI Quantum Physics: Altered states
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Edinburgh
RP Haw, M (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland.
NR 7
TC 0
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6892
BP 892
EP 893
DI 10.1038/417892a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 566RC
UT WOS:000176441200011
PM 12087374
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brown, P
   Spalding, RE
   ReVelle, DO
   Tagliaferri, E
   Worden, SP
AF Brown, P
   Spalding, RE
   ReVelle, DO
   Tagliaferri, E
   Worden, SP
TI The flux of small near-Earth objects colliding with the Earth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID infrasound; collision; radiation; satellite; impacts; bolides; entry
AB Asteroids with diameters smaller than similar to50-100 m that collide with the Earth usually do not hit the ground as a single body; rather, they detonate in the atmosphere(1). These small objects can still cause considerable damage, such as occurred near Tunguska(2), Siberia, in 1908. The flux of small bodies is poorly constrained, however, in part because ground-based observational searches pursue strategies that lead them preferentially to find larger objects(3). ATunguska-class event - the energy of which we take to be equivalent to 10 megatons of TNT - was previously estimated to occur every 200 - 300 years, with the largest annual airburst calculated to be similar to20 kilotons (kton) TNT equivalent (ref. 4). Here we report satellite records of bolide detonations in the atmosphere over the past 8.5 years. We find that the flux of objects in the 1-10-m size range has the same power-law distribution as bodies with diameters > 50 m. From this we estimate that the Earth is hit on average annually by an object with similar to5 kton equivalent energy, and that Tunguska-like events occur about once every 1,000 years.
C1 Univ Western Ontario, Dept Phys & Astron, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA.
   ET Space Syst, Camarillo, CA 93012 USA.
   US Space Command, Directorate Operat, Peterson AFB, Colorado Springs, CO 80914 USA.
C3 Western University (University of Western Ontario); United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
RP Brown, P (corresponding author), Univ Western Ontario, Dept Phys & Astron, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
EM pbrown@uwo.ca
NR 29
TC 390
Z9 454
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6913
BP 294
EP 296
DI 10.1038/nature01238
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 617BM
UT WOS:000179340400035
PM 12447433
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rasmussen, LEL
   Riddle, HS
   Krishnamurthy, V
AF Rasmussen, LEL
   Riddle, HS
   Krishnamurthy, V
TI Mellifluous matures to malodorous in musth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, OGI Sch Sci & Engn, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA.
   Riddles Elephant & Wildlife Sanctuary, Greenbrier, AR 72058 USA.
   Indian Inst Sci, Asian Elephant Res & Conservat Ctr, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; Indian Institute of Science (IISC) - Bangalore
RP Rasmussen, LEL (corresponding author), Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, OGI Sch Sci & Engn, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA.
NR 13
TC 64
Z9 69
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 975
EP 976
DI 10.1038/415975a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000028
PM 11875552
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gembris, D
   Taylor, JG
   Suter, D
AF Gembris, D
   Taylor, JG
   Suter, D
TI Sports statistics - Trends and random fluctuations in athletics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID resonance
C1 Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Med, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
   Kings Coll London, Dept Math, London WC2R 2LS, England.
   Univ Dortmund, Dept Phys, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Julich Research Centre; University of London; King's College London; Dortmund University of Technology
RP Gembris, D (corresponding author), Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Med, Postfach 1913, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
EM d.gembris@fz-juelich.de
NR 9
TC 53
Z9 53
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6888
BP 506
EP 506
DI 10.1038/417506a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 556QK
UT WOS:000175860300031
PM 12037557
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rappé, MS
   Connon, SA
   Vergin, KL
   Giovannoni, SJ
AF Rappé, MS
   Connon, SA
   Vergin, KL
   Giovannoni, SJ
TI Cultivation of the ubiquitous SAR11 marine bacterioplankton clade
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phylogenetic diversity; bacterial diversity; dilution culture; identification; picoplankton; prokaryotes; sequences; cluster; archaea; probes
AB The alpha-proteobacterial lineage that contains SAR11 and related ribosomal RNA gene clones was among the first groups of organisms to be identified when cultivation-independent approaches based on rRNA gene cloning and sequencing were applied to survey microbial diversity in natural ecosystems(1). This group accounts for 26% of all ribosomal RNA genes that have been identified in sea water and has been found in nearly every pelagic marine bacterioplankton community studied by these methods(2). The SAR11 clade represents a pervasive problem in microbiology: despite its ubiquity, it has defied cultivation efforts. Genetic evidence suggests that diverse uncultivated microbial taxa dominate most natural ecosystems(3-5), which has prompted widespread efforts to elucidate the geochemical activities of these organisms without the benefit of cultures for study(6,7). Here we report the isolation of representatives of the SAR11 clade. Eighteen cultures were initially obtained by means of high-throughput procedures for isolating cell cultures through the dilution of natural microbial communities into very low nutrient media. Eleven of these cultures have been successfully passaged and cryopreserved for future study. The volume of these cells, about 0.01 mum(3), places them among the smallest free-living cells in culture.
C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
C3 Oregon State University
RP Giovannoni, SJ (corresponding author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
NR 27
TC 715
Z9 839
U1 2
U2 231
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 630
EP 633
DI 10.1038/nature00917
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600040
PM 12167859
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Damsté, JSS
   Strous, M
   Rijpstra, WIC
   Hopmans, EC
   Geenevasen, JAJ
   van Duin, ACT
   van Niftrik, LA
   Jetten, MSM
AF Damsté, JSS
   Strous, M
   Rijpstra, WIC
   Hopmans, EC
   Geenevasen, JAJ
   van Duin, ACT
   van Niftrik, LA
   Jetten, MSM
TI Linearly concatenated cyclobutane lipids form a dense bacterial membrane
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anaerobic ammonium oxidation; glycerol diethers; nitrate; genus
AB Lipid membranes are essential to the functioning of cells, enabling the existence of concentration gradients of ions and metabolites. Microbial membrane lipids can contain three-, five-, six- and even seven-membered aliphatic rings(1-3), but four-membered aliphatic cyclobutane rings have never been observed. Here we report the discovery of cyclobutane rings in the dominant membrane lipids of two anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria. These lipids contain up to five linearly fused cyclobutane moieties with cis ring junctions. Such 'ladderane' molecules are unprecedented in nature but are known as promising building blocks in optoelectronics(4). The ladderane lipids occur in the membrane of the anammoxosome, the dedicated intracytoplasmic compartment where anammox catabolism takes place. They give rise to an exceptionally dense membrane, a tight barrier against diffusion. We propose that such a membrane is required to maintain concentration gradients during the exceptionally slow anammox metabolism and to protect the remainder of the cell from the toxic anammox intermediates. Our results further illustrate that microbial membrane lipid structures are far more diverse than previously recognized(5-7).
C1 Royal Netherlands Sea Res, Dept Marine Biogeochem & Toxicol, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands.
   Univ Nijmegen, Dept Microbiol, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Univ Amsterdam, Inst Mol Chem, NL-1018 WS Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Newcastle Univ, Dept Fossil Fuels & Environm Geochem, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Delft Univ Technol, Dept Biotechnol, NL-2628 BC Delft, Netherlands.
C3 Radboud University Nijmegen; University of Amsterdam; Newcastle University - UK; Delft University of Technology
EM damste@nioz.nl
NR 29
TC 373
Z9 442
U1 17
U2 300
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6908
BP 708
EP 712
DI 10.1038/nature01128
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 604JF
UT WOS:000178615200037
PM 12384695
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blumenthal, T
   Evans, D
   Link, CD
   Guffanti, A
   Lawson, D
   Thierry-Mieg, J
   Thierry-Mieg, D
   Chiu, WL
   Duke, K
   Kiraly, M
   Kim, SK
AF Blumenthal, T
   Evans, D
   Link, CD
   Guffanti, A
   Lawson, D
   Thierry-Mieg, J
   Thierry-Mieg, D
   Chiu, WL
   Duke, K
   Kiraly, M
   Kim, SK
TI A global analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans operons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; gene-expression; lin-15; genome; sl2
AB The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans and its relatives are unique among animals in having operons(1). Operons are regulated multigene transcription units, in which polycistronic premessenger RNA (pre-mRNA coding for multiple peptides) is processed to monocistronic mRNAs. This occurs by 3' end formation and trans-splicing using the specialized SL2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle(2) for downstream mRNAs(1). Previously, the correlation between downstream location in an operon and SL2 trans-splicing has been strong, but anecdotal(3). Although only 28 operons have been reported, the complete sequence of the C. elegans genome reveals numerous gene clusters(4). To determine how many of these clusters represent operons, we probed full-genome microarrays for SL2-containing mRNAs. We found significant enrichment for about 1,200 genes, including most of a group of several hundred genes represented by complementary DNAs that contain SL2 sequence. Analysis of their genomic arrangements indicates that >90% are downstream genes, falling in 790 distinct operons. Our evidence indicates that the genome contains at least 1,000 operons, 2-8 genes long, that contain about 15% of all C. elegans genes. Numerous examples of co-transcription of genes encoding functionally related proteins are evident. Inspection of the operon list should reveal previously unknown functional relationships.
C1 Univ Colorado, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Inst Behav Genet, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Sanger Ctr, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Natl Inst Genet, Gene Network Lab, Mishima, Shizuoka 411, Japan.
   Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Bethesda, MD USA.
   Pfizer Global Res & Dev, Dept Mol Sci & Technol, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; Pfizer; Pfizer USA; Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Blumenthal, T (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Box B121,4200 E 9th Ave, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
NR 19
TC 287
Z9 328
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6891
BP 851
EP 854
DI 10.1038/nature00831
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 563YM
UT WOS:000176285600047
PM 12075352
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gottar, M
   Gobert, V
   Michel, T
   Belvin, M
   Duyk, G
   Hoffmann, JA
   Ferrandon, D
   Royet, J
AF Gottar, M
   Gobert, V
   Michel, T
   Belvin, M
   Duyk, G
   Hoffmann, JA
   Ferrandon, D
   Royet, J
TI The Drosophila immune response against Gram-negative bacteria is mediated by a peptidoglycan recognition protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID toll-like receptors; innate immunity; deficiency imd; host-defense; genes; antifungal; infection; silkworm; requires; family
AB The antimicrobial defence of Drosophila relies largely on the challenge-induced synthesis of an array of potent antimicrobial peptides by the fat body(1,2). The defence against Gram-positive bacteria and natural fungal infections is mediated by the Toll signalling pathway, whereas defence against Gram-negative bacteria is dependent on the Immune deficiency (IMD) pathway(3-18). Loss-of-function mutations in either pathway reduce the resistance to corresponding infections(3,9). The link between microbial infections and activation of these two pathways has remained elusive. The Toll pathway is activated by Gram-positive bacteria through a circulating Peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP-SA)(6). PGRPs appear to be highly conserved from insects to mammals, and the Drosophila genome contains 13 members(19-23). Here we report a mutation in a gene coding for a putative transmembrane protein, PGRP-LC, which reduces survival to Gram-negative sepsis but has no effect on the response to Gram-positive bacteria or natural fungal infections. By genetic epistasis, we demonstrate that PGRP-LC acts upstream of the imd gene. The data on PGRP-SA with respect to the response to Gram-positive infections, together with the present report, indicate that the PGRP family has a principal role in sensing microbial infections in Drosophila.
C1 Inst Biol Mol & Cellulaire, CNRS, UPR 9022, F-67084 Strasbourg, France.
   Exelixis Inc, San Francisco, CA 94083 USA.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Exelixis, Inc.
RP Ferrandon, D (corresponding author), Inst Biol Mol & Cellulaire, CNRS, UPR 9022, 15 Rue Rene Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg, France.
EM D.Ferrandon@ibmc.u-strasbg.fr; J.Royet@ibmc.u-strasbg.fr
NR 30
TC 562
Z9 680
U1 3
U2 98
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6881
BP 640
EP 644
DI 10.1038/nature734
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 539YV
UT WOS:000174901900045
PM 11912488
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xin, HB
   Senbonmatsu, T
   Cheng, DS
   Wang, YX
   Copello, JA
   Ji, GJ
   Collier, ML
   Deng, KY
   Jeyakumar, LH
   Magnuson, MA
   Inagami, T
   Kotlikoff, MI
   Fleischer, S
AF Xin, HB
   Senbonmatsu, T
   Cheng, DS
   Wang, YX
   Copello, JA
   Ji, GJ
   Collier, ML
   Deng, KY
   Jeyakumar, LH
   Magnuson, MA
   Inagami, T
   Kotlikoff, MI
   Fleischer, S
TI Oestrogen protects FKBP12.6 null mice from cardiac hypertrophy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calcium-release channel; left-ventricular hypertrophy; ryanodine receptor function; fk506 binding-protein; hormone replacement; selective binding; smooth-muscle; heart; complex; cardiomyopathy
AB FK506 binding proteins 12 and 12.6 (FKBP12 and FKBP12.6) are intracellular receptors for the immunosuppressant drug FK506 (ref. 1). The skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RyR1) is isolated as a hetero-oligomer with FKBP12 (ref. 2), whereas the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) more selectively associates with FKBP12.6 (refs 3, 4, 5). FKBP12 modulates Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle(6,7) and developmental cardiac defects have been reported in FKBP12-deficient mice(8), but the role of FKBP12.6 in cardiac excitation contraction coupling remains unclear. Here we show that disruption of the FKBP12.6 gene in mice results in cardiac hypertrophy in male mice, but not in females. Female hearts are normal, despite the fact that male and female knockout mice display similar dysregulation of Ca2+ release, seen as increases in the amplitude and duration of Ca2+ sparks and calcium-induced calcium release gain. Female FKBP12.6-null mice treated with tamoxifen, an oestrogen receptor antagonist, develop cardiac hypertrophy similar to that of male mice. We conclude that FKBP12.6 modulates cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and that oestrogen plays a protective role in the hypertrophic response of the heart to Ca2+ dysregulation.
C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Nashville, TN 37235 USA.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Biochem, Nashville, TN 37235 USA.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Physiol & Mol Biophys, Nashville, TN 37235 USA.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Nashville, TN 37235 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Vet Med, Dept Anim Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Vanderbilt University; Vanderbilt University; Vanderbilt University; Vanderbilt University; Cornell University; University of Pennsylvania
RP Fleischer, S (corresponding author), Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 221 Kirkland Hall, Nashville, TN 37235 USA.
NR 30
TC 251
Z9 298
U1 1
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6878
BP 334
EP 337
DI 10.1038/416334a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 532NP
UT WOS:000174482200046
PM 11907581
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, SH
   Broholm, C
   Ratcliff, W
   Gasparovic, G
   Huang, Q
   Kim, TH
   Cheong, SW
AF Lee, SH
   Broholm, C
   Ratcliff, W
   Gasparovic, G
   Huang, Q
   Kim, TH
   Cheong, SW
TI Emergent excitations in a geometrically frustrated magnet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kagome lattice; pyrochlore antiferromagnet; spin liquid; fluctuations; transition; glass
AB Frustrated systems are ubiquitous(1-3), and they are interesting because their behaviour is difficult to predict; frustration can lead to macroscopic degeneracies and qualitatively new states of matter. Magnetic systems offer good examples in the form of spin lattices, where all interactions between spins cannot be simultaneously satisfied(4). Here we report how unusual composite spin degrees of freedom can emerge from frustrated magnetic interactions in the cubic spinel ZnCr2O4. Upon cooling, groups of six spins self-organize into weakly interacting antiferromagnetic loops, whose directors-the unique direction along which the spins are aligned, parallel or antiparallel-govern all low-temperature dynamics. The experimental evidence comes from a measurement of the magnetic form factor by inelastic neutron scattering; the data show that neutrons scatter from hexagonal spin clusters rather than individual spins. The hexagon directors are, to a first approximation, decoupled from each other, and hence their reorientations embody the long-sought local zero energy modes for the pyrochlore lattice.
C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; Johns Hopkins University; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Lee, SH (corresponding author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
NR 20
TC 456
Z9 492
U1 7
U2 200
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6900
BP 856
EP 858
DI 10.1038/nature00964
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 585YR
UT WOS:000177555600032
PM 12192404
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Robinson, IM
   Ranjan, R
   Schwarz, TL
AF Robinson, IM
   Ranjan, R
   Schwarz, TL
TI Synaptotagmins I and IV promote transmitter release independently of Ca2+ binding in the C2A domain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neurotransmitter release; synaptic transmission; regulated exocytosis; calcium-dependence; mutants; drosophila; vesicles; absence; sensors; elegans
AB At nerve terminals, a focal and transient increase in intracellular Ca2+ triggers the fusion of neurotransmitter-filled vesicles with the plasma membrane. The most extensively studied candidate for the Ca2+-sensing trigger is synaptotagmin I, whose Ca2+-dependent interactions with acidic phospholipids and syntaxin(1) have largely been ascribed to its C(2)A domain(2-6), although the C2B domain also binds Ca2+ (refs 7, 8). Genetic tests of synaptotagmin I have been equivocal as to whether it is the Ca2+-sensing trigger of fusion(6,9-15). Synaptotagmin IV, a related isoform that does not bind Ca2+ in the C(2)A domain, might be an inhibitor of release(16,17). We mutated an essential aspartate of the Ca2+ binding site of the synaptotagmin I C(2)A domain and expressed it in Drosophila lacking synaptotagmin I. Here we show that, despite the disruption of the binding site, the Ca2+-dependent properties of transmission were not altered. Similarly, we found that synaptotagmin IV could substitute for synaptotagmin I. We conclude that the C(2)A domain of synaptotagmin is not required for Ca2+-dependent synaptic transmission, and that synaptotagmin IV promotes rather than inhibits transmission.
C1 Childrens Hosp, Div Neurosci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Genet, Cambridge CB2 3EH, England.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; University of Cambridge; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Schwarz, TL (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp, Div Neurosci, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 31
TC 187
Z9 220
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6895
BP 336
EP 340
DI 10.1038/nature00915
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 574BF
UT WOS:000176868000045
PM 12110845
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saneyoshi, T
   Kume, S
   Amasaki, Y
   Mikoshiba, K
AF Saneyoshi, T
   Kume, S
   Amasaki, Y
   Mikoshiba, K
TI The Wnt/calcium pathway activates NF-AT and promotes ventral cell fate in Xenopus embryos
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glycogen-synthase kinase-3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor; wnt signaling pathway; transcription factors; spemann organizer; axis formation; beta-catenin; expression; laevis; family
AB It is thought that inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5) P-3)-Ca2+ signalling has a function in dorsoventral axis formation in Xenopus embryos(1-3;) however, the immediate target of free Ca2+ is unclear. The secreted Wnt protein family comprises two functional groups, the canonical Wnt and Wnt/Ca2+ pathways(4). The Wnt/Ca2+ pathway interferes with the canonical Wnt pathway(5), but the underlying molecular mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we cloned the complementary DNA coding for the Xenopus homologue of nuclear factor of activated T cells (XNF-AT). A gain-of-function, calcineurin-independent active XNF-AT mutation (CA XNF-AT) inhibited anterior development of the primary axis, as well as Xwnt-8-induced ectopic dorsal axis development in embryos. A loss-of-function, dominant negative XNF-AT mutation (DN XNF-AT) induced ectopic dorsal axis formation and expression of the canonical Wnt signalling target molecules siamois and Xnr3 (ref. 4). Xwnt-5A induced translocation of XNF-AT from the cytosol to the nucleus. These data indicate that XNF-AT functions as a downstream target of the Wnt/Ca2+ and Ins(1,4,5) P-3-Ca2+ pathways, and has an essential role in mediating ventral signals in the Xenopus embryo through suppression of the canonical Wnt pathway.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Dept Mol Neurobiol, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, ERATO, Mikoshiba Calciosignal Net Project, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1080071, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, ICORP, Calcium Oscillat Project, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1080071, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, CREST, Inst Med Sci, Dept Mol & Dev Biol,Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   RIKEN, Brain Res Inst, Wako, Saitama 35101, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Tokyo; RIKEN
RP Kume, S (corresponding author), Kumamoto Univ, Inst Mol Embryol & Genet, Dept Regenerat Med, Div Stem Cell Biol, Kuhonji 4-24-1, Kumamoto 8620976, Japan.
NR 29
TC 249
Z9 328
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 295
EP 299
DI 10.1038/417295a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100049
PM 12015605
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Richardson, MI
   Wilson, RJ
AF Richardson, MI
   Wilson, RJ
TI A topographically forced asymmetry in the martian circulation and climate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mars; surface; simulation; model
AB Large seasonal and hemispheric asymmetries in the martian climate system are generally ascribed to variations in solar heating associated with orbital eccentricity(1). As the orbital elements slowly change (over a period of >10(4) years), characteristics of the climate such as dustiness and the vigour of atmospheric circulation are thought to vary(2-5), as should asymmetries in the climate (for example, the deposition of water ice at the northern versus the southern pole). Such orbitally driven climate change might be responsible for the observed layering in Mars' polar deposits by modulating deposition of dust and water ice(3,5,6). Most current theories assume that climate asymmetries completely reverse as the angular distance between equinox and perihelion changes by 180degrees. Here we describe a major climate mechanism that will not precess in this way. We show that Mars' global north-south elevation difference forces a dominant southern summer Hadley circulation that is independent of perihelion timing. The Hadley circulation, a tropical overturning cell responsible for trade winds, largely controls interhemispheric transport of water and the bulk dustiness of the atmosphere(7-11). The topography therefore imprints a strong handedness on climate, with water ice and the active formation of polar layered deposits more likely in the north.
C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP Richardson, MI (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, MC 150-21, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM mir@gps.caltech.edu
NR 26
TC 129
Z9 148
U1 1
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6878
BP 298
EP 301
DI 10.1038/416298a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 532NP
UT WOS:000174482200035
PM 11907570
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gupta, R
   He, ZY
   Luan, S
AF Gupta, R
   He, ZY
   Luan, S
TI Functional relationship of cytochrome c6 and plastocyanin in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein phosphatase; gene-expression; photosystem-i; copper; cyanobacterium; specificity
AB Photosynthetic electron carriers are important in converting light energy into chemical energy in green plants. Although protein components in the electron transport chain are largely conserved among plants, algae and prokaryotes, there is thought to be a major difference concerning a soluble protein in the thylakoid lumen. In cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae, both plastocyanin and cytochrome c(6) mediate electron transfer from cytochrome b(6)f complex to photosystem I1-4. In contrast, only plastocyanin has been found to play the same role in higher plants. It is widely accepted that cytochrome c(6) has been evolutionarily eliminated from higher-plant chloroplasts(5,6). Here we report characterization of a cytochrome c(6)-like protein from Arabidopsis (referred to as Atc6). Atc6 is a functional cytochrome c localized in the thylakoid lumen. Electron transport reconstruction assay showed that Atc6 replaced plastocyanin in the photosynthetic electron transport process. Genetic analysis demonstrated that neither plastocyanin nor Atc6 was absolutely essential for Arabidopsis growth and development. However, plants lacking both plastocyanin and Atc6 did not survive.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Luan, S (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM sluan@nature.berkeley.edu
NR 27
TC 78
Z9 99
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6888
BP 567
EP 571
DI 10.1038/417567a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 556QK
UT WOS:000175860300047
PM 12037572
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Llopart, A
   Elwyn, S
   Coyne, JA
AF Llopart, A
   Elwyn, S
   Coyne, JA
TI Fruitflies - Pigmentation and mate choice in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Llopart, A (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, 940 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM j-coyne@uchicago.edu
NR 2
TC 15
Z9 19
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6905
BP 360
EP 360
DI 10.1038/419360a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 596ZB
UT WOS:000178195400035
PM 12353025
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Renner, C
   Aeppli, G
   Kim, BG
   Soh, YA
   Cheong, SW
AF Renner, C
   Aeppli, G
   Kim, BG
   Soh, YA
   Cheong, SW
TI Atomic-scale images of charge ordering in a mixed-valence manganite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ferromagnetism; transition; crystal; physics
AB Transition-metal perovskite oxides exhibit a wide range of extraordinary but imperfectly understood phenomena. The best known examples are high-temperature superconductivity in copper oxides(1), and colossal magnetoresistance in manganese oxides ('manganites')(2,3). All of these materials undergo a range of order-disorder transitions associated with changes in charge, spin, orbital and lattice degrees of freedom. Measurements of such order are usually made by diffraction techniques, which detect the ionic cores and the spins of the conduction electrons. Unfortunately, because such techniques are only weakly sensitive to valence electrons and yield superpositions of signals from distinct submicrometre-scale phases, they cannot directly image phase coexistence and charge ordering, two key features of the manganites. Here we present scanning tunnelling microscope measurements of the manganite Bi1-xCaxMnO3. We show that charge ordering and phase separation can be resolved in real space with atomic-scale resolution. By taking together images and current-voltage spectroscopy data we find that charge order correlates with both structural order and the local conductive state (either metallic or insulating). These experiments provide an atomic-scale basis for descriptions(4) of manganites as mixtures of electronically and structurally distinct phases.
C1 NEC Res Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 NEC Corporation; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Renner, C (corresponding author), NEC Res Inst, 4 Independence Way, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
EM renner@research.nj.nec.com
NR 19
TC 215
Z9 233
U1 2
U2 103
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6880
BP 518
EP 521
DI 10.1038/416518a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 537JY
UT WOS:000174756500038
PM 11932740
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pasko, VP
   Stanley, MA
   Mathews, JD
   Inan, US
   Wood, TG
AF Pasko, VP
   Stanley, MA
   Mathews, JD
   Inan, US
   Wood, TG
TI Electrical discharge from a thundercloud top to the lower ionosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sprites94 aircraft campaign; lightning discharges; physical-mechanisms; blue starters
AB For over a century, numerous undocumented reports have appeared about unusual large-scale luminous phenomena above thunderclouds(1-6) and, more than 80 years ago, it was suggested that an electrical discharge could bridge the gap between a thundercloud and the upper atmosphere(7,8). Since then, two classes of vertically extensive optical flashes above thunderclouds have been identified-sprites(9-11) and blue jets(12-14). Sprites initiate near the base of the ionosphere, develop very rapidly downwards at speeds which can exceed 10(7) m s(-1) (ref. 15), and assume many different geometrical forms(16-19). In contrast, blue jets develop upwards from cloud tops at speeds of the order of 10(5) m s(-1) and are characterized by a blue conical shape(12-14). But no experimental data related to sprites or blue jets have been reported which conclusively indicate that they establish a direct path of electrical contact between a thundercloud and the lower ionosphere. Here we report a video recording of a blue jet propagating upwards from a thundercloud to an altitude of about 70 km, taken at the Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico. Above an altitude of 42 km- normally the upper limit for blue jets and the lower terminal altitude for sprites-the flash exhibited some features normally observed in sprites. As we observed this phenomenon above a relatively small thunderstorm cell, we speculate that it may be common and therefore represent an unaccounted for component of the global electric circuit.
C1 Penn State Univ, CSSL Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Langmuir Lab, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   Stanford Univ, STAR Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; New Mexico Institute of Mining Technology; Stanford University
RP Pasko, VP (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, CSSL Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM vpasko@psu.edu; stanleym@lanl.gov
NR 30
TC 234
Z9 261
U1 1
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6877
BP 152
EP 154
DI 10.1038/416152a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 530FR
UT WOS:000174348100030
PM 11894087
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bolton, SJ
   Janssen, M
   Thorne, R
   Levin, S
   Klein, M
   Gulkis, S
   Bastian, T
   Sault, R
   Elachi, C
   Hofstadter, M
   Bunker, A
   Dulk, G
   Gudim, E
   Hamilton, G
   Johnson, WTK
   Leblanc, Y
   Liepack, O
   McLeod, R
   Roller, J
   Roth, L
   West, R
AF Bolton, SJ
   Janssen, M
   Thorne, R
   Levin, S
   Klein, M
   Gulkis, S
   Bastian, T
   Sault, R
   Elachi, C
   Hofstadter, M
   Bunker, A
   Dulk, G
   Gudim, E
   Hamilton, G
   Johnson, WTK
   Leblanc, Y
   Liepack, O
   McLeod, R
   Roller, J
   Roth, L
   West, R
TI Ultra-relativistic electrons in Jupiter's radiation belts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synchrotron-radiation; charged-particles; magnetosphere; energization; diffusion; simulation
AB Ground-based observations have shown that Jupiter is a two-component source of microwave radio emission(1): thermal atmospheric emission and synchrotron emission(2) from energetic electrons spiralling in Jupiter's magnetic field. Later in situ measurements(3,4) confirmed the existence of Jupiter's high-energy electron-radiation belts, with evidence for electrons at energies up to 20 MeV. Although most radiation belt models predict electrons at higher energies(5,6), adiabatic diffusion theory can account only for energies up to around 20 MeV. Unambiguous evidence for more energetic electrons is lacking. Here we report observations of 13.8 GHz synchrotron emission that confirm the presence of electrons with energies up to 50 MeV; the data were collected during the Cassini fly-by of Jupiter. These energetic electrons may be repeatedly accelerated through an interaction with plasma waves, which can transfer energy into the electrons. Preliminary comparison of our data with model results suggests that electrons with energies of less than 20 MeV are more numerous than previously believed.
C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 24944 USA.
   Australia Telescope Natl Facil, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia.
   Observ Paris, Dept Space Res, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   Lewis Ctr Educ Res, Apple Valley, CA 92307 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Australia Telescope National Facility; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris
RP Bolton, SJ (corresponding author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
NR 25
TC 118
Z9 123
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 987
EP 991
DI 10.1038/415987a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000033
PM 11875557
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garlanda, C
   Hirsch, E
   Bozza, S
   Salustri, A
   De Acetis, M
   Nota, R
   Maccagno, A
   Riva, F
   Bottazzi, B
   Peri, G
   Doni, A
   Vago, L
   Botto, M
   De Santis, R
   Carminati, P
   Siracusa, G
   Altruda, F
   Vecchi, A
   Romani, L
   Mantovani, A
AF Garlanda, C
   Hirsch, E
   Bozza, S
   Salustri, A
   De Acetis, M
   Nota, R
   Maccagno, A
   Riva, F
   Bottazzi, B
   Peri, G
   Doni, A
   Vago, L
   Botto, M
   De Santis, R
   Carminati, P
   Siracusa, G
   Altruda, F
   Vecchi, A
   Romani, L
   Mantovani, A
TI Non-redundant role of the long pentraxin PTX3 in anti-fungal innate immune response
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amyloid-p component; c-reactive protein; acute-phase proteins; invasive aspergillosis; a-protein; family; infection; member; mononuclear; expression
AB Pentraxins are a superfamily of conserved proteins that are characterized by a cyclic multimeric structure(1). The classical short pentraxins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P component (SAP), are acute-phase proteins produced in the liver in response to inflammatory mediators(2-4). Short pentraxins regulate innate resistance to microbes and the scavenging of cellular debris and extracellular matrix components(2-5). In contrast, long pentraxins have an unrelated, long amino-terminal domain coupled to the carboxy-terminal pentraxin domain, and differ, with respect to short pentraxins, in their gene organization, chromosomal localization, cellular source, and in their stimuli-inducing and ligand-recognition ability(6). To investigate the in vivo function of the long pentraxin PTX3, we generated mice deficient in Ptx3 by homologous recombination. Ptx3-null mice were susceptible to invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Ptx3 binds selected microbial agents, including conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus, and we found that susceptibility of Ptx3-null mice was associated with defective recognition of conidia by alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells, as well as inappropriate induction of an adaptive type 2 response. Thus, the long pentraxin Ptx3 is a secreted pattern-recognition receptor that has a non-redundant role in resistance to selected microbial agents, in particular to the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus.
C1 Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Dept Immunol & Cell Biol, I-20157 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Turin, Dept Genet Biol & Biochem, Turin, Italy.
   Univ Perugia, Dept Expt Med & Biochem Sci, Microbiol Sect, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
   Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dept Publ Hlth & Cell Biol, Rome, Italy.
   Univ Milan, Osped Luigi Sacco, Inst Pathol, Milan, Italy.
   Imperial Coll Sch Med, Hammersmith Hosp, Div Med, Rheumatol Sect, London, England.
   SigmaTau SpA, Rome, Italy.
   Univ Milan, Inst Gen Pathol, Ctr IDET, Milan, Italy.
C3 Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS; University of Turin; University of Perugia; University of Rome Tor Vergata; University of Milan; Luigi Sacco Hospital; Imperial College London; University of Milan
RP Mantovani, A (corresponding author), Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Dept Immunol & Cell Biol, Via Eritrea 62, I-20157 Milan, Italy.
NR 27
TC 587
Z9 656
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6912
BP 182
EP 186
DI 10.1038/nature01195
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 614QM
UT WOS:000179200900047
PM 12432394
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tsai, WL
   Hsu, PC
   Hwu, Y
   Chen, CH
   Chang, LW
   Je, JH
   Lin, HM
   Groso, A
   Margaritondo, G
AF Tsai, WL
   Hsu, PC
   Hwu, Y
   Chen, CH
   Chang, LW
   Je, JH
   Lin, HM
   Groso, A
   Margaritondo, G
TI Electrochemistry - Building on bubbles in metal electrodeposition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diffraction
C1 Acad Sinica, Inst Phys, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
   China Steel Corp, Kaohsiung 81233, Taiwan.
   Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Mat Sci, Pohang 790784, South Korea.
   Tatung Univ, Dept Mat Engn, Taipei 10452, Taiwan.
   Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
C3 Academia Sinica - Taiwan; China Steel Corporation; Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH); Tatung University; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
RP Tsai, WL (corresponding author), Acad Sinica, Inst Phys, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
NR 13
TC 168
Z9 185
U1 2
U2 153
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6885
BP 139
EP 139
DI 10.1038/417139a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 549RH
UT WOS:000175460200032
PM 12000951
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Irigoien, X
   Harris, RP
   Verheye, HM
   Joly, P
   Runge, J
   Starr, M
   Pond, D
   Campbell, R
   Shreeve, R
   Ward, P
   Smith, AN
   Dam, HG
   Peterson, W
   Tirelli, V
   Koski, M
   Smith, T
   Harbour, D
   Davidson, R
AF Irigoien, X
   Harris, RP
   Verheye, HM
   Joly, P
   Runge, J
   Starr, M
   Pond, D
   Campbell, R
   Shreeve, R
   Ward, P
   Smith, AN
   Dam, HG
   Peterson, W
   Tirelli, V
   Koski, M
   Smith, T
   Harbour, D
   Davidson, R
TI Copepod hatching success in marine ecosystems with high diatom concentrations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calanus-helgolandicus; organic-carbon; egg-production; phytoplankton; fishery
AB Diatoms dominate spring bloom phytoplankton assemblages in temperate waters and coastal upwelling regions of the global ocean. Copepods usually dominate the zooplankton in these regions and are the prey of many larval fish species. Recent laboratory studies suggest that diatoms may have a deleterious effect on the success of copepod egg hatching(1-4). These findings challenge the classical view of marine food-web energy flow from diatoms to fish by means of copepods(5-7). Egg mortality is an important factor in copepod population dynamics(8), thus, if diatoms have a deleterious in situ effect, paradoxically, high diatom abundance could limit secondary production. Therefore, the current understanding of energy transfer from primary production to fisheries in some of the most productive and economically important marine ecosystems(9) may be seriously flawed(1,10). Here we present in situ estimates of copepod egg hatching success from twelve globally distributed areas, where diatoms dominate the phytoplankton assemblage. We did not observe a negative relationship between copepod egg hatching success and either diatom biomass or dominance in the microplankton in any of these regions. The classical model for diatom-dominated system remains valid.
C1 AZTI, Pasaia 20110, Spain.
   Plymouth Marine Lab, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, England.
   Marine & Coastal Management, ZA-8012 Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
   Inst Maurice Lamontagne, Mont Joli, PQ G5H 3Z4, Canada.
   British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
   Univ Victoria, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada.
   Univ Connecticut, Dept Marine Sci, Groton, CT 06340 USA.
   Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA.
   Univ Trieste, Dept Biol, Trieste, Italy.
   LBM, Trieste, Italy.
   Netherlands Inst Sea Res, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands.
   Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
C3 AZTI; Plymouth Marine Laboratory; University of Cape Town; Fisheries & Oceans Canada; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Antarctic Survey; University of Victoria; University of Connecticut; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of Trieste; Utrecht University; Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ); NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of Southampton
RP Irigoien, X (corresponding author), AZTI, Herrera Kaia Portualdea S-G, Pasaia 20110, Spain.
EM xirigoien@pas.azti.es
NR 22
TC 194
Z9 237
U1 0
U2 77
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6905
BP 387
EP 389
DI 10.1038/nature01055
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 596ZB
UT WOS:000178195400043
PM 12353032
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Van Tonder, GJ
   Lyons, MJ
   Ejima, Y
AF Van Tonder, GJ
   Lyons, MJ
   Ejima, Y
TI Visual structure of a Japanese Zen garden - The mysterious appeal of a simple and ancient composition of rocks is unveiled.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Human & Environm Studies, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
   ATR Media Informat Sci Labs, Kyoto 6190288, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University
RP Van Tonder, GJ (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Human & Environm Studies, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
FU Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [15K05211] Funding Source: KAKEN
NR 8
TC 49
Z9 54
U1 2
U2 74
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6905
BP 359
EP 360
DI 10.1038/419359a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 596ZB
UT WOS:000178195400034
PM 12353024
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Finney, BP
   Gregory-Eaves, I
   Douglas, MSV
   Smol, JP
AF Finney, BP
   Gregory-Eaves, I
   Douglas, MSV
   Smol, JP
TI Fisheries productivity in the northeastern Pacific Ocean over the past 2,200 years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID santa-barbara basin; sockeye-salmon; climate; lake; reconstruction; columbia; impacts; history; trends; gulf
AB Historical catch records suggest that climatic variability has had basin-wide effects on the northern Pacific and its fish populations, such as salmon, sardines and anchovies(1-7). However, these records are too short to define the nature and frequency of patterns. We reconstructed similar to2,200-year records of sockeye salmon abundance from sediment cores obtained from salmon nursery lakes on Kodiak island, Alaska. Large shifts in abundance, which far exceed the decadal-scale variability recorded during the past 300 years(1-8), occurred over the past two millennia. A marked, multi-centennial decline in Alaskan sockeye salmon was apparent from similar to100 BC to AD 800, but salmon were consistently more abundant from AD 1200 to 1900. Over the past two millennia, the abundances of Pacific sardine and Northern anchovy off the California coast, and of Alaskan salmon, show several synchronous patterns of variability. But sardines and anchovies vary out of phase with Alaskan salmon over low frequency, which differs from the pattern detected in historical records(5,6). The coherent patterns observed across large regions demonstrate the strong role of climatic forcing in regulating northeastern Pacific fish stocks.
C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
   Queens Univ, Dept Biol, PEARL, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Geol, PAL, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada.
C3 University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks; Queens University - Canada; University of Toronto
RP Finney, BP (corresponding author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
EM finney@ims.uaf.edu
NR 30
TC 238
Z9 292
U1 1
U2 88
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6882
BP 729
EP 733
DI 10.1038/416729a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 542FU
UT WOS:000175033500040
PM 11961553
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Germain, P
   Iyer, J
   Zechel, C
   Gronemeyer, H
AF Germain, P
   Iyer, J
   Zechel, C
   Gronemeyer, H
TI Co-regulator recruitment and the mechanism of retinoic acid receptor synergy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear hormone receptors; ligand-binding domains; heterodimeric complex; response pathways; x-receptor; rar; rxr; activation; tif2; transactivation
AB Crystal structure and co-regulator interaction studies have led to a general mechanistic view of the initial steps of nuclear receptor (NR) action. Agonist-induced transconformation of the ligand-binding domain (holo-LBD) leads to the formation of co-activator complexes, and destabilizes the co-repressor complexes bound to the ligand-free (apo) LBD1-3. However, the molecular basis of retinoid-X receptor (RXR) 'subordination' in heterodimers, an essential mechanism to avoid signalling pathway promiscuity, has remained elusive. RXR, in contrast to its heterodimer partner, cannot autonomously induce transcription on binding of cognate agonists(4-7). Here we show that RXR can bind ligand and recruit co-activators as a heterodimer with apo-retinoic-acid receptor (apo-RAR). However, in the usual cellular environment co-repressors do not dissociate and they prohibit co-activator access because co-regulator binding is mutually exclusive. Accordingly, RXR subordination can be overcome in heterodimers that bind co-repressor weakly or in cells with a high co-activator content. We identify two types of RAR antagonists that differentially modulate co-regulator interaction, and we demonstrate that synergy between RAR ligands and RXR agonists(6,8) results from increased interaction efficiency of a single p160 with the heterodimer, requiring two intact receptor-binding surfaces on the co-activator.
C1 Univ Strasbourg 1, Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, CU Strasbourg, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg
RP Gronemeyer, H (corresponding author), Univ Strasbourg 1, Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, BP 163, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, CU Strasbourg, France.
EM hg@igbmc.u-strasbg.fr
NR 30
TC 267
Z9 322
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 10
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6868
BP 187
EP 192
DI 10.1038/415187a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 509PR
UT WOS:000173159300046
PM 11805839
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stensmyr, MC
   Urru, I
   Collu, I
   Celander, M
   Hansson, BS
   Angioy, AM
AF Stensmyr, MC
   Urru, I
   Collu, I
   Celander, M
   Hansson, BS
   Angioy, AM
TI Rotting smell of dead-horse arum florets - These blooms chemically fool flies into pollinating them.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deception; mimicry
C1 Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Crop Sci, S-23053 Alnarp, Sweden.
   Univ Cagliari, Dept Expt Biol, I-4500 Monserrato, Italy.
C3 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; University of Cagliari
RP Stensmyr, MC (corresponding author), Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Crop Sci, POB 44, S-23053 Alnarp, Sweden.
NR 10
TC 178
Z9 197
U1 1
U2 72
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP 625
EP 626
DI 10.1038/420625a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 624GK
UT WOS:000179751800031
PM 12478279
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mackler, JM
   Drummond, JA
   Loewen, CA
   Robinson, IM
   Reist, NE
AF Mackler, JM
   Drummond, JA
   Loewen, CA
   Robinson, IM
   Reist, NE
TI The C2BCa2+-binding motif of synaptotagmin is required for synaptic transmission in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c2b domain; neurotransmitter release; drosophila reveals; mutants; exocytosis; vesicles; binding; localization
AB Synaptotagmin is a synaptic vesicle protein that is postulated to be the Ca2+ sensor for fast, evoked neurotransmitter release(1). Deleting the gene for synaptotagmin (syt(null)) strongly suppresses synaptic transmission in every species examined(2), showing that synaptotagmin is central in the synaptic vesicle cycle. The cytoplasmic region of synaptotagmin contains two C-2 domains, C(2)A and C2B. Five, highly conserved, acidic residues in both the C(2)A and C2B domains of synaptotagmin coordinate the binding of Ca2+ ions(3-5), and biochemical studies have characterized several in vitro Ca2+-dependent interactions between synaptotagmin and other nerve terminal molecules(6). But there has been no direct evidence that any of the Ca2+-binding sites within synaptotagmin are required in vivo. Here we show that mutating two of the Ca2+-binding aspartate residues in the C2B domain (D-416,N-418 in Drosophila) decreased evoked transmitter release by >95%, and decreased the apparent Ca2+ affinity of evoked transmitter release. These studies show that the Ca2+-binding motif of the C2B domain of synaptotagmin is essential for synaptic transmission.
C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, Program Mol Cellular & Integrat Neurosci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Genet, Cambridge CB2 3EH, England.
C3 Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins; University of Cambridge
RP Reist, NE (corresponding author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, Program Mol Cellular & Integrat Neurosci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
NR 28
TC 274
Z9 317
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6895
BP 340
EP 344
DI 10.1038/nature00846
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 574BF
UT WOS:000176868000046
PM 12110842
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wu, LC
   Tuot, DS
   Lyons, DS
   Garcia, KC
   Davis, MM
AF Wu, LC
   Tuot, DS
   Lyons, DS
   Garcia, KC
   Davis, MM
TI Two-step binding mechanism for T-cell receptor recognition of peptide-MHC
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antigen recognition; hot-spot; ligands; complex; requirements; reactivity; repertoire; interface; residues; energy
AB T cells probe a diverse milieu of peptides presented by molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) by using the T-cell receptor (TCR) to scan these ligands with high sensitivity and specificity(1). Here we describe a physical basis for this scanning process by studying the residues involved in both the initial association and the stable binding of TCR to peptide-MHC, using the well-characterized TCR and peptide-MHC pair of 2B4 and MCC-IEk (moth cytochrome c, residues 88-103)(2). We show that MHC contacts dictate the initial association, guiding TCR docking in a way that is mainly independent of the peptide. Subsequently, MCC-IEk peptide contacts dominate stabilization, imparting specificity and influencing T-cell activation by modulating the duration of binding. This functional subdivision of the peptide-MHC ligand suggests that a two-step process for TCR recognition facilitates the efficient scanning of diverse peptide-MHC complexes on the surface of cells and also makes TCRs inherently crossreactive towards different peptides bound by the same MHC.
C1 Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University
RP Davis, MM (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Sch Med, B221 Beckman Ctr, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 30
TC 235
Z9 281
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 552
EP 556
DI 10.1038/nature00920
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800045
PM 12152083
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Iyer, R
   Iverson, TM
   Accardi, A
   Miller, C
AF Iyer, R
   Iverson, TM
   Accardi, A
   Miller, C
TI A biological role for prokaryotic ClC chloride channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; acid resistance; potassium channel; ligand-binding; mechanisms; expression; glutamate; disruption; proteins; homolog
AB An unexpected finding emerging from large-scale genome analyses is that prokaryotesexpress ion channels belonging to molecular families long studied in neurons. Bacteria and archaea are now known to carry genes for potassium channels of the voltage-gated, inward rectifier and calcium-activated classes(1-3), ClC-type chloride channels(4), an ionotropic glutamate receptor(5) and a sodium channel(6). For two potassium channels and a chloride channel, these homologues have provided a means to direct structure determination(3,7-9). And yet the purposes of these ion channels in bacteria are unknown. Strong conservation of functionally important sequences from bacteria to vertebrates, and of structure itself(10), suggests that prokaryotes use ion channels in roles more adaptive than providing high-quality protein to structural biologists. Here we show that Escherichia coli uses chloride channels of the widespread ClC family in the extreme acid resistance response. We propose that the channels function as an electrical shunt for an outwardly directed virtual proton pump that is linked to amino acid decarboxylation.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
C3 Brandeis University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Miller, C (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
NR 30
TC 181
Z9 229
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6908
BP 715
EP 718
DI 10.1038/nature01000
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 604JF
UT WOS:000178615200039
PM 12384697
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johnstone, RA
AF Johnstone, RA
TI The evolution of inaccurate mimics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID batesian mimicry; model; frequency
AB Instances of strikingly accurate Batesian mimicry (in which a palatable prey organism closely resembles an aversive model) are often cited to illustrate the power of natural selection(1). Less attention has been paid to those mimics, such as many hoverfly (Syrphidae) mimics of wasps or bees, that resemble their models only poorly(2-4). Attempts to provide an adaptive explanation for imperfect mimicry have suggested that what seems a crude resemblance to human observers may appear a close match to predators(2), or that inaccurate mimics may bear a general resemblance to several different model species(3,4). I show here, however, that truly inaccurate mimicry of a single model organism may be favoured over perfect resemblance, by kin selection. Signal detection theory predicts that predators will modify their level of discrimination adaptively in response to the relative frequencies and similarity of models and mimics(5-7). If models are rare and/or weakly aversive, greater local similarity of mimics can thus lead to greater attack rates. Where individual mimics are related to others in their vicinity, kin selection will then oppose the evolution of accurate mimicry.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Johnstone, RA (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
NR 21
TC 78
Z9 86
U1 0
U2 69
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 524
EP 526
DI 10.1038/nature00845
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800038
PM 12152077
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Day, JJ
   Norman, DB
   Upchurch, P
   Powell, HP
AF Day, JJ
   Norman, DB
   Upchurch, P
   Powell, HP
TI Biomechanics - Dinosaur locomotion from a new trackway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
   Univ Oxford, Museum Nat Hist, Oxford OXD1 3PW, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Oxford
RP Day, JJ (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
NR 6
TC 61
Z9 68
U1 1
U2 128
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 31
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6871
BP 494
EP 495
DI 10.1038/415494a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 516PQ
UT WOS:000173564300035
PM 11823849
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yokouchi, Y
   Ikeda, M
   Inuzuka, Y
   Yukawa, T
AF Yokouchi, Y
   Ikeda, M
   Inuzuka, Y
   Yukawa, T
TI Strong emission of methyl chloride from tropical plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dimethyl sulfide; atmosphere; bromide; pacific; biomass; budgets; ocean
AB Methyl chloride is the largest natural source of ozone-depleting chlorine compounds, and accounts for about 15 per cent of the present atmospheric chlorine content(1). This contribution was likely to have been relatively greater in pre-industrial times 2, when additional anthropogenic sources-such as chlorofluoro-carbons-were absent. Although it has been shown that there are large emissions of methyl chloride from coastal lands in the tropics 3,4, there remains a substantial shortfall in the overall methyl chloride budget. Here we present observations of large emissions of methyl chloride from some common tropical plants (certain types of ferns and Dipterocarpaceae), ranging from 0.1 to 3.7 mug per gram of dry leaf per hour. On the basis of these preliminary measurements, the methyl chloride flux from Dipterocarpaceae in southeast Asia alone is estimated at 0.91 Tg yr(-1), which could explain a large portion of missing methyl chloride sources. With continuing tropical deforestation, natural sources of chlorine compounds may accordingly decrease in the future. Conversely, the abundance of massive ferns in the Carboniferous period(5) may have created an atmosphere rich in methyl chloride.
C1 Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan.
   Meisei Univ, Tokyo 1918506, Japan.
   Museum Nat Sci, Tsukuba Bot Garden, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050005, Japan.
C3 National Institute for Environmental Studies - Japan; Meisei University
RP Yokouchi, Y (corresponding author), Natl Inst Environm Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan.
EM yokouchi@nies.go.jp
NR 19
TC 115
Z9 126
U1 2
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6877
BP 163
EP 165
DI 10.1038/416163a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 530FR
UT WOS:000174348100033
PM 11894090
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krimigis, SM
   Mitchell, DG
   Hamilton, DC
   Dandouras, J
   Armstrong, TP
   Bolton, SJ
   Cheng, AF
   Gloeckler, G
   Hsieh, KC
   Keath, EP
   Krupp, N
   Lagg, A
   Lanzerotti, LJ
   Livi, S
   Mauk, BH
   McEntire, RW
   Roelof, EC
   Wilken, B
   Williams, DJ
AF Krimigis, SM
   Mitchell, DG
   Hamilton, DC
   Dandouras, J
   Armstrong, TP
   Bolton, SJ
   Cheng, AF
   Gloeckler, G
   Hsieh, KC
   Keath, EP
   Krupp, N
   Lagg, A
   Lanzerotti, LJ
   Livi, S
   Mauk, BH
   McEntire, RW
   Roelof, EC
   Wilken, B
   Williams, DJ
TI A nebula of gases from Io surrounding Jupiter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetosphere; voyager-1; upstream; emission; events
AB Several planetary missions have reported(1-4) the presence of substantial numbers of energetic ions and electrons surrounding Jupiter; relativistic electrons are observable up to several astronomical units (AU) from the planet. A population of energetic (>30 keV) neutral particles also has been reported(5), but the instrumentation was not able to determine the mass or charge state of the particles, which were subsequently labelled(6) energetic neutral atoms. Although images showing the presence of the trace element sodium were obtained(7), the source and identity of the neutral atoms-and their overall significance relative to the loss of charged particles from Jupiter's magnetosphere-were unknown. Here we report the discovery by the Cassini spacecraft of a fast (>10(3) km s(-1)) and hot magnetospheric neutral wind extending more than 0.5 AU from Jupiter, and the presence of energetic neutral atoms (both hot and cold) that have been accelerated by the electric field in the solar wind. We suggest that these atoms originate in volcanic gases from Io, undergo significant evolution through various electromagnetic interactions, escape Jupiter's magnetosphere and then populate the environment around the planet. Thus a 'nebula' is created that extends outwards over hundreds of jovian radii.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   CNES, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France.
   Fundamental Technol, Lawrence, KS 66046 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Phys, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
   Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES); California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); University of Arizona; Max Planck Society; AT&T
RP Krimigis, SM (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
EM tom.krimigis@jhuapl.edu
NR 14
TC 38
Z9 41
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 994
EP 996
DI 10.1038/415994a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000035
PM 11875559
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Terada, N
   Hamazaki, T
   Oka, M
   Hoki, M
   Mastalerz, DM
   Nakano, Y
   Meyer, EM
   Morel, L
   Petersen, BE
   Scott, EW
AF Terada, N
   Hamazaki, T
   Oka, M
   Hoki, M
   Mastalerz, DM
   Nakano, Y
   Meyer, EM
   Morel, L
   Petersen, BE
   Scott, EW
TI Bone marrow cells adopt the phenotype of other cells by spontaneous cell fusion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stem-cells; es cells; in-vivo; receptor; brain; mice
AB Recent studies have demonstrated that transplanted bone marrow cells can turn into unexpected lineages including myocytes, hepatocytes, neurons and many others(1). A potential problem, however, is that reports discussing such 'transdifferentiation' in vivo tend to conclude donor origin of transdifferentiated cells on the basis of the existence of donor-specific genes such as Y-chromosome markers(1). Here we demonstrate that mouse bone marrow cells can fuse spontaneously with embryonic stem cells in culture in vitro that contains interleukin-3. Moreover, spontaneously fused bone marrow cells can subsequently adopt the phenotype of the recipient cells, which, without detailed genetic analysis, might be interpreted as 'dedifferentiation' or transdifferentiation.
C1 Univ Florida, Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA.
   Univ Florida, Coll Med, Shands Canc Ctr, Program Stem Cell Biol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA.
   Univ Florida, Coll Med, Dept Pharmacol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA.
   Univ Florida, Coll Med, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of Florida; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; State University System of Florida; University of Florida
RP Terada, N (corresponding author), Univ Florida, Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA.
NR 25
TC 1586
Z9 1849
U1 0
U2 68
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6880
BP 542
EP 545
DI 10.1038/nature730
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 537JY
UT WOS:000174756500045
PM 11932747
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kielpinski, D
   Monroe, C
   Wineland, DJ
AF Kielpinski, D
   Monroe, C
   Wineland, DJ
TI Architecture for a large-scale ion-trap quantum computer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID decoherence; manipulation; computation; memory
AB Among the numerous types of architecture being explored for quantum computers are systems utilizing ion traps, in which quantum bits (qubits) are formed from the electronic states of trapped ions and coupled through the Coulomb interaction. Although the elementary requirements for quantum computation have been demonstrated in this system, there exist theoretical and technical obstacles to scaling up the approach to large numbers of qubits. Therefore, recent efforts have been concentrated on using quantum communication to link a number of small ion-trap quantum systems. Developing the array-based approach, we show how to achieve massively parallel gate operation in a large-scale quantum computer, based on techniques already demonstrated for manipulating small quantum registers. The use of decoherence-free subspaces significantly reduces decoherence during ion transport, and removes the requirement of clock synchronization between the interaction regions.
C1 MIT, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Ctr Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Michigan, FOCUS Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA
RP Kielpinski, D (corresponding author), MIT, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM utonium@mit.edu
NR 39
TC 1271
Z9 1511
U1 1
U2 159
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6890
BP 709
EP 711
DI 10.1038/nature00784
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 561QY
UT WOS:000176154700036
PM 12066177
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Salters, VJM
   Dick, HJB
AF Salters, VJM
   Dick, HJB
TI Mineralogy of the mid-ocean-ridge basalt source from neodymium isotopic composition of abyssal peridotites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southwest indian ridge; upper-mantle; geochemistry; disequilibrium; petrogenesis; beneath; garnet; origin; lavas; morb
AB Inferring the melting process at mid-ocean ridges, and the physical conditions under which melting takes place, usually relies on the assumption of compositional similarity between all mid-ocean-ridge basalt sources(1-4). Models of mantle melting therefore tend to be restricted to those that consider the presence of only one lithology in the mantle, peridotite. Evidence from xenoliths and peridotite massifs show that after peridotite, pyroxenite and eclogite are the most abundant rock types in the mantle. But at mid-ocean ridges, where most of the melting takes place, and in ophiolites, pyroxenite is rarely found. Here we present neodymium isotopic compositions of abyssal peridotites to investigate whether peridotite can indeed be the sole source for mid-ocean-ridge basalts. By comparing the isotopic compositions of basalts and peridotites at two segments of the southwest Indian ridge, we show that a component other than peridotite is required to explain the low end of the Nd-143/Nd-144 variations of the basalts. This component is likely to have a lower melting temperature than peridotite, such as pyroxenite or eclogite, which could explain why it is not observed at midocean ridges.
C1 Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
   Florida State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; Florida State University; State University System of Florida; Florida State University; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Salters, VJM (corresponding author), Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
EM salters@magnet.fsu.edu
NR 30
TC 179
Z9 198
U1 2
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6893
BP 68
EP 72
DI 10.1038/nature00798
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 569JL
UT WOS:000176599200039
PM 12097907
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kasahara, M
   Kagawa, T
   Oikawa, K
   Suetsugu, N
   Miyao, M
   Wada, M
AF Kasahara, M
   Kagawa, T
   Oikawa, K
   Suetsugu, N
   Miyao, M
   Wada, M
TI Chloroplast avoidance movement reduces photodamage in plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID blue-light; chlorophyll fluorescence; arabidopsis-thaliana; photosystem-ii; stress; npl1; photoprotection; photosynthesis; relocation; mediate
AB When plants are exposed to light levels higher than those required for photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species are generated in the chloroplasts and cause photodamage. This can occur even under natural growth conditions. To mitigate photodamage, plants have developed several protective mechanisms(1-3). One is chloroplast avoidance movement(4-6), in which chloroplasts move from the cell surface to the side walls of cells under high light conditions, although experimental support is still awaited(7,8). Here, using different classes of mutant defective in chloroplast avoidance movement, we show that these mutants are more susceptible to damage in high light than wild-type plants. Damage of the photosynthetic apparatus and subsequent bleaching of leaf colour and necrosis occur faster under high light conditions in the mutants than in wild-type plants. We conclude that chloroplast avoidance movement actually decreases the amount of light absorption by chloroplasts, and might therefore be important to the survival of plants under natural growth conditions.
C1 Natl Inst Basic Biol, Div Biol Regulat & Photobiol, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, PRESTO, Unit Proc & combined Circuit, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biol Sci, Tokyo 1920397, Japan.
   Natl Inst Agrobiol Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan.
C3 National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB); Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Tokyo Metropolitan University; National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences - Japan
RP Wada, M (corresponding author), Natl Inst Basic Biol, Div Biol Regulat & Photobiol, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
NR 22
TC 491
Z9 576
U1 2
U2 159
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 26
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6917
BP 829
EP 832
DI 10.1038/nature01213
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 626WR
UT WOS:000179897300060
PM 12490952
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Patricelli, GL
   Uy, JAC
   Walsh, G
   Borgia, G
AF Patricelli, GL
   Uy, JAC
   Walsh, G
   Borgia, G
TI Male displays adjusted to female's response - Macho courtship by the satin bowerbird is tempered to avoid frightening the female.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ptilonorhynchus-violaceus; threat reduction; traits
C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Patricelli, GL (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
EM borgia@umail.umd.edu
NR 9
TC 236
Z9 273
U1 0
U2 78
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 17
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6869
BP 279
EP 280
DI 10.1038/415279a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 511YC
UT WOS:000173293500031
PM 11796996
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hall, N
   Pain, A
   Berriman, M
   Churcher, C
   Harris, B
   Harris, D
   Mungall, K
   Bowman, S
   Atkin, R
   Baker, S
   Barron, A
   Brooks, K
   Buckee, CO
   Burrows, C
   Cherevach, I
   Chillingworth, C
   Chillingworth, T
   Christodoulou, Z
   Clark, L
   Clark, R
   Corton, C
   Cronin, A
   Davies, R
   Davis, P
   Dear, P
   Dearden, F
   Doggett, J
   Feltwell, T
   Goble, A
   Goodhead, I
   Gwilliam, R
   Hamlin, N
   Hance, Z
   Harper, D
   Hauser, H
   Hornsby, T
   Holroyd, S
   Horrocks, P
   Humphray, S
   Jagels, K
   James, KD
   Johnson, D
   Kerhornou, A
   Knights, A
   Konfortov, B
   Kyes, S
   Larke, N
   Lawson, D
   Lennard, N
   Line, A
   Maddison, M
   McLean, J
   Mooney, P
   Moule, S
   Murphy, L
   Oliver, K
   Ormond, D
   Price, C
   Quail, MA
   Rabbinowitsch, E
   Rajandream, MA
   Rutter, S
   Rutherford, KM
   Sanders, M
   Simmonds, M
   Seeger, K
   Sharp, S
   Smith, R
   Squares, R
   Squares, S
   Stevens, K
   Taylor, K
   Tivey, A
   Unwin, L
   Whitehead, S
   Woodward, J
   Sulston, JE
   Craig, A
   Newbold, C
   Barrell, BG
AF Hall, N
   Pain, A
   Berriman, M
   Churcher, C
   Harris, B
   Harris, D
   Mungall, K
   Bowman, S
   Atkin, R
   Baker, S
   Barron, A
   Brooks, K
   Buckee, CO
   Burrows, C
   Cherevach, I
   Chillingworth, C
   Chillingworth, T
   Christodoulou, Z
   Clark, L
   Clark, R
   Corton, C
   Cronin, A
   Davies, R
   Davis, P
   Dear, P
   Dearden, F
   Doggett, J
   Feltwell, T
   Goble, A
   Goodhead, I
   Gwilliam, R
   Hamlin, N
   Hance, Z
   Harper, D
   Hauser, H
   Hornsby, T
   Holroyd, S
   Horrocks, P
   Humphray, S
   Jagels, K
   James, KD
   Johnson, D
   Kerhornou, A
   Knights, A
   Konfortov, B
   Kyes, S
   Larke, N
   Lawson, D
   Lennard, N
   Line, A
   Maddison, M
   McLean, J
   Mooney, P
   Moule, S
   Murphy, L
   Oliver, K
   Ormond, D
   Price, C
   Quail, MA
   Rabbinowitsch, E
   Rajandream, MA
   Rutter, S
   Rutherford, KM
   Sanders, M
   Simmonds, M
   Seeger, K
   Sharp, S
   Smith, R
   Squares, R
   Squares, S
   Stevens, K
   Taylor, K
   Tivey, A
   Unwin, L
   Whitehead, S
   Woodward, J
   Sulston, JE
   Craig, A
   Newbold, C
   Barrell, BG
TI Sequence of Plasmodium falciparum chromosomes 1, 3-9 and 13
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID happy map; malaria; expression; proteins; elements; surface; cloning; rich
AB Since the sequencing of the first two chromosomes of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum(1,2), there has been a concerted effort to sequence and assemble the entire genome of this organism. Here we report the sequence of chromosomes 1, 3-9 and 13 of P. falciparum clone 3D7-these chromosomes account for approximately 55% of the total genome. We describe the methods used to map, sequence and annotate these chromosomes. By comparing our assemblies with the optical map, we indicate the completeness of the resulting sequence. During annotation, we assign Gene Ontology terms to the predicted gene products, and observe clustering of some malaria-specific terms to specific chromosomes. We identify a highly conserved sequence element found in the intergenic region of internal var genes that is not associated with their telomeric counterparts.
C1 Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Univ Oxford, Weatherall Inst Mol Med, John Radcliffe Hosp, Oxford OX3 9DS, England.
   MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   Univ Liverpool, Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; University of Oxford; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; University of Liverpool; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
RP Hamlin, N (corresponding author), Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
EM nh1@sanger.ac.uk
NR 33
TC 145
Z9 342
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6906
BP 527
EP 531
DI 10.1038/nature01095
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 599RF
UT WOS:000178348400048
PM 12368867
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liang, WJ
   Shores, MP
   Bockrath, M
   Long, JR
   Park, H
AF Liang, WJ
   Shores, MP
   Bockrath, M
   Long, JR
   Park, H
TI Kondo resonance in a single-molecule transistor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon nanotubes; quantum dots; electron transistor; anderson model; transport; nanocrystal; equilibrium; states
AB When an individual molecule(1), nanocrystal(2-4), nanotube(5,6) or lithographically defined quantum dot(7) is attached to metallic electrodes via tunnel barriers, electron transport is dominated by single-electron charging and energy-level quantization(8). As the coupling to the electrodes increases, higher-order tunnelling and correlated electron motion give rise to new phenomena(9-19), including the Kondo resonance(10-16). To date, all of the studies of Kondo phenomena in quantum dots have been performed on systems where precise control over the spin degrees of freedom is difficult. Molecules incorporating transition-metal atoms provide powerful new systems in this regard, because the spin and orbital degrees of freedom can be controlled through well-defined chemistry(20,21). Here we report the observation of the Kondo effect in single-molecule transistors, where an individual divanadium molecule(20) serves as a spin impurity. We find that the Kondo resonance can be tuned reversibly using the gate voltage to alter the charge and spin state of the molecule. The resonance persists at temperatures up to 30 K and when the energy separation between the molecular state and the Fermi level of the metal exceeds 100 meV.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Harvard University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Park, H (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 30
TC 1571
Z9 1752
U1 3
U2 360
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6890
BP 725
EP 729
DI 10.1038/nature00790
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 561QY
UT WOS:000176154700040
PM 12066180
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lill, JT
   Marquis, RJ
   Ricklefs, RE
AF Lill, JT
   Marquis, RJ
   Ricklefs, RE
TI Host plants influence parasitism of forest caterpillars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phytophagous insects; species richness; herbivores; specialization; butterfly; evolution; larvae
AB Patterns of association between herbivores and host plants have been thought to reflect the quality of plants as food resources(1,2) as influenced by plant nutrient composition(3), defences(4,5),and phenology(6). Host-plant-specific enemies, that is, the third trophic level, might also influence the distribution of herbivores across plant species(7-10). However, studies of the evolution of herbivore host range(11-15) have generally not examined the third trophic level, leaving unclear the importance of this factor in the evolution of plant-insect herbivore interactions(16). Analysis of parasitoid rearings by the Canadian Forest Insect Survey shows that parasitism of particular Lepidoptera species is strongly host-plant-dependent, that the pattern of host-plant dependence varies among species of caterpillars, and that some parasitoid species are themselves specialized with respect to tree species. Host-plant-dependent parasitism suggests the possibility of top-down influence on host plant use. Differences in parasitism among particular caterpillar-host plant combinations could select for specialization of host plant ranges within caterpillar communities. Such specialization would ultimately promote the species diversification of Lepidoptera in temperate forests with respect to escape from enemies.
C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63121 USA.
C3 University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Saint Louis
RP Lill, JT (corresponding author), Univ Missouri, Dept Biol, 8001 Nat Bridge Rd, St Louis, MO 63121 USA.
NR 30
TC 167
Z9 198
U1 0
U2 63
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6885
BP 170
EP 173
DI 10.1038/417170a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 549RH
UT WOS:000175460200042
PM 12000959
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rauch, H
   Lemmel, H
   Baron, M
   Loidl, R
AF Rauch, H
   Lemmel, H
   Baron, M
   Loidl, R
TI Measurement of a confinement induced neutron phase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID standing-wave; diffraction; shift; atoms
AB Particle physicists see neutrons as tiny massive particles with a confinement radius of about 0.7 fm and a distinct internal quark-gluon structure. In quantum mechanics, neutrons are described by wave packets whose spatial extent may become ten orders of magnitude larger than the confinement radius, and can even reach macroscopic dimensions, depending on the degree of monochromaticity. For neutrons passing through narrow slits, it has been predicted(1,2) that quantization of the transverse momentum component changes the longitudinal momentum component, resulting in a phase shift that should be measurable using interferometric methods(3). Here we use neutron interferometry to measure the phase shift arising from lateral confinement of a neutron beam passing through a narrow slit system. The phase shift arises mainly from neutrons whose classical trajectories do not touch the walls of the slits. In this respect, the non-locality of quantum physics is apparent.
C1 Univ Vienna, Atominst, A-1020 Vienna, Austria.
   Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France.
C3 University of Vienna; Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL)
RP Rauch, H (corresponding author), Univ Vienna, Atominst, A-1020 Vienna, Austria.
EM rauch@ati.ac.at
NR 18
TC 32
Z9 32
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6889
BP 630
EP 632
DI 10.1038/nature00773
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 559AE
UT WOS:000176001200042
PM 12050660
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goldfarb, DJ
   Glasser, BJ
   Shinbrot, T
AF Goldfarb, DJ
   Glasser, BJ
   Shinbrot, T
TI Shear instabilities in granular flows
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stress fluctuations; dynamics; motion
AB Unstable waves have been long studied in fluid shear layers(1-3). These waves affect transport in the atmosphere and oceans, in addition to slipstream stability behind ships, aeroplanes and heat-transfer devices. Corresponding instabilities in granular flows have not been previously documented 4, despite the importance of these flows in geophysical and industrial systems(5-7). Here we report that breaking waves can form at the interface between two streams of identical grains flowing on an inclined plane downstream of a splitter plate. Changes in either the shear rate or the angle of incline cause such waves to appear abruptly. We analyse a granular flow model that agrees qualitatively with our experimental data; the model suggests that the waves result from competition between shear and extensional strains in the flowing granular bed. We propose a dimensionless shear number that governs the transition between steady and wavy flows.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Glasser, BJ (corresponding author), Schering Plough Corp, Res Inst, Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA.
EM bglasser@sol.rutgers.edu
NR 30
TC 60
Z9 65
U1 1
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 17
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6869
BP 302
EP 305
DI 10.1038/415302a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 511YC
UT WOS:000173293500038
PM 11797003
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, QD
   Gotthelf, EV
   Lang, CC
AF Wang, QD
   Gotthelf, EV
   Lang, CC
TI A faint discrete source origin for the highly ionized iron emission from the Galactic Centre region
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-emission; black-hole; evolution; radio; line
AB The origin of the X-ray emission for the central region of our Galaxy has remained a mystery(1-4). In particular, the relative spectral contributions of the diffuse emission and discrete sources, which are critical to understanding the high-energy phenomena in this environment, have been unclear because of the lack of sufficient spatial resolution. Here we report the results of a large-scale imaging survey of the Galactic Centre that resolves these components. We rnd that the Ka emission from iron that has been highly ionized (so that it has only two electrons left), which has previously been attributed to the diffuse component(1), actually arises mainly from discrete sources. This suggests that the presence of a large amount of hot gas (T approximate to 10(8) K) is no longer required to explain the iron line emission. The spectra of the discrete sources indicate the presence of numerous accreting white dwarfs, neutron stars, and/or black holes in the region. The diffuse emission dominates over the contribution from the faint point sources, and is shown to be associated globally with interstellar features that have been observed at radio and midinfrared wavelengths, suggesting that it is the product of recent massive star formation.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Columbia Astrophys Lab, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; Columbia University
RP Wang, QD (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
EM wqd@astro.umass.edu
NR 26
TC 171
Z9 181
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 10
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6868
BP 148
EP 150
DI 10.1038/415148a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 509PR
UT WOS:000173159300034
PM 11805827
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, MC
   Panstruga, R
   Elliott, C
   Müller, J
   Devoto, A
   Yoon, HW
   Park, HC
   Cho, MJ
   Schulze-Lefert, P
AF Kim, MC
   Panstruga, R
   Elliott, C
   Müller, J
   Devoto, A
   Yoon, HW
   Park, HC
   Cho, MJ
   Schulze-Lefert, P
TI Calmodulin interacts with MLO protein to regulate defence against mildew in barley
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID powdery mildew; alpha-subunit; oxidative burst; activation; resistance; calcium; gene; mutations; responses; increase
AB In plants, defence against specific isolates of a pathogen can be triggered by the presence of a corresponding race-specific resistance gene(1), whereas resistance of a more broad-spectrum nature can result from recessive, presumably loss-of-regulatory-function, mutations(2). An example of the latter are mlo mutations in barley, which have been successful in agriculture for the control of powdery mildew fungus (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei; Bgh)(3). MLO protein resides in the plasma membrane, has seven transmembrane domains, and is the prototype of a sequence-diversified family unique to plants(4,5), reminiscent of the seven-transmembrane receptors in fungi and animals(5). In animals, these are known as G-protein-coupled receptors and exist in three main families, lacking sequence similarity, that are thought to be an example of molecular convergence(6). MLO seems to function independently of heterotrimeric G proteins. We have identified a domain in MLO that mediates a Ca2+-dependent interaction with calmodulin in vitro. Loss of calmodulin binding halves the ability of MLO to negatively regulate defence against powdery mildew in vivo. We propose a sensor role for MLO in the modulation of defence reactions.
C1 Max Planck Inst Zuchtungsforsch, Dept Plant Microbe Interact, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
   Gyeongsang Natl Univ, Plant Mol Biol & Biotechnol Res Ctr, Div Appl Life Sci, BK21 Program, Chinju 660701, South Korea.
   John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Sainsbury Lab, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
C3 Max Planck Society; Gyeongsang National University; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre
RP Schulze-Lefert, P (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Zuchtungsforsch, Dept Plant Microbe Interact, Carl von Linne Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
EM mjcho@nongae.gsnu.ac.kr; schlef@mpiz-koeln.mpg.de
NR 27
TC 324
Z9 401
U1 2
U2 109
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6879
BP 447
EP 450
DI 10.1038/416447a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 534UX
UT WOS:000174607800051
PM 11919636
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Socha, JJ
AF Socha, JJ
TI Kinematics - Gliding flight in the paradise tree snake
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Socha, JJ (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, 1025 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 9
TC 80
Z9 89
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 603
EP 604
DI 10.1038/418603a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600030
PM 12167849
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mao, BY
   Wu, W
   Davidson, G
   Marhold, J
   Li, MF
   Mechler, BM
   Delius, H
   Hoppe, D
   Stannek, P
   Walter, C
   Glinka, A
   Niehrs, C
AF Mao, BY
   Wu, W
   Davidson, G
   Marhold, J
   Li, MF
   Mechler, BM
   Delius, H
   Hoppe, D
   Stannek, P
   Walter, C
   Glinka, A
   Niehrs, C
TI Kremen proteins are Dickkopf receptors that regulate Wnt/β-catenin signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID energy-transfer bret; wnt; transduction; drosophila; mechanism; member; family
AB The Wnt family of secreted glycoproteins mediate cell-cell interactions during cell growth and differentiation in both embryos and adults(1,2). Canonical Wnt signalling by way of the beta-catenin pathway is transduced by two receptor families. Frizzled proteins and lipoprotein-receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5/6) bind Wnts and transmit their signal by stabilizing intracellular beta-catenin(3-6). Wnt/beta-catenin signalling is inhibited by the secreted protein Dickkopf1 (Dkk1), a member of a multigene family, which induces head formation in amphibian embryos(7). Dkk1 has been shown to inhibit Wnt signalling by binding to and antagonizing LRP5/6(8-10). Here we show that the transmembrane proteins Kremen1 and Kremen2 are high-affinity Dkk1 receptors that functionally cooperate with Dkk1 to block Wnt/beta-catenin signalling. Kremen2 forms a ternary complex with Dkk1 and LRP6, and induces rapid endocytosis and removal of the Wnt receptor LRP6 from the plasma membrane. The results indicate that Kremen1 and Kremen2 are components of a membrane complex modulating canonical Wnt signalling through LRP6 in vertebrates.
C1 Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Mol Embryol Div, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Dev Genet Div, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Appl Tumor Virol Div, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
RP Niehrs, C (corresponding author), Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Mol Embryol Div, Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 19
TC 901
Z9 1095
U1 3
U2 71
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6889
BP 664
EP 667
DI 10.1038/nature756
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 559AE
UT WOS:000176001200052
PM 12050670
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kasper, LH
   Boussouar, F
   Ney, PA
   Jackson, CW
   Rehg, J
   van Deursen, JM
   Brindle, PK
AF Kasper, LH
   Boussouar, F
   Ney, PA
   Jackson, CW
   Rehg, J
   van Deursen, JM
   Brindle, PK
TI A transcription-factor-binding surface of coactivator p300 is required for haematopoiesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell development; secondary structure; c-myb; mice lacking; protein; creb; activation; gene; megakaryocytes; initiation
AB The coactivators CBP (Cre-element binding protein (CREB) binding protein) and its paralogue p300 are thought to supply adaptor molecule and protein acetyltransferase functions to many transcription factors that regulate gene expression(1). Normal development requires CBP and p300, and mutations in these genes are found in haematopoietic and epithelial tumours(2-6). It is unclear, however, which functions of CBP and p300 are essential in vivo. Here we show that the protein-binding KIX domains of CBP and p300 have nonredundant functions in mice. In mice homozygous for point mutations in the KIX domain of p300 designed to disrupt the binding surface for the transcription factors c-Myb and CREB7-9, multilineage defects occur in haematopoiesis, including anaemia, B-cell deficiency, thymic hypoplasia, megakaryocytosis and thrombocytosis. By contrast, age-matched mice homozygous for identical mutations in the KIX domain of CBP are essentially normal. There is a synergistic genetic interaction between mutations in c-Myb and mutations in the KIX domain of p300, which suggests that the binding of c-Myb to this domain of p300 is crucial for the development and function of megakaryocytes. Thus, conserved domains in two highly related coactivators have contrasting roles in haematopoiesis.
C1 St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Biochem, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Div Expt Hematol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Pathol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Pediat & Adolescent Med, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
C3 St Jude Children's Research Hospital; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Mayo Clinic
RP Brindle, PK (corresponding author), St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Biochem, 332 N Lauderdale St, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
EM paul.brindle@stjude.org
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK053469] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 163
Z9 199
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6908
BP 738
EP 743
DI 10.1038/nature01062
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 604JF
UT WOS:000178615200045
PM 12384703
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Snoke, D
   Denev, S
   Liu, Y
   Pfeiffer, L
   West, K
AF Snoke, D
   Denev, S
   Liu, Y
   Pfeiffer, L
   West, K
TI Long-range transport in excitonic dark states in coupled quantum wells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB During the past ten years, coupled quantum wells have emerged as a promising system for experiments on Bose condensation of excitons, with numerous theoretical(1-6) and experimental(7-12) studies aimed at the demonstration of this effect. One of the issues driving these studies is the possibility of long-range coherent transport of excitons. Excitons in quantum wells typically diffuse only a few micrometres from the spot where they are generated by a laser pulse; their diffusion is limited by their lifetime (typically a few nanoseconds) and by scattering due to disorder in the well structure. Here we report photoluminescence measurements of InGaAs quantum wells and the observation of an effect by which luminescence from excitons appears hundreds of micrometres away from the laser excitation spot. This luminescence appears as a ring around the laser spot; almost none appears in the region between the laser spot and the ring. This implies that the excitons must travel in a dark state until they reach some critical distance, at which they collectively revert to luminescing states. It is unclear whether this effect is related to macroscopic coherence caused by Bose condensation of excitons.
C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Phys & Astron, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
   Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies
RP Snoke, D (corresponding author), Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Phys & Astron, 3941 Ohara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
EM snoke@pitt.edu
NR 21
TC 266
Z9 289
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6899
BP 754
EP 757
DI 10.1038/nature00940
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 583UF
UT WOS:000177428000032
PM 12181560
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hay, SI
   Cox, J
   Rogers, DJ
   Randolph, SE
   Stern, DI
   Shanks, GD
   Myers, MF
   Snow, RW
AF Hay, SI
   Cox, J
   Rogers, DJ
   Randolph, SE
   Stern, DI
   Shanks, GD
   Myers, MF
   Snow, RW
TI Climate change and the resurgence of malaria in the East African highlands
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID autoregressive time-series; unit-root; el-nino; variability; uganda
AB The public health and economic consequences of Plasmodium falciparum malaria are once again regarded as priorities for global development. There has been much speculation on whether anthropogenic climate change is exacerbating the malaria problem, especially in areas of high altitude where P. falciparum transmission is limited by low temperature(1-4). The International Panel on Climate Change has concluded that there is likely to be a net extension in the distribution of malaria and an increase in incidence within this range(5). We investigated long-term meteorological trends in four high-altitude sites in East Africa, where increases in malaria have been reported in the past two decades. Here we show that temperature, rainfall, vapour pressure and the number of months suitable for P. falciparum transmission have not changed significantly during the past century or during the period of reported malaria resurgence. A high degree of temporal and spatial variation in the climate of East Africa suggests further that claimed associations between local malaria resurgences and regional changes in climate are overly simplistic.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, TALA Res Grp, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Kenya Med Res Inst Wellcome Trust Collaborat Prog, Nairobi, Kenya.
   Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Infect & Trop Dis, London WC1E 7HT, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford Tick Res Grp, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Australian Natl Univ, Ctr Resource & Environm Studies, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   USA, Med Res Unit Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.
   Decis Syst Technol Inc, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Univ Oxford, John Radcliffe Hosp, Ctr Trop Med, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
C3 University of Oxford; Kenya Medical Research Institute; University of London; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; University of Oxford; Australian National University; University of Oxford
RP Hay, SI (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, TALA Res Grp, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
FU Wellcome Trust [079080, 056642] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 357
Z9 421
U1 1
U2 136
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 21
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6874
BP 905
EP 909
DI 10.1038/415905a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 523EL
UT WOS:000173941000044
PM 11859368
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Imai, S
   Tsuge, N
   Tomotake, M
   Nagatome, Y
   Sawada, H
   Nagata, T
   Kumagai, H
AF Imai, S
   Tsuge, N
   Tomotake, M
   Nagatome, Y
   Sawada, H
   Nagata, T
   Kumagai, H
TI An onion enzyme that makes the eyes water - A flavoursome, user-friendly bulb would give no cause for tears when chopped up.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lachrymatory factor; s-oxide
C1 House Foods Corp, Somatech Ctr, Chiba 2840033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biol Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Biostudies, Div Integrated Life Sci, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
C3 House Foods Corporation; University of Tokyo; Kyoto University
RP Imai, S (corresponding author), House Foods Corp, Somatech Ctr, Chiba 2840033, Japan.
NR 7
TC 133
Z9 161
U1 1
U2 87
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6908
BP 685
EP 685
DI 10.1038/419685a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 604JF
UT WOS:000178615200028
PM 12384686
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, Y
   Vogt, T
   Hriljac, JA
   Parise, JB
   Hanson, JC
   Kim, SJ
AF Lee, Y
   Vogt, T
   Hriljac, JA
   Parise, JB
   Hanson, JC
   Kim, SJ
TI Non-framework cation migration and irreversible pressure-induced hydration in a zeolite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray; molecular-sieve; diffraction; natrolite; temperature; pores; rho
AB Zeolites crystallize in a variety of three-dimensional structures in which oxygen atoms are shared between tetrahedra containing silicon and/or aluminium, thus yielding negatively charged tetrahedral frameworks that enclose cavities and pores of molecular dimensions occupied by charge-balancing metal cations and water molecules(1). Cation migration in the pores and changes in water content associated with concomitant relaxation of the framework have been observed in numerous variable-temperature studies(2-5), whereas the effects of hydrostatic pressure on the structure and properties of zeolites are less well explored(6-8). The zeolite sodium aluminosilicate natrolite was recently shown to undergo a volume expansion at pressures above 1.2 GPa as a result of reversible pressure-induced hydration(9); in contrast, a synthetic analogue, potassium gallosilicate natrolite, exhibited irreversible pressure-induced hydration with retention of the high-pressure phase at ambient conditions(10). Here we report the structure of the high-pressure recovered phase and contrast it with the high-pressure phase of the sodium aluminosilicate natrolite. Our findings show that the irreversible hydration behaviour is associated with a pronounced rearrangement of the non-framework metal ions, thus emphasizing that they can clearly have an important role in mediating the overall properties of zeolites.
C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
   Univ Birmingham, Sch Chem Sci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
   Korea Inst Sci & Technol, Nanomat Res Ctr, Seoul 130650, South Korea.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; University of Birmingham; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST)
RP Vogt, T (corresponding author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
EM tvogt@bnl.gov
NR 15
TC 136
Z9 141
U1 1
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 485
EP 489
DI 10.1038/nature01265
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600040
PM 12466838
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ahn, DG
   Kourakis, MJ
   Rohde, LA
   Silver, LM
   Ho, RK
AF Ahn, DG
   Kourakis, MJ
   Rohde, LA
   Silver, LM
   Ho, RK
TI T-box gene tbx5 is essential for formation of the pectoral limb bud
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID holt-oram-syndrome; sonic-hedgehog; fin bud; expression; evolution; identity; specification; mutations
AB The T-box genes Tbx4 and Tbx5 have been shown to have key functions in the specification of the identity of the vertebrate forelimb (Tbx5) and hindlimb (Tbx4)(1,2). Here we show that in zebrafish, Tbx5 has an additional early function that precedes the formation of the limb bud itself. Functional knockdown of zebrafish tbx5 through the use of an antisense oligonucleotide resulted in a failure to initiate fin bud formation, leading to the complete loss of pectoral fins. The function of the tbx5 gene in the development of zebrafish forelimbs seems to involve the directed migration of individual lateral-plate mesodermal cells into the future limb-bud-producing region. The primary defect seen in the tbx5-knockdown phenotype is similar to the primary defects described in known T-box-gene mutants such as the spadetail mutant of zebrafish(3,4) and the Brachyury mutant of the mouse 5, which both similarly exhibit an altered migration of mesodermal cells. A common function for many of the T-box genes might therefore be in mediating the proper migration and/or changes in adhesive properties of early embryonic cells.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; Princeton University
RP Ahn, DG (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, 1025 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM dahn@midway.uchicago.edu
NR 26
TC 186
Z9 232
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6890
BP 754
EP 758
DI 10.1038/nature00814
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 561QY
UT WOS:000176154700048
PM 12066188
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smaglik, P
AF Smaglik, P
TI Turning oil into science - Norway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP A13
EP +
DI 10.1038/420a13a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 625LG
UT WOS:000179817500003
PM 12501121
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, NGC
   Eyre-Walker, A
AF Smith, NGC
   Eyre-Walker, A
TI Adaptive protein evolution in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deleterious mutations; selection; sequence; program
AB For over 30 years a central question in molecular evolution has been whether natural selection plays a substantial role in evolution at the DNA sequence level(1,2). Evidence has accumulated over the last decade that adaptive evolution does occur at the protein level(3,4), but it has remained unclear how prevalent adaptive evolution is. Here we present a simple method by which the number of adaptive substitutions can be estimated and apply it to data from Drosophila simulans and D. yakuba. We estimate that 45% of all amino-acid substitutions have been fixed by natural selection, and that on average one adaptive substitution occurs every 45 years in these species.
C1 Univ Sussex, Ctr Study Evolut, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
   Univ Sussex, Sch Biol Sci, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
C3 University of Sussex; University of Sussex
RP Eyre-Walker, A (corresponding author), Univ Sussex, Ctr Study Evolut, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
EM a.c.eyre-walker@sussex.ac.uk
NR 20
TC 539
Z9 612
U1 0
U2 62
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 1022
EP 1024
DI 10.1038/4151022a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000044
PM 11875568
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chou, SY
   Keimel, C
   Gu, J
AF Chou, SY
   Keimel, C
   Gu, J
TI Ultrafast and direct imprint of nanostructures in silicon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID laser; lithography
AB The fabrication of micrometre- and nanometre-scale devices in silicon typically involves lithography and etching. These processes are costly and tend to be either limited in their resolution or slow in their throughput(1). Recent work has demonstrated the possibility of patterning substrates on the nanometre scale by `imprinting('2,3) or directed self-assembly(4), although an etching step is still required to generate the final structures. We have devised and here demonstrate a rapid technique for patterning nanostructures in silicon that does not require etching. In our technique-which we call 'laser-assisted direct imprint' (LADI)a single excimer laser pulse melts a thin surface layer of silicon, and a mould is embossed into the resulting liquid layer. A variety of structures with resolution better than 10 nm have been imprinted into silicon using LADI, and the embossing time is less than 250 ns. The high resolution and speed of LADI, which we attribute to molten silicon's low viscosity (one-third that of water), could open up a variety of applications and be extended to other materials and processing techniques.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Elect Engn, NanoStruct Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University
RP Chou, SY (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Elect Engn, NanoStruct Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 11
TC 428
Z9 581
U1 9
U2 193
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6891
BP 835
EP 837
DI 10.1038/nature00792
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 563YM
UT WOS:000176285600042
PM 12075347
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Starr, DJ
   Cline, TW
AF Starr, DJ
   Cline, TW
TI A host-parasite interaction rescues Drosophila oogenesis defects
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sex-lethal gene; wolbachia infection; germ-cells; melanogaster; expression; incompatibility; locus; sxl
AB The cytoplasmically inherited bacterium Wolbachia pipientis is a widespread parasite of arthropods that manipulates the reproductive biology of its hosts, often to their detriment, in order to foster its own transmission through egg cytoplasm(1,2). Here we report that infection by Wolbachia restores fertility to Drosophila melanogaster mutant females prevented from making eggs by protein-coding lesions in Sex-lethal (Sxl), the master regulator of sex determination. Suppression of sterility by Wolbachia discriminates markedly among similar germline-specific Sxl alleles, and is not observed for mutations in other genes that produce similar 'tumorous ovary' phenotypes, including one that blocks Sxl germline expression. This allele and gene specificity indicates that suppression probably results from a specific interaction with Sxl protein, rather than from a bypass of the normal germline requirement for this developmental regulator or from an effect on Sxl expression. The Sxl-Wolbachia interaction provides a rare opportunity to explore host-parasite relationships at the molecular level in a model insect. Furthermore, demonstration that a parasite infection can counteract the deleterious effects of mutations in host genes illustrates how hosts might become dependent on parasites.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Cline, TW (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 401 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 29
TC 103
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6893
BP 76
EP 79
DI 10.1038/nature00843
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 569JL
UT WOS:000176599200041
PM 12097909
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, HB
   Linke, WA
   Oberhauser, AF
   Carrion-Vazquez, M
   Kerkviliet, JG
   Lu, H
   Marszalek, PE
   Fernandez, JM
AF Li, HB
   Linke, WA
   Oberhauser, AF
   Carrion-Vazquez, M
   Kerkviliet, JG
   Lu, H
   Marszalek, PE
   Fernandez, JM
TI Reverse engineering of the giant muscle protein titin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atomic-force microscopy; single molecules; conformations; elasticity; dna
AB Through the study of single molecules it has become possible to explain the function of many of the complex molecular assemblies found in cells(1-5). The protein titin provides muscle with its passive elasticity. Each titin molecule extends over half a sarcomere, and its extensibility has been studied both in situ(6-10) and at the level of single molecules(11-14). These studies suggested that titin is not a simple entropic spring but has a complex structure-dependent elasticity. Here we use protein engineering and single-molecule atomic force microscopy(15) to examine the mechanical components that form the elastic region of human cardiac titin(16,17). We show that when these mechanical elements are combined, they explain the macroscopic behaviour of titin in intact muscle(6). Our studies show the functional reconstitution of a protein from the sum of its parts.
C1 Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
   Heidelberg Univ, Inst Physiol & Pathophysiol, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Donald Danforth Plant Sci Ctr, St Louis, MO 63132 USA.
C3 Mayo Clinic; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Donald Danforth Plant Science Center
RP Fernandez, JM (corresponding author), Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
EM jfernandez@columbia.edu
NR 30
TC 440
Z9 502
U1 0
U2 105
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6901
BP 998
EP 1002
DI 10.1038/nature00938
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 588AP
UT WOS:000177677500049
PM 12198551
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lam, YA
   Lawson, TG
   Velayutham, M
   Zweier, JL
   Pickart, CM
AF Lam, YA
   Lawson, TG
   Velayutham, M
   Zweier, JL
   Pickart, CM
TI A proteasomal ATPase subunit recognizes the polyubiquitin degradation signal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID multiubiquitin-chain-binding; ubiquitin; protein; identification; proteolysis; inhibition; subcomplex; mcb1
AB The 26S proteasome is the chief site of regulatory protein turnover in eukaryotic cells(1). It comprises one 20S catalytic complex (composed of four stacked rings of seven members) and two axially positioned 19S regulatory complexes (each containing about 18 subunits) that control substrate access to the catalytic chamber(2). In most cases, targeting to the 26S proteasome depends on tagging of the substrate with a specific type of polyubiquitin chain(3-6). Recognition of this signal is followed by substrate unfolding and translocation, which are presumably catalysed by one or more of six distinct AAA ATPases located in the base-a ring-like 19S subdomain that abuts the axial pore of the 20S complex and exhibits chaperone activity in vitro(7-9). Despite the importance of polyubiquitin chain recognition in proteasome function, the site of this signal's interaction with the 19S complex has not been identified previously. Here we use crosslinking to a reactive polyubiquitin chain to show that a specific ATPase subunit, S6' (also known as Rpt5), contacts the bound chain. The interaction of this signal with 26S proteasomes is modulated by ATP hydrolysis. Our results suggest that productive recognition of the proteolytic signal, as well as proteasome assembly and substrate unfolding, are ATP-dependent events.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, EPR Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Bates Coll, Dept Chem, Lewiston, ME 04240 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
RP Pickart, CM (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
NR 28
TC 360
Z9 419
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6882
BP 763
EP 767
DI 10.1038/416763a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 542FU
UT WOS:000175033500048
PM 11961560
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, X
   Norell, MA
   Wang, XL
   Makovicky, PJ
   Wu, XC
AF Xu, X
   Norell, MA
   Wang, XL
   Makovicky, PJ
   Wu, XC
TI A basal troodontid from the Early Cretaceous of China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID republic-of-china; inner-mongolia; theropod; dinosaur; birds; skull
AB Troodontid dinosaurs form one of the most avian-like dinosaur groups(1-5). Their phylogenetic position is hotly debated, and they have been allied with almost all principal coelurosaurian lineages(6-13). Here we report a basal troodontid dinosaur, Sinovenator changii gen. et sp. nov., from the lower Yixian Formation of China. This taxon has several features that are not found in more derived troodontids, but that occur in dromaeosaurids and avialans. The discovery of Sinovenator and the examination of character distributions along the maniraptoran lineage indicate that principal structural modifications toward avians were acquired in the early stages of maniraptoran evolution.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   Amer Museum Nat Hist, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   Field Museum Nat Hist, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
   Canadian Museum Nat, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS; American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago)
RP Xu, X (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
EM xxu@midwest.com.cn
NR 30
TC 190
Z9 225
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 14
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6873
BP 780
EP 784
DI 10.1038/415780a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 521HE
UT WOS:000173833900043
PM 11845206
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tranvik, LJ
   Jansson, M
AF Tranvik, LJ
   Jansson, M
TI Climate change - Terrestrial export of organic carbon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lakes
C1 Uppsala Univ, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, Dept Limnol, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Umea Univ, Dept Ecol & Environm Sci, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
C3 Uppsala University; Umea University
RP Tranvik, LJ (corresponding author), Uppsala Univ, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, Dept Limnol, Norbyvagen 20, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
NR 10
TC 242
Z9 278
U1 1
U2 149
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 21
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6874
BP 861
EP 862
DI 10.1038/415861b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 523EL
UT WOS:000173941000033
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chandra, P
   Coleman, P
   Mydosh, JA
   Tripathi, V
AF Chandra, P
   Coleman, P
   Mydosh, JA
   Tripathi, V
TI Hidden orbital order in the heavy fermion metal URu2Si2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID excitations; pressure; field
AB When matter is cooled from high temperatures, collective instabilities develop among its constituent particles that lead to new kinds of order(1). An anomaly in the specific heat is a classic signature of this phenomenon. Usually the associated order is easily identified, but sometimes its nature remains elusive. The heavy fermion metal URu2Si2 is one such example, where the order responsible for the sharp specific heat anomaly at T-0 = 17 K has remained unidentified despite more than seventeen years of effort(2). In URu2Si2, the coexistence of large electron-electron repulsion and antiferromagnetic fluctuations leads to an almost incompressible heavy electron fluid, where anisotropically paired quasiparticle states are energetically favoured(3). Here we develop a proposal for the nature of the hidden order in URu2Si2. We show that incommensurate orbital antiferromagnetism, associated with circulating currents between the uranium ions, can account for the local fields and entropy loss observed at the 17 K transition. We make detailed predictions for the outcome of neutron scattering measurements based on this proposal, so that it can be tested experimentally.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ctr Mat Theory, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA.
   NEC Corp Ltd, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Leiden Univ, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; NEC Corporation; Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC
RP Coleman, P (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ctr Mat Theory, POB 849, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA.
EM coleman@physics.rutgers.edu
NR 30
TC 205
Z9 233
U1 1
U2 56
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6891
BP 831
EP 834
DI 10.1038/nature00795
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 563YM
UT WOS:000176285600041
PM 12075346
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Misra, S
   Puertollano, R
   Kato, Y
   Bonifacino, JS
   Hurley, JH
AF Misra, S
   Puertollano, R
   Kato, Y
   Bonifacino, JS
   Hurley, JH
TI Structural basis for acidic-cluster-dileucine sorting-signal recognition by VHS domains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID factor-ii receptor; gamma-adaptin; cytoplasmic tail; proteins; family; binding; trafficking; transport; gga2
AB Specific sorting signals direct transmembrane proteins to the compartments of the endosomal-lysosomal system(1). Acidic-cluster-dileucine signals present within the cytoplasmic tails of sorting receptors, such as the cation-independent and cation-dependent mannose-6-phosphate receptors, are recognized by the GGA (Golgi-localized, gamma-ear-containing, ADP-ribosylation-factor-binding) proteins(2-5). The VHS (Vps27p, Hrs and STAM) domains(6) of the GGA proteins are responsible for the highly specific recognition of these acidic-cluster-dileucine signals(7-10). Here we report the structures of the VHS domain of human GGA3 complexed with signals from both mannose-6-phosphate receptors. The signals bind in an extended conformation to helices 6 and 8 of the VHS domain. The structures highlight an Asp residue separated by two residues from a dileucine sequence as critical recognition elements. The side chains of the Asp-X-X-Leu-Leu sequence interact with subsites consisting of one electropositive and two shallow hydrophobic pockets, respectively. The rigid spatial alignment of the three binding subsites leads to high specificity.
C1 NIDDKD, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NICHHD, Cell Biol & Metab Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
RP Hurley, JH (corresponding author), NIDDKD, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM jh8e@nih.gov
FU Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [ZIAHD001607] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 26
TC 144
Z9 162
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 21
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6874
BP 933
EP 937
DI 10.1038/415933a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 523EL
UT WOS:000173941000051
PM 11859375
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fish, SA
   Shepherd, TJ
   McGenity, TJ
   Grant, WD
AF Fish, SA
   Shepherd, TJ
   McGenity, TJ
   Grant, WD
TI Recovery of 16S ribosomal RNA gene fragments from ancient halite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fluid inclusions; seawater chemistry; salt; marine; halobacteria; evaporites; eds
AB During the last decade, sensitive techniques for detecting DNA have been successfully applied to archaeological and other samples that were a few hundred to a few thousand years old(1,2). Nevertheless, there is still controversy and doubt over claims of exceptionally ancient DNA(3). Additional accounts stretching back nearly a century suggest that microorganisms may survive over geological time in evaporite deposits(4,5). There is, however, often doubt over the age relationship between evaporite formation and the incorporation of microorganisms(6). Here, we have used petrographic and geochemical techniques (laser ablation microprobe-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry) to verify the estimated geological age of halite (NaCl) evaporite samples. Fragments of 16S ribosomal RNA genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction amplification of DNA extracted from halite samples ranging in age from 11 to 425 Myr (millions of years). Haloarchaeal 16S rDNA amplicons were present in one sample (11-16 Myr), whereas other samples (65-425 Myr) yielded only bacterial 16S rDNA amplicons. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses indicate complex and different populations of microorganisms or their free DNA in ancient halites of different ages.
C1 Univ Leicester, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Leicester LE1 9HN, Leics, England.
   British Geol Survey, Keyworth NG12 5GG, Notts, England.
   Univ Essex, Dept Biol Sci, Colchester CO4 3SQ, Essex, England.
C3 University of Leicester; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Geological Survey; University of Essex
RP Shepherd, TJ (corresponding author), Univ Leicester, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Leicester LE1 9HN, Leics, England.
NR 29
TC 97
Z9 120
U1 0
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6887
BP 432
EP 436
DI 10.1038/417432a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 554HZ
UT WOS:000175730900036
PM 12024211
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ischenko, AA
   Saparbaev, MK
AF Ischenko, AA
   Saparbaev, MK
TI Alternative nucleotide incision repair pathway for oxidative DNA damage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coli endonuclease-iv; base-excision-repair; escherichia-coli; structural gene; glycosylase; enzymes; reconstitution; substrate; adduct; site
AB The DNA glycosylase pathway(1), which requires the sequential action of two enzymes for the incision of DNA(2), presents a serious problem for the efficient repair of oxidative DNA damage, because it generates genotoxic intermediates such as abasic sites and/or blocking 3'-end groups that must be eliminated by additional steps before DNA repair synthesis can be initiated. Besides the logistical problems, biological evidence hints at the existence of an alternative repair pathway. Mutants of Escherichia coli(3) and mice (ref. 4 and M. Takao et al., personal communication) that are deficient in DNA glycosylases that remove oxidized bases are not sensitive to reactive oxygen species, and the E. coli triple mutant nei, nth, fpg is more radioresistant than the wild-type strain(5). Here we show that Nfo-like endonucleases nick DNA on the 5' side of various oxidatively damaged bases, generating 3'-hydroxyl and 5'-phosphate termini. Nfo-like endonucleases function next to each of the modified bases that we tested, including 5,6-dihydrothymine, 5,6-dihydrouracil, 5-hydroxyuracil and 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-N-methylformamidopyrimidine residues. The 3'-hydroxyl terminus provides the proper end for DNA repair synthesis; the dangling damaged nucleotide on the 5' side is then a good substrate for human flap-structure endonuclease(6) and for DNA polymerase I of E. coli.
C1 Inst Gustave Roussy, LBPA ENS Cachan, Grp Reparat ADN, CNRS,UMR 8532, F-94805 Villejuif, France.
   Russian Acad Sci, Novosibirsk Bioorgan Chem Inst, Siberian Div, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); UNICANCER; Gustave Roussy; Russian Academy of Sciences; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Chemical Biology & Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the RAS
RP Saparbaev, MK (corresponding author), Inst Gustave Roussy, LBPA ENS Cachan, Grp Reparat ADN, CNRS,UMR 8532, Rue Camille Desmoulins, F-94805 Villejuif, France.
NR 29
TC 225
Z9 259
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 10
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6868
BP 183
EP 187
DI 10.1038/415183a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 509PR
UT WOS:000173159300045
PM 11805838
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jayaram, H
   Taraporewala, Z
   Patton, JT
   Prasad, BVV
AF Jayaram, H
   Taraporewala, Z
   Patton, JT
   Prasad, BVV
TI Rotavirus protein involved in genome replication and packaging exhibits a HIT-like fold
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature-sensitive mutants; single-stranded rna; nonstructural protein; bluetongue virus; binding-proteins; nsp2; multimers; localization; core; ns2
AB Rotavirus, the major cause of life-threatening infantile gastroenteritis, is a member of the Reoviridae(1). Although the structures of rotavirus 2 and other members of the Reoviridae(3,4) have been extensively studied, little is known about the structures of virus-encoded non-structural proteins that are essential for genome replication and packaging. The non-structural protein NSP2 of rotavirus, which exhibits nucleoside triphosphatase, single-stranded RNA binding(5), and nucleic-acid helix-destabilizing(6) activities, is a major component of viral replicase complexes(7,8). We present here the X-ray structure of the functional octamer(9) of NSP2 determined to a resolution of 2.6 Angstrom. The NSP2 monomer has two distinct domains. The amino-terminal domain has a new fold. The carboxy-terminal domain resembles the ubiquitous cellular histidine triad (HIT) group of nucleotidyl hydrolases(10). This structural similarity suggests that the nucleotide-binding site is located inside the cleft between the two domains. Prominent grooves that run diagonally across the doughnut-shaped octamer are probable locations for RNA binding. Several RNA binding sites, resulting from the quaternary organization of NSP2 monomers, may be required for the helix destabilizing activity of NSP2 and its function during genome replication and packaging.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Verna & Marrs McLean Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Program Struct & Computat Biol & Mol Biophys, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   NIAID, Infect Dis Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College Medical Hospital; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP Prasad, BVV (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Verna & Marrs McLean Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Program Struct & Computat Biol & Mol Biophys, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
NR 30
TC 84
Z9 100
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 311
EP 315
DI 10.1038/417311a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100053
PM 12015608
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gordeliy, VI
   Labahn, J
   Moukhametzianov, R
   Efremov, R
   Granzin, J
   Schlesinger, R
   Büldt, G
   Savopol, T
   Scheidig, AJ
   Klare, JP
   Engelhard, M
AF Gordeliy, VI
   Labahn, J
   Moukhametzianov, R
   Efremov, R
   Granzin, J
   Schlesinger, R
   Büldt, G
   Savopol, T
   Scheidig, AJ
   Klare, JP
   Engelhard, M
TI Molecular basis of transmembrane signalling by sensory rhodopsin II-transducer complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID structural-changes; serine chemotaxis; photocycle; receptor; protein; diffraction; resolution; membrane; insights; domain
AB Microbial rhodopsins, which constitute a family of seven-helix membrane proteins with retinal as a prosthetic group, are distributed throughout the Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota(1-3). This family of photoactive proteins uses a common structural design for two distinct functions: light-driven ion transport and phototaxis. The sensors activate a signal transduction chain similar to that of the two-component system of eubacterial chemotaxis(4). The link between the photoreceptor and the following cytoplasmic signal cascade is formed by a transducer molecule that binds tightly and specifically 5 to its cognate receptor by means of two transmembrane helices (TM1 and TM2). It is thought that light excitation of sensory rhodopsin II from Natronobacterium pharaonis (SRII) in complex with its transducer (HtrII) induces an outward movement of its helix F (ref. 6), which in turn triggers a rotation of TM2 (ref. 7). It is unclear how this TM2 transition is converted into a cellular signal. Here we present the X-ray structure of the complex between N. pharaonis SRII and the receptor-binding domain of HtrII at 1.94 Angstrom resolution, which provides an atomic picture of the first signal transduction step. Our results provide evidence for a common mechanism for this process in phototaxis and chemotaxis.
C1 Res Ctr Julich, Inst Struct Biol IBI2, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
   Moscow Phys Tech Inst, Ctr Biophys & Phys Chem Supramol Struct, Dolgoprudnyi 141700, Moscow District, Russia.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Julich Research Centre; Moscow Institute of Physics & Technology; Max Planck Society
RP Büldt, G (corresponding author), Res Ctr Julich, Inst Struct Biol IBI2, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
EM g.bueldt@fz-juelich.de; martin.engelhard@mpi-dortmund.mpg.de
NR 31
TC 337
Z9 383
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6906
BP 484
EP 487
DI 10.1038/nature01109
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 599RF
UT WOS:000178348400038
PM 12368857
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beldade, P
   Brakefield, PM
   Long, AD
AF Beldade, P
   Brakefield, PM
   Long, AD
TI Contribution of Distal-less to quantitative variation in butterfly eyespots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila-melanogaster; bristle number; bicyclus-anynana; evolution; patterns; wings; genetics; polymorphisms; locus
AB The colour patterns decorating butterfly wings provide ideal material to study the reciprocal interactions between evolution and development. They are visually compelling products of selection, often with a clear adaptive value, and are amenable to a detailed developmental characterization(1). Research on wing-pattern evolution and development has focused on the eyespots of the tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana(2). There is quantitative variation for several features of eyespot morphology(3-5) but the actual genes contributing to such variation are unknown. On the other hand, studies of gene expression patterns in wing primordia have implicated different developmental pathways in eyespot formation(6-11). To link these two sets of information we need to identify which genes within the implicated pathways contribute to the quantitative variation accessible to natural selection. Here we begin to bridge this gap by demonstrating linkage between DNA polymorphisms in the candidate gene Distal-less (Dll) and eyespot size in B. anynana.
C1 Leiden Univ, Inst Evolutionary & Ecol Sci, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92612 USA.
C3 Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Beldade, P (corresponding author), Leiden Univ, Inst Evolutionary & Ecol Sci, POB 9516, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
NR 30
TC 112
Z9 135
U1 0
U2 78
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 17
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6869
BP 315
EP 318
DI 10.1038/415315a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 511YC
UT WOS:000173293500042
PM 11797007
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Iseki, M
   Matsunaga, S
   Murakami, A
   Ohno, K
   Shiga, K
   Yoshida, K
   Sugai, M
   Takahashi, T
   Hori, T
   Watanabe, M
AF Iseki, M
   Matsunaga, S
   Murakami, A
   Ohno, K
   Shiga, K
   Yoshida, K
   Sugai, M
   Takahashi, T
   Hori, T
   Watanabe, M
TI A blue-light-activated adenylyl cyclase mediates photoavoidance in Euglena gracilis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID complete genome sequence; double-stranded-rna; step-down; photoreceptor; protein; gene; transduction; pigments; encodes; cells
AB Blue light regulates processes such as the development of plants and fungi and the behaviour of microbes(1,2). Two types of blue-light receptor flavoprotein have been identified: cryptochromes, which have partial similarity to photolyases(3,4), and phototropins, which are photoregulated protein kinases(5,6). The former have also been found in animals with evidence of essential roles in circadian rhythms(7,8). Euglena gracilis, a unicellular flagellate, abruptly changes its swimming direction after a sudden increase or decrease in incident blue light intensity, that is, step-up or step-down photophobic responses, resulting in photoavoidance or photoaccumulation, respectively(9). Although these photobehaviours of Euglena have been studied for a century(10), the photoreceptor molecules mediating them have remained unknown(9). Here we report the discovery and biochemical characterization of a new type of blue-light receptor flavoprotein, photoactivated adenylyl cyclase, in the photoreceptor organelle of Euglena gracilis, with molecular genetic evidence that it mediates the step-up photophobic response.
C1 Natl Inst Basic Biol, Okazaki 4448585, Japan.
   Biooriented Technol Res Advancement Inst, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1050001, Japan.
   Nagoya Univ, Ctr Gene Res, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
   Univ Tsukuba, Inst Biol Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058572, Japan.
   Kobe Univ, Res Ctr Inland Seas, Awaji, Hyogo 6562401, Japan.
   Kumamoto Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Kumamoto 8608556, Japan.
   Toyama Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biol, Toyama 9308555, Japan.
   Toho Univ, Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Chiba 2748510, Japan.
   Grad Univ Adv Studies, Sch Adv Sci, Dept Photosci, Kanagawa 2400193, Japan.
C3 National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB); Nagoya University; University of Tsukuba; Kobe University; Kumamoto University; University of Toyama; Toho University; Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan
RP Watanabe, M (corresponding author), Natl Inst Basic Biol, Okazaki 4448585, Japan.
EM machakou@nibb.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 402
Z9 465
U1 5
U2 110
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 1047
EP 1051
DI 10.1038/4151047a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000051
PM 11875575
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ludwig, A
   Debus, L
   Lieckfeldt, D
   Wirgin, I
   Benecke, N
   Jenneckens, I
   Williot, P
   Waldman, JR
   Pitra, C
AF Ludwig, A
   Debus, L
   Lieckfeldt, D
   Wirgin, I
   Benecke, N
   Jenneckens, I
   Williot, P
   Waldman, JR
   Pitra, C
TI When the American sea sturgeon swam east - A colder Baltic Sea greeted this fish from across the Atantic Ocean in the Middle Ages
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID control region; acipenser
C1 Inst Zoo & Wildlife Res, Dept Evolutionary Genet, D-10252 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Rostock, Inst Zool, D-18051 Rostock, Germany.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Environm Med, Tuxedo Pk, NY 10987 USA.
   German Archaeol Inst, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Gottingen, Inst Genet & Anim Breeding, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany.
   Cemagref, Inland Living Aquat Resources Res Unit, F-33612 Cestas, France.
   Hudson River Fdn Sci & Environm Res, New York, NY 10011 USA.
C3 Leibniz Institut fur Zoo und Wildtierforschung; University of Rostock; New York University; University of Gottingen; INRAE
RP Ludwig, A (corresponding author), Inst Zoo & Wildlife Res, Dept Evolutionary Genet, D-10252 Berlin, Germany.
NR 7
TC 100
Z9 117
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6906
BP 447
EP 448
DI 10.1038/419447a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 599RF
UT WOS:000178348400024
PM 12368843
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pelham, RJ
   Chang, F
AF Pelham, RJ
   Chang, F
TI Actin dynamics in the contractile ring during cytokinesis in fission yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arp2/3 complex; schizosaccharomyces-pombe; cleavage furrow; cell-division; budding yeast; gene encodes; protein; cytoskeleton; profilin; polymerization
AB Cytokinesis in many eukaryotes requires a contractile ring of actin and myosin that cleaves the cell in two. Little is known about how actin filaments and other components assemble into this ring structure and generate force(1,2). Here we show that the contractile ring in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is an active site of actin assembly. This actin polymerization activity requires Arp3, the formin Cdc12, profilin and WASP, but not myosin II or IQGAP proteins. Both newly polymerized actin filaments and pre-existing actin cables can contribute to the initial assembly of the ring. Once formed, the ring remains a dynamic structure in which actin and other ring components continuously assemble and disassemble from the ring every minute. The rate of actin polymerization can influence the rate of cleavage. Thus, actin polymerization driven by the Arp2/3 complex and formins is a central process in cytokinesis. Our studies show that cytokinesis is a more dynamic process than previously thought and provide a perspective on the mechanism of cell division.
C1 Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Microbiol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Chang, F (corresponding author), Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Microbiol, 701 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM056836] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 279
Z9 340
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6902
BP 82
EP 86
DI 10.1038/nature00999
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 589YF
UT WOS:000177788600041
PM 12214236
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Demarest, SJ
   Martinez-Yamout, M
   Chung, J
   Chen, HW
   Xu, W
   Dyson, HJ
   Evans, RM
   Wright, PE
AF Demarest, SJ
   Martinez-Yamout, M
   Chung, J
   Chen, HW
   Xu, W
   Dyson, HJ
   Evans, RM
   Wright, PE
TI Mutual synergistic folding in recruitment of CBP/p300 by p160 nuclear receptor coactivators
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID j-couplings; proteins; binding; nmr; cbp; specificity; activation; dynamics; programs; complex
AB Nuclear hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes that are essential for development, reproduction and homeostasis(1). The hormone response is mediated through recruitment of p160 receptor coactivators and the general transcriptional coactivator CBP/p300, which function synergistically to activate transcription(2). These coactivators exhibit intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity, function in the remodelling of chromatin, and facilitate the recruitment of RNA polymerase II and the basal transcription machinery(3). The activities of the p160 coactivators are dependent on CBP. Both coactivators are essential for proper cell-cycle control, differentiation and apoptosis, and are implicated in cancer and other diseases(4-7). To elucidate the molecular basis of assembling the multiprotein activation complex, we undertook a structural and thermodynamic analysis of the interaction domains of CBP and the activator for thyroid hormone and retinoid receptors(8). Here we show that although the isolated domains are intrinsically disordered, they combine with high affinity to form a cooperatively folded helical heterodimer. Our study uncovers a unique mechanism, called 'synergistic folding', through which p160 coactivators recruit CBP/p300 to allow transmission of the hormonal signal to the transcriptional machinery.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Salk Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Wright, PE (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 30
TC 368
Z9 440
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 31
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6871
BP 549
EP 553
DI 10.1038/415549a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 516PQ
UT WOS:000173564300052
PM 11823864
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Taipale, J
   Cooper, MK
   Maiti, T
   Beachy, PA
AF Taipale, J
   Cooper, MK
   Maiti, T
   Beachy, PA
TI Patched acts catalytically to suppress the activity of Smoothened
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sterol-sensing domain; basal-cell carcinomas; pick c1 protein; sonic hedgehog; subcellular-localization; vesicular trafficking; mutations; gene; identification; pathway
AB Mutations affecting the transmembrane proteins Patched (Ptc) or Smoothened (Smo) that trigger ligand-independent activity of the Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway are associated with human tumours such as basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and medulloblastoma(1-3). Despite extensive genetic studies demonstrating the importance of these receptor components in embryonic patterning and cancer, the mechanism by which Ptc regulates Smo is not understood(4). Here we report that Ptc and Smo are not significantly associated within Hh-responsive cells. Furthermore, we show that free Ptc (unbound by Hh) acts sub-stoichiometrically to suppress Smo activity and thus is critical in specifying the level of pathway activity. Patched is a twelve-transmembrane protein with homology to bacterial proton-driven transmembrane molecular transporters; we demonstrate that the function of Ptc is impaired by alterations of residues that are conserved in and required for function of these bacterial transporters. These results suggest that the Ptc tumour suppressor functions normally as a transmembrane molecular transporter, which acts indirectly to inhibit Smo activity, possibly through changes in distribution or concentration of a small molecule.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Beachy, PA (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
NR 30
TC 640
Z9 849
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6900
BP 892
EP 897
DI 10.1038/nature00989
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 585YR
UT WOS:000177555600042
PM 12192414
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Braddock, DT
   Louis, JM
   Baber, JL
   Levens, D
   Clore, GM
AF Braddock, DT
   Louis, JM
   Baber, JL
   Levens, D
   Clore, GM
TI Structure and dynamics of KH domains from FBP bound to single-stranded DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID residual dipolar couplings; far upstream element; c-myc; structure refinement; interdomain motion; rna-binding; relaxation; complexes; proteins; tfiih
AB Gene regulation can be tightly controlled by recognition of DNA deformations that are induced by stress generated during transcription(1-3). The KH domains of the FUSE-binding protein (FBP), a regulator of c-myc expression(1,4), bind in vivo and in vitro to the single-stranded far-upstream element (FUSE), 1,500 base pairs upstream from the c-myc promoter(4-6). FBP bound to FUSE acts through TFIIH at the promoter(4). Here we report the solution structure of a complex between the KH3 and KH4 domains of FBP and a 29-base single-stranded DNA from FUSE. The KH domains recognize two sites, 9-10 bases in length, separated by 5 bases, with KH4 bound to the 5' site and KH3 to the 3' site. The central portion of each site comprises a tetrad of sequence 5'd-ATTC for KH4 and 5'd-TTTT for KH3. Dynamics measurements show that the two KH domains bind as articulated modules to single-stranded DNA, providing a flexible framework with which to recognize transient, moving targets.
C1 NIDDKD, Chem Phys Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NCI, Pathol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Clore, GM (corresponding author), NIDDKD, Chem Phys Lab, NIH, Bldg 2, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM clore@speck.niddk.nih.gov
FU National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; NIH Office of the Director [ZIADK029023] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 31
TC 154
Z9 183
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 1051
EP 1056
DI 10.1038/4151051a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000052
PM 11875576
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kimple, RJ
   Kimple, ME
   Betts, L
   Sondek, J
   Siderovski, DP
AF Kimple, RJ
   Kimple, ME
   Betts, L
   Sondek, J
   Siderovski, DP
TI Structural determinants for GoLoco-induced inhibition of nucleotide release by Gα subunits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dissociation inhibitor; g-proteins; gdp; g(i-alpha-1); activation; mechanism; arginine; complex; system; motif
AB Heterotrimeric G-proteins bind to cell-surface receptors and are integral in transmission of signals from outside the cell. Upon activation of the Galpha subunit by binding of GTP, the Galpha and Gbetagamma subunits dissociate and interact with effector proteins for signal transduction. Regulatory proteins with the 19-amino-acid GoLoco motif(1,2) can bind to Galpha subunits and maintain G-protein subunit dissociation in the absence of Galpha activation(3-7). Here we describe the structural determinants of GoLoco activity as revealed by the crystal structure of Galpha(il)-GDP bound to the GoLoco region of the 'regulator of G-protein signalling' protein RGS14. Key contacts are described between the GoLoco motif and Ga protein, including the extension of GoLoco's highly conserved Asp/Glu-Gln-Arg triad into the nucleotide-binding pocket of Ga to make direct contact with the GDP alpha- and beta-phosphates. The structural organization of the GoLoco-Galpha(il) complex, when combined with supporting data from domain-swapping experiments, suggests that the Galpha all-helical domain and GoLoco-region carboxy-terminal residues control the specificity of GoLoco- Galpha interactions.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, UNC Neurosci Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP Siderovski, DP (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
EM dsiderov@med.unc.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM008570] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute of General Medical Sciences [T32GM008570] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 213
Z9 262
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6883
BP 878
EP 881
DI 10.1038/416878a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 544MH
UT WOS:000175163800058
PM 11976690
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Herek, JL
   Wohlleben, W
   Cogdell, RJ
   Zeidler, D
   Motzkus, M
AF Herek, JL
   Wohlleben, W
   Cogdell, RJ
   Zeidler, D
   Motzkus, M
TI Quantum control of energy flow in light harvesting
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID laser-pulses; photosynthetic unit; phase; frequency; bacteria; complex; domain; lh2
AB Coherent light sources have been widely used in control schemes that exploit quantum interference effects to direct the outcome of photochemical processes. The adaptive shaping of laser pulses is a particularly powerful tool in this context: experimental output as feedback in an iterative learning loop refines the applied laser field to render it best suited to constraints set by the experimenter(1,2). This approach has been experimentally implemented to control a variety of processes(3-9), but the extent to which coherent excitation can also be used to direct the dynamics of complex molecular systems in a condensed-phase environment remains unclear. Here we report feedback-optimized coherent control over the energy-flow pathways in the light-harvesting antenna complex LH2 from Rhodopseudomonas acidophila, a photosynthetic purple bacterium. We show that phases imprinted by the light field mediate the branching ratio of energy transfer between intra- and intermolecular channels in the complex's donor-acceptor system. This result illustrates that molecular complexity need not prevent coherent control, which can thus be extended to probe and affect biological functions.
C1 Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Lund Univ, S-22100 Lund, Sweden.
   Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Biophys, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Glasgow, IBLS, Div Biochem & Mol Biol, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland.
C3 Max Planck Society; Lund University; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; University of Glasgow
RP Motzkus, M (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
NR 30
TC 611
Z9 676
U1 1
U2 141
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6888
BP 533
EP 535
DI 10.1038/417533a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 556QK
UT WOS:000175860300037
PM 12037563
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, JH
   Yoneya, M
   Yokoyama, H
AF Kim, JH
   Yoneya, M
   Yokoyama, H
TI Tristable nematic liquid-crystal device using micropatterned surface alignment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bistability; orientation
AB It has long been appreciated that liquid-crystal (LC) devices in which the LC molecules adopt multiple stable orientations could drastically reduce the power consumption required for high-information-content displays. But for the commonly used nematic LCs, which are intrinsically uniaxial in symmetry, no industrially feasible multi-stable LC device has been realized(1-7). Recently we demonstrated how bistability can be robustly engineered into a nematic LC device, by patterning a substrate with an orientational chequerboard pattern that enforces orthogonal LC alignment in neighbouring square domains(8,9). As a result of the four-fold symmetry of the pattern, the two diagonal axes of the chequerboard become equally stable macroscopic orientations. Here we extend this symmetry approach to obtain a tristable surface-aligned nematic LC. A microscopic pattern exhibiting six-fold symmetry is inscribed on a polyimide surface using the stylus of an atomic force microscope. The hexagonal symmetry of the microscopic orientational domains in turn gives rise to three stable macroscopic LC orientations, which are mutually switchable by an in-plane electric field. The resulting switching mode is surface driven, and hence should be compatible with demanding flexible display applications.
C1 Japan Sci & Technol Corp, ERATO, Yokoyama Nanostruct Liquid Crystal Project, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3002635, Japan.
   Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Nanotechnol Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST)
RP Kim, JH (corresponding author), Japan Sci & Technol Corp, ERATO, Yokoyama Nanostruct Liquid Crystal Project, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3002635, Japan.
EM kimjh@nanolc.jst.go.jp
NR 19
TC 323
Z9 344
U1 2
U2 100
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6912
BP 159
EP 162
DI 10.1038/nature01163
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 614QM
UT WOS:000179200900040
PM 12432387
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wolpoff, MH
   Senut, B
   Pickford, M
   Hawks, J
AF Wolpoff, MH
   Senut, B
   Pickford, M
   Hawks, J
TI Palaeoanthropology - Sahelanthropus or 'Sahelpithecus'?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Anthropol, Paleoanthropol Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Coll France, Chaire Paleoanthropol & Prehist, CNRS, UMR 8569, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Museum Natl Hist Nat, Lab Paleontol, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anthropol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite PSL; College de France; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Wolpoff, MH (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Anthropol, Paleoanthropol Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
NR 6
TC 59
Z9 76
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6907
BP 581
EP 582
DI 10.1038/419581a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 602AT
UT WOS:000178483100034
PM 12374970
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wernsdorfer, W
   Aliaga-Alcalde, N
   Hendrickson, DN
   Christou, G
AF Wernsdorfer, W
   Aliaga-Alcalde, N
   Hendrickson, DN
   Christou, G
TI Exchange-biased quantum tunnelling in a supramolecular dimer of single-molecule magnets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-spin molecules; hydrogen-bonds; magnetization; complexes; proteins; ferritin; gold(i); cluster
AB Various present and future specialized applications of magnets require monodisperse, small magnetic particles, and the discovery of molecules that can function as nanoscale magnets was an important development in this regard(1-3). These molecules act as single-domain magnetic particles that, below their blocking temperature, exhibit magnetization hysteresis, a classical property of macroscopic magnets. Such 'single-molecule magnets' (SMMs)(4) straddle the interface between classical and quantum mechanical behaviour because they also display quantum tunnelling of magnetization(5,6) and quantum phase interference(7). Quantum tunnelling of magnetization can be advantageous for some potential applications of SMMs, for example, in providing the quantum superposition of states required for quantum computing(8). However, it is a disadvantage in other applications, such as information storage, where it would lead to information loss. Thus it is important to both understand and control the quantum properties of SMMs. Here we report a supramolecular SMM dimer in which antiferromagnetic coupling between the two components results in quantum behaviour different from that of the individual SMMs. Our experimental observations and theoretical analysis suggest a means of tuning the quantum tunnelling of magnetization in SMMs. This system may also prove useful for studying quantum tunnelling of relevance to mesoscopic antiferromagnets.
C1 Univ Florida, Dept Chem, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
   Lab Louis Neel, CNRS, F-38042 Grenoble, France.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of Florida; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Christou, G (corresponding author), Univ Florida, Dept Chem, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
EM christou@chem.ufl.edu
NR 30
TC 910
Z9 947
U1 3
U2 318
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6879
BP 406
EP 409
DI 10.1038/416406a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 534UX
UT WOS:000174607800040
PM 11919625
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mecklenbräuker, I
   Saijo, K
   Zheng, NY
   Leitges, M
   Tarakhovsky, A
AF Mecklenbräuker, I
   Saijo, K
   Zheng, NY
   Leitges, M
   Tarakhovsky, A
TI Protein kinase Cδ controls self-antigen-induced B-cell tolerance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reactive lymphocytes-b; proteolytic activation; receptor; antibody; expression; apoptosis; division; lysozyme; mice
AB Interaction of a B cell expressing self-specific B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) with an auto-antigen results in either clonal deletion or functional inactivation(1-3). Both of these processes lead to B-cell tolerance and are essential for the prevention of auto-immune diseases. Whereas clonal deletion results in the death of developing autoreactive B cells, functional inactivation of self-reactive B lymphocytes leads to complex changes in the phenotype of peripheral B cells, described collectively as anergy(1-3). Here we demonstrate that deficiency in protein kinase Cdelta (PKC-delta) prevents B-cell tolerance, and allows maturation and terminal differentiation of self-reactive B cells in the presence of the tolerizing antigen. The importance of PKC-delta in B-cell tolerance is further underscored by the appearance of autoreactive anti-DNA and anti-nuclear antibodies in the serum of PKC-delta-deficient mice. As deficiency of PKC-delta does not affect BCR-mediated B-cell activation in vitro and in vivo, our data suggest a selective and essential role of PKC-delta in tolerogenic, but not immunogenic, B-cell responses.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Lab Lymphocyte Signaling, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Expt Endocrinol, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
C3 Rockefeller University; Max Planck Society
RP Tarakhovsky, A (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Lab Lymphocyte Signaling, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 27
TC 225
Z9 259
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6883
BP 860
EP 865
DI 10.1038/416860a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 544MH
UT WOS:000175163800054
PM 11976686
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Olff, H
   Ritchie, ME
   Prins, HHT
AF Olff, H
   Ritchie, ME
   Prins, HHT
TI Global environmental controls of diversity in large herbivores
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID productivity; patterns
AB Large mammalian herbivores occupy half of the earth's land surface and are important both ecologically and economically(1), but their diversity is threatened by human activities(2). We investigated how the diversity of large herbivores changes across gradients of global precipitation and soil fertility. Here we show that more plant-available moisture reduces the nutrient content of plants but increases productivity, whereas more plant-available nutrients increase both of these factors. Because larger herbivore species tolerate lower plant nutrient content but require greater plant abundance, the highest potential herbivore diversity should occur in locations with intermediate moisture and high nutrients. These areas are dry enough to yield high quality plants and support smaller herbivores, but productive enough to support larger herbivores. These predictions fit with observed patterns of body size and diversity for large mammalian herbivores in North America, Africa and Australia, and yield a global map of regions with potentially high herbivore diversity. Thus, gradients of precipitation, temperature and soil fertility might explain the global distribution of large herbivore diversity and help to identify crucial areas for conservation and restoration.
C1 Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Trop Nat Conservat & Vertebrate Ecol Grp, NL-6708 PD Wageningen, Netherlands.
   Syracuse Univ, Dept Biol, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA.
C3 Wageningen University & Research; Syracuse University
RP Olff, H (corresponding author), Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Trop Nat Conservat & Vertebrate Ecol Grp, Bornsesteeg 69, NL-6708 PD Wageningen, Netherlands.
EM han.olff@staf.ton.wau.nl
NR 30
TC 300
Z9 360
U1 2
U2 137
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 21
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6874
BP 901
EP 904
DI 10.1038/415901a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 523EL
UT WOS:000173941000043
PM 11859367
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hochedlinger, K
   Jaenisch, R
AF Hochedlinger, K
   Jaenisch, R
TI Monoclonal mice generated by nuclear transfer from mature B and T donor cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic stem-cells; expression; selection; oocytes; cloning; mouse
AB Cloning from somatic cells is inefficient, with most clones dying during gestation(1,2). Cloning from embryonic stem (ES) cells is much more effective, suggesting that the nucleus of an embryonic cell is easier to reprogram(3-7). It is thus possible that most surviving clones are, in fact, derived from the nuclei of rare somatic stem cells present in adult tissues rather than from the nuclei of differentiated cells as has been assumed(1,8,9). Here we report the generation of monoclonal mice by nuclear transfer from mature lymphocytes. In a modified two-step cloning procedure, we established ES cells from cloned blastocysts and injected them into tetraploid blastocysts to generate mice. In this approach, the embryo is derived from the ES cells and the extra-embryonic tissues from the tetraploid host(6). Animals cloned from a B-cell nucleus were viable and carried fully rearranged immunoglobulin alleles in all tissues. Similarly, a mouse cloned from a T-cell nucleus carried rearranged T-cell-receptor genes in all tissues. This is an unequivocal demonstration that a terminally differentiated cell can be reprogrammed to produce an adult cloned animal.
C1 Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Univ Vienna, A-1010 Vienna, Austria.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Vienna
RP Jaenisch, R (corresponding author), Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
NR 30
TC 405
Z9 529
U1 0
U2 51
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 1035
EP 1038
DI 10.1038/nature718
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000048
PM 11875572
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Malliri, A
   van der Kammen, RA
   Clark, K
   van der Valk, M
   Michiels, F
   Collard, JG
AF Malliri, A
   van der Kammen, RA
   Clark, K
   van der Valk, M
   Michiels, F
   Collard, JG
TI Mice deficient in the Rac activator Tiam1 are resistant to Ras-induced skin tumours
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cell adhesion; rho gtpases; mouse skin; epithelial-cells; in-vivo; invasion; carcinogenesis; progression; carcinoma; proteins
AB Proteins of the Rho family control signalling pathways that regulate the actin cytoskeleton and gene transcription(1,2). In vitro studies have implicated Rho-like GTP-hydrolysing enzymes (GTPases) in cell migration(3-5), cell-cycle progression(6,7), and Ras-induced focus formation 8,9, suggesting a role for these GTPases in the formation and progression of tumours in vivo. To study this, we have generated mice lacking the Rac-specific activator Tiam1(10-12), a T-lymphoma invasion and metastasis inducing protein. Here we show that such Tiam1(-/-) mice are resistant to the development of Ras-induced skin tumours initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene and promoted with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Moreover, the few tumours produced in Tiam1(-/-) mice grew much slower than did tumours in wild-type mice. Tiam1-deficient primary embryonic fibroblasts were also resistant to Ras(V12)-induced focus formation. Analysis of Tiam1 heterozygotes indicated that both tumour initiation and promotion were dependent on the Tiam1 gene dose. Tiam1 deficiency was associated with increased apoptosis during initiation, and with impeded proliferation during promotion. Although the number of tumours in Tiam1(-/-) mice was small, a greater proportion progressed to malignancy, suggesting that Tiam1 deficiency promotes malignant conversion. Our studies identify the Rac activator Tiam1 as a critical regulator of different aspects of Ras-induced tumour formation.
C1 Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Cell Biol, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Netherlands Cancer Institute
RP Collard, JG (corresponding author), Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Cell Biol, Plesmanlaan 121, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM j.collard@nki.nl
NR 29
TC 296
Z9 373
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6891
BP 867
EP 871
DI 10.1038/nature00848
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 563YM
UT WOS:000176285600051
PM 12075356
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sunda, W
   Kieber, DJ
   Kiene, RP
   Huntsman, S
AF Sunda, W
   Kieber, DJ
   Kiene, RP
   Huntsman, S
TI An antioxidant function for DMSP and DMS in marine algae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dimethylsulfoxide dmso; hydroxyl radicals; rate constants; seawater; sulfur; iron; dimethylsulfoniopropionate; phytoplankton; conversion; oxygen
AB The algal osmolyte dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) and its enzymatic cleavage product dimethylsulphide (DMS) contribute significantly to the global sulphur cycle(1-3), yet their physiological functions are uncertain(4). Here we report results that, together with those in the literature(5,6), show that DMSP and its breakdown products (DMS, acrylate, dimethylsulphoxide, and methane sulphinic acid) readily scavenge hydroxyl radicals and other reactive oxygen species, and thus may serve as an antioxidant system, regulated in part by enzymatic cleavage of DMSP. In support of this hypothesis, we found that oxidative stressors, solar ultraviolet radiation(7), CO2 limitation(8), Fe limitation, high Cu2+ (ref. 9) and H2O2 substantially increased cellular DMSP and/or its lysis to DMS in marine algal cultures. Our results indicate direct links between such stressors and the dynamics of DMSP and DMS in marine phytoplankton, which probably influence the production of DMS and its release to the atmosphere. As oxidation of DMS to sulphuric acid in the atmosphere provides a major source of sulphate aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei(3), oxidative stressors-including solar radiation and Fe limitation-may be involved in complex ocean-atmosphere feedback loops that influence global climate and hydrological cycles(1,2).
C1 NOAA, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA.
   SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Dept Chem, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA.
   Univ S Alabama, Dept Marine Sci, Mobile, AL 36688 USA.
C3 National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; State University of New York (SUNY) System; State University of New York (SUNY) College of Environmental Science & Forestry; University of South Alabama
RP Sunda, W (corresponding author), NOAA, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA.
EM bill.sunda@noaa.gov
NR 30
TC 923
Z9 1042
U1 7
U2 306
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6895
BP 317
EP 320
DI 10.1038/nature00851
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 574BF
UT WOS:000176868000040
PM 12124622
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU del Hoyo, GM
   Martín, P
   Vargas, HH
   Ruiz, S
   Arias, CF
   Ardavin, C
AF del Hoyo, GM
   Martín, P
   Vargas, HH
   Ruiz, S
   Arias, CF
   Ardavin, C
TI Characterization of a common precursor population for dendritic cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID murine bone-marrow; myeloid progenitor; lymph-nodes; maturation; interferon; lineages; mouse
AB Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential for the establishment of immune responses against pathogens and tumour cells, and thus have great potential as tools for vaccination and cancer immunotherapy trials. Experimental evidence has led to a dual DC differentiation model, which involves the existence of both myeloid- and lymphoid-derived DCs1. But this concept has been challenged by recent reports demonstrating that both CD8(-) and CD8(+) DCs, considered in mice as archetypes of myeloid and lymphoid DCs respectively, can be generated from either lymphoid(2-4) or myeloid progenitors(3,4). The issue of DC physiological derivation therefore remains an open question. Here we report the characterization of a DC-committed precursor population, which has the capacity to generate all the DC subpopulations present in mouse lymphoid organs-including CD8(-) and CD8(+) DCs, as well as the B220(+) DC subset-but which is devoid of myeloid or lymphoid differentiation potential. These data support an alternative model of DC development, in which there is an independent, common DC differentiation pathway.
C1 Univ Complutense, Fac Biol, Dept Cell Biol, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
C3 Complutense University of Madrid
RP Ardavin, C (corresponding author), Univ Complutense, Fac Biol, Dept Cell Biol, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
NR 21
TC 176
Z9 202
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 1043
EP 1047
DI 10.1038/4151043a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000050
PM 11875574
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, GD
   Gunthorpe, J
   Kelsell, RE
   Hayes, PD
   Reilly, P
   Facer, P
   Wright, JE
   Jerman, JC
   Walhin, JP
   Ooi, L
   Egerton, J
   Charles, KJ
   Smart, D
   Randall, AD
   Anand, P
   Davis, JB
AF Smith, GD
   Gunthorpe, J
   Kelsell, RE
   Hayes, PD
   Reilly, P
   Facer, P
   Wright, JE
   Jerman, JC
   Walhin, JP
   Ooi, L
   Egerton, J
   Charles, KJ
   Smart, D
   Randall, AD
   Anand, P
   Davis, JB
TI TRPV3 is a temperature-sensitive vanilloid receptor-like protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID capsaicin-receptor; sensory neurons; noxious heat; channels; gene; identification; expression; responses; subunits; agonist
AB Vanilloid receptor-1 (VR1, also known as TRPV1) is a thermosensitive, nonselective cation channel that is expressed by capsaicin-sensitive sensory afferents and is activated by noxious heat, acidic pH and the alkaloid irritant capsaicin(1). Although VR1 gene disruption results in a loss of capsaicin responses, it has minimal effects on thermal nociception(2,3). This and other experiments-such as those showing the existence of capsaicin-insensitive heat sensors in sensory neurons(4)-suggest the existence of thermosensitive receptors distinct from VR1. Here we identify a member of the vanilloid receptor/TRP gene family, vanilloid receptor-like protein 3 (VRL3, also known as TRPV3), which is heat-sensitive but capsaicin-insensitive. VRL3 is coded for by a 2,370-base-pair open reading frame, transcribed from a gene adjacent to VR1, and is structurally homologous to VR1. VRL3 responds to noxious heat with a threshold of about 39 degreesC and is co-expressed in dorsal root ganglion neurons with VR1. Furthermore, when heterologously expressed, VRL3 is able to associate with VR1 and may modulate its responses. Hence, not only is VRL3 a thermosensitive ion channel but it may represent an additional vanilloid receptor subunit involved in the formation of heteromeric vanilloid receptor channels.
C1 GlaxoSmithKline, Neurol CEDD, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
   GlaxoSmithKline, Genet Res, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
   GlaxoSmithKline, Discovery Res, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
   Hammersmith Hosp, Imperial Coll, Peripheral Neuropathy Unit, London W12 0NN, England.
C3 GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; Imperial College London
RP Davis, JB (corresponding author), GlaxoSmithKline, Neurol CEDD, 3rd ave, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
NR 28
TC 648
Z9 799
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6894
BP 186
EP 190
DI 10.1038/nature00894
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 571GV
UT WOS:000176710400041
PM 12077606
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Triendl, R
AF Triendl, R
TI The Pacific rim - Pacific Rim countries are vying to recruit scientists, but they face some stiff obstacles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP A4
EP A5
DI 10.1038/nj6898-04a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Turner, J
   King, JC
   Lachlan-Cope, TA
   Jones, PD
AF Turner, J
   King, JC
   Lachlan-Cope, TA
   Jones, PD
TI Climate change - Recent temperature trends in the Antarctic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
   Univ E Anglia, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Antarctic Survey; University of East Anglia
RP Turner, J (corresponding author), British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
NR 5
TC 41
Z9 48
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6895
BP 291
EP 292
DI 10.1038/418291b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 574BF
UT WOS:000176868000032
PM 12124614
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Batson, PE
   Dellby, N
   Krivanek, OL
AF Batson, PE
   Dellby, N
   Krivanek, OL
TI Sub-angstrom resolution using aberration corrected electron optics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microscopy; stem
AB Following the invention of electron optics during the 1930s, lens aberrations have limited the achievable spatial resolution to about 50 times the wavelength of the imaging electrons(1). This situation is similar to that faced by Leeuwenhoek in the seventeenth century, whose work to improve the quality of glass lenses led directly to his discovery of the ubiquitous "animalcules" in canal water, the first hints of the cellular basis of life. The electron optical aberration problem was well understood from the start, but more than 60 years elapsed before a practical correction scheme for electron microscopy was demonstrated 2, and even then the remaining chromatic aberrations still limited the resolution. We report here the implementation of a computer-controlled aberration correction system in a scanning transmission electron microscope(3), which is less sensitive to chromatic aberration. Using this approach, we achieve an electron probe smaller than 1 Angstrom. This performance, about 20 times the electron wavelength at 120 keV energy, allows dynamic imaging of single atoms, clusters of a few atoms, and single atomic layer 'rafts' of atoms coexisting with Au islands on a carbon substrate. This technique should also allow atomic column imaging of semiconductors, for detection of single dopant atoms, using an electron beam with energy below the damage threshold for silicon.
C1 IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
   Nion R&D, Kirkland, WA 98033 USA.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA
RP Batson, PE (corresponding author), IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
NR 20
TC 755
Z9 903
U1 4
U2 302
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 617
EP 620
DI 10.1038/nature00972
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600036
PM 12167855
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Calka, A
   Wexler, D
AF Calka, A
   Wexler, D
TI Mechanical milling assisted by electrical discharge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Mechanical milling is an effective technique for the preparation of fine metallic and ceramic powders and can also be used to drive a wide range of chemical reactions. Milling devices include planetary machines, attritors and vibrational mills; products include amorphous, nanocrystalline and quasicrystalline materials, supersaturated solid solutions, reduced minerals, high-surface-area catalysts and reactive chemicals(1-3). During milling, solid-solid, solid-liquid and solid-gas reactions are initiated through repeated deformation and fracture of powder particles. A separate materials synthesis and processing technique involves reacting a material in a gas atmosphere under an electrical discharge(4-7). Here we show that the application of low-current, high-voltage electrical impulses during milling can result in both faster reactions and new synthesis and processing routes. We demonstrate the effects of glow (cold) and spark (hot) discharge milling on particle fracture for brittle, low-conductivity materials and ductile metals. Glow discharge milling was found to promote solid-gas reactions whereas spark discharge milling promotes fast fracturing, recrystallization, mineral reduction and solid-solid reactions.
C1 Univ Wollongong, Fac Engn, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
C3 University of Wollongong
RP Calka, A (corresponding author), Univ Wollongong, Fac Engn, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
NR 10
TC 134
Z9 143
U1 0
U2 70
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6903
BP 147
EP 151
DI 10.1038/nature00985
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 592HK
UT WOS:000177931200036
PM 12226660
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wei, BQ
   Vajtai, R
   Jung, Y
   Ward, J
   Zhang, R
   Ramanath, G
   Ajayan, PM
AF Wei, BQ
   Vajtai, R
   Jung, Y
   Ward, J
   Zhang, R
   Ramanath, G
   Ajayan, PM
TI Organized assembly of carbon nanotubes - Cunning refinements help to customize the architecture of nanotube structures.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arrays
C1 Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA.
   Motorola Phys Sci Res Labs, Tempe, AZ 85284 USA.
C3 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
RP Wei, BQ (corresponding author), Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA.
NR 9
TC 471
Z9 547
U1 1
U2 144
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6880
BP 495
EP 496
DI 10.1038/416495a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 537JY
UT WOS:000174756500030
PM 11932732
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chase, JM
   Leibold, MA
AF Chase, JM
   Leibold, MA
TI Spatial scale dictates the productivity-biodiversity relationship
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID species richness; patterns; community
AB The diversity of life is heterogeneously distributed across the Earth. A primary cause for this pattern is the heterogeneity in the amount of energy, or primary productivity (the rate of carbon fixed through photosynthesis), available to the biota in a given location(1-12). But the shape of the relationship between productivity and species diversity is highly variable(10-14). In many cases, the relationship is 'hump-shaped', where diversity peaks at intermediate productivity(7,9,10,12,10,15-18). In other cases, diversity increases linearly with productivity(4-6,10-12). A possible reason for this discrepancy is that data are often collected at different spatial scales(10,12,14). If the mechanisms that determine species diversity vary with spatial scale, then so would the shape of the productivity-diversity relationship. Here, we present evidence for scale-dependent productivity-diversity patterns in ponds. When the data were viewed at a local scale (among ponds), the relationship was hump-shaped, whereas when the same data were viewed at a regional scale (among watersheds), the relationship was positively linear. This dependence on scale results because dissimilarity in local species composition within regions increased with productivity.
C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Biol Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; University of Chicago
RP Chase, JM (corresponding author), Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Biol Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
EM jchase@pitt.edu
NR 26
TC 658
Z9 782
U1 7
U2 427
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6879
BP 427
EP 430
DI 10.1038/416427a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 534UX
UT WOS:000174607800046
PM 11919631
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chu, S
AF Chu, S
TI Cold atoms and quantum control
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spontaneous emission; radiation-pressure; photon recoil; laser; spectroscopy; interferometry; superfluid; resonance; insulator; solitons
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Chu, S (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 63
TC 157
Z9 189
U1 5
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6877
BP 206
EP 210
DI 10.1038/416206a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 530FR
UT WOS:000174348100046
PM 11894103
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Altfeld, M
   Allen, TM
   Yu, XG
   Johnston, MN
   Agrawal, D
   Korber, BT
   Montefiori, DC
   O'Connor, DH
   Davis, BT
   Lee, PK
   Maier, EL
   Harlow, J
   Goulder, PJR
   Brander, C
   Rosenberg, ES
   Walker, BD
AF Altfeld, M
   Allen, TM
   Yu, XG
   Johnston, MN
   Agrawal, D
   Korber, BT
   Montefiori, DC
   O'Connor, DH
   Davis, BT
   Lee, PK
   Maier, EL
   Harlow, J
   Goulder, PJR
   Brander, C
   Rosenberg, ES
   Walker, BD
TI HIV-1 superinfection despite broad CD8+ T-cell responses containing replication of the primary virus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antiretroviral therapy; immune-responses; viremia; infection; aids; discontinuation; lymphocytes; prevention; challenge; macaques
AB Early treatment of acute HIV-1 infection followed by treatment interruptions has shown promise for enhancing immune control of infection(1-3). A subsequent loss of control, however, allows the correlates of protective immunity to be assessed. Here we show that sudden breakthrough of plasma viraemia occurred after prolonged immune containment in an individual infected with HIV-1 at a time when 25 distinct CD8(+) T-cell epitopes in the viral proteins Gag, RT, Integrase, Env, Nef, Vpr, Vif and Rev were being targeted. Sequencing of the virus in plasma and cells showed that superinfection with a second clade-B virus was coincident with the loss of immune control. This sudden increase in viraemia was associated with a decline in half of the CD8(+) T-cell responses. The declining CD8(+) T-cell responses were coupled with sequence changes relative to the initial virus that resulted in impaired recognition. Our data show that HIV-1 superinfection can occur in the setting of a strong and broadly directed virus-specific CD8(+) T-cell response. The lack of cross-protective immunity for closely related HIV-1 strains, despite persistent recognition of multiple CD8 epitopes, has important implications for public health and vaccine development.
C1 Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Partners AIDS Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02129 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02129 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Div AIDS, Boston, MA 02129 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Wisconsin Reg Primate Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53715 USA.
   Nuffield Dept Med, Dept Pediat, Oxford OX3 7LJ, England.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Duke University; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Oxford
RP Walker, BD (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Partners AIDS Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02129 USA.
EM bwalker@partners.org
NR 27
TC 258
Z9 294
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6914
BP 434
EP 439
DI 10.1038/nature01200
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 619TZ
UT WOS:000179494700044
PM 12459786
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Setou, M
   Seog, DH
   Tanaka, Y
   Kanai, Y
   Takei, Y
   Kawagishi, M
   Hirokawa, N
AF Setou, M
   Seog, DH
   Tanaka, Y
   Kanai, Y
   Takei, Y
   Kawagishi, M
   Hirokawa, N
TI Glutamate-receptor-interacting protein GRIP1 directly steers kinesin to dendrites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heavy-chain; conventional kinesin; hippocampal-neurons; binding protein; ampa receptors; transport; suppression; domain
AB In cells, molecular motors operate in polarized sorting of molecules, although the steering mechanisms of motors remain elusive(1). In neurons, the kinesin motor(2) conducts vesicular transport such as the transport of synaptic vesicle components to axons(3) and of neurotransmitter receptors to dendrites(4), indicating that vesicles may have to drive the motor for the direction to be correct. Here we show that an AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- methylisoxazole-4-propionate) receptor subunit-GluR2-interacting protein (GRIP1)-can directly interact and steer kinesin heavy chains to dendrites as a motor for AMPA receptors. As would be expected if this complex is functional, both gene targeting and dominant negative experiments of heavy chains of mouse kinesin showed abnormal localization of GRIP1. Moreover, expression of the kinesin-binding domain of GRIP1 resulted in accumulation of the endogenous kinesin predominantly in the somatodendritic area. This pattern was different from that generated by the overexpression of the kinesin-binding scaffold protein JSAP1 (JNK/SAPK-associated protein-1, also known as Mapk8ip3), which occurred predominantly in the somatoaxon area. These results indicate that directly binding proteins can determine the traffic direction of a motor protein.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Inje Univ, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol, Jingu 633165, Busan, South Korea.
C3 University of Tokyo; Inje University
RP Hirokawa, N (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Bunkyo Ku, Hongo 7-3-1, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
NR 29
TC 401
Z9 516
U1 2
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6884
BP 83
EP 87
DI 10.1038/nature743
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 546ZM
UT WOS:000175307200042
PM 11986669
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dudley, AT
   Ros, MA
   Tabin, CJ
AF Dudley, AT
   Ros, MA
   Tabin, CJ
TI A re-examination of proximodistal patterning during vertebrate limb development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID apical ectodermal ridge; cell-division; morphogenesis; growth; bud; misexpression; expression; mesoderm; genes; death
AB The 'progress zone' model provides a framework for understanding progressive development of the vertebrate limb(1). This model holds that undifferentiated cells in a zone of fixed size at the distal tip of the limb bud (the progress zone) undergo a progressive change in positional information such that their specification is altered from more proximal to more distal fates. This positional change is thought to be driven by an internal clock that is kept active as long as the cells remain in the progress zone. However, owing to cell division, the most proximal of these cells are continually pushed outside the confines of the zone. As they exit, clock function ceases and cells become fixed with the positional value last attained while within the zone. In contrast to this model, our data suggest that the various limb segments are 'specified' early in limb development as distinct domains, with subsequent development involving expansion of these progenitor populations before differentiation. We also find, however, that the distal limb mesenchyme becomes progressively 'determined', that is, irreversibly fixed, to a progressively limited range of potential proximodistal fates.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Cantabria, Fac Med, Dept Anat & Biol Celular, Santander 39011, Spain.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Universidad de Cantabria
RP Tabin, CJ (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM tabin@rascal.med.harvard.edu
NR 25
TC 229
Z9 282
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 539
EP 544
DI 10.1038/nature00945
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800042
PM 12152081
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gitton, Y
   Dahmane, N
   Baik, S
   Altaba, ARI
   Neidhardt, L
   Scholze, M
   Herrmann, BG
   Kahlem, P
   Benkahla, A
   Schrinner, S
   Yildirimman, R
   Herwig, R
   Lehrach, H
   Yaspo, ML
AF Gitton, Y
   Dahmane, N
   Baik, S
   Altaba, ARI
   Neidhardt, L
   Scholze, M
   Herrmann, BG
   Kahlem, P
   Benkahla, A
   Schrinner, S
   Yildirimman, R
   Herwig, R
   Lehrach, H
   Yaspo, ML
TI A gene expression map of human chromosome 21 orthologues in the mouse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID down-syndrome; critical region; trefoil factor; embryogenesis; heart; mice
AB The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21 (HSA21)(1) has opened the route for a systematic molecular characterization of all of its genes. Trisomy 21 is associated with Down's syndrome, the most common genetic cause of mental retardation in humans. The phenotype includes various organ dysmorphies, stereotypic craniofacial anomalies and brain malformations(2). Molecular analysis of congenital aneuploidies poses a particular challenge because the aneuploid region contains many protein-coding genes whose function is unknown. One essential step towards understanding their function is to analyse mRNA expression patterns at key stages of organism development. Seminal works in flies, frogs and mice showed that genes whose expression is restricted spatially and/or temporally are often linked with specific ontogenic processes. Here we describe expression profiles of mouse orthologues to HSA21 genes by a combination of large-scale mRNA in situ hybridization at critical stages of embryonic and brain development and in silico (computed) mining of expressed sequence tags. This chromosome-scale expression annotation associates many of the genes tested with a potential biological role and suggests candidates for the pathogenesis of Down's syndrome.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Skirball Inst, Dev Genet Program, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Univ Mediterranee, CNRS, UMR 6156, Inst Dev Biol, F-13288 Marseille 09, France.
   Max Planck Inst Immunol, Dept Dev Biol, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Genet, Dept Vertebrate Genom, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
C3 New York University; Aix-Marseille Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society
RP Altaba, ARI (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Skirball Inst, Dev Genet Program, 540 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 USA.
EM ria@saturn.med.nyu.edu; herrmann@immunbio.mpg.de; yaspo@molgen.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 97
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 586
EP 590
DI 10.1038/nature01178
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600058
PM 12466855
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bochkov, VN
   Kadl, A
   Huber, J
   Gruber, F
   Binder, BR
   Leitinger, N
AF Bochkov, VN
   Kadl, A
   Huber, J
   Gruber, F
   Binder, BR
   Leitinger, N
TI Protective role of phospholipid oxidation products in endotoxin-induced tissue damage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lipopolysaccharide-binding protein; soluble cd14; lipid-a; oxidized phospholipids; lps; cells; inflammation; lipoproteins; antagonist; monocytes
AB Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an outer-membrane component of Gram-negative bacteria, interacts with LPS-binding protein and CD14, which present LPS to toll-like receptor 4 (refs 1, 2), which activates inflammatory gene expression through nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) and mitogen-activated protein-kinase signalling(3,4). Antibacterial defence involves activation of neutrophils that generate reactive oxygen species capable of killing bacteria(5); therefore host lipid peroxidation occurs, initiated by enzymes such as NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase(6). Oxidized phospholipids are pro-inflammatory agonists promoting chronic inflammation in atherosclerosis(7); however, recent data suggest that they can inhibit expression of inflammatory adhesion molecules(8). Here we show that oxidized phospholipids inhibit LPS-induced but not tumour-necrosis factor-alpha-induced or interleukin-1beta-induced NFkappaB-mediated upregulation of inflammatory genes, by blocking the interaction of LPS with LPS-binding protein and CD14. Moreover, in LPS-injected mice, oxidized phospholipids inhibited inflammation and protected mice from lethal endotoxin shock. Thus, in severe Gram-negative bacterial infection, endogenously formed oxidized phospholipids may function as a negative feedback to blunt innate immune responses. Furthermore, identified chemical structures capable of inhibiting the effects of endotoxins such as LPS could be used for the development of new drugs for treatment of sepsis.
C1 Univ Vienna, Dept Vasc Biol & Thrombosis Res, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   BMT Res, A-1235 Vienna, Austria.
C3 University of Vienna
RP Leitinger, N (corresponding author), Univ Vienna, Dept Vasc Biol & Thrombosis Res, Schwarzspanierstr 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
EM norbert.leitinger@univie.ac.at
NR 26
TC 320
Z9 357
U1 4
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6902
BP 77
EP 81
DI 10.1038/nature01023
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 589YF
UT WOS:000177788600040
PM 12214235
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zeng, H
   Li, J
   Liu, JP
   Wang, ZL
   Sun, SH
AF Zeng, H
   Li, J
   Liu, JP
   Wang, ZL
   Sun, SH
TI Exchange-coupled nanocomposite magnets by nanoparticle self-assembly
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID multilayers
AB Exchange-spring magnets are nanocomposites that are composed of magnetically hard and soft phases that interact by magnetic exchange coupling(1). Such systems are promising for advanced permanent magnetic applications, as they have a large energy product-the combination of permanent magnet field and magnetization-compared to traditional, single-phase materials(1-3). Conventional techniques, including melt-spinning(4-6), mechanical milling(7-9) and sputtering(10-12), have been explored to prepare exchange-spring magnets. However, the requirement that both the hard and soft phases are controlled at the nanometre scale, to ensure efficient exchange coupling, has posed significant preparation challenges. Here we report the fabrication of exchange-coupled nanocomposites using nanoparticle self-assembly. In this approach, both FePt and Fe3O4 particles are incorporated as nanometre-scale building blocks into binary assemblies. Subsequent annealing converts the assembly into FePt-Fe3Pt nanocomposites, where FePt is a magnetically hard phase and Fe3Pt a soft phase. An optimum exchange coupling, and therefore an optimum energy product, can be obtained by independently tuning the size and composition of the individual building blocks. We have produced exchange-coupled isotropic FePt-Fe3Pt nanocomposites with an energy product of 20.1 MG Oe, which exceeds the theoretical limit of 13 MG Oe for non-exchange-coupled isotropic FePt by over 50 per cent.
C1 IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
   Louisiana Tech Univ, Inst Micromfg, Ruston, LA 71272 USA.
   Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA; University of Louisiana System; Louisiana Technical University; University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology
RP Sun, SH (corresponding author), IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
NR 21
TC 1495
Z9 1645
U1 10
U2 993
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6914
BP 395
EP 398
DI 10.1038/nature01208
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 619TZ
UT WOS:000179494700033
PM 12459779
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boss, PK
   Thomas, MR
AF Boss, PK
   Thomas, MR
TI Association of dwarfism and floral induction with a grape 'green revolution' mutation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gibberellin responses; arabidopsis-thaliana; genes; expression; pathway; mutant
AB The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth is an essential process in the life cycle of plants. Plant floral induction pathways respond to both environmental and endogenous cues and much has been learnt about these genetic pathways by studying mutants of Arabidopsis(1,2). Gibberellins (GAs) are plant growth regulators important in many aspects of plant growth and in Arabidopsis they promote flowering(3-5). Here we provide genetic evidence that GAs inhibit flowering in grapevine. A grapevine dwarf mutant derived from the L1 cell layer of the champagne cultivar Pinot Meunier produces inflorescences along the length of the shoot where tendrils are normally formed. The mutated gene associated with the phenotype is a homologue of the wheat 'green revolution' gene Reduced height-1 (ref. 6) and the Arabidopsis gene GA insensitive (GAI)(7). The conversion of tendrils to inflorescences in the mutant demonstrates that the grapevine tendril is a modified inflorescence inhibited from completing floral development by GAs.
C1 CSIRO, Plant Ind & Cooperat Res Ctr Viticulture, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
C3 Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
RP Thomas, MR (corresponding author), CSIRO, Plant Ind & Cooperat Res Ctr Viticulture, POB 350, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
NR 27
TC 357
Z9 438
U1 1
U2 140
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6883
BP 847
EP 850
DI 10.1038/416847a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 544MH
UT WOS:000175163800051
PM 11976683
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Skålén, K
   Gustafsson, M
   Rydberg, EK
   Hultén, LM
   Wiklund, O
   Innerarity, TL
   Borén, J
AF Skålén, K
   Gustafsson, M
   Rydberg, EK
   Hultén, LM
   Wiklund, O
   Innerarity, TL
   Borén, J
TI Subendothelial retention of atherogenic lipoproteins in early atherosclerosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID low-density-lipoprotein; arterial proteoglycans; receptor-binding; apolipoprotein-b; cell biology; identification; macrophages; mice; oxidation; apo-b100
AB Complications of atherosclerosis are the most common cause of death in Western societies(1). Among the many risk factors identified by epidemiological studies, only elevated levels of lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein (apo) B can drive the development of atherosclerosis in humans and experimental animals even in the absence of other risk factors(2). However, the mechanisms that lead to atherosclerosis are still poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that the subendothelial retention of atherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins is the initiating event in atherogenesis(3). The extracellular matrix of the subendothelium, particularly proteoglycans, is thought to play a major role in the retention of atherogenic lipoproteins(4). The interaction between atherogenic lipoproteins and proteoglycans involves an ionic interaction between basic amino acids in apoB100 and negatively charged sulphate groups on the proteoglycans(5). Here we present direct experimental evidence that the atherogenicity of apoB-containing low-density lipoproteins (LDL) is linked to their affinity for artery wall proteoglycans. Mice expressing proteoglycan-binding-defective LDL developed significantly less atherosclerosis than mice expressing wild-type control LDL. We conclude that subendothelial retention of apoB100-containing lipoprotein is an early step in atherogenesis.
C1 Gothenburg Univ, Wallenberg Lab Cardiovasc Res, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Gladstone Inst Cardiovasc Dis, San Francisco, CA 94141 USA.
C3 University of Gothenburg; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; The J David Gladstone Institutes
RP Borén, J (corresponding author), Gothenburg Univ, Wallenberg Lab Cardiovasc Res, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
NR 28
TC 747
Z9 924
U1 1
U2 63
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6890
BP 750
EP 754
DI 10.1038/nature00804
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 561QY
UT WOS:000176154700047
PM 12066187
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bekoff, M
AF Bekoff, M
TI Awareness: Animal reflections
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Bekoff, M (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
NR 7
TC 26
Z9 28
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6904
BP 255
EP 255
DI 10.1038/419255a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 594NH
UT WOS:000178056300026
PM 12239547
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ronshaugen, M
   McGinnis, N
   McGinnis, W
AF Ronshaugen, M
   McGinnis, N
   McGinnis, W
TI Hox protein mutation and macroevolution of the insect body plan
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID casein kinase-ii; gene-expression; evolution; drosophila; ultrabithorax; phylogeny; phosphorylation; arthropods; origin; clade
AB A fascinating question in biology is how molecular changes in developmental pathways lead to macroevolutionary changes in morphology. Mutations in homeotic (Hox) genes have long been suggested as potential causes of morphological evolution(1,2), and there is abundant evidence that some changes in Hox expression patterns correlate with transitions in animal axial pattern(3). A major morphological transition in metazoans occurred about 400 million years ago, when six-legged insects diverged from crustacean-like arthropod ancestors with multiple limbs(4-7). In Drosophila melanogaster and other insects, the Ultrabithorax (Ubx) and abdominal A (AbdA, also abd-A) Hox proteins are expressed largely in the abdominal segments, where they can suppress thoracic leg development during embryogenesis(3). In a branchiopod crustacean, Ubx/AbdA proteins are expressed in both thorax and abdomen, including the limb primordia, but do not repress limbs(8-11). Previous studies led us to propose that gain and loss of transcriptional activation and repression functions in Hox proteins was a plausible mechanism to diversify morphology during animal evolution(12). Here we show that naturally selected alteration of the Ubx protein is linked to the evolutionary transition to hexapod limb pattern.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Sect Cell & Dev Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP McGinnis, W (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Sect Cell & Dev Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 24
TC 288
Z9 355
U1 1
U2 91
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 21
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6874
BP 914
EP 917
DI 10.1038/nature716
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 523EL
UT WOS:000173941000046
PM 11859370
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McCaffrey, AP
   Meuse, L
   Pham, TTT
   Conklin, DS
   Hannon, GJ
   Kay, MA
AF McCaffrey, AP
   Meuse, L
   Pham, TTT
   Conklin, DS
   Hannon, GJ
   Kay, MA
TI Gene expression - RNA interference in adult mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasmid dna; hepatocytes
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
RP McCaffrey, AP (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 9
TC 885
Z9 1308
U1 0
U2 76
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6893
BP 38
EP 39
DI 10.1038/418038a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 569JL
UT WOS:000176599200030
PM 12097900
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lin, JM
   Kilman, VL
   Keegan, K
   Paddock, B
   Emery-Le, M
   Rosbash, M
   Allada, R
AF Lin, JM
   Kilman, VL
   Keegan, K
   Paddock, B
   Emery-Le, M
   Rosbash, M
   Allada, R
TI A role for casein kinase 2α in the Drosophila circadian clock
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nervous-system; double-time; dna-damage; protein; gene; period; ck2; melanogaster; rhythms; neuropeptide
AB Circadian clocks drive rhythmic behaviour in animals and are regulated by transcriptional feedback loops(1,2). For example, the Drosophila proteins Clock (Clk) and Cycle (Cyc) activate transcription of period (per) and timeless (tim). Per and Tim then associate, translocate to the nucleus, and repress the activity of Clk and Cyc. However, post-translational modifications are also critical to proper timing. Per and Timundergo rhythmic changes in phosphorylation(1), and evidence supports roles for two kinases in this process: Doubletime (Dbt) phosphorylates Per(3,4), whereas Shaggy (Sgg) phosphorylates Tim(5). Yet Sgg and Dbt often require a phosphoserine in their target site(6,7), and analysis of Per phosphorylation in dbt mutants(3,8) suggests a role for other kinases. Here we show that the catalytic subunit of Drosophila casein kinase 2 (CK2alpha) is expressed predominantly in the cytoplasm of key circadian pacemaker neurons. CK2alpha mutant flies show lengthened circadian period, decreased CK2 activity, and delayed nuclear entry of Per. These effects are probably direct, as CK2alpha specifically phosphorylates Per in vitro. We propose that CK2 is an evolutionary link between the divergent circadian systems of animals, plants and fungi.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Neurobiol & Physiol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; Northwestern University; Brandeis University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Allada, R (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Neurobiol & Physiol, 2153 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
NR 29
TC 304
Z9 368
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 26
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6917
BP 816
EP 820
DI 10.1038/nature01235
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 626WR
UT WOS:000179897300057
PM 12447397
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jaswal, SS
   Sohl, JL
   Davis, JH
   Agard, DA
AF Jaswal, SS
   Sohl, JL
   Davis, JH
   Agard, DA
TI Energetic landscape of α-lytic protease optimizes longevity through kinetic stability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID engineering substrate-specificity; linear extrapolation method; hydrogen-exchange; influenza hemagglutinin; conformations; core
AB During the evolution of proteins the pressure to optimize biological activity is moderated by a need for efficient folding. For most proteins, this is accomplished through spontaneous folding to a thermodynamically stable and active native state. However, in the extracellular bacterial alpha-lytic protease (alphaLP) these two processes have become decoupled. The native state of alphaLP is thermodynamically unstable, and when denatured, requires millennia (t(1/2), similar to 1,800 years)(1) to refold. Folding is made possible by an attached folding catalyst, the pro-region, which is degraded on completion of folding, leaving alphaLP trapped in its native state by a large kinetic unfolding barrier (t(1/2) similar to1.2 years)(1). alphaLP faces two very different folding landscapes: one in the presence of the pro-region controlling folding, and one in its absence restricting unfolding. Here we demonstrate that this separation of folding and unfolding pathways has removed constraints placed on the folding of thermodynamically stable proteins, and allowed the evolution of a native state having markedly reduced dynamic fluctuations. This, in turn, has led to a significant extension of the functional lifetime of alphaLP by the optimal suppression of proteolytic sensitivity.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Agard, DA (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 24
TC 151
Z9 181
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 17
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6869
BP 343
EP 346
DI 10.1038/415343a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 511YC
UT WOS:000173293500049
PM 11797014
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Monnin, T
   Ratnieks, FLW
   Jones, GR
   Beard, R
AF Monnin, T
   Ratnieks, FLW
   Jones, GR
   Beard, R
TI Pretender punishment induced by chemical signalling in a queenless ant
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cuticular hydrocarbons; social insects; fertility; dominance; workers
AB Animal societies are stages for both conflict and cooperation. Reproduction is often monopolized by one or a few individuals who behave aggressively to prevent subordinates from reproducing (for example, naked mole-rats(1), wasps(2) and ants(3)). Here we report an unusual mechanism by which the dominant individual maintains reproductive control. In the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps, only the alpha female reproduces. If the alpha is challenged by another female she chemically marks the pretender who is then punished(4) by low-ranking females. This cooperation between alpha and low-rankers allows the alpha to inflict punishment indirectly, thereby maintaining her reproductive primacy without having to fight.
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Lab Apiculture & Social Insects, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Keele, Sch Chem & Phys, Chem Ecol Grp, Keele ST5 5BG, Staffs, England.
C3 University of Sheffield; Keele University
RP Monnin, T (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Lab Apiculture & Social Insects, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
EM Thibaud.Monnin@snv.jussieu.fr
NR 30
TC 115
Z9 124
U1 0
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6902
BP 61
EP 65
DI 10.1038/nature00932
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 589YF
UT WOS:000177788600036
PM 12214231
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Campbell, G
AF Campbell, G
TI Distalization of the Drosophila leg by graded EGF-receptor activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homeobox genes; wingless; protein; roles; kinase; axis; eye; specification; aristaless; activation
AB Arthropods and higher vertebrates both possess appendages, but these are morphologically distinct and the molecular mechanisms regulating patterning along their proximodistal axis (base to tip) are thought to be quite different. In Drosophila, gene expression along this axis is thought to be controlled primarily by a combination of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and Wnt signalling from sources of ligands, Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Wingless (Wg), in dorsal and ventral stripes, respectively(1-3). In vertebrates, however, proximodistal patterning is regulated by receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activity from a source of ligands, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), at the tip of the limb bud(4). Here I revise our understanding of limb development in flies and show that the distal region is actually patterned by a distal-to-proximal gradient of RTK activity, established by a source of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-related ligands at the presumptive tip. This similarity between proximodistal patterning in vertebrates and flies supports previous suggestions(5,6) of an evolutionary relationship between appendages/body-wall outgrowths in animals.
C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Biol Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh
RP Campbell, G (corresponding author), Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Biol Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
NR 27
TC 115
Z9 134
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6899
BP 781
EP 785
DI 10.1038/nature00971
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 583UF
UT WOS:000177428000040
PM 12181568
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schopf, JW
   Kudryavtsev, AB
   Agresti, DG
   Wdowiak, TJ
   Czaja, AD
AF Schopf, JW
   Kudryavtsev, AB
   Agresti, DG
   Wdowiak, TJ
   Czaja, AD
TI Laser-Raman spectroscopy (Communication arising): Images of the Earth's earliest fossils? Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microfossils
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Alabama, Dept Phys, Astro & Solar Syst Phys Program, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham
RP Schopf, JW (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 7
TC 12
Z9 14
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 477
EP 477
DI 10.1038/420477a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Humphrey, D
   Duggan, C
   Saha, D
   Smith, D
   Käs, J
AF Humphrey, D
   Duggan, C
   Saha, D
   Smith, D
   Käs, J
TI Active fluidization of polymer networks through molecular motors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID f-actin; myosin; filaments; minifilaments; reptation; dynamics; invitro; chain
AB Entangled polymer solutions and melts exhibit elastic, solid-like resistance to quick deformations and a viscous, fluid-like response to slow deformations. This viscoelastic behaviour reflects the dynamics of individual polymer chains driven by brownian motion(1) : since individual chains can only move in a snake-like fashion through the mesh of surrounding polymer molecules, their diffusive transport, described by reptation(2-4),is so slow that the relaxation of suddenly imposed stress is delayed. Entangled polymer solutions and melts therefore elastically resist deforming motions that occur faster than the stress relaxation time. Here we show that the protein myosin II permits active control over the viscoelastic behaviour of actin filament solutions. We find that when each actin filament in a polymerized actin solution interacts with at least one myosin minifilament, the stress relaxation time of the polymer solution is significantly shortened. We attribute this effect to myosin's action as a 'molecular motor', which allows it to interact with randomly oriented actin filaments and push them through the solution, thus enhancing longitudinal filament motion. By superseding reptation with sliding motion, the molecular motors thus overcome a fundamental principle of complex fluids: that only depolymerization makes an entangled, isotropic polymer solution fluid for quick deformations.
C1 Univ Texas, Ctr Nonlinear Dynam, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Univ Texas, Inst Mol & Cellular Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Univ Texas, Texas Mat Inst, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Univ Texas, Ctr Nano & Mol Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Käs, J (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Ctr Nonlinear Dynam, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
EM kas@chaos.ph.utexas.edu
NR 23
TC 272
Z9 310
U1 3
U2 74
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6879
BP 413
EP 416
DI 10.1038/416413
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 534UX
UT WOS:000174607800042
PM 11919627
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hochheimer, A
   Zhou, S
   Zheng, S
   Holmes, MC
   Tjian, R
AF Hochheimer, A
   Zhou, S
   Zheng, S
   Holmes, MC
   Tjian, R
TI TRF2 associates with DREF and directs promoter-selective gene expression in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tbp-like factor; nucleosome remodeling factor; polymerase-ii transcription; cell nuclear antigen; binding protein; mice lacking; c-elegans; iswi; spermiogenesis; elements
AB Drosophila TATA-box-binding protein (TBP)-related factor 2 (TRF2) is a member of a family of TBP-related factors present in metazoan organisms. Recent evidence suggests that TRF2s are required for proper embryonic development and differentiation(1-5). However, true target promoters and the mechanisms by which TRF2 operates to control transcription remain elusive. Here we report the antibody affinity purification of a Drosophila TRF2-containing complex that contains components of the nucleosome remodelling factor (NURF) chromatin remodelling complex as well as the DNA replication-related element (DRE)-binding factor DREF. This latter finding led us to potential target genes containing TRF2-responsive promoters. We have used a combination of in vitro and in vivo assays to show that the DREF-containing TRF2 complex directs core promoter recognition of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) gene. We also identified additional TRF2-responsive target genes involved in DNA replication and cell proliferation. These data suggest that TRF2 functions as a core promoter-selectivity factor responsible for coordinating transcription of a subset of genes in Drosophila.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Tjian, R (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 401 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM jmlim@uclink4.berkeley.edu
NR 29
TC 178
Z9 209
U1 2
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6914
BP 439
EP 445
DI 10.1038/nature01167
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 619TZ
UT WOS:000179494700045
PM 12459787
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smaglik, P
AF Smaglik, P
TI Blurred vision
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP A19
EP +
DI 10.1038/420a19a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 625LG
UT WOS:000179817500004
PM 12501122
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Faili, A
   Aoufouchi, S
   Flatter, E
   Guéranger, Q
   Reynaud, CA
   Weill, JC
AF Faili, A
   Aoufouchi, S
   Flatter, E
   Guéranger, Q
   Reynaud, CA
   Weill, JC
TI Induction of somatic hypermutation in immunoglobulin genes is dependent on DNA polymerase iota
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytidine deaminase aid; pol-iota; ig; eta; deficiency; mutation; rna
AB Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes is a unique, targeted, adaptive process. While B cells are engaged in germinal centres in T-dependent responses, single base substitutions are introduced in the expressed V-H/V-L genes to allow the selection of mutants with a higher affinity for the immunizing antigen. Almost every possible DNA transaction has been proposed to explain this process, but each of these models includes an error-prone DNA synthesis step that introduces the mutations(1,2). The Y family of DNA polymerases(3)-pol eta, pol iota, pol kappa and rev1-are specialized for copying DNA lesions and have high rates of error when copying a normal DNA template(4,5). By performing gene inactivation in a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line inducible for hypermutation, we show here that somatic hypermutation is dependent on DNA polymerase iota.
C1 Hop Necker Enfants Malad, INSERM, U373, F-75730 Paris 15, France.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Universite Paris Cite; Hopital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades - APHP
RP Weill, JC (corresponding author), Hop Necker Enfants Malad, INSERM, U373, 156 Rue Vaugirard, F-75730 Paris 15, France.
EM weill@necker.fr
NR 29
TC 168
Z9 191
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6910
BP 944
EP 947
DI 10.1038/nature01117
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 609MN
UT WOS:000178909700048
PM 12410315
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lelouard, H
   Gatti, E
   Cappello, F
   Gresser, O
   Camosseto, V
   Pierre, P
AF Lelouard, H
   Gatti, E
   Cappello, F
   Gresser, O
   Camosseto, V
   Pierre, P
TI Transient aggregation of ubiquitinated proteins during dendritic cell maturation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID newly synthesized proteins; peptide ligands; in-vivo; proteasome; antigen; degradation; aggresm; biology
AB Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells with the unique capacity to initiate primary immune responses(1). Dendritic cells have a remarkable pattern of differentiation (maturation) that exhibits highly specific mechanisms to control antigen presentation restricted by major histocompatibility complex (MHC)(2). MHC class I molecules present to CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells peptides that are derived mostly from cytosolic proteins, which are ubiquitinated and then degraded by the proteasome(3,4). Here we show that on inflammatory stimulation, DCs accumulate newly synthesized ubiquitinated proteins in large cytosolic structures. These structures are similar to, but distinct from, aggresomes and inclusion bodies observed in many amyloid diseases(5,6). Notably, these dendritic cell aggresome-like induced structures (DALIS) are transient, require continuous protein synthesis and do not affect the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Our observations suggest the existence of an organized prioritization of protein degradation in stimulated DCs, which is probably important for regulating MHC class I presentation during maturation.
C1 Univ Med, CNRS, INSERM, Ctr Immunol Marseille Luminy, F-13288 Marseille 09, France.
C3 Aix-Marseille Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
RP Pierre, P (corresponding author), Univ Med, CNRS, INSERM, Ctr Immunol Marseille Luminy, Campus Luminy,Case 906, F-13288 Marseille 09, France.
NR 29
TC 152
Z9 162
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6885
BP 177
EP 182
DI 10.1038/417177a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 549RH
UT WOS:000175460200044
PM 12000969
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kennedy, TA
   Naeem, S
   Howe, KM
   Knops, JMH
   Tilman, D
   Reich, P
AF Kennedy, TA
   Naeem, S
   Howe, KM
   Knops, JMH
   Tilman, D
   Reich, P
TI Biodiversity as a barrier to ecological invasion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plant diversity; biological invasions; species-diversity; invasibility; resistance; interference; community; ecosystem; richness; pattern
AB Biological invasions are a pervasive and costly environmental problem(1,2) that has been the focus of intense management and research activities over the past half century. Yet accurate predictions of community susceptibility to invasion remain elusive. The diversity resistance hypothesis, which argues that diverse communities are highly competitive and readily resist invasion(3-5), is supported by both theory(6) and experimental studies(7-14) conducted at small spatial scales. However, there is also convincing evidence that the relationship between the diversity of native and invading species is positive when measured at regional scales(3,11,15,16). Although this latter relationship may arise from extrinsic factors, such as resource heterogeneity, that covary with diversity of native and invading species at large scales, the mechanisms conferring greater invasion resistance to diverse communities at local scales remain unknown. Using neighbourhood analyses, a technique from plant competition studies(17-19), we show here that species diversity in small experimental grassland plots enhances invasion resistance by increasing crowding and species richness in localized plant neighbourhoods. Both the establishment (number of invaders) and success (proportion of invaders that are large) of invading plants are reduced. These results suggest that local biodiversity represents an important line of defence against the spread of invaders.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Kennedy, TA (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
NR 22
TC 883
Z9 1158
U1 12
U2 645
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6889
BP 636
EP 638
DI 10.1038/nature00776
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 559AE
UT WOS:000176001200044
PM 12050662
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Conway, H
   Catania, G
   Raymond, CF
   Gades, AM
   Scambos, TA
   Engelhardt, H
AF Conway, H
   Catania, G
   Raymond, CF
   Gades, AM
   Scambos, TA
   Engelhardt, H
TI Switch of flow direction in an Antarctic ice stream
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID west antarctica; sheet; stagnation; crevasses; retreat; future; margin; radar; model
AB Fast-flowing ice streams transport ice from the interior of West Antarctica to the ocean, and fluctuations in their activity control the mass balance of the ice sheet. The mass balance of the Ross Sea sector of the West Antarctic ice sheet is now positive-that is, it is growing-mainly because one of the ice streams (ice stream C) slowed down about 150 years ago(1). Here we present evidence from both surface measurements and remote sensing that demonstrates the highly dynamic nature of the Ross drainage system. We show that the flow in an area that once discharged into ice stream C has changed direction, now draining into the Whillans ice stream (formerly ice stream B). This switch in flow direction is a result of continuing thinning of the Whillans ice stream and recent thickening of ice stream C. Further abrupt reorganization of the activity and configuration of the ice streams over short timescales is to be expected in the future as the surface topography of the ice sheet responds to the combined effects of internal dynamics and long-term climate change. We suggest that caution is needed when using observations of short-term mass changes to draw conclusions about the large-scale mass balance of the ice sheet.
C1 Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   CALTECH, Pasadena, CA USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; California Institute of Technology
RP Conway, H (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
NR 29
TC 130
Z9 146
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6906
BP 465
EP 467
DI 10.1038/nature01081
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 599RF
UT WOS:000178348400033
PM 12368852
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hamad-Schifferli, K
   Schwartz, JJ
   Santos, AT
   Zhang, SG
   Jacobson, JM
AF Hamad-Schifferli, K
   Schwartz, JJ
   Santos, AT
   Zhang, SG
   Jacobson, JM
TI Remote electronic control of DNA hybridization through inductive coupling to an attached metal nanocrystal antenna
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-molecule; specificity; azobenzene; probes; design
AB Increasingly detailed structural(1) and dynamic(2,3) studies are highlighting the precision with which biomolecules execute often complex tasks at the molecular scale. The efficiency and versatility of these processes have inspired many attempts to mimic or harness them. To date, biomolecules have been used to perform computational operations(4) and actuation(5), to construct artificial transcriptional loops that behave like simple circuit elements(6,7) and to direct the assembly of nanocrystals(8). Further development of these approaches requires new tools for the physical and chemical manipulation of biological systems. Biomolecular activity has been triggered optically through the use of chromophores(9-14), but direct electronic control over biomolecular 'machinery' in a specific and fully reversible manner has not yet been achieved. Here we demonstrate remote electronic control over the hybridization behaviour of DNA molecules, by inductive coupling of a radio-frequency magnetic field to a metal nanocrystal covalently linked to DNA(15). Inductive coupling to the nanocrystal increases the local temperature of the bound DNA, thereby inducing denaturation while leaving surrounding molecules relatively unaffected. Moreover, because dissolved biomolecules dissipate heat in less than 50 picoseconds (ref. 16), the switching is fully reversible. Inductive heating of macroscopic samples is widely used(17-19), but the present approach should allow extension of this concept to the control of hybridization and thus of a broad range of biological functions on the molecular scale.
C1 MIT, Media Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Ctr Biomed Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Engenos, Waltham, MA 02451 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Jacobson, JM (corresponding author), MIT, Media Lab, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 30
TC 324
Z9 380
U1 1
U2 91
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 10
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6868
BP 152
EP 155
DI 10.1038/415152a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 509PR
UT WOS:000173159300036
PM 11805829
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bradbury, EJ
   Moon, LDF
   Popat, RJ
   King, VR
   Bennett, GS
   Patel, PN
   Fawcett, JW
   McMahon, SB
AF Bradbury, EJ
   Moon, LDF
   Popat, RJ
   King, VR
   Bennett, GS
   Patel, PN
   Fawcett, JW
   McMahon, SB
TI Chondroitinase ABC promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neurite growth-inhibitors; sulfate proteoglycans; reactive astrocytes; sensory axons; glial scar; cns; regeneration; expression; outgrowth; neurocan
AB The inability of axons to regenerate after a spinal cord injury in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) can lead to permanent paralysis. At sites of CNS injury, a glial scar develops, containing extracellular matrix molecules including chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs)(1,2). CSPGs are inhibitory to axon growth in vitro(3-5), and regenerating axons stop at CSPG-rich regions in vivo(6). Removing CSPG glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains attenuates CSPG inhibitory activity(7-10). To test the functional effects of degrading chondroitin sulphate (CS)-GAG after spinal cord injury, we delivered chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) to the lesioned dorsal columns of adult rats. We show that intrathecal treatment with ChABC degraded CS-GAG at the injury site, upregulated a regeneration-associated protein in injured neurons, and promoted regeneration of both ascending sensory projections and descending corticospinal tract axons. ChABC treatment also restored post-synaptic activity below the lesion after electrical stimulation of corticospinal neurons, and promoted functional recovery of locomotor and proprioceptive behaviours. Our results demonstrate that CSPGs are important inhibitory molecules in vivo and suggest that their manipulation will be useful for treatment of human spinal injuries.
C1 Kings Coll London, Ctr Res Neurosci, Sensory Funct Grp, London SE1 1UL, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Physiol, Cambridge CB2 2PY, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Ctr Brain Repair, Cambridge CB2 2PY, England.
   Queen Mary Univ London, St Bartholomews & Royal London Sch Med & Dent, Dept Neurosci, London E1 4NS, England.
C3 University of London; King's College London; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; University of London; Queen Mary University London
RP Bradbury, EJ (corresponding author), Kings Coll London, Ctr Res Neurosci, Sensory Funct Grp, Hodgkin Bldg,Guys Campus,London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, England.
EM elizabeth.bradbury@kcl.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 1935
Z9 2381
U1 2
U2 276
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6881
BP 636
EP 640
DI 10.1038/416636a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 539YV
UT WOS:000174901900044
PM 11948352
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buneo, CA
   Jarvis, MR
   Batista, AP
   Andersen, RA
AF Buneo, CA
   Jarvis, MR
   Batista, AP
   Andersen, RA
TI Direct visuomotor transformations for reaching
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID posterior parietal cortex; area 5; arm movements; representation; information; location; premotor
AB The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is thought to have a function in the sensorimotor transformations that underlie visually guided reaching, as damage to the PPC can result in difficulty reaching to visual targets in the absence of specific visual or motor deficits(1). This function is supported by findings that PPC neurons in monkeys are modulated by the direction of hand movement, as well as by visual, eye position and limb position signals(2-9). The PPC could transform visual target locations from retinal coordinates to hand-centred coordinates by combining sensory signals in a serial manner to yield a body-centred representation of target location(10-12), and then subtracting the body-centred location of the hand. We report here that in dorsal area 5 of the PPC, remembered target locations are coded with respect to both the eye and hand. This suggests that the PPC transforms target locations directly between these two reference frames. Data obtained in the adjacent parietal reach region (PRR) indicate that this transformation may be achieved by vectorially subtracting hand location from target location, with both locations represented in eye-centred coordinates.
C1 CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Andersen, RA (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Biol, Mail Code 216-76, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM anderson@vis.caltech.edu
NR 29
TC 478
Z9 566
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6881
BP 632
EP 636
DI 10.1038/416632a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 539YV
UT WOS:000174901900043
PM 11948351
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Männikkö, R
   Elinder, F
   Larsson, HP
AF Männikkö, R
   Elinder, F
   Larsson, HP
TI Voltage-sensing mechanism is conserved among ion channels gated by opposite voltages
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shaker k+ channel; ca1 pyramidal neurons; pacemaker channel; potassium channel; xenopus oocytes; sodium-channels; molecular-basis; s4 segment; movement; inactivation
AB Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-gated (HCN) ion channels are found in rhythmically firing cells in the brain and in the heart(1), where the cation current through HCN channels (called I-h or I-f) causes these cells to fire repeatedly(2). These channels are also found in non-pacing cells, where they control resting membrane properties, modulate synaptic transmission, mediate long-term potentiation, and limit extreme hyperpolarizations(3-7). HCN channels share sequence motifs with depolarization-activated potassium (Kv) channels, such as the fourth transmembrane segment S4(8,9). S4 is the main voltage sensor of Kv channels, in which transmembrane movement of S4 charges triggers the opening of the activation gate(10-17). Here, using cysteine accessibility methods(10-12), we investigate whether S4 moves in an HCN channel. We show that S4 movement is conserved between Kv and HCN channels, which indicates that S4 is also the voltage sensor in HCN channels. Our results suggest that a conserved voltage-sensing mechanism operates in the oppositely voltage-gated Kv and HCN channels, but that there are different coupling mechanisms between the voltage sensor and activation gate in the two different channels.
C1 Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Inst Neurol Sci, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA.
   Karolinska Inst, Nobel Inst Neurophysiol, Dept Neurosci, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; Karolinska Institutet
RP Larsson, HP (corresponding author), Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Inst Neurol Sci, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA.
NR 30
TC 160
Z9 189
U1 1
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6909
BP 837
EP 841
DI 10.1038/nature01038
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 607BD
UT WOS:000178769800046
PM 12397358
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhong, HM
   Molday, LL
   Molday, RS
   Yau, KW
AF Zhong, HM
   Molday, LL
   Molday, RS
   Yau, KW
TI The heteromeric cyclic nucleotide gated channel adopts a 3A:1B stoichiometry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rod photoreceptor; ion channels; beta-subunit; c-elegans; sensitivity; arrangement; neurons; family; camp
AB Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels are crucial for visual and olfactory transductions(1-4). These channels are tetramers and in their native forms are composed of A and B subunits(5), with a stoichiometry thought to be 2A:2B (refs 6, 7). Here we report the identification of a leucine-zipper(8)-homology domain named CLZ (for carboxy-terminal leucine zipper). This domain is present in the distal C terminus of CNG channel A subunits but is absent from B subunits, and mediates an inter-subunit interaction. With cross-linking, non-denaturing gel electrophoresis and analytical centrifugation, this CLZ domain was found to mediate a trimeric interaction. In addition, a mutant cone CNG channel A subunit with its CLZ domain replaced by a generic trimeric leucine zipper produced channels that behaved much like the wild type, but less so if replaced by a dimeric or tetrameric leucine zipper. This A-subunit-only, trimeric interaction suggests that heteromeric CNG channels actually adopt a 3A:1B stoichiometry. Biochemical analysis of the purified bovine rod CNG channel confirmed this conclusion. This revised stoichiometry provides a new foundation for understanding the structure and function of the CNG channel family.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Ophthalmol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Ophthalmol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University
RP Molday, RS (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
FU NEI NIH HHS [R37 EY006837] Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 195
Z9 239
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6912
BP 193
EP 198
DI 10.1038/nature01201
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 614QM
UT WOS:000179200900050
PM 12432397
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Poulet, JFA
   Hedwig, B
AF Poulet, JFA
   Hedwig, B
TI A corollary discharge maintains auditory sensitivity during sound production
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID echolocating bats; neural attenuation; cricket; responses; neurons; inhibition; system; input
AB Speaking and singing present the auditory system of the caller with two fundamental problems: discriminating between self-generated and external auditory signals and preventing desensitization. In humans(1) and many other vertebrates(2-7), auditory neurons in the brain are inhibited during vocalization but little is known about the nature of the inhibition. Here we show, using intracellular recordings of auditory neurons in the singing cricket, that presynaptic inhibition of auditory afferents and postsynaptic inhibition of an identified auditory interneuron occur in phase with the song pattern. Presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibition persist in a fictively singing, isolated cricket central nervous system and are therefore the result of a corollary discharge from the singing motor network. Mimicking inhibition in the interneuron by injecting hyperpolarizing current suppresses its spiking response to a 100-dB sound pressure level (SPL) acoustic stimulus and maintains its response to subsequent, quieter stimuli. Inhibition by the corollary discharge reduces the neural response to self-generated sound and protects the cricket's auditory pathway from self-induced desensitization.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Poulet, JFA (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
NR 30
TC 120
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6900
BP 872
EP 876
DI 10.1038/nature00919
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 585YR
UT WOS:000177555600037
PM 12192409
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Polo, S
   Sigismund, S
   Faretta, M
   Guidi, M
   Capua, MR
   Bossi, G
   Chen, H
   De Camilli, P
   Di Fiore, PP
AF Polo, S
   Sigismund, S
   Faretta, M
   Guidi, M
   Capua, MR
   Bossi, G
   Chen, H
   De Camilli, P
   Di Fiore, PP
TI A single motif responsible for ubiquitin recognition and monoubiquitination in endocytic proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyrosine kinase substrate; 26-s protease subunit; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; binding; domain; eps15; eh; family
AB Ubiquitination is a post-translation modification in which ubiquitin chains or single ubiquitin molecules are appended to target proteins, giving rise to poly- or monoubiquitination, respectively(1-4). Polyubiquitination targets proteins for destruction by the proteasome. The role of monoubiquitination is less understood, although a function in membrane trafficking is emerging, at least in yeast(1,3,5). Here we report that a short amino-acid stretch at the carboxy-termini of the monoubiquitinated endocytic proteins Eps15 and eps15R is indispensable for their monoubiquitination. A similar sequence, also required for this modification, is found in other cytosolic endocytic proteins, such as epsins and Hrs. These sequences comprise a protein motif, UIM (ref. 6), which has been proposed to bind to ubiquitin. We confirm this for the UIMs of eps15, eps15R, epsins and Hrs. Thus, the same motif in several endocytic proteins is responsible for ubiquitin recognition and monoubiquitination. Our results predict the existence of a UIM: ubiquitin-based intracellular network. Eps15/eps15R, epsins and Hrs may function as adaptors between ubiquitinated membrane cargo and either the clathrin coat or other endocytic scaffolds. In addition, through their own ubiquitination, they may further contribute to the amplification of this network in the endocytic pathway.
C1 European Inst Oncol, Dept Expt Oncol, I-20141 Milan, Italy.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   IFOM, FIRC Inst Mol Oncol, I-20134 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Milan, Sch Med, I-20122 Milan, Italy.
C3 IRCCS European Institute of Oncology (IEO); Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University; IFOM - FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology; University of Milan
RP Di Fiore, PP (corresponding author), European Inst Oncol, Dept Expt Oncol, Via Ripamonti 435, I-20141 Milan, Italy.
NR 30
TC 555
Z9 673
U1 1
U2 43
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6879
BP 451
EP 455
DI 10.1038/416451a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 534UX
UT WOS:000174607800052
PM 11919637
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klein, JA
   Longo-Guess, CM
   Rossmann, MP
   Seburn, KL
   Hurd, RE
   Frankel, WN
   Bronson, RT
   Ackerman, SL
AF Klein, JA
   Longo-Guess, CM
   Rossmann, MP
   Seburn, KL
   Hurd, RE
   Frankel, WN
   Bronson, RT
   Ackerman, SL
TI The harlequin mouse mutation down-regulates apoptosis-inducing factor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neuronal cell-death; alzheimers-disease; oxidative stress; transgenic mice; cycle; protein; gene; neurodegeneration; expression; mechanism
AB Harlequin (Hq) mutant mice have progressive degeneration of terminally differentiated cerebellar and retinal neurons. We have identified the Hq mutation as a proviral insertion in the apoptosis-inducing factor (Aif) gene, causing about an 80% reduction in AIF expression. Mutant cerebellar granule cells are susceptible to exogenous and endogenous peroxide-mediated apoptosis, but can be rescued by AIF expression. Overexpression of AIF in wild-type granule cells further decreases peroxide-mediated cell death, suggesting that AIF serves as a free radical scavenger. In agreement, dying neurons in aged Hq mutant mice show oxidative stress. In addition, neurons damaged by oxidative stress in both the cerebellum and retina of Hq mutant mice re-enter the cell cycle before undergoing apoptosis. Our results provide a genetic model of oxidative stress-mediated neurodegeneration and demonstrate a direct connection between cell cycle re-entry and oxidative stress in the ageing central nervous system.
C1 Jackson Lab, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA.
   Tufts Univ, Sch Vet Med, North Grafton, MA 01536 USA.
C3 Jackson Laboratory; Tufts University
RP Ackerman, SL (corresponding author), Jackson Lab, 600 Main St, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA.
EM sla@jax.org
NR 47
TC 503
Z9 583
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6905
BP 367
EP 374
DI 10.1038/nature01034
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 596ZB
UT WOS:000178195400038
PM 12353028
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Essner, JJ
   Vogan, KJ
   Wagner, MK
   Tabin, CJ
   Yost, HJ
   Brueckner, M
AF Essner, JJ
   Vogan, KJ
   Wagner, MK
   Tabin, CJ
   Yost, HJ
   Brueckner, M
TI Conserved function for embryonic nodal cilia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID left-right asymmetry; mice; inversus; flow
C1 Univ Utah, Ctr Children, Huntsman Canc Inst, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Univ Utah, Dept Oncol Sci, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Boyer Ctr Mol Med, Dept Pediat & Cardiol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Huntsman Cancer Institute; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Yale University
RP Essner, JJ (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Ctr Children, Huntsman Canc Inst, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
NR 9
TC 305
Z9 387
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6893
BP 37
EP 38
DI 10.1038/418037a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 569JL
UT WOS:000176599200029
PM 12097899
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ostendorff, HP
   Peirano, RI
   Peters, MA
   Schlüter, A
   Bossenz, M
   Scheffner, M
   Bach, I
AF Ostendorff, HP
   Peirano, RI
   Peters, MA
   Schlüter, A
   Bossenz, M
   Scheffner, M
   Bach, I
TI Ubiquitination-dependent cofactor exchange on LIM homeodomain transcription factors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila; domain; chip; coregulator; receptors; proteins; binding; complex; hormone; family
AB The interactions of distinct cofactor complexes with transcription factors are decisive determinants for the regulation of gene expression. Depending on the bound cofactor, transcription factors can have either repressing or transactivating activities(1). To allow a switch between these different states, regulated cofactor exchange has been proposed(2,3); however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that are involved in this process. LIM homeodomain (LIM-HD) transcription factors associate with RLIM (RING finger LIM domain-binding protein) and with CLIM (cofactor of LIM-HD proteins; also known as NLI, Ldb and Chip) cofactors. The co-repressor RLIM inhibits the function of LIM-HD transcription factors, whereas interaction with CLIM proteins is important for the exertion of the biological activity conferred by LIM-HD transcription-factors(4,5). Here we identify RLIM as a ubiquitin protein ligase that is able to target CLIM cofactors for degradation through the 26S proteasome pathway. Furthermore, we demonstrate a ubiquitination-dependent association of RLIM with LIM-HD proteins in the presence of CLIM cofactors. Our data provide a mechanistic basis for cofactor exchange on DNA-bound transcription factors, and probably represent a general mechanism of transcriptional regulation.
C1 Univ Hamburg, ZMNH, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Cologne, Fak Med, Inst Biochem 1, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
C3 University of Hamburg; University of Cologne
RP Bach, I (corresponding author), Univ Hamburg, ZMNH, Martinistr 85, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany.
NR 27
TC 145
Z9 175
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6876
BP 99
EP 103
DI 10.1038/416099a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 527WU
UT WOS:000174211600047
PM 11882901
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Soubeyran, P
   Kowanetz, K
   Szymkiewicz, I
   Langdon, WY
   Dikic, I
AF Soubeyran, P
   Kowanetz, K
   Szymkiewicz, I
   Langdon, WY
   Dikic, I
TI Cbl-CIN85-endophilin complex mediates ligand-induced downregulation of EGF receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-factor receptor; c-cbl; adapter protein; sh3 domain; tyrosine phosphorylation; vesicle formation; endophilin; c-cbl/sli-1; cin85; pyk2
AB Cbl is a multi-adaptor protein involved in ligand-induced down-regulation of receptor tyrosine kinases. It is thought that Cbl-mediated ubiquitination of active receptors is essential for receptor degradation and cessation of receptor-induced signal transduction(1-5). Here we demonstrate that Cbl additionally regulates epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor endocytosis. Cbl rapidly recruits CIN85 (Cbl-interacting protein of 85K; ref. 6) and endophilins (regulatory components of clathrin-coated vesicles(7-10)) to form a complex with activated EGF receptors, thus controlling receptor internalization. CIN85 was constitutively associated with endophilins, whereas CIN85 binding to the distal carboxy terminus of Cbl was increased on EGF stimulation. Inhibition of these interactions was sufficient to block EGF receptor internalization, delay receptor degradation and enhance EGF-induced gene transcription, without perturbing Cbl-directed receptor ubiquitination. Thus, the evolutionary divergent C terminus of Cbl uses a mechanism that is functionally separable from the ubiquitin ligase activity of Cbl to mediate ligand-dependent down-regulation of receptor tyrosine kinases.
C1 Ludwig Inst Canc Res, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Western Australia, Dept Pathol, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
C3 Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; University of Western Australia
RP Dikic, I (corresponding author), Ludwig Inst Canc Res, Box 595,Husargatan 3, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
NR 27
TC 478
Z9 584
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6877
BP 183
EP 187
DI 10.1038/416183a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 530FR
UT WOS:000174348100039
PM 11894095
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Douek, DC
   Brenchley, JM
   Betts, MR
   Ambrozak, DR
   Hill, BJ
   Okamoto, Y
   Casazza, JP
   Kuruppu, J
   Kuntsman, K
   Wolinsky, S
   Grossman, Z
   Dybul, M
   Oxenius, A
   Price, DA
   Connors, M
   Koup, RA
AF Douek, DC
   Brenchley, JM
   Betts, MR
   Ambrozak, DR
   Hill, BJ
   Okamoto, Y
   Casazza, JP
   Kuruppu, J
   Kuntsman, K
   Wolinsky, S
   Grossman, Z
   Dybul, M
   Oxenius, A
   Price, DA
   Connors, M
   Koup, RA
TI HIV preferentially infects HIV-specific CD4+ T cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID active antiretroviral therapy; antigenic-stimulation; immune-responses; cd8(+); discontinuation; identification; individuals; replication; reservoir; dynamics
AB HIV infection is associated with the progressive loss of CD4(+) T cells through their destruction or decreased production(1,2). A central, yet unresolved issue of HIV disease is the mechanism for this loss, and in particular whether HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells are preferentially affected(3-5). Here we show that HIV-specific memory CD4(+) T cells in infected individuals contain more HIV viral DNA than other memory CD4(+) T cells, at all stages of HIV disease. Additionally, following viral rebound during interruption of antiretroviral therapy, the frequency of HIV viral DNA in the HIV-specific pool of memory CD4(+) T cells increases to a greater extent than in memory CD4(+) T cells of other specificities. These findings show that HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells are preferentially infected by HIV in vivo. This provides a potential mechanism to explain the loss of HIV-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses, and consequently the loss of immunological control of HIV replication(6). Furthermore, the phenomenon of HIV specifically infecting the very cells that respond to it adds a cautionary note to the practice of structured therapy interruption.
C1 NIAID, Vaccine Res Ctr, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIAID, Immunoregulat Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NCI, Dept Expt Transplantat & Immunol, Med Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Med, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Infect Dis, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   NIAID, Immunol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   John Radcliffe Hosp, Nuffield Dept Clin Med, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Northwestern University; Tel Aviv University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); University of Oxford
RP Douek, DC (corresponding author), NIAID, Vaccine Res Ctr, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM ddouek@mail.nih.gov
FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [ZIAAI005014, ZIAAI000855, ZIAAI005034] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 32
TC 1019
Z9 1279
U1 0
U2 65
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6884
BP 95
EP 98
DI 10.1038/417095a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 546ZM
UT WOS:000175307200045
PM 11986671
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dennis, C
AF Dennis, C
TI A forage in the junkyard
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human l1 retrotransposition; x-chromosome inactivation; repeat hypothesis; mouse; genome
NR 12
TC 6
Z9 7
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 458
EP 459
DI 10.1038/420458a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600015
PM 12466812
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Duncan, RP
   Williams, PA
AF Duncan, RP
   Williams, PA
TI Ecology - Darwin's naturalization hypothesis challenged
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Lincoln Univ, Soil Plant & Ecol Sci Div, Ecol & Entomol Grp, Canterbury, New Zealand.
   Landcare Res, Nelson, New Zealand.
C3 Lincoln University - New Zealand; Landcare Research - New Zealand
RP Duncan, RP (corresponding author), Lincoln Univ, Soil Plant & Ecol Sci Div, Ecol & Entomol Grp, POB 84, Canterbury, New Zealand.
NR 12
TC 208
Z9 240
U1 6
U2 128
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6889
BP 608
EP 609
DI 10.1038/417608a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 559AE
UT WOS:000176001200034
PM 12050652
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kumanogoh, A
   Marukawa, S
   Suzuki, K
   Takegahara, N
   Watanabe, C
   Ch'ng, ES
   Ishida, I
   Fujimura, H
   Sakoda, S
   Yoshida, K
   Kikutani, H
AF Kumanogoh, A
   Marukawa, S
   Suzuki, K
   Takegahara, N
   Watanabe, C
   Ch'ng, ES
   Ishida, I
   Fujimura, H
   Sakoda, S
   Yoshida, K
   Kikutani, H
TI Class IV semaphorin Sema4A enhances T-cell activation and interacts with Tim-2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID b-cell; nonredundant roles; immune-responses; mice reveal; gene family; cd100; receptor; guidance; cd72; identification
AB Semaphorins are a family of phylogenetically conserved soluble and transmembrane proteins(1,2). Although many soluble semaphorins deliver guidance cues to migrating axons during neuronal development(3-5), some members are involved in immune responses(6-9). For example, CD100 (also known as Sema4D), a class IV transmembrane semaphorin, signals through CD72 to effect nonredundant roles in immune responses(7,10-13) in a ligand-receptor system that is distinct from any seen previously in the nervous system(14,15). Here we report that the class IV semaphorin Sema4A, which is expressed in dendritic cells and B cells, enhances the in vitro activation and differentiation of T cells and the in vivo generation of antigen-specific T cells. Treating mice with monoclonal antibodies against Sema4A blocks the development of an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis that is induced by an antigenic peptide derived from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. In addition, expression cloning shows that the Sema4A receptor is Tim-2, a member of the family of T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain (Tim) proteins that is expressed on activated T cells.
C1 Osaka Univ, Microbial Dis Res Inst, Dept Mol Immunol, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Internal Med & Mol Sci, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Osaka
RP Kikutani, H (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Microbial Dis Res Inst, Dept Mol Immunol, 3-1 Yamada Oka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
NR 27
TC 269
Z9 345
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6907
BP 629
EP 633
DI 10.1038/nature01037
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 602AT
UT WOS:000178483100048
PM 12374982
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bosanac, I
   Alattia, JR
   Mal, TK
   Chan, J
   Talarico, S
   Tong, FK
   Tong, KI
   Yoshikawa, F
   Furuichi, T
   Iwai, M
   Michikawa, T
   Mikoshiba, K
   Ikura, M
AF Bosanac, I
   Alattia, JR
   Mal, TK
   Chan, J
   Talarico, S
   Tong, FK
   Tong, KI
   Yoshikawa, F
   Furuichi, T
   Iwai, M
   Michikawa, T
   Mikoshiba, K
   Ikura, M
TI Structure of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor binding core in complex with its ligand
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID domain; site; recognition; efficient
AB In a variety of cells, the Ca2+ signalling process is mediated by the endoplasmic-reticulum-membrane-associated Ca2+ release channel, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP(3)) receptor (InsP(3)R)(1). Being ubiquitous and present in organisms ranging from humans to Caenorhabditis elegans, InsP(3)R has a vital role in the control of cellular and physiological processes as diverse as cell division, cell proliferation, apoptosis, fertilization, development, (b)ehaviour, memory and learning(2). Mouse type I InsP(3)R (InsP(3)R1), found in high abundance in cerebellar Purkinje cells, is a polypeptide with three major functionally distinct regions: the amino-terminal InsP(3)-binding region, the central modulatory region and the carboxy-terminal channel region (2). Here we present a 2.2-Angstrom crystal structure of the InsP(3)-binding core of mouse InsP(3)R1 in complex with InsP(3). The asymmetric, boomerang-like structure consists of an N-terminal beta-trefoil domain and a C-terminal alpha-helical domain containing an 'armadillo repeat'-like fold. The cleft formed by the two domains exposes a cluster of arginine and lysine residues that coordinate the three phosphoryl groups of InsP(3). Putative Ca2+-binding sites are identified in two separate locations within the InsP(3)-binding core.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Dept Mol Neurobiol, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   Univ Toronto, Ontario Canc Inst, Div Mol & Struct Biol, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
   RIKEN, Inst Brain Res, Lab Dev Neurobiol & Mol Neurogenesis, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   JST, ICORP, Calcium Oscillat Project, Tokyo 1080071, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; RIKEN; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Ikura, M (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Dept Mol Neurobiol, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
NR 30
TC 281
Z9 320
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP 696
EP 700
DI 10.1038/nature01268
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 624GK
UT WOS:000179751800052
PM 12442173
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ward, DJ
   MacKay, DJC
AF Ward, DJ
   MacKay, DJC
TI Artificial intelligence - Fast hands-free writing by gaze direction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Ward, DJ (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
EM mackay@nrao.cam.ac.uk
NR 7
TC 141
Z9 154
U1 3
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6900
BP 838
EP 838
DI 10.1038/418838a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 585YR
UT WOS:000177555600028
PM 12192400
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bisson, LF
   Waterhouse, AL
   Ebeler, SE
   Walker, MA
   Lapsley, JT
AF Bisson, LF
   Waterhouse, AL
   Ebeler, SE
   Walker, MA
   Lapsley, JT
TI The present and future of the international wine industry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID character impact odorants; xylella-fastidiosa; alcohol; identification; mechanisms; mortality; disease
AB Wine production is both art and science, a blend of individual creativity and innovative technology. But wine production is also business, with economic factors driving manufacturing practices. To be successful in the modern marketplace, a winemaker must integrate the artistic and economic aspects of wine production, and possess a solid understanding of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that underlie purchase motivation.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Viticulture & Enol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, UC Davis Extens, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Bisson, LF (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Viticulture & Enol, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
NR 36
TC 177
Z9 236
U1 3
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 696
EP 699
DI 10.1038/nature01018
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600057
PM 12167877
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Husmann, A
   Betts, JB
   Boebinger, GS
   Migliori, A
   Rosenbaum, TF
   Saboungi, ML
AF Husmann, A
   Betts, JB
   Boebinger, GS
   Migliori, A
   Rosenbaum, TF
   Saboungi, ML
TI Megagauss sensors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID large magnetoresistance; violation; rule
AB Magnetic fields change the way that electrons move through solids. The nature of these changes reveals information about the electronic structure of a material and, in auspicious circumstances, can be harnessed for applications. The silver chalcogenides, Ag2Se and Ag2Te, are non-magnetic materials, but their electrical resistance can be made very sensitive to magnetic field by adding small amounts-just 1 part in 10, 000-of excess silver(1-4). Here we show that the resistance of Ag2Se displays a large, nearly linear increase with applied magnetic field without saturation to the highest fields available, 600,000 gauss, more than a million times the Earth's magnetic field. These characteristics of large (thousands of per cent) and near-linear response over a large letters to nature field range make the silver chalcogenides attractive as magnetic-field sensors, especially in physically tiny megagauss (10(6) G) pulsed magnets where large fields have been produced but accurate calibration has proved elusive. High-field studies at low temperatures reveal both oscillations in the magnetoresistance and a universal scaling form that point to a quantum origin(5,6) for this material's unprecedented behaviour.
C1 Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   CNRS, CRMD, Orleans 2, France.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Rosenbaum, TF (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 17
TC 195
Z9 210
U1 0
U2 92
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6887
BP 421
EP 424
DI 10.1038/417421a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 554HZ
UT WOS:000175730900033
PM 12024208
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brittain, SD
   Rettig, TW
AF Brittain, SD
   Rettig, TW
TI CO and H3+ in the protoplanetary disk around the star HD141569
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID herbig ae/be stars; circumstellar disk; planet formation; high-resolution; young stars; hd-141569; jupiter; h-3+; emission; gas
AB Massive planets have now been found orbiting about 80 stars. A long outstanding question critical to theories of planet formation has been the timescale on which gas-giant planets form; in particular, stars more massive than the Sun may blow away the surrounding gas associated with their formation more quickly than it can be accumulated by the protoplanetary cores(1). Evidence for a protoplanet around a Herbig AeBe star (such stars are 2-3 times more massive than the Sun) would constrain the timescale of planet formation. Here we report the detection of CO and H-3(+) emission from the 5-10-million-year-old Herbig AeBe star HD141569. We interpret the CO data as indicating that the inner disk surrounding the star is past the early phase of accretion and planetesimal formation, and that most of the gas has been cleared out to a distance of more than 17 astronomical units. CO effectively destroys H-3(+) (ref. 2), so their presence in the same source is surprising. Moreover, H-3(+) line emission has previously been detected only from the atmospheres of the giant planets in the Solar System(3,4). The H-3(+) and CO may therefore be distributed in the disk at different circumstellar distances, or, alternatively, H-3(+) may be located in the extended envelope of a protoplanet.
C1 Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Astrophys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
C3 University of Notre Dame
RP Rettig, TW (corresponding author), Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Astrophys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
NR 27
TC 51
Z9 53
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6893
BP 57
EP 59
DI 10.1038/nature00800
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 569JL
UT WOS:000176599200035
PM 12097903
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Erdman, N
   Poeppelmeier, KR
   Asta, M
   Warschkow, O
   Ellis, DE
   Marks, LD
AF Erdman, N
   Poeppelmeier, KR
   Asta, M
   Warschkow, O
   Ellis, DE
   Marks, LD
TI The structure and chemistry of the TiO2-rich surface of SrTiO3(001)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmission electron-diffraction; ab-initio; microscopy; set
AB Oxide surfaces are important for applications in catalysis and thin film growth. An important frontier in solid-state inorganic chemistry is the prediction of the surface structure of an oxide. Comparatively little is known about atomic arrangements at oxide surfaces at present, and there has been considerable discussion concerning the forces that control such arrangements. For instance, one model suggests that the dominant factor is a reduction of Coulomb forces(1); another favours minimization of 'dangling bonds' by charge transfer to states below the Fermi energy(2). The surface structure and properties of SrTiO3-a standard model for oxides with a perovskite structure-have been studied extensively(3-14). Here we report a solution of the 2 x 1 SrTiO3 (001) surface structure obtained through a combination of high-resolution electron microscopy and theoretical direct methods. Our results indicate that surface rearrangement of TiO6-x units into edge-sharing blocks determines the SrO-deficient surface structure of SrTiO3. We suggest that this structural concept can be extended to perovskite surfaces in general.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Inst Environm Catalysis, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Inst Environm Catalysis, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Inst Environm Catalysis, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; Northwestern University; Northwestern University
RP Marks, LD (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Inst Environm Catalysis, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
NR 30
TC 336
Z9 375
U1 3
U2 275
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6902
BP 55
EP 58
DI 10.1038/nature01010
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 589YF
UT WOS:000177788600034
PM 12214229
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, YM
   Chen, MW
   Zhou, FH
   Ma, E
AF Wang, YM
   Chen, MW
   Zhou, FH
   Ma, E
TI High tensile ductility in a nanostructured metal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID low-temperature superplasticity; deformation-behavior; nanocrystalline copper; strain; evolution; strength
AB Nanocrystalline metals-with grain sizes of less than 100 nm-have strengths exceeding those of coarse-grained and even alloyed metals(1,2), and are thus expected to have many applications. For example, pure nanocrystalline Cu (refs 1-7) has a yield strength in excess of 400 MPa, which is six times higher than that of coarse-grained Cu. But nanocrystalline materials often exhibit low tensile ductility at room temperature, which limits their practical utility. The elongation to failure is typically less than a few per cent; the regime of uniform deformation is even smaller(1-7). Here we describe a thermomechanical treatment of Cu that results in a bimodal grain size distribution, with micrometre-sized grains embedded inside a matrix of nanocrystalline and ultrafine (<300 nm) grains. The matrix grains impart high strength, as expected from an extrapolation of the Hall-Petch relationship. Meanwhile, the inhomogeneous microstructure induces strain hardening mechanisms(8-11) that stabilize the tensile deformation, leading to a high tensile ductility-65% elongation to failure, and 30% uniform elongation. We expect that these results will have implications in the development of tough nanostructured metals for forming operations and high-performance structural applications including microelectromechanical and biomedical systems.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
RP Ma, E (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
EM ema@jhu.edu
NR 29
TC 2791
Z9 3102
U1 38
U2 1367
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6910
BP 912
EP 915
DI 10.1038/nature01133
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 609MN
UT WOS:000178909700039
PM 12410306
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, KC
   Koprivica, V
   Kim, JA
   Sivasankaran, R
   Guo, Y
   Neve, RL
   He, ZG
AF Wang, KC
   Koprivica, V
   Kim, JA
   Sivasankaran, R
   Guo, Y
   Neve, RL
   He, ZG
TI Oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein is a Nogo receptor ligand that inhibits neurite outgrowth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; axonal regeneration; spinal-cord; in-vivo; identification; growth; proteins; brain; neurobiology; contains
AB The inhibitory activity associated with myelin is a major obstacle for successful axon regeneration in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS)(1,2). In addition to myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG)(3,4) and Nogo-A(5-7), available evidence suggests the existence of additional inhibitors in CNS myelin(8). We show here that a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored CNS myelin protein, oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (OMgp), is a potent inhibitor of neurite outgrowth in cultured neurons. Like Nogo-A, OMgp contributes significantly to the inhibitory activity associated with CNS myelin. To further elucidate the mechanisms that mediate this inhibitory activity of OMgp, we screened an expression library and identified the Nogo receptor (NgR)(9) as a high-affinity OMgp-binding protein. Cleavage of NgR and other GPI-linked proteins from the cell surface renders axons of dorsal root ganglia insensitive to OMgp. Introduction of exogenous NgR confers OMgp responsiveness to otherwise insensitive neurons. Thus, OMgp is an important inhibitor of neurite outgrowth that acts through NgR and its associated receptor complex. Interfering with the OMgp/NgR pathway may allow lesioned axons to regenerate after injury in vivo.
C1 Childrens Hosp, Div Neurosci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Neurosci Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Aventis Pharmaceut, Bridgewater, NJ 08807 USA.
   McLean Hosp, Belmont, MA 02478 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Sanofi-Aventis; Sanofi USA; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; McLean Hospital
RP He, ZG (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp, Div Neurosci, 320 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 23
TC 775
Z9 1036
U1 2
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6892
BP 941
EP 944
DI 10.1038/nature00867
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 566RC
UT WOS:000176441200037
PM 12068310
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Van Damme, R
   Wilson, RS
   Vanhooydonck, B
   Aerts, P
AF Van Damme, R
   Wilson, RS
   Vanhooydonck, B
   Aerts, P
TI Evolutionary biology - Performance constraints in decathletes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endurance
C1 Univ Instelling Antwerp, Dept Biol, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
C3 University of Antwerp
RP Van Damme, R (corresponding author), Univ Instelling Antwerp, Dept Biol, Univ Pl 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
NR 10
TC 140
Z9 146
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 14
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6873
BP 755
EP 756
DI 10.1038/415755b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 521HE
UT WOS:000173833900036
PM 11845199
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hu, K
   Carroll, J
   Fedorovich, S
   Rickman, C
   Sukhodub, A
   Davletov, B
AF Hu, K
   Carroll, J
   Fedorovich, S
   Rickman, C
   Sukhodub, A
   Davletov, B
TI Vesicular restriction of synaptobrevin suggests a role for calcium in membrane fusion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phospholipid-binding; speed limit; synaptotagmin; protein; complex; synaptophysin; exocytosis; vesicles; tetanus; release
AB Release of neurotransmitter occurs when synaptic vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane. This neuronal exocytosis is triggered by calcium and requires three SNARE (soluble-N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) proteins: synaptobrevin (also known as VAMP) on the synaptic vesicle, and syntaxin and SNAP-25 on the plasma membrane(1-4). Neuronal SNARE proteins form a parallel four-helix bundle that is thought to drive the fusion of opposing membranes(5,6). As formation of this SNARE complex in solution does not require calcium, it is not clear what function calcium has in triggering SNARE-mediated membrane fusion. We now demonstrate that whereas syntaxin and SNAP-25 in target membranes are freely available for SNARE complex formation, availability of synaptobrevin on synaptic vesicles is very limited. Calcium at micromolar concentrations triggers SNARE complex formation and fusion between synaptic vesicles and reconstituted target membranes. Although calcium does promote interaction of SNARE proteins between opposing membranes, it does not act by releasing synaptobrevin from synaptic vesicle restriction. Rather, our data suggest a mechanism in which calcium-triggered membrane apposition enables syntaxin and SNAP-25 to engage synaptobrevin, leading to membrane fusion.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP Davletov, B (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM baz@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 152
Z9 166
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 7
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6872
BP 646
EP 650
DI 10.1038/415646a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 519DC
UT WOS:000173709100048
PM 11832947
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bell, FI
   McEwen, IJ
   Viney, C
AF Bell, FI
   McEwen, IJ
   Viney, C
TI Fibre science - Supercontraction stress in wet spider dragline
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ampullate silk fibers; behavior; araneae
C1 Heriot Watt Univ, Dept Chem, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 Heriot Watt University
RP Bell, FI (corresponding author), Heriot Watt Univ, Dept Chem, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM c.viney@hw.ac.uk
NR 13
TC 111
Z9 123
U1 2
U2 70
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6876
BP 37
EP 37
DI 10.1038/416037a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 527WU
UT WOS:000174211600030
PM 11882884
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Provencio, I
   Rollag, MD
   Castrucci, AM
AF Provencio, I
   Rollag, MD
   Castrucci, AM
TI Anatomy: Photoreceptive net in the mammalian retina - This mesh of cells may explain how some blind mice can still tell day from night.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Anat Physiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA.
   Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Circadian Res Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA.
C3 Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences - USA; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences - USA
RP Provencio, I (corresponding author), Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Anat Physiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA.
NR 7
TC 363
Z9 447
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 31
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6871
BP 493
EP 493
DI 10.1038/415493a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 516PQ
UT WOS:000173564300033
PM 11823848
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lohmann, C
   Myhr, KL
   Wong, ROL
AF Lohmann, C
   Myhr, KL
   Wong, ROL
TI Transmitter-evoked local calcium release stabilizes developing dendrites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID developing chick retina; hippocampal-neurons; nervous-system; synaptic ca2+; stores; synaptogenesis; spines; cells; specificity; transients
AB In the central nervous system, dendritic arborizations of neurons undergo dynamic structural remodelling during development. Processes are elaborated, maintained or eliminated to attain the adult pattern of synaptic connections(1-3). Although neuronal activity influences this remodelling(4-6), it is not known how activity exerts its effects. Here we show that neurotransmission- evoked calcium (Ca2+) release from intracellular stores stabilizes dendrites during the period of synapse formation. Using a ballistic labelling method to load cells with Ca2+ indicator dyes 7, we simultaneously monitored dendritic activity and structure in the intact retina. Two distinct patterns of spontaneous Ca2+ increases occurred in developing retinal ganglion cells-global increases throughout the arborization, and local 'flashes' of activity restricted to small dendritic segments. Blockade of local, but not global, activity caused rapid retraction of dendrites. This retraction was prevented locally by focal uncaging of caged Ca2+ that triggered Ca2+ release from internal stores. Thus, local Ca2+ release is a mechanism by which afferent activity can selectively and differentially regulate dendritic structure across the developing arborization.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Wong, ROL (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, 660 S Euclid, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
NR 28
TC 190
Z9 230
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6894
BP 177
EP 181
DI 10.1038/nature00850
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 571GV
UT WOS:000176710400039
PM 12110889
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jinks, RN
   Markley, TL
   Taylor, EE
   Perovich, G
   Dittel, AI
   Epifanio, CE
   Cronin, TW
AF Jinks, RN
   Markley, TL
   Taylor, EE
   Perovich, G
   Dittel, AI
   Epifanio, CE
   Cronin, TW
TI Adaptive visual metamorphosis in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent crab
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shrimps; morphology; dispersal; behavior; sulfide; larvae; eyes
AB Hydrothermal vents along the mid-ocean ridges host ephemeral ecosystems of diverse endemic fauna including several crustacean species(1-4), some of which undergo planktonic development as larvae up to 1,000 m above and 100 km away from the vents(5,6). Little is known about the role of vision in the life history of vent fauna. Here we report that planktonic zoea larvae of the vent crab Bythograea thermydron possess image-forming compound eyes with a visual pigment sensitive to the blue light of mesopelagic waters. As they metamorphose and begin to descend to and settle at the vents, they lose their image-forming optics and develop high-sensitivity naked-retina eyes. The spectral absorbance of the visual pigment in these eyes shifts towards longer wavelengths from larva to postlarva to adult. This progressive visual metamorphosis trades imaging for increased sensitivity, and changes spectral sensitivity from the blue wavelengths of the larval environment towards the dim, longer wavelengths(7) produced in the deeper bathypelagic vent environment of the adults. As hydrothermal vents produce light(7), vision may supplement thermal and chemical senses to orient postlarval settlement at vent sites.
C1 Franklin & Marshall Coll, Dept Biol, Lancaster, PA 17604 USA.
   Univ Delaware, Grad Coll Marine Studies, Lewes, DE 19958 USA.
   Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Biol Sci, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA.
C3 Franklin & Marshall College; University of Delaware; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore County
RP Jinks, RN (corresponding author), Franklin & Marshall Coll, Dept Biol, Lancaster, PA 17604 USA.
EM rjinks@fandm.edu
FU NEI NIH HHS [R15 EY013196] Funding Source: Medline
NR 23
TC 47
Z9 52
U1 1
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6911
BP 68
EP 70
DI 10.1038/nature01144
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 612HJ
UT WOS:000179068100037
PM 12422215
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schuch, R
   Nelson, D
   Fischetti, VA
AF Schuch, R
   Nelson, D
   Fischetti, VA
TI A bacteriolytic agent that detects and kills Bacillus anthracis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cereus spores; lytic enzyme; thuringiensis; expression; infections; genes
AB The dormant and durable spore form of Bacillus anthracis is an ideal biological weapon of mass destruction(1,2). Once inhaled, spores are transported by alveolar macrophages to lymph nodes surrounding the lungs, where they germinate; subsequent vegetative expansion causes an overwhelming flood of bacteria and toxins into the blood, killing up to 99% of untreated victims. Natural and genetically engineered antibiotic- resistant bacilli amplify the threat of spores being used as weapons, and heighten the need for improved treatments and spore-detection methods after an intentional release. We exploited the inherent binding specificity and lytic action of bacteriophage enzymes called lysins for the rapid detection and killing of B. anthracis. Here we show that the PlyG lysin, isolated from the gamma phage of B. anthracis, specifically kills B. anthracis isolates and other members of the B. anthracis 'cluster' of bacilli in vitro and in vivo. Both vegetative cells and germinating spores are susceptible. The lytic specificity of PlyG was also exploited as part of a rapid method for the identification of B. anthracis. We conclude that PlyG is a tool for the treatment and detection of B. anthracis.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Lab Bacterial Pathogenesis & Immunol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University
RP Fischetti, VA (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Lab Bacterial Pathogenesis & Immunol, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 30
TC 516
Z9 670
U1 3
U2 112
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6900
BP 884
EP 889
DI 10.1038/nature01026
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 585YR
UT WOS:000177555600040
PM 12192412
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bose, A
   Guilherme, A
   Robida, SI
   Nicoloro, SMC
   Zhou, QL
   Jiang, ZY
   Pomerleau, DP
   Czech, MP
AF Bose, A
   Guilherme, A
   Robida, SI
   Nicoloro, SMC
   Zhou, QL
   Jiang, ZY
   Pomerleau, DP
   Czech, MP
TI Glucose transporter recycling in response to insulin is facilitated by myosin Myo1c
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3t3-l1 adipocytes; rat adipocytes; actin-filaments; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; mammalian-cells; in-vivo; glut4; translocation; membrane; vesicles
AB Insulin stimulates glucose uptake in muscle and adipocytes by signalling the translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters from intracellular membranes to the cell surface(1,2). The translocation of GLUT4 may involve signalling pathways that are both independent of and dependent on phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3) K)(3-5). This translocation also requires the actin cytoskeleton(6-8), and the rapid movement of GLUT4 along linear tracks may be mediated by molecular motors(9). Here we report that the unconventional myosin Myo1c is present in GLUT4-containing vesicles purified from 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Myo1c, which contains a motor domain, three IQ motifs and a carboxy-terminal cargo domain, is highly expressed in primary and cultured adipocytes. Insulin enhances the localization of Myo1c with GLUT4 in cortical tubulovesicular structures associated with actin filaments, and this colocalization is insensitive to wortmannin. Insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4 to the adipocyte plasma membrane is augmented by the expression of wild-type Myo1c and inhibited by a dominant-negative cargo domain of Myo1c. A decrease in the expression of endogenous Myo1c mediated by small interfering RNAs inhibits insulin-stimulated uptake of 2-deoxyglucose. Thus, myosin Myo1c functions in a PI(3) K-independent insulin signalling pathway that controls the movement of intracellular GLUT4-containing vesicles to the plasma membrane.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Program Mol Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP Czech, MP (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Program Mol Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
NR 30
TC 213
Z9 252
U1 1
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 26
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6917
BP 821
EP 824
DI 10.1038/nature01246
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 626WR
UT WOS:000179897300058
PM 12490950
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Negro, JJ
   Grande, JM
   Tella, JL
   Garrido, J
   Hornero, D
   Donázar, JA
   Sanchez-Zapata, JA
   Benítez, JR
   Barcell, M
AF Negro, JJ
   Grande, JM
   Tella, JL
   Garrido, J
   Hornero, D
   Donázar, JA
   Sanchez-Zapata, JA
   Benítez, JR
   Barcell, M
TI Coprophagy:: An unusual source of essential carotenoids -: A yellow-faced vulture includes ungulate faeces in its diet for cosmetic purposes.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasma carotenoids; pigments; birds
C1 CSIC, Estac Biol Donana, Dept Appl Biol, Seville 41013, Spain.
   CSIC, Inst Grasa, Food Biotechnol Dept, Seville 41012, Spain.
   Univ Miguel Hernandez, Dept Biol Aplicada, Area Ecol, Alicante 03312, Spain.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Estacion Biologica de Donana (EBD); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de la Grasa (IG); Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche
RP Negro, JJ (corresponding author), CSIC, Estac Biol Donana, Dept Appl Biol, Avda Maria Luisa S-N, Seville 41013, Spain.
NR 13
TC 102
Z9 120
U1 1
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6883
BP 807
EP 808
DI 10.1038/416807a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 544MH
UT WOS:000175163800038
PM 11976670
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leadbetter, EA
   Rifkin, IR
   Hohlbaum, AM
   Beaudette, BC
   Shlomchik, MJ
   Marshak-Rothstein, A
AF Leadbetter, EA
   Rifkin, IR
   Hohlbaum, AM
   Beaudette, BC
   Shlomchik, MJ
   Marshak-Rothstein, A
TI Chromatin-IgG complexes activate B cells by dual engagement of IgM and Toll-like receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cutting edge; cpg-dna; gene; autoantibody; disruption; expression; lupus; mice
AB Autoreactive B cells are present in the lymphoid tissues of healthy individuals, but typically remain quiescent. When this homeostasis is perturbed, the formation of self-reactive antibodies can have serious pathological consequences. B cells expressing an antigen receptor specific for self-immunoglobulin-g (IgG) make a class of autoantibodies known as rheumatoid factor (RF). Here we show that effective activation of RF+ B cells is mediated by IgG2a-chromatin immune complexes and requires the synergistic engagement of the antigen receptor and a member of the MyD88-dependent Toll-like receptor (TLR) family. Inhibitor studies implicate TLR9. These data establish a critical link between the innate and adaptive immune systems in the development of systemic autoimmune disease and explain the preponderance of autoantibodies reactive with nucleic acid-protein particles. The unique features of this dual-engagement pathway should facilitate the development of therapies that specifically target autoreactive B cells.
C1 Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
   Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Lab Med, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Immunobiol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Boston University; Boston University; Yale University; Yale University
RP Marshak-Rothstein, A (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
EM amrothst@bu.edu
NR 39
TC 1557
Z9 1804
U1 2
U2 67
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6881
BP 603
EP 607
DI 10.1038/416603a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 539YV
UT WOS:000174901900034
PM 11948342
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zacchi, P
   Gostissa, M
   Uchida, T
   Salvagno, C
   Avolio, F
   Volinia, S
   Ronai, Z
   Blandino, G
   Schneider, C
   Del Sal, G
AF Zacchi, P
   Gostissa, M
   Uchida, T
   Salvagno, C
   Avolio, F
   Volinia, S
   Ronai, Z
   Blandino, G
   Schneider, C
   Del Sal, G
TI The prolyl isomerase Pin1 reveals a mechanism to control p53 functions after genotoxic insults
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclin-dependent kinases; beta-catenin; apoptosis; phosphorylation; death; accumulation; mitosis; domains; binding; agents
AB The tumour suppressor p53 is important in the cell decision to either arrest cell cycle progression or induce apoptosis in response to a variety of stimuli. p53 post-translational modifications and association with other proteins have been implicated in the regulation of its stability and transcriptional activities(1,2). Here we report that, on DNA damage, p53 interacts with Pin1, a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase 3, which regulates the function of many proteins involved in cell cycle control and apoptosis(4-6). The interaction is strictly dependent on p53 phosphorylation, and requires Ser 33, Thr 81 and Ser 315. On binding, Pin1 generates conformational changes in p53, enhancing its transactivation activity. Stabilization of p53 is impaired in UV-treated Pin1(-/-) cells owing to its inability to efficiently dissociate from Mdm2. As a consequence, a reduced p53-dependent response was detected in Pin1(-/-) cells, and this correlates with a diminished transcriptional activation of some p53-regulated genes. Our results suggest that, following stress-induced phosphorylation, p53 needs to form a complex with Pin1 and to undergo a conformational change to fulfil its biological roles.
C1 Lab Nazl CIB, I-34012 Trieste, Italy.
   Univ Trieste, Dipartimento Biochim Biofis & Chim Macromol, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
   Tohoku Univ, Inst Dev Aging & Canc, Dept Pathol, Sendai, Miyagi 9808575, Japan.
   Univ Ferrara, Sez Istol & Embriol, Dipartimento Morfol & Embriol, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy.
   CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Ruttenberg Canc Ctr, New York, NY 10029 USA.
   Regina Elena Inst Canc Res, Mol Oncogenesis Lab, I-00158 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Udine, Dipartimento Sci & Tecnol Biomed, I-33100 Udine, Italy.
C3 University of Trieste; Tohoku University; University of Ferrara; City University of New York (CUNY) System; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; IRCCS Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO); IRCCS Regina Elena; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche (ITB-CNR); University of Udine
RP Del Sal, G (corresponding author), Lab Nazl CIB, AREA Sci Pk,Padriciano 99, I-34012 Trieste, Italy.
NR 28
TC 376
Z9 433
U1 1
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6909
BP 853
EP 857
DI 10.1038/nature01120
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 607BD
UT WOS:000178769800050
PM 12397362
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Christlieb, N
   Bessell, MS
   Beers, TC
   Gustafsson, B
   Korn, A
   Barklem, PS
   Karlsson, T
   Mizuno-Wiedmer, M
   Rossi, S
AF Christlieb, N
   Bessell, MS
   Beers, TC
   Gustafsson, B
   Korn, A
   Barklem, PS
   Karlsson, T
   Mizuno-Wiedmer, M
   Rossi, S
TI A stellar relic from the early Milky Way
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID initial mass function; metal-poor stars; post-agb stars; population-iii; hamburg/eso survey; atmospheres; origin
AB The chemical composition of the most metal-deficient stars largely reflects the composition of the gas from which they formed. These old stars provide crucial clues to the star formation history and the synthesis of chemical elements in the early Universe. They are the local relics of epochs otherwise observable only at very high redshifts(1,2); if totally metal-free ('population III') stars could be found, this would allow the direct study of the pristine gas from the Big Bang. Earlier searches for such stars found none with an iron abundance less than 1/10,000 that of the Sun(3,4), leading to the suggestion 5,6 that low-mass stars could form from clouds above a critical iron abundance. Here we report the discovery of a low-mass star with an iron abundance as low as 1/200,000 of the solar value. This discovery suggests that population III stars could still exist-that is, that the first generation of stars also contained long-lived low-mass objects. The previous failure to find them may be an observational selection effect.
C1 Hamburger Sternwarte, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany.
   Uppsala Univ, Dept Space Phys & Astron, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Mt Stromlo & Siding Spring Observ, Res Sch Astron & Astrophys, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Univ Sternwarte Munchen, D-81679 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Astron, Inst Astron Geofis & Ciencias Atmosfer, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
C3 University of Hamburg; Uppsala University; Australian National University; Michigan State University; University of Munich; Universidade de Sao Paulo
RP Christlieb, N (corresponding author), Hamburger Sternwarte, Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany.
NR 29
TC 492
Z9 502
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6910
BP 904
EP 906
DI 10.1038/nature01142
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 609MN
UT WOS:000178909700036
PM 12410304
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Butt, YM
   Torres, DF
   Romero, GE
   Dame, TM
   Combi, JA
AF Butt, YM
   Torres, DF
   Romero, GE
   Dame, TM
   Combi, JA
TI Astrophysics - Supernova-remnant origin of cosmic rays?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Inst Argentino Radioastron, RA-1894 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
C3 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Harvard University; Smithsonian Institution; Princeton University; Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomia
RP Butt, YM (corresponding author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 9
TC 36
Z9 36
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 499
EP 499
DI 10.1038/418499a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800029
PM 12152068
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jackson, BE
   McInerney, MJ
AF Jackson, BE
   McInerney, MJ
TI Anaerobic microbial metabolism can proceed close to thermodynamic limits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID syntrophic association; benzoate degradation; energetics; bacterium; oxidation; growth
AB Many fermentative bacteria obtain energy for growth by reactions in which the change in free energy (DeltaG') is less than that needed to synthesize ATP(1-4). These bacteria couple substrate metabolism directly to ATP synthesis, however, by classical phosphoryl transfer reactions(4,5). An explanation for the energy economy of these organisms is that biological systems conserve energy in discrete amounts(3,)4, with a minimum, biochemically convertible energy value of about -20 kJ mol(-1) (refs(1-3)). This concept predicts that anaerobic substrate decay ceases before the minimum free energy value is reached, and several studies support this prediction(1,6-9). Here we show that metabolism by syntrophic associations, in which the degradation of a substrate by one species is thermodynamically possible only through removal of the end product by another species(1), can occur at values close to thermodynamic equilibrium (DeltaG' approximate to0 kJ mol(-1)). The free energy remaining when substrate metabolism halts is not constant; it depends on the terminal electron-accepting reaction and the amount of energy required for substrate activation. Syntrophic associations metabolize near thermodynamic equilibrium, indicating that bacteria operate extremely efficient catabolic systems.
C1 Univ Oklahoma, Dept Bot & Microbiol, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
C3 University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma - Norman
RP McInerney, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Oklahoma, Dept Bot & Microbiol, 770 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
EM mcinerney@ou.edu
NR 30
TC 208
Z9 259
U1 0
U2 99
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 24
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6870
BP 454
EP 456
DI 10.1038/415454a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 514HR
UT WOS:000173433600056
PM 11807560
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sultan, F
AF Sultan, F
TI Brain evolution - Analysis of mammalian brain architecture
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerebral-cortex; primates
C1 Univ Tubingen, Dept Cognit Neurol, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
RP Sultan, F (corresponding author), Univ Tubingen, Dept Cognit Neurol, Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
NR 12
TC 46
Z9 53
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 10
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6868
BP 133
EP 134
DI 10.1038/415133b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 509PR
UT WOS:000173159300029
PM 11805821
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dixit, S
   Crain, J
   Poon, WCK
   Finney, JL
   Soper, AK
AF Dixit, S
   Crain, J
   Poon, WCK
   Finney, JL
   Soper, AK
TI Molecular segregation observed in a concentrated alcohol-water solution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID frequency raman-spectroscopy; aqueous-solutions; methanol mixtures; tertiary butanol; neutron-diffraction; self-association; simulation; hydration; solvent; ice
AB When a simple alcohol such as methanol or ethanol is mixed with water(1,2), the entropy of the system increases far less than expected for an ideal solution of randomly mixed molecules(3). This well-known effect has been attributed to hydrophobic headgroups creating ice-like or clathrate-like structures in the surrounding water(4), although experimental support for this hypothesis is scarce(5-7). In fact, an increasing amount of experimental and theoretical work suggests that the hydrophobic headgroups of alcohol molecules in aqueous solution cluster together(2,8-10). However, a consistent description of the details of this self-association is lacking(11-13). Here we use neutron diffraction with isotope substitution to probe the molecular-scale structure of a concentrated alcohol-water mixture (7:3 molar ratio). Our data indicate that most of the water molecules exist as small hydrogen-bonded strings and clusters in a 'fluid' of close-packed methyl groups, with water clusters bridging neighbouring methanol hydroxyl groups through hydrogen bonding. This behaviour suggests that the anomalous thermodynamics of water-alcohol systems arises from incomplete mixing at the molecular level and from retention of remnants of the three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network structure of bulk water.
C1 Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
   Univ Edinburgh, Dept Phys & Astron, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BE, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; University of Edinburgh; University of London; University College London
RP Soper, AK (corresponding author), Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
EM a.k.soper@rl.ac.uk
NR 25
TC 902
Z9 962
U1 7
U2 381
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6883
BP 829
EP 832
DI 10.1038/416829a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 544MH
UT WOS:000175163800046
PM 11976678
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Seewald, MJ
   Körner, C
   Wittinghofer, A
   Vetter, IR
AF Seewald, MJ
   Körner, C
   Wittinghofer, A
   Vetter, IR
TI RanGAP mediates GTP hydrolysis without an arginine finger
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activating protein; crystal-structure; transition-state; ran/tc4 gtpase; binding; transport; complex; domain; gap; residues
AB GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) increase the rate of GTP hydrolysis on guanine nucleotide-binding proteins by many orders of magnitude. Studies with Ras and Rho have elucidated the mechanism of GAP action by showing that their catalytic machinery is both stabilized by GAP binding and complemented by the insertion of a so-called 'arginine finger' into the phosphate-binding pocket(1,2). This has been proposed as a universal mechanism for GAP-mediated GTP hydrolysis. Ran is a nuclear Ras-related protein that regulates both transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm during interphase, and formation of the mitotic spindle and/or nuclear envelope in dividing cells(3). RanGTP is hydrolysed by the combined action of Ran-binding proteins (RanBPs) and RanGAP(4). Here we present the three-dimensional structure of a Ran-RanBP1-RanGAP ternary complex in the ground state and in a transition-state mimic. The structure and biochemical experiments show that RanGAP does not act through an arginine finger, that the basic machinery for fast GTP hydrolysis is provided exclusively by Ran and that correct positioning of the catalytic glutamine is essential for catalysis.
C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, Abt Strukturelle Biol, D-44026 Dortmund, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Wittinghofer, A (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, Abt Strukturelle Biol, Postfach 102664, D-44026 Dortmund, Germany.
EM alfred.wittinghofer@mpi-dortmund.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 175
Z9 195
U1 1
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 7
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6872
BP 662
EP 666
DI 10.1038/415662a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 519DC
UT WOS:000173709100052
PM 11832950
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walsh, DM
   Klyubin, I
   Fadeeva, JV
   Cullen, WK
   Anwyl, R
   Wolfe, MS
   Rowan, MJ
   Selkoe, DJ
AF Walsh, DM
   Klyubin, I
   Fadeeva, JV
   Cullen, WK
   Anwyl, R
   Wolfe, MS
   Rowan, MJ
   Selkoe, DJ
TI Naturally secreted oligomers of amyloid β protein potently inhibit hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID insulin-degrading enzyme; transgenic mice; precursor protein; synaptic-transmission; alzheimers-disease; neurodegeneration; fibrillogenesis; neurotoxicity; a-beta(1-42); aggregation
AB Although extensive data support a central pathogenic role for amyloid beta protein (Abeta) in Alzheimer's disease(1), the amyloid hypothesis remains controversial, in part because a specific neurotoxic species of Abeta and the nature of its effects on synaptic function have not been defined in vivo. Here we report that natural oligomers of human Abeta are formed soon after generation of the peptide within specific intracellular vesicles and are subsequently secreted from the cell. Cerebral microinjection of cell medium containing these oligomers and abundant Abeta monomers but no amyloid fibrils markedly inhibited hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in rats in vivo. Immunodepletion from the medium of all Ab species completely abrogated this effect. Pretreatment of the medium with insulin-degrading enzyme, which degrades Abeta monomers but not oligomers, did not prevent the inhibition of LTP. Therefore, Abeta oligomers, in the absence of monomers and amyloid fibrils, disrupted synaptic plasticity in vivo at concentrations found in human brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Finally, treatment of cells with gamma-secretase inhibitors prevented oligomer formation at doses that allowed appreciable monomer production, and such medium no longer disrupted LTP, indicating that synaptotoxic Abeta oligomers can be targeted therapeutically.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Ctr Neurol Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, Dublin 2, Ireland.
   Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Dept Physiol, Dublin 2, Ireland.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Trinity College Dublin; Trinity College Dublin
RP Selkoe, DJ (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM dselkoe@rics.bwh.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 3725
Z9 4465
U1 6
U2 774
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6880
BP 535
EP 539
DI 10.1038/416535a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 537JY
UT WOS:000174756500043
PM 11932745
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Santos-Rosa, H
   Schneider, R
   Bannister, AJ
   Sherriff, J
   Bernstein, BE
   Emre, NCT
   Schreiber, SL
   Mellor, J
   Kouzarides, T
AF Santos-Rosa, H
   Schneider, R
   Bannister, AJ
   Sherriff, J
   Bernstein, BE
   Emre, NCT
   Schreiber, SL
   Mellor, J
   Kouzarides, T
TI Active genes are tri-methylated at K4 of histone H3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; lysine 9; set1; expression; chromatin; includes; homolog; complex
AB Lysine methylation of histones in vivo occurs in three states: mono-, di- and tri-methyl(1). Histone H3 has been found to be dimethylated at lysine 4 (K4) in active euchromatic regions but not in silent heterochromatic sites(2). Here we show that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Set1 protein can catalyse di- and tri- methylation of K4 and stimulate the activity of many genes. Using antibodies that discriminate between the di- and tri- methylated state of K4 we show that di- methylation occurs at both inactive and active euchromatic genes, whereas tri- methylation is present exclusively at active genes. It is therefore the presence of a trimethylated K4 that defines an active state of gene expression. These findings establish the concept of methyl status as a determinant for gene activity and thus extend considerably the complexity of histone modifications.
C1 Wellcome Trust Canc Res UK Inst, Cambridge CG2 1QR, England.
   Dept Pathol, Cambridge CG2 1QR, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Biochem, Oxford OX1 3QU, England.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Wilstar Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Oxford; Harvard University
RP Kouzarides, T (corresponding author), Wellcome Trust Canc Res UK Inst, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CG2 1QR, England.
EM tk106@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk
NR 20
TC 1696
Z9 2168
U1 2
U2 115
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6905
BP 407
EP 411
DI 10.1038/nature01080
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 596ZB
UT WOS:000178195400049
PM 12353038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fang, J
   McCutchan, TF
AF Fang, J
   McCutchan, TF
TI Malaria: Thermoregulation in a parasite's life cycle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subunit ribosomal-rna; plasmodium-falciparum; distinct; genes
C1 NIAID, Growth & Dev Sect, Parasit Dis Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP Fang, J (corresponding author), NIAID, Growth & Dev Sect, Parasit Dis Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 9
TC 43
Z9 52
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6899
BP 742
EP 742
DI 10.1038/418742a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 583UF
UT WOS:000177428000029
PM 12181557
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grinberg, I
   Cooper, VR
   Rappe, AM
AF Grinberg, I
   Cooper, VR
   Rappe, AM
TI Relationship between local structure and phase transitions of a disordered solid solution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pbtio3
AB The Pb(Zr,Ti)O-3 (PZT) disordered solid solution is widely used in piezoelectric applications owing to its excellent electromechanical properties. Six different structural phases have been observed for PZT at ambient pressure, each with different lattice parameters and average electric polarization. It is of significant interest to understand the microscopic origin of the complicated phase diagram and local structure of PZT(1-8). Here, using density functional theory calculations, we show(t)hat the distortions of the material away from the parent perovskite structure can be predicted from the local arrangement of the Zr and Ti cations. We use the chemical rules obtained from density functional theory to create a phenomenological model to simulate PZT structures. We demonstrate how changes in the Zr/Ti composition give rise to phase transitions in PZT through changes in the populations of various local Pb atom environments.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Res Struct Matter Lab, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania
RP Rappe, AM (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM rappe@sas.upenn.edu
NR 11
TC 220
Z9 240
U1 1
U2 150
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6910
BP 909
EP 911
DI 10.1038/nature01115
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 609MN
UT WOS:000178909700038
PM 12410319
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cebrià, F
   Kobayashi, C
   Umesono, Y
   Nakazawa, M
   Mineta, K
   Ikeo, K
   Gojobori, T
   Itoh, M
   Taira, M
   Alvarado, AS
   Agata, K
AF Cebrià, F
   Kobayashi, C
   Umesono, Y
   Nakazawa, M
   Mineta, K
   Ikeo, K
   Gojobori, T
   Itoh, M
   Taira, M
   Alvarado, AS
   Agata, K
TI FGFR-related gene nou-darake restricts brain tissues to the head region of planarians
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-stranded-rna; stem-cells; neural induction; expression; regeneration; interference; reveals; sef
AB The study of planarian regeneration may help us to understand how we can rebuild organs and tissues after injury, disease or ageing(1). The robust regenerative abilities of planarians are based upon a population of totipotent stem cells (neoblasts)(2-4), and among the organs regenerated by these animals is a well-organized central nervous system(5,6). In recent years, methodologies such as whole-mount in situ hybridizations and double-stranded RNA have been extended to planarians with the aim of unravelling the molecular basis of their regenerative capacities(7-11). Here we report the identification and characterization of nou-darake (ndk), a gene encoding a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-like molecule specifically expressed in the head region of the planarian Dugesia japonica. Loss of function of ndk by RNA interference results in the induction of ectopic brain tissues throughout the body. This ectopic brain formation was suppressed by inhibition of two planarian FGFR homologues (FGFR1 and FGFR2). Additionally, ndk inhibits FGF signalling in Xenopus embryos. The data suggest that ndk may modulate FGF signalling in stem cells to restrict brain tissues to the head region of planarians.
C1 RIKEN Kobe, Ctr Dev Biol, Grp Evolutionary Regenerat Biol, Kobe, Hyogo 6500047, Japan.
   Grad Univ Adv Studies, Dept Genet, Mishima, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   Grad Univ Adv Studies, DNA Data Bank Japan, Natl Inst Genet, Mishima, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   Grad Univ Adv Studies, Ctr Informat Biol, Natl Inst Genet, Mishima, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Sci Biol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Utah, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol & Anat, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA.
   Okayama Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biol, Okayama 7008530, Japan.
C3 RIKEN; Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan; Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan; University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Okayama University
RP Agata, K (corresponding author), RIKEN Kobe, Ctr Dev Biol, Grp Evolutionary Regenerat Biol, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Kobe, Hyogo 6500047, Japan.
EM agata@cdb.riken.go.jp
NR 30
TC 237
Z9 278
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6907
BP 620
EP 624
DI 10.1038/nature01042
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 602AT
UT WOS:000178483100046
PM 12374980
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wookey, J
   Kendall, JM
   Barruol, G
AF Wookey, J
   Kendall, JM
   Barruol, G
TI Mid-mantle deformation inferred from seismic anisotropy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transition-zone; subduction zones; earths mantle; phase-changes; wave; beneath; lithosphere; discontinuity; perovskite; australia
AB With time, convective processes in the Earth's mantle will tend to align crystals, grains and inclusions. This mantle fabric is detectable seismologically, as it produces an anisotropy in material properties-in particular, a directional dependence in seismic-wave velocity. This alignment is enhanced at the boundaries of the mantle where there are rapid changes in the direction and magnitude of mantle flow(1), and therefore most observations of anisotropy are confined to the uppermost mantle or lithosphere(2,3) and the lowermost-mantle analogue of the lithosphere, the D" region(4). Here we present evidence from shear-wave splitting measurements for mid-mantle anisotropy in the vicinity of the 660-km discontinuity, the boundary between the upper and lower mantle. Deep-focus earthquakes in the Tonga-Kermadec and New Hebrides subduction zones recorded at Australian seismograph stations record some of the largest values of shear-wave splitting hitherto reported. The results suggest that, at least locally, there may exist a mid-mantle boundary layer, which could indicate the impediment of flow between the upper and lower mantle in this region.
C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Earth Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier 05, France.
C3 University of Leeds; Universite de Montpellier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Kendall, JM (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, Sch Earth Sci, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
NR 32
TC 129
Z9 148
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 14
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6873
BP 777
EP 780
DI 10.1038/415777a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 521HE
UT WOS:000173833900042
PM 11845205
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dixon, JE
   Leist, L
   Langmuir, C
   Schilling, JG
AF Dixon, JE
   Leist, L
   Langmuir, C
   Schilling, JG
TI Recycled dehydrated lithosphere observed in plume-influenced mid-ocean-ridge basalt
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shona mantle plumes; atlantic ridge; isotopic evidence; constraints; evolution; magmas; heterogeneity; seamount; water; h2o
AB A substantial uncertainty in the Earth's global geochemical water cycle is the amount of water that enters the deep mantle through the subduction and recycling of hydrated oceanic lithosphere. Here we address the question of recycling of water into the deep mantle by characterizing the volatile contents of different mantle components as sampled by ocean island basalts and mid-ocean-ridge basalts. Although all mantle plume (ocean island) basalts seem to contain more water than mid-ocean-ridge basalts, we demonstrate that basalts associated with mantle plume components containing subducted lithosphere-'enriched-mantle' or 'EM-type' basalts-contain less water than those associated with a common mantle source. We interpret this depletion as indicating that water is extracted from the lithosphere during the subduction process, with greater than 92 per cent efficiency.
C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, MGG, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA.
C3 University of Miami; Harvard University; University of Rhode Island
RP Dixon, JE (corresponding author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, MGG, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
NR 51
TC 458
Z9 514
U1 4
U2 102
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6914
BP 385
EP 389
DI 10.1038/nature01215
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 619TZ
UT WOS:000179494700030
PM 12459776
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Jonge, N
   Lamy, Y
   Schoots, K
   Oosterkamp, TH
AF de Jonge, N
   Lamy, Y
   Schoots, K
   Oosterkamp, TH
TI High brightness electron beam from a multi-walled carbon nanotube
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-field emission; microscopy
AB Carbon nanotubes can act as electron sources(1) with very rigid structures(2), making them particularly interesting for use as point electron sources in high-resolution electron-beam instruments. Promising results have been reported with respect to some important requirements for such applications: a stable emitted current(3,4,5) and a long lifetime(6),(7). Two parameters of an electron source affect the resolution of these instruments: the energy spread of the emitted electrons and a parameter called the reduced brightness, which depends on the angular current density and the virtual source size. Several authors have measured a low energy spread associated with electron emission(3,7,8,9). Here we measure the reduced brightness, and find a value that is more than a factor of ten larger than provided by state-of-the-art electron sources in electron microscopes. In addition, we show that an individual multi-walled carbon nanotube emits most current into a single narrow beam. On the basis of these results, we expect that carbon nanotube electron sources will lead to a significant improvement in the performance of high-resolution electron-beam instruments.
C1 Philips Res Labs, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, Netherlands.
   Ecole Super Phys & Chim Ind Ville Paris, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Leiden Inst Phys, NL-2333 CA Leiden, Netherlands.
C3 Philips; Philips Research; Universite PSL; Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI); Leiden University
RP de Jonge, N (corresponding author), Philips Res Labs, Prof Holstlaan 4, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, Netherlands.
NR 19
TC 480
Z9 525
U1 1
U2 100
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6914
BP 393
EP 395
DI 10.1038/nature01233
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 619TZ
UT WOS:000179494700032
PM 12459778
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Novotny, V
   Basset, Y
   Miller, SE
   Weiblen, GD
   Bremer, B
   Cizek, L
   Drozd, P
AF Novotny, V
   Basset, Y
   Miller, SE
   Weiblen, GD
   Bremer, B
   Cizek, L
   Drozd, P
TI Low host specificity of herbivorous insects in a tropical forest
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phylogenetic-relationships; sequences; rbcl
AB Two decades of research(1-4) have not established whether tropical insect herbivores are dominated by specialists or generalists. This impedes our understanding of species coexistence in diverse rainforest communities. Host specificity and species richness of tropical insects are also key parameters in mapping global patterns of biodiversity(1,4,5). Here we analyse data for over 900 herbivorous species feeding on 51 plant species in New Guinea and show that most herbivorous species feed on several closely related plant species. Because species-rich genera are dominant in tropical floras, monophagous herbivores are probably rare in tropical forests. Furthermore, even between phylogenetically distant hosts, herbivore communities typically shared a third of their species. These results do not support the classical view that the coexistence of herbivorous species in the tropics is a consequence of finely divided plant resources; non-equilibrium models of tropical diversity(6) should instead be considered. Low host specificity of tropical herbivores reduces global estimates of arthropod diversity from 31 million (ref. 1) to 4-6 million species. This finding agrees with estimates based on taxonomic collections, reconciling an order of magnitude discrepancy between extrapolations of global diversity based on ecological samples of tropical communities with those based on sampling regional faunas (7,8).
C1 Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Entomol, CR-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
   Univ S Bohemia, Fac Biol, Ceske Budejovice 37005, Czech Republic.
   Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Ancon, Panama.
   Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Systemat Biol, Washington, DC 20560 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Biol, Ctr Biol Sci 220, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
   Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Bergius Fdn, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Univ Ostrava, Dept Biol, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
C3 Czech Academy of Sciences; Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences; University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences; University of Ostrava
RP Novotny, V (corresponding author), Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Entomol, Branisovska 31, CR-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
EM novotny@entu.cas.cz
NR 30
TC 516
Z9 590
U1 1
U2 240
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6883
BP 841
EP 844
DI 10.1038/416841a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 544MH
UT WOS:000175163800049
PM 11976681
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Praag, H
   Schinder, AF
   Christie, BR
   Toni, N
   Palmer, TD
   Gage, FH
AF van Praag, H
   Schinder, AF
   Christie, BR
   Toni, N
   Palmer, TD
   Gage, FH
TI Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; dentate gyrus; stem-cells; in-vitro; rat; neurons; mice; proliferation; virus
AB There is extensive evidence indicating that new neurons are generated in the dentate gyrus of the adult mammalian hippocampus, a region of the brain that is important for learning and memory(1-5). However, it is not known whether these new neurons become functional, as the methods used to study adult neurogenesis are limited to fixed tissue. We use here a retroviral vector expressing green fluorescent protein that only labels dividing cells, and that can be visualized in live hippocampal slices. We report that newly generated cells in the adult mouse hippocampus have neuronal morphology and can display passive membrane properties, action potentials and functional synaptic inputs similar to those found in mature dentate granule cells. Our findings demonstrate that newly generated cells mature into functional neurons in the adult mammalian brain.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Genet Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute
RP van Praag, H (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Genet Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM vanpraag@salk.edu
FU NIMH NIH HHS [R01 MH090258] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 2309
Z9 2690
U1 1
U2 229
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 1030
EP 1034
DI 10.1038/4151030a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000047
PM 11875571
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lauwereyns, J
   Watanabe, K
   Coe, B
   Hikosaka, O
AF Lauwereyns, J
   Watanabe, K
   Coe, B
   Hikosaka, O
TI A neural correlate of response bias in monkey caudate nucleus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccadic eye-movements; neuronal-activity; functional-property; basal ganglia; reward; expectation; cortex; signals; target
AB Primates are equipped with neural circuits in the prefrontal cortex(1-6), the parietal cortex(7) and the basal ganglia(6,8-11) that predict the availability of reward during the performance of behavioural tasks. It is not known, however, how reward value is incorporated in the control of action. Here we identify neurons in the monkey caudate nucleus that create a spatially selective response bias depending on the expected gain. In behavioural tasks, the monkey had to make a visually guided eye movement in every trial, but was rewarded for a correct response in only half of the trials. Reward availability was predictable on the basis of the spatial position of the visual target. We found that caudate neurons change their discharge rate systematically, even before the appearance of the visual target, and usually fire more when the contralateral position is associated with reward. Strong anticipatory activity of neurons with a contralateral preference is associated with decreased latency for eye movements in the contralateral direction. We conclude that this neuronal mechanism creates an advance bias that favours a spatial response when it is associated with a high reward value.
C1 NEI, Sensorimotor Res Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Juntendo Univ, Dept Physiol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Eye Institute (NEI); Juntendo University
RP Hikosaka, O (corresponding author), NEI, Sensorimotor Res Lab, NIH, Bldg 49,Room 2A50, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
FU National Eye Institute [ZIAEY000415] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 28
TC 331
Z9 397
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6896
BP 413
EP 417
DI 10.1038/nature00892
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 576MU
UT WOS:000177009700037
PM 12140557
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Corma, A
   Díaz-Cabañas, M
   Martínez-Triguero, J
   Rey, F
   Rius, J
AF Corma, A
   Díaz-Cabañas, M
   Martínez-Triguero, J
   Rey, F
   Rius, J
TI A large-cavity zeolite with wide pore windows and potential as an oil refining catalyst
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-silica; methylcyclohexane; cracking; itq-7; units; beta; ge
AB Crude oil is an important feedstock for the petrochemical industry and the dominant energy source driving the world economy, but known oil reserves will cover demand for no more than 50 years at the current rate of consumption(1). This situation calls for more efficient strategies for converting crude oil into fuel and petrochemical products. At present, more than 40% of oil conversion is achieved using catalysts based on faujasite; this zeolite requires extensive post-synthesis treatment to produce an ultrastable form 2,3, and has a large cavity accessible through four 0.74-nm-wide windows and thus limits the access of oil molecules to the catalytically active sites. The use of zeolites with better accessibility to their active sites should result in improved catalyst efficiency. To date, two zeolites with effective pore diameters exceeding that of faujasite have been reported(4,5), but their one-dimensional pore topology excludes use in oil refining. Similarly, zeolites with large pores and a three-dimensional pore topology have been reported(6-8), but in all these materials the pore openings are smaller than in faujasite. Here we report the synthesis of ITQ-21, a zeolite with a three-dimensional pore network containing 1.18-nm-wide cavities, each of which is accessible through six circular and 0.74-nm-wide windows. As expected for a zeolite with this structure, ITQ-21 exhibits high catalytic activity and selectivity for valuable products in preliminary oil refining tests.
C1 Univ Politecn Valencia, CSIC, Inst Tecnol Quim, Valencia 46022, Spain.
   Inst Ciencia Mat Barcelona, CSIC, Bellaterra, Catalunya, Spain.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); Universitat Politecnica de Valencia; CSIC-UPV - Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica (ITQ); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB)
RP Corma, A (corresponding author), Univ Politecn Valencia, CSIC, Inst Tecnol Quim, Avda Naranjos S-N, Valencia 46022, Spain.
EM acorma@itq.upv.es
NR 21
TC 480
Z9 525
U1 3
U2 378
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 514
EP 517
DI 10.1038/nature00924
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800035
PM 12152074
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yedid, G
   Bell, G
AF Yedid, G
   Bell, G
TI Macroevolution simulated with autonomously replicating computer programs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID experimental evolution; escherichia-coli; populations; adaptation; divergence; complexity; resistance; drosophila; selection; bacteria
AB The process of adaptation occurs on two timescales. In the short term, natural selection merely sorts the variation already present in a population, whereas in the longer term genotypes quite different from any that were initially present evolve through the cumulation of new mutations. The first process is described by the mathematical theory of population genetics. However, this theory begins by defining a fixed set of genotypes and cannot provide a satisfactory analysis of the second process because it does not permit any genuinely new type to arise. The evolutionary outcome of selection acting on novel variation arising over long periods is therefore difficult to predict. The classical problem of this kind is whether 'replaying the tape of life' would invariably lead to the familiar organisms of the modern biota(1,2). Here we study the long-term behaviour of populations of autonomously replicating computer programs and find that the same type, introduced into the same simple environment, evolves on any given occasion along a unique trajectory towards one of many well-adapted end points.
C1 McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada.
   Michigan State Univ, Ctr Microbial Ecol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
C3 McGill University; Michigan State University
RP Bell, G (corresponding author), McGill Univ, Dept Biol, 1205 Doctor Penfield Ave, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada.
NR 26
TC 53
Z9 62
U1 2
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 26
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6917
BP 810
EP 812
DI 10.1038/nature01151
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 626WR
UT WOS:000179897300055
PM 12490948
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Petrelli, A
   Gilestro, GF
   Lanzardo, S
   Comoglio, PM
   Migone, N
   Giordano, S
AF Petrelli, A
   Gilestro, GF
   Lanzardo, S
   Comoglio, PM
   Migone, N
   Giordano, S
TI The endophilin-CIN85-Cbl complex mediates ligand-dependent downregulation of c-Met
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synaptic vesicle endocytosis; tyrosine kinase receptor; adapter protein; family; cbl; phosphorylation; transformation; cin85; site; gab1
AB Ligand-dependent downregulation of tyrosine kinase receptors is a critical step for modulating their activity. Upon ligand binding, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor (Met) is polyubiquitinated(1) and degraded(2); however, the mechanisms underlying HGF receptor endocytosis are not yet known. Here we demonstrate that a complex involving endophilins, CIN85 and Cbl controls this process. Endophilins(3) are regulatory components of clathrin-coated vesicle formation. Through their acyltransferase activity they are thought to modify the membrane phospholipids and induce negative curvature and invagination of the plasma membrane during the early steps of endocytosis(4). Furthermore, by means of their Src-homology 3 domains, endophilins are able to bind CIN85, a recently identified protein that interacts with the Cbl proto-oncogene(5). Cbl, in turn, binds and ubiquitinates activated HGF receptor, and by recruiting the endophilin-CIN85 complex, it regulates receptor internalization. Inhibition of complex formation is sufficient to block HGF receptor internalization and to enhance HGF-induced signal transduction and biological responses. These data provide further evidence of a relationship between receptor-mediated signalling and endocytosis, and disclose a novel functional role for Cbl in HGF receptor signalling.
C1 Univ Turin, Sch Med, Inst Canc Res & Treatment, Div Mol Oncol, I-10060 Turin, Italy.
   Univ Turin, Dept Genet Biol & Biochem, I-10126 Turin, Italy.
   CNR, CIOS, I-10126 Turin, Italy.
C3 University of Turin; University of Turin; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
RP Giordano, S (corresponding author), Univ Turin, Sch Med, Inst Canc Res & Treatment, Div Mol Oncol, I-10060 Turin, Italy.
NR 25
TC 375
Z9 444
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6877
BP 187
EP 190
DI 10.1038/416187a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 530FR
UT WOS:000174348100040
PM 11894096
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bickford, D
AF Bickford, D
TI Animal behaviour - Male parenting of New Guinea froglets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID care
C1 Univ Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA.
   Wildlife Conservat Soc, Papua New Guinea Program, Goroka, Papua N Guinea.
C3 University of Miami
RP Bickford, D (corresponding author), Univ Miami, POB 249118, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA.
NR 8
TC 23
Z9 26
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 601
EP 602
DI 10.1038/418601b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600028
PM 12167847
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vogelbein, WK
   Lovko, VJ
   Shields, JD
   Reece, KS
   Mason, PL
   Haas, LW
   Walker, CC
AF Vogelbein, WK
   Lovko, VJ
   Shields, JD
   Reece, KS
   Mason, PL
   Haas, LW
   Walker, CC
TI Pfiesteria shumwayae kills fish by micropredation not exotoxin secretion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID toxic pfiesteria; estuarine fish; human health; life-cycle; dinoflagellate; piscicida; dinophyceae; menhaden; behavior; receptor
AB Pfiesteria piscicida and P. shumwayae reportedly secrete potent exotoxins thought to cause fish lesion events, acute fish kills and human disease in mid-Atlantic USA estuaries(1-7). However, Pfiesteria toxins have never been isolated or characterized(8). We investigated mechanisms by which P. shumwayae kills fish using three different approaches. Here we show that larval fish bioassays conducted in tissue culture plates fitted with polycarbonate membrane inserts exhibited mortality (100%) only in treatments where fish and dinospores were in physical contact. No mortalities occurred in treatments where the membrane prevented contact between dinospores and fish. Using differential centrifugation and filtration of water from a fish-killing culture, we produced 'dinoflagellate', 'bacteria' and 'cell-free' fractions. Larval fish bioassays of these fractions resulted in mortalities (60-100% in less than 24 h) only in fractions containing live dinospores ('whole water', 'dinoflagellate'), with no mortalities in 'cell-free' or 'bacteria'-enriched fractions. Videomicrography and electron microscopy show dinospores swarming toward and attaching to skin, actively feeding, and rapidly denuding fish of epidermis. We show here that our cultures of actively fish-killing P. shumwayae do not secrete potent exotoxins; rather, fish mortality results from micropredatory feeding.
C1 Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA.
   US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA.
C3 William & Mary; Virginia Institute of Marine Science; United States Environmental Protection Agency
RP Vogelbein, WK (corresponding author), Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA.
NR 30
TC 70
Z9 81
U1 0
U2 221
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6901
BP 967
EP 970
DI 10.1038/nature01008
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 588AP
UT WOS:000177677500042
PM 12198545
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, RG
   Pappas, T
   Brace, JL
   Miller, PC
   Oulmassov, T
   Molyneauz, JM
   Anderson, JC
   Bashkin, JK
   Winans, SC
   Joachimiak, A
AF Zhang, RG
   Pappas, T
   Brace, JL
   Miller, PC
   Oulmassov, T
   Molyneauz, JM
   Anderson, JC
   Bashkin, JK
   Winans, SC
   Joachimiak, A
TI Structure of a bacterial quorum-sensing transcription factor complexed with pheromone and DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-terminal region; vibrio-fischeri; autoinducer-binding; ti plasmid; in-vitro; protein; luxr; trar; activator; dimerization
AB Many proteobacteria are able to monitor their population densities through the release of pheromones known as N-acylhomoserine lactones. At high population densities, these pheromones elicit diverse responses that include bioluminescence, biofilm formation, production of antimicrobials, DNA exchange, pathogenesis and symbiosis(1). Many of these regulatory systems require a pheromone-dependent transcription factor similar to the LuxR protein of Vibrio fischeri. Here we present the structure of a LuxR-type protein. TraR of Agrobacterium tumefaciens was solved at 1.66 Angstrom as a complex with the pheromone N-3-oxooctanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (OOHL) and its TraR DNA-binding site. The amino-terminal domain of TraR is an alpha/beta/alpha sandwich that binds OOHL, whereas the carboxy-terminal domain contains a helix-turn-helix DNA-binding motif. The TraR dimer displays a two-fold symmetry axis in each domain; however, these two axes of symmetry are at an approximately 90degrees angle, resulting in a pronounced overall asymmetry of the complex. The pheromone lies fully embedded within the protein with virtually no solvent contact, and makes numerous hydrophobic contacts with the protein as well as four hydrogen bonds: three direct and one water-mediated.
C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Struct Biol Ctr, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Monsanto Co, St Louis, MO 63167 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; Cornell University; Monsanto
RP Joachimiak, A (corresponding author), Argonne Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Struct Biol Ctr, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
NR 28
TC 370
Z9 476
U1 1
U2 70
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6892
BP 971
EP 974
DI 10.1038/nature00833
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 566RC
UT WOS:000176441200044
PM 12087407
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davison, PA
   Hunter, CN
   Horton, P
AF Davison, PA
   Hunter, CN
   Horton, P
TI Overexpression of β-carotene hydroxylase enhances stress tolerance in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chlorophyll fluorescence; transgenic plants; biosynthesis; photoprotection; accumulation; zeaxanthin; thaliana; mutants; photoinhibition; metabolism
AB Plant stress caused by extreme environmental conditions is already a principal reason for yield reduction in crops(1). The threat of global environment change makes it increasingly important to generate crop plants that will withstand such conditions. Stress, particularly stress caused by increased sunlight, leads to the production of reactive oxygen species that cause photo-oxidative cell damage(2). Carotenoids, which are present in the membranes of all photosynthetic organisms, help protect against such light-dependent oxidative damage(3). In plants, the xanthophyll cycle (the reversible interconversion of two carotenoids, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin(4)) has a key photoprotective role(5) and is therefore a promising target for genetic engineering to enhance stress tolerance. Here we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana overexpression of the chyB gene that encodes beta-carotene hydroxylase-an enzyme in the zeaxanthin biosynthetic pathway(6)-causes a specific twofold increase in the size of the xanthophyll cycle pool. The plants are more tolerant to conditions of high light and high temperature, as shown by reduced leaf necrosis, reduced production of the stress indicator anthocyanin and reduced lipid peroxidation. Stress protection is probably due to the function of zeaxanthin in preventing oxidative damage of membranes.
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Robert Hill Inst, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Sheffield
RP Horton, P (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Robert Hill Inst, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
NR 30
TC 313
Z9 372
U1 2
U2 115
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6894
BP 203
EP 206
DI 10.1038/nature00861
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 571GV
UT WOS:000176710400045
PM 12110893
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Farkas, I
   Helbing, D
   Vicsek, T
AF Farkas, I
   Helbing, D
   Vicsek, T
TI Social behaviour: Mexican waves in an excitable medium - The stimulation of this concerted motion among expectant spectators is explained.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
   Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Econ & Traff, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
C3 Eotvos Lorand University; Technische Universitat Dresden
RP Farkas, I (corresponding author), Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
EM vicsek@angel.elte.hu
NR 3
TC 127
Z9 143
U1 1
U2 40
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6903
BP 131
EP 132
DI 10.1038/419131a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 592HK
UT WOS:000177931200029
PM 12226653
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Drum, CL
   Yan, SZ
   Bard, J
   Shen, YQ
   Lu, D
   Soelaiman, S
   Grabarek, Z
   Bohm, A
   Tang, WJ
AF Drum, CL
   Yan, SZ
   Bard, J
   Shen, YQ
   Lu, D
   Soelaiman, S
   Grabarek, Z
   Bohm, A
   Tang, WJ
TI Structural basis for the activation of anthrax adenylyl cyclase exotoxin by calmodulin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-density maps; bordetella-pertussis; bacillus-anthracis; x-ray; phosphorylase-kinase; catalytic mechanism; peptide complex; edema factor; binding; domain
AB Oedema factor, a calmodulin-activated adenylyl cyclase, is important in the pathogenesis of anthrax. Here we report the X-ray structures of oedema factor with and without bound calmodulin. Oedema factor shares no significant structural homology with mammalian adenylyl cyclases or other proteins. In the active site, 39-deoxy-ATP and a single metal ion are well positioned for catalysis with histidine 351 as the catalytic base. This mechanism differs from the mechanism of two-metal-ion catalysis proposed for mammalian adenylyl cyclases. Four discrete regions of oedema factor form a surface that recognizes an extended conformation of calmodulin, which is very different from the collapsed conformation observed in other structures of calmodulin bound to effector peptides. On calmodulin binding, an oedema factor helical domain of relative molecular mass 15,000 undergoes a 15 Angstrom translation and a 30degrees rotation away from the oedema factor catalytic core, which stabilizes a disordered loop and leads to enzyme activation. These allosteric changes provide the first molecular details of how calmodulin modulates one of its targets.
C1 Univ Chicago, Ben May Inst Canc Res, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Comm Neurobiol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Boston Biomed Res Inst, Watertown, MA 02472 USA.
   Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago; Boston Biomedical Research Institute; Tufts University
RP Tang, WJ (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Ben May Inst Canc Res, 924 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM bohm@bbri.org; wtang@midway.uchicago.edu
NR 51
TC 349
Z9 430
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 24
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6870
BP 396
EP 402
DI 10.1038/415396a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 514HR
UT WOS:000173433600041
PM 11807546
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sabeti, PC
   Reich, DE
   Higgins, JM
   Levine, HZP
   Richter, DJ
   Schaffner, SF
   Gabriel, SB
   Platko, JV
   Patterson, NJ
   McDonald, GJ
   Ackerman, HC
   Campbell, SJ
   Altshuler, D
   Cooper, R
   Kwiatkowski, D
   Ward, R
   Lander, ES
AF Sabeti, PC
   Reich, DE
   Higgins, JM
   Levine, HZP
   Richter, DJ
   Schaffner, SF
   Gabriel, SB
   Platko, JV
   Patterson, NJ
   McDonald, GJ
   Ackerman, HC
   Campbell, SJ
   Altshuler, D
   Cooper, R
   Kwiatkowski, D
   Ward, R
   Lander, ES
TI Detecting recent positive selection in the human genome from haplotype structure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID linkage disequilibrium; evolution; diversity; allele; origin
AB The ability to detect recent natural selection in the human population would have profound implications for the study of human history and for medicine. Here, we introduce a framework for detecting the genetic imprint of recent positive selection by analysing long-range haplotypes in human populations. We first identify haplotypes at a locus of interest (core haplotypes). We then assess the age of each core haplotype by the decay of its association to alleles at various distances from the locus, as measured by extended haplotype homozygosity (EHH). Core haplotypes that have unusually high EHH and a high population frequency indicate the presence of a mutation that rose to prominence in the human gene pool faster than expected under neutral evolution. We applied this approach to investigate selection at two genes carrying common variants implicated in resistance to malaria: G6PD(1) and CD40 ligand(2). At both loci, the core haplotypes carrying the proposed protective mutation stand out and show significant evidence of selection. More generally, the method could be used to scan the entire genome for evidence of recent positive selection.
C1 Whitehead Inst MIT Ctr Genome Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Inst Biol Anthropol, Oxford OX2 6QS, England.
   Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Diabet Unit, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Loyola Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Maywood, IL 60143 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; University of Oxford; University of Oxford; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Loyola University Chicago; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Lander, ES (corresponding author), Whitehead Inst MIT Ctr Genome Res, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM lander@genome.wi.mit.edu
NR 26
TC 1550
Z9 1838
U1 6
U2 294
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6909
BP 832
EP 837
DI 10.1038/nature01140
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 607BD
UT WOS:000178769800045
PM 12397357
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schnadt, J
   Brühwiler, PA
   Patthey, L
   O'Shea, JN
   Södergren, S
   Odelius, M
   Ahuja, R
   Karis, O
   Bässler, M
   Persson, P
   Siegbahn, H
   Lunell, S
   Mårtensson, N
AF Schnadt, J
   Brühwiler, PA
   Patthey, L
   O'Shea, JN
   Södergren, S
   Odelius, M
   Ahuja, R
   Karis, O
   Bässler, M
   Persson, P
   Siegbahn, H
   Lunell, S
   Mårtensson, N
TI Experimental evidence for sub-3-fs charge transfer from an aromatic adsorbate to a semiconductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bi-isonicotinic acid; electron injection; transfer dynamics; excited-state; surface; binding; donor; light; time
AB The ultrafast timescale of electron transfer processes is crucial to their role in many biological systems and technological devices. In dye-sensitized solar cells(1-4), the electron transfer from photoexcited dye molecules to nanostructured semiconductor substrates needs to be sufficiently fast to compete effectively against loss processes and thus achieve high solar energy conversion efficiencies(4). Time-resolved laser techniques indicate an upper limit of 20 to 100 femtoseconds(5-9) for the time needed to inject an electron from a dye into a semiconductor, which corresponds to the timescale on which competing processes such as charge redistribution(10,11) and intramolecular thermalization of excited states(12-14) occur. Here we use resonant photoemission spectroscopy, which has previously been used to monitor electron transfer in simple systems with an order-of-magnitude improvement in time resolution(15,16), to show that electron transfer from an aromatic adsorbate to a TiO2 semiconductor surface can occur in less than 3 fs. These results directly confirm that electronic coupling of the aromatic molecule to its substrate is sufficiently strong to suppress competing processes(17).
C1 Uppsala Univ, Dept Phys, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Uppsala Univ, Dept Chem Phys, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Paul Scherrer Inst, Swiss Light Source, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
   Lund Univ, MAX Lab, S-22100 Lund, Sweden.
C3 Uppsala University; Uppsala University; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Paul Scherrer Institute; Lund University
RP Brühwiler, PA (corresponding author), Uppsala Univ, Dept Phys, Box 530, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
EM paul.bruhwiler@fysik.uu.se
NR 29
TC 338
Z9 365
U1 1
U2 161
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 620
EP 623
DI 10.1038/nature00952
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600037
PM 12167856
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stadler, RH
   Blank, I
   Varga, N
   Robert, F
   Hau, J
   Guy, PA
   Robert, MC
   Riediker, S
AF Stadler, RH
   Blank, I
   Varga, N
   Robert, F
   Hau, J
   Guy, PA
   Robert, MC
   Riediker, S
TI Acrylamide from Maillard reaction products
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Nestle Res Ctr, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
C3 Nestle SA; Nestle Research Center
RP Stadler, RH (corresponding author), Nestle Res Ctr, Vers Chez Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
NR 7
TC 1393
Z9 1585
U1 5
U2 365
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6906
BP 449
EP 450
DI 10.1038/419449a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 599RF
UT WOS:000178348400026
PM 12368845
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whitmire, E
   Khan, B
   Coué, M
AF Whitmire, E
   Khan, B
   Coué, M
TI Cdc6 synthesis regulates replication competence in Xenopus oocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-replication; nuclear export; protein; kinase; chromatin; extracts; complex; mcm; localization; initiation
AB The early division cycles of an embryo rely on the oocyte's ability to replicate DNA. During meiosis, oocytes temporarily lose this ability. After a single round of pre-meiotic S-phase, oocytes enter meiosis and rapidly arrest at prophase of meiosis I (G2)(1). Upon hormonal stimulation, arrested oocytes resume meiosis, reestablish DNA replication competence in meiosis I shortly after germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), but repress replication until fertilization(2,3). How oocytes lose and regain replication competence during meiosis are important questions underlying the production of functional gametes. Here we show that the inability of immature Xenopus oocytes to replicate is linked to the absence of the Cdc6 protein and the cytoplasmic localization of other initiation proteins. Injection of Cdc6 protein into immature oocytes does not induce DNA replication. However, injection of Cdc6 into oocytes undergoing GVBD is sufficient to induce DNA replication in the absence of protein synthesis. Our results show that GVBD and Cdc6 synthesis are the only events that limit the establishment of the oocyte's replication competence during meiosis.
C1 Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Cell Biol & Biochem, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA.
C3 Texas Tech University System; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Lubbock
RP Coué, M (corresponding author), Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Cell Biol & Biochem, 3601 4th St, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA.
EM martine.coue@ttmc.ttuhsc.edu
NR 29
TC 37
Z9 40
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6908
BP 722
EP 725
DI 10.1038/nature01032
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 604JF
UT WOS:000178615200041
PM 12384699
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krusell, L
   Madsen, LH
   Sato, S
   Aubert, G
   Genua, A
   Szczyglowski, K
   Duc, G
   Kaneko, T
   Tabata, S
   de Bruijn, F
   Pajuelo, E
   Sandal, N
   Stougaard, J
AF Krusell, L
   Madsen, LH
   Sato, S
   Aubert, G
   Genua, A
   Szczyglowski, K
   Duc, G
   Kaneko, T
   Tabata, S
   de Bruijn, F
   Pajuelo, E
   Sandal, N
   Stougaard, J
TI Shoot control of root development and nodulation is mediated by a receptor-like kinase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lotus-japonicus; symbiotic mutants; wild-type; clavata1; arabidopsis; infection; meristem; genes
AB In legumes, root nodule organogenesis is activated in response to morphogenic lipochitin oligosaccharides that are synthesized by bacteria, commonly known as rhizobia(1). Successful symbiotic interaction results in the formation of highly specialized organs called root nodules, which provide a unique environment for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. In wild-type plants the number of nodules is regulated by a signalling mechanism integrating environmental and developmental cues to arrest most rhizobial infections within the susceptible zone of the root(2-7). Furthermore, a feedback mechanism controls the temporal and spatial susceptibility to infection of the root system. This mechanism is referred to as autoregulation of nodulation, as earlier nodulation events inhibit nodulation of younger root tissues(3,4,8). Lotus japonicus plants homozygous for a mutation in the hypernodulation aberrant root (har1) locus escape this regulation and form an excessive number of nodules(9-11). Here we report the molecular cloning and expression analysis of the HAR1 gene and the pea orthologue, Pisum sativum, SYM29. HAR1 encodes a putative serine/threonine receptor kinase, which is required for shoot-controlled regulation of root growth, nodule number, and for nitrate sensitivity of symbiotic development.
C1 Aarhus Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Gene Express Lab, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Kazusa DNA Res Inst, Chiba 2920812, Japan.
   INRA, URGAP, F-21065 Dijon, France.
   Agr & Agri Food Canada, SPFRC, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada.
   Lab Biol Mol Relat Plantes Microorganismes, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
C3 Aarhus University; Kazusa DNA Research Institute; INRAE; Agriculture & Agri Food Canada
RP Stougaard, J (corresponding author), Aarhus Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Gene Express Lab, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
NR 29
TC 454
Z9 521
U1 2
U2 113
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6914
BP 422
EP 426
DI 10.1038/nature01207
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 619TZ
UT WOS:000179494700041
PM 12442170
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Polster, B
AF Polster, B
TI Mathematics - What is the best way to lace your shoes?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Monash Univ, Sch Math Sci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia.
C3 Monash University
RP Polster, B (corresponding author), Monash Univ, Sch Math Sci, POB 28M, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia.
NR 4
TC 12
Z9 19
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 476
EP 476
DI 10.1038/420476a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600034
PM 12466832
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kurth, WS
   Gurnett, DA
   Hospodarsky, GB
   Farrell, WM
   Roux, A
   Dougherty, MK
   Joy, SP
   Kivelson, MG
   Walker, RJ
   Crary, FJ
   Alexander, CJ
AF Kurth, WS
   Gurnett, DA
   Hospodarsky, GB
   Farrell, WM
   Roux, A
   Dougherty, MK
   Joy, SP
   Kivelson, MG
   Walker, RJ
   Crary, FJ
   Alexander, CJ
TI The dusk flank of Jupiter's magnetosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasma-wave observations; solar-wind; magnetopause; magnetotail; voyager-1
AB Limited single-spacecraft observations of Jupiter's magnetopause have been used to infer that the boundary moves inward or outward in response to variations in the dynamic pressure of the solar wind(1-8). At Earth, multiple-spacecraft observations have been implemented to understand the physics of how this motion occurs, because they can provide a snapshot of a transient event in progress. Here we present a set of nearly simultaneous two-point measurements of the jovian magnetopause at a time when the jovian magnetopause was in a state of transition from a relatively larger to a relatively smaller size in response to an increase in solar-wind pressure. The response of Jupiter's magnetopause is very similar to that of the Earth, confirming that the understanding built on studies of the Earth's magnetosphere is valid. The data also reveal evidence for a well-developed boundary layer just inside the magnetopause.
C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Univ Versailles, CETP, F-78140 Velizy Villacoublay, France.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci & Technol, Blackett Lab, London SW7 2BZ, England.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Space Phys Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
C3 University of Iowa; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Universite Paris Saclay; Imperial College London; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
RP Kurth, WS (corresponding author), Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
NR 26
TC 41
Z9 44
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 991
EP 994
DI 10.1038/415991a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000034
PM 11875558
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, QM
   Li, HF
   Poh, M
   Xia, F
   Cheng, ZY
   Xu, HS
   Huang, C
AF Zhang, QM
   Li, HF
   Poh, M
   Xia, F
   Cheng, ZY
   Xu, HS
   Huang, C
TI An all-organic composite actuator material with a high dielectric constant
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thin-films; electrostriction; elastomers; polymer; field
AB Electroactive polymers (EAPs) can behave as actuators, changing their shape in response to electrical stimulation. EAPs that are controlled by external electric fields-referred to here as field-type EAPs-include ferroelectric polymers, electrostrictive polymers, dielectric elastomers and liquid crystal polymers(1-6). Field-type EAPs can exhibit fast response speeds, low hysteresis(1-8) and strain levels far above those of traditional piezoelectric materials(4-6,9,10), with elastic energy densities even higher than those of piezoceramics(4,5,9-11). However, these polymers also require a high field (>70 V mum(-1)) to generate such high elastic energy densities (>0.1 J cm(-3); refs 4, 5, 9, 10). Here we report a new class of all-organic field-type EAP composites, which can exhibit high elastic energy densities induced by an electric field of only 13 V mum(-1). The composites are fabricated from an organic filler material possessing very high dielectric constant dispersed in an electrostrictive polymer matrix. The composites can exhibit high net dielectric constants while retaining the flexibility of the matrix. These all-organic actuators could find applications as artificial muscles, 'smart skins' for drag reduction, and in microfluidic systems for drug delivery(1-3,12).
C1 Penn State Univ, Mat Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Zhang, QM (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Mat Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM qxz1@psu.edu
NR 30
TC 989
Z9 1110
U1 17
U2 1230
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6904
BP 284
EP 287
DI 10.1038/nature01021
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 594NH
UT WOS:000178056300041
PM 12239563
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Enard, W
   Przeworski, M
   Fisher, SE
   Lai, CSL
   Wiebe, V
   Kitano, T
   Monaco, AP
   Pääbo, S
AF Enard, W
   Przeworski, M
   Fisher, SE
   Lai, CSL
   Wiebe, V
   Kitano, T
   Monaco, AP
   Pääbo, S
TI Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna polymorphism; population-size; disorder; likelihood; selection; sequences; program; tests
AB Language is a uniquely human trait likely to have been a prerequisite for the development of human culture. The ability to develop articulate speech relies on capabilities, such as fine control of the larynx and mouth(1), that are absent in chimpanzees and other great apes. FOXP2 is the first gene relevant to the human ability to develop language(2). A point mutation in FOXP2 co-segregates with a disorder in a family in which half of the members have severe articulation difficulties accompanied by linguistic and grammatical impairment(3). This gene is disrupted by translocation in an unrelated individual who has a similar disorder. Thus, two functional copies of FOXP2 seem to be required for acquisition of normal spoken language. We sequenced the complementary DNAs that encode the FOXP2 protein in the chimpanzee, gorilla, orang-utan, rhesus macaque and mouse, and compared them with the human cDNA. We also investigated intraspecific variation of the human FOXP2 gene. Here we show that human FOXP2 contains changes in amino-acid coding and a pattern of nucleotide polymorphism, which strongly suggest that this gene has been the target of selection during recent human evolution.
C1 Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
   Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Oxford; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics
RP Pääbo, S (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, Inselstr 22, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
NR 30
TC 1017
Z9 1205
U1 3
U2 453
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6900
BP 869
EP 872
DI 10.1038/nature01025
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 585YR
UT WOS:000177555600036
PM 12192408
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zrenner, A
   Beham, E
   Stufler, S
   Findeis, F
   Bichler, M
   Abstreiter, G
AF Zrenner, A
   Beham, E
   Stufler, S
   Findeis, F
   Bichler, M
   Abstreiter, G
TI Coherent properties of a two-level system based on a quantum-dot photodiode
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID absorption
AB Present-day information technology is based mainly on incoherent processes in conventional semiconductor devices(1). To realize concepts for future quantum information technologies, which are based on coherent phenomena, a new type of 'hardware' is required(2). Semiconductor quantum dots are promising candidates for the basic device units for quantum information processing. One approach is to exploit optical excitations (excitons) in quantum dots. It has already been demonstrated that coherent manipulation between two excitonic energy levels-via so-called Rabi oscillations-can be achieved in single quantum dots by applying electromagnetic fields(3-7). Here we make use of this effect by placing an InGaAs quantum dot in a photodiode, which essentially connects it to an electric circuit. We demonstrate that coherent optical excitations in the quantum-dot two-level system can be converted into deterministic photocurrents. For optical excitation with so-called p-pulses, which completely invert the two-level system, the current is given by I = fe, where f is the repetition frequency of the experiment and e is the elementary charge. We find that this device can function as an optically triggered single-electron turnstile.
C1 Tech Univ Munich, Walter Schottky Inst, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
C3 Technical University of Munich
RP Zrenner, A (corresponding author), Tech Univ Munich, Walter Schottky Inst, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
EM zrenner@physik.upb.de
NR 14
TC 741
Z9 791
U1 0
U2 134
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 612
EP 614
DI 10.1038/nature00912
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600034
PM 12167853
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Conner, JK
AF Conner, JK
TI Genetic mechanisms of floral trait correlations in a natural population
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila-melanogaster; wild radish; selection; characters; evolution; architecture; covariances; linkage; fitness
AB Genetic correlations among traits are important in evolution, as they can constrain evolutionary change or reflect past selection for combinations of traits(1,2). Constraints and integration depend on whether the correlations are caused by pleiotropy or linkage disequilibrium(3), but these genetic mechanisms underlying correlations remain largely unknown in natural populations(4). Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping studies do not adequately address the mechanisms of within-population genetic correlations because they rely on crosses between distinct species, inbred lines or selected lines (see ref. 5), and they cannot distinguish moderate linkage disequilibrium from pleiotropy because they commonly rely on only one or two episodes of recombination(6). Here I report that after nine generations of enforced random mating (nine episodes of recombination), correlations between six floral traits in wild radish plants are unchanged, showing that pleiotropy generates the correlations. There is no evidence for linkage disequilibrium despite previous correlational selection acting on one functionally integrated pair of traits(7). This study provides direct evidence of the genetic mechanisms underlying correlations between quantitative traits in a natural population and suggests that there may be constraints on the independent evolution of pairs of highly correlated traits.
C1 Michigan State Univ, Kellogg Biol Stn, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 USA.
C3 Michigan State University; Michigan State University
RP Conner, JK (corresponding author), Michigan State Univ, Kellogg Biol Stn, 3700 E Gull Lake Dr, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 USA.
EM conner@kbs.msu.edu
NR 30
TC 152
Z9 176
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6914
BP 407
EP 410
DI 10.1038/nature01105
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 619TZ
UT WOS:000179494700037
PM 12459781
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smaglik, P
AF Smaglik, P
TI Bridging sectors Medicon Valley
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP A24
EP +
DI 10.1038/420a24a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 625LG
UT WOS:000179817500005
PM 12501123
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sun, X
   Mariani, FV
   Martin, GR
AF Sun, X
   Mariani, FV
   Martin, GR
TI Functions of FGF signalling from the apical ectodermal ridge in limb development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chick limb; pattern-formation; bud development; cell-migration; growth; outgrowth; aer; morphogenesis; induction; mutant
AB To determine the role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling from the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), we inactivated Fgf4 and Fgf8 in AER cells or their precursors at different stages of mouse limb development. We show that FGF4 and FGF8 regulate cell number in the nascent limb bud and are required for survival of cells located far from the AER. On the basis of the skeletal phenotypes observed, we conclude that these functions are essential to ensure that sufficient progenitor cells are available to form the normal complement of skeletal elements, and perhaps other limb tissues. In the complete absence of both FGF4 and FGF8 activities, limb development fails. We present a model to explain how the mutant phenotypes arise from FGF-mediated effects on limb bud size and cell survival.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Program Dev Biol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Martin, GR (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM gmartin@itsa.ucsf.edu
FU NICHD NIH HHS [F32 HD008696] Funding Source: Medline
NR 48
TC 442
Z9 533
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 501
EP 508
DI 10.1038/nature00902
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800032
PM 12152071
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reeves, EP
   Lu, H
   Lortat-Jacob, H
   Messina, CGM
   Bolsover, S
   Gabella, G
   Potma, EO
   Warley, A
   Roes, J
   Segal, AW
AF Reeves, EP
   Lu, H
   Lortat-Jacob, H
   Messina, CGM
   Bolsover, S
   Gabella, G
   Potma, EO
   Warley, A
   Roes, J
   Segal, AW
TI Killing activity of neutrophils is mediated through activation of proteases by K+ flux
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biological defense-mechanisms; chronic granulomatous-disease; nadph oxidase; polymorphonuclear leukocytes; respiratory burst; hydrogen-peroxide; host-defense; cathepsin-g; myeloperoxidase; superoxide
AB According to the hitherto accepted view, neutrophils kill ingested microorganisms by subjecting them to high concentrations of highly toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and bringing about myeloperoxidase-catalysed halogenation. We show here that this simple scheme, which for many years has served as a satisfactory working hypothesis, is inadequate. We find that mice made deficient in neutrophil-granule proteases but normal in respect of superoxide production and iodinating capacity, are unable to resist staphylococcal and candidal infections. We also show that activation provokes the influx of an enormous concentration of ROS into the endocytic vacuole. The resulting accumulation of anionic charge is compensated for by a surge of K+ ions that cross the membrane in a pH-dependent manner. The consequent rise in ionic strength engenders the release of cationic granule proteins, including elastase and cathepsin G, from the anionic sulphated proteoglycan matrix. We show that it is the proteases, thus activated, that are primarily responsible for the destruction of the bacteria.
C1 UCL, Ctr Mol Med, Dept Physiol, London WC1E 6JJ, England.
   UCL, Ctr Mol Med, Dept Anat, London WC1E 6JJ, England.
   UCL, Windeyer Inst Med Sci, London WC1E 6JJ, England.
   Inst Biol Struct, F-38027 Grenoble, France.
   Univ Groningen, Ctr Mat Sci, Ultrafast Laser & Spect Lab, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
   St Thomas Hosp, Rayne Inst, London SE1 7EH, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Groningen; Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; University of London; King's College London
RP Segal, AW (corresponding author), UCL, Ctr Mol Med, Dept Physiol, 5 Univ St, London WC1E 6JJ, England.
EM rmhaase@ucl.ac.uk
NR 49
TC 912
Z9 1058
U1 1
U2 72
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6878
BP 291
EP 297
DI 10.1038/416291a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 532NP
UT WOS:000174482200034
PM 11907569
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kurtsiefer, C
   Zarda, P
   Halder, M
   Weinfurter, H
   Gorman, PM
   Tapster, PR
   Rarity, JG
AF Kurtsiefer, C
   Zarda, P
   Halder, M
   Weinfurter, H
   Gorman, PM
   Tapster, PR
   Rarity, JG
TI A step towards global key distribution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID exchange
C1 Univ Munich, D-80799 Munich, Germany.
   QinetiQ, Photon Dept, Malvern WR14 3PS, Worcs, England.
C3 University of Munich; Qinetiq Group Plc
RP Kurtsiefer, C (corresponding author), Univ Munich, D-80799 Munich, Germany.
NR 7
TC 285
Z9 328
U1 1
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6906
BP 450
EP 450
DI 10.1038/419450a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 599RF
UT WOS:000178348400027
PM 12368846
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rosenkranz, JA
   Grace, AA
AF Rosenkranz, JA
   Grace, AA
TI Dopamine-mediated modulation of odour-evoked amygdala potentials during pavlovian conditioning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; basolateral amygdala; lateral amygdala; fear; inhibition; anesthesia; responses; neurons
AB Pavlovian conditioning results when an innocuous stimulus, such as an odour, is paired with a behaviourally relevant stimulus, such as a foot-shock, so that eventually the former stimulus alone will elicit the behavioural response of the latter. The lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LAT) is necessary for the emotional memory formation in this paradigm(1-4). Enhanced neuronal firing in LAT to conditioned stimuli emerge in parallel with the behavioural changes(5-11) and are dependent on local dopamine(12-15). To study the changes in neuronal excitability and synaptic drive that contribute to the pavlovian conditioning process, here we used in vivo intracellular recordings to examine LAT neurons during pavlovian conditioning in rats. We found that repeated pairings of an odour with a foot-shock resulted in enhanced post-synaptic potential (PSP) responses to the odour and increased neuronal excitability. However, a non-paired odour displayed PSP decrement. The dopamine antagonist haloperidol blocked the PSP enhancement and associated increased neuronal excitability, without reversing previous conditioning. These results demonstrate that conditioning and habituation processes produce opposite effects on LAT neurons and that dopamine is important in these events, consistent with its role in emotional memory formation.
C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Neurosci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
   Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh
RP Rosenkranz, JA (corresponding author), Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Neurosci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
EM rosenk@bns.pitt.edu
NR 27
TC 285
Z9 343
U1 1
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 282
EP 287
DI 10.1038/417282a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100046
PM 12015602
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cyranoski, D
   Brumfiel, G
AF Cyranoski, D
   Brumfiel, G
TI Picking up the pieces
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6877
BP 118
EP 119
DI 10.1038/416118a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 530FR
UT WOS:000174348100012
PM 11894068
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McNamara, AK
   van Keken, PE
   Karato, SI
AF McNamara, AK
   van Keken, PE
   Karato, SI
TI Development of anisotropic structure in the Earth's lower mantle by solid-state convection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID seismic anisotropy; constraints; origin
AB Seismological observations reveal highly anisotropic patches at the bottom of the Earth's lower mantle, whereas the bulk of the mantle has been observed to be largely isotropic(1-4). These patches have been interpreted to correspond to areas where subduction has taken place in the past or to areas where mantle plumes are upwelling, but the underlying cause for the anisotropy is unknown-both shape-preferred orientation of elastically heterogenous materials(5) and lattice-preferred orientation of a homogeneous material(6-8) have been proposed. Both of these mechanisms imply that large-strain deformation occurs within the anisotropic regions, but the geodynamic implications of the mechanisms differ. Shape-preferred orientation would imply the presence of large elastic (and hence chemical) heterogeneity whereas lattice-preferred orientation requires deformation at high stresses. Here we show, on the basis of numerical modelling incorporating mineral physics of elasticity and development of lattice-preferred orientation, that slab deformation in the deep lower mantle can account for the presence of strong anisotropy in the circum-Pacific region. In this model-where development of the mineral fabric (the alignment of mineral grains) is caused solely by solid-state deformation of chemically homogeneous mantle material-anisotropy is caused by large-strain deformation at high stresses, due to the collision of subducted slabs with the core-mantle boundary.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Yale University
RP McNamara, AK (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 1006 CC Little Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM mcnamar@umich.edu
NR 24
TC 136
Z9 149
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6878
BP 310
EP 314
DI 10.1038/416310a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 532NP
UT WOS:000174482200039
PM 11907574
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hughes, AL
AF Hughes, AL
TI Genetic markers: Strength in numbers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ S Carolina, Inst Biotechnol, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
C3 University of South Carolina System; University of South Carolina Columbia
RP Hughes, AL (corresponding author), Univ S Carolina, Inst Biotechnol, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
NR 0
TC 3
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6891
BP 795
EP 795
DI 10.1038/417795a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 563YM
UT WOS:000176285600025
PM 12075328
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Michele, DE
   Barresi, R
   Kanagawa, M
   Saito, F
   Cohn, RD
   Satz, JS
   Dollar, J
   Nishino, I
   Kelley, RI
   Somer, H
   Straub, V
   Mathews, KD
   Moore, SA
   Campbell, KP
AF Michele, DE
   Barresi, R
   Kanagawa, M
   Saito, F
   Cohn, RD
   Satz, JS
   Dollar, J
   Nishino, I
   Kelley, RI
   Somer, H
   Straub, V
   Mathews, KD
   Moore, SA
   Campbell, KP
TI Post-translational disruption of dystroglycan-ligand interactions in congenital muscular dystrophies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-dystroglycan; glycoprotein complex; delta-sarcoglycan; laminin; membrane; localization; mutations; receptor; brain; gene
AB Muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB) and Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD) are congenital muscular dystrophies with associated, similar brain malformations(1,2). The FCMD gene, fukutin, shares some homology with fringe-like glycosyltransferases, and the MEB gene, POMGnT1, seems to be a new glycosyltransferase(3,4). Here we show, in both MEB and FCMD patients, that alpha-dystroglycan is expressed at the muscle membrane, but similar hypoglycosylation in the diseases directly abolishes binding activity of dystroglycan for the ligands laminin, neurexin and agrin. We show that this post-translational biochemical and functional disruption of alpha-dystroglycan is recapitulated in the muscle and central nervous system of mutant myodystrophy (myd) mice. We demonstrate that myd mice have abnormal neuronal migration in cerebral cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus, and show disruption of the basal lamina. In addition, myd mice reveal that dystroglycan targets proteins to functional sites in brain through its interactions with extracellular matrix proteins. These results suggest that at least three distinct mammalian genes function within a convergent post-translational processing pathway during the biosynthesis of dystroglycan, and that abnormal dystroglycan-ligand interactions underlie the pathogenic mechanism of muscular dystrophy with brain abnormalities.
C1 Univ Iowa, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Dept Neurol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Dept Pediat, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Dept Pathol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Albany Med Coll, Dept Pathol, Albany, NY 12208 USA.
   Natl Inst Neurosci, Dept Neuromuscular Res, Tokyo 1878502, Japan.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Kennedy Krieger Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Univ Helsinki Hosp, Dept Neurol, Helsinki 00029, Finland.
C3 University of Iowa; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Iowa; University of Iowa; University of Iowa; Albany Medical College; National Center for Neurology & Psychiatry - Japan; Johns Hopkins University; Kennedy Krieger Institute; University of Helsinki; Helsinki University Central Hospital
RP Campbell, KP (corresponding author), Univ Iowa, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
NR 30
TC 650
Z9 708
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6896
BP 417
EP 422
DI 10.1038/nature00837
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 576MU
UT WOS:000177009700038
PM 12140558
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gershon, D
AF Gershon, D
TI Microarray technology - An array of opportunities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 115
Z9 153
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6883
BP 885
EP +
DI 10.1038/416885a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 544MH
UT WOS:000175163800059
PM 11976691
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hopfner, KP
   Craig, L
   Moncalian, G
   Zinkel, RA
   Usui, T
   Owen, BAL
   Karcher, A
   Henderson, B
   Bodmer, JL
   McMurray, CT
   Carney, JP
   Petrini, JHJ
   Tainer, JA
AF Hopfner, KP
   Craig, L
   Moncalian, G
   Zinkel, RA
   Usui, T
   Owen, BAL
   Karcher, A
   Henderson, B
   Bodmer, JL
   McMurray, CT
   Carney, JP
   Petrini, JHJ
   Tainer, JA
TI The Rad50 zinc-hook is a structure joining Mre11 complexes in DNA recombination and repair
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strand break repair; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; escherichia-coli; protein complex; nuclease; maintenance; yeast; requirement; cells
AB The Mre11 complex (Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1) is central to chromosomal maintenance and functions in homologous recombination, telomere maintenance and sister chromatid association(1-7). These functions all imply that the linked binding of two DNA substrates occurs, although the molecular basis for this process remains unknown. Here we present a 2.2 Angstrom crystal structure of the Rad50 coiled-coil region that reveals an unexpected dimer interface at the apex of the coiled coils in which pairs of conserved Cys-X-X-Cys motifs form interlocking hooks that bind one Zn2+ ion. Biochemical, X-ray and electron microscopy data indicate that these hooks can join oppositely protruding Rad50 coiled-coil domains to forma flexible bridge of up to 1,200 Angstrom. This suggests a function for the long insertion in the Rad50 ABC-ATPase domain(8). The Rad50 hook is functional, because mutations in this motif confer radiation sensitivity in yeast and disrupt binding at the distant Mre11 nuclease interface. These data support an architectural role for the Rad50 coiled coils in forming metal-mediated bridging complexes between two DNA-binding heads. The resulting assemblies have appropriate lengths and conformational properties to link sister chromatids in homologous recombination and DNA ends in non-homologous end-joining.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Munich, Gene Ctr, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Munich, Inst Biochem, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Wisconsin, Genet Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Mol Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Radiat Oncol Res Lab, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; University of Munich; University of Munich; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Tainer, JA (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 30
TC 441
Z9 567
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 562
EP 566
DI 10.1038/nature00922
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800047
PM 12152085
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clarke, JT
   Ajello, J
   Ballester, G
   Ben Jaffel, L
   Connerney, J
   Gérard, JC
   Gladstone, GR
   Grodent, D
   Pryor, W
   Trauger, J
   Waite, JH
AF Clarke, JT
   Ajello, J
   Ballester, G
   Ben Jaffel, L
   Connerney, J
   Gérard, JC
   Gladstone, GR
   Grodent, D
   Pryor, W
   Trauger, J
   Waite, JH
TI Ultraviolet emissions from the magnetic footprints of Io, Ganymede and Europa on Jupiter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID galileo spacecraft; flux tube; aurora; system; field
AB Io leaves a magnetic footprint on Jupiter's upper atmosphere that appears as a spot of ultraviolet emission that remains fixed underneath Io as Jupiter rotates(1-3). The specific physical mechanisms responsible for generating those emissions are not well understood, but in general the spot seems to arise because of an electromagnetic interaction between Jupiter's magnetic field and the plasma surrounding Io, driving currents of around 1 million amperes down through Jupiter's ionosphere(4-6). The other galilean satellites may also leave footprints, and the presence or absence of such footprints should illuminate the underlying physical mechanism by revealing the strengths of the currents linking the satellites to Jupiter. Here we report persistent, faint, far-ultraviolet emission from the jovian footprints of Ganymede and Europa. We also show that Io's magnetic footprint extends well beyond the immediate vicinity of Io's flux-tube interaction with Jupiter, and much farther than predicted theoretically(4-6); the emission persists for several hours downstream. We infer from these data that Ganymede and Europa have persistent interactions with Jupiter's magnetic field despite their thin atmospheres.
C1 Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   CNRS, Inst Astrophys Paris, F-75014 Paris, France.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Univ Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
   SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
C3 Boston University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; University of Liege; Southwest Research Institute; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Clarke, JT (corresponding author), Boston Univ, 725 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
NR 25
TC 199
Z9 216
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 997
EP 1000
DI 10.1038/415997a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000036
PM 11875560
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pavlidis, I
   Eberhardt, NL
   Levine, JA
AF Pavlidis, I
   Eberhardt, NL
   Levine, JA
TI Human behaviour: Seeing through the face of deception
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Honeywell Labs, Minneapolis, MN 55418 USA.
   Mayo Clin, Endocrine Res Unit, Dept Med, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
C3 Honeywell; Mayo Clinic
RP Pavlidis, I (corresponding author), Honeywell Labs, 3660 Technol Dr, Minneapolis, MN 55418 USA.
EM levine.james@mayo.edu
NR 7
TC 152
Z9 181
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 3
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6867
BP 35
EP 35
DI 10.1038/415035a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 507KZ
UT WOS:000173028800027
PM 11780104
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhu, M
   Ahlberg, PE
   Zhao, WJ
   Jia, LT
AF Zhu, M
   Ahlberg, PE
   Zhao, WJ
   Jia, LT
TI Palaeontology - First Devonian tetrapod from Asia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID jaws
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   Nat Hist Museum, Dept Palaeontol, London SW7 5BD, England.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS; Natural History Museum London
RP Zhu, M (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, POB 643, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
NR 10
TC 45
Z9 60
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 26
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6917
BP 760
EP 761
DI 10.1038/420760a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 626WR
UT WOS:000179897300044
PM 12490937
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Salanoubat, M
   Genin, S
   Artiguenave, F
   Gouzy, J
   Mangenot, S
   Arlat, M
   Billault, A
   Brottier, P
   Camus, JC
   Cattolico, L
   Chandler, M
   Choisne, N
   Claudel-Renard, C
   Cunnac, S
   Demange, N
   Gaspin, C
   Lavie, M
   Moisan, A
   Robert, C
   Saurin, W
   Schiex, T
   Siguier, P
   Thébault, P
   Whalen, M
   Wincker, P
   Levy, M
   Weissenbach, J
   Boucher, CA
AF Salanoubat, M
   Genin, S
   Artiguenave, F
   Gouzy, J
   Mangenot, S
   Arlat, M
   Billault, A
   Brottier, P
   Camus, JC
   Cattolico, L
   Chandler, M
   Choisne, N
   Claudel-Renard, C
   Cunnac, S
   Demange, N
   Gaspin, C
   Lavie, M
   Moisan, A
   Robert, C
   Saurin, W
   Schiex, T
   Siguier, P
   Thébault, P
   Whalen, M
   Wincker, P
   Levy, M
   Weissenbach, J
   Boucher, CA
TI Genome sequence of the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID symbiont sinorhizobium-meliloti; pseudomonas-solanacearum; secretion apparatus; escherichia-coli; proteins; virulence; genes; bacteria; hrp; identification
AB Ralstonia solanacearum is a devastating, soil-borne plant pathogen with a global distribution and an unusually wide host range. It is a model system for the dissection of molecular determinants governing pathogenicity. We present here the complete genome sequence and its analysis of strain GMI1000. The 5.8-megabase (Mb) genome is organized into two replicons: a 3.7-Mb chromosome and a 2.1-Mb megaplasmid. Both replicons have a mosaic structure providing evidence for the acquisition of genes through horizontal gene transfer. Regions containing genetically mobile elements associated with the percentage of G+C bias may have an important function in genome evolution. The genome encodes many proteins potentially associated with a role in pathogenicity. In particular, many putative attachment factors were identified. The complete repertoire of type III secreted effector proteins can be studied. Over 40 candidates were identified. Comparison with other genomes suggests that bacterial plant pathogens and animal pathogens harbour distinct arrays of specialized type III-dependent effectors.
C1 INRA, CNRS, Lab Biol Mol Interact Plantes Microorganismes, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
   Genoscope, F-91057 Evry, France.
   CNRS, UMR 8030, F-91057 Evry, France.
   Fdn Jean Dausset, CEPH, F-75010 Paris, France.
   CNRS, LMGM, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
   INRA, URGV, F-91057 Evry, France.
   INRA, Lab Genet Cellulaire, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
   INRA, Unite Biometrie & Intelligence Artificielle, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
C3 INRAE; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Federale Toulouse Midi-Pyrenees (ComUE); Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; INRAE; INRAE; INRAE
RP Boucher, CA (corresponding author), INRA, CNRS, Lab Biol Mol Interact Plantes Microorganismes, BP27, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
EM boucher@toulouse.inra.fr
NR 47
TC 784
Z9 1544
U1 7
U2 139
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 31
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6871
BP 497
EP 502
DI 10.1038/415497a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 516PQ
UT WOS:000173564300038
PM 11823852
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chin, AI
   Dempsey, PW
   Bruhn, K
   Miller, JF
   Xu, Y
   Cheng, GH
AF Chin, AI
   Dempsey, PW
   Bruhn, K
   Miller, JF
   Xu, Y
   Cheng, GH
TI Involvement of receptor-interacting protein 2 in innate and adaptive immune responses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mice; cytokine; kinase; death; cells
AB Host defences to microorganisms rely on a coordinated interplay between the innate and adaptive responses of immunity(1). Infection with intracellular bacteria triggers an immediate innate response requiring macrophages, neutrophils and natural killer cells, whereas subsequent activation of an adaptive response through development of T-helper subtype 1 cells (T(H)1) proceeds during persistent infection(1). To understand the physiological role of receptor-interacting protein 2 (Rip2), also known as RICK and CARDIAK, we generated mice with a targeted disruption of the gene coding for Rip2. Here we show that Rip2-deficient mice exhibit a profoundly decreased ability to defend against infection by the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Rip2-deficient macrophages infected with L. monocytogenes or treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have decreased activation of NF-kappaB, whereas dominant negative Rip2 inhibited NF-kappaB activation mediated by Toll-like receptor 4 and Nod1. In vivo, Rip2-deficient mice were resistant to the lethal effects of LPS-induced endotoxic shock. Furthermore, Rip2 deficiency results in impaired interferon-gamma production in both T(H)1 and natural killer cells, attributed in part to defective interleukin-12-induced Stat4 activation. Our data reflect requirements for Rip2 in multiple pathways regulating immune and inflammatory responses.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Microbiol Mol Genet & Immunol, Jonsson Comprehens Canc Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Div Biol, Mol Biol Sect, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Cheng, GH (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 22
TC 336
Z9 381
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6877
BP 190
EP 194
DI 10.1038/416190a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 530FR
UT WOS:000174348100041
PM 11894097
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rajagopalan, H
   Bardelli, A
   Lengauer, C
   Kinzler, KW
   Vogelstein, B
   Velculescu, VE
AF Rajagopalan, H
   Bardelli, A
   Lengauer, C
   Kinzler, KW
   Vogelstein, B
   Velculescu, VE
TI Tumorigenesis - RAF/RAS oncogenes and mismatch-repair status
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mutations; gene
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Sidney Kimmel Comprehens Canc Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Program Cellular & Mol Med, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University
RP Rajagopalan, H (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Sidney Kimmel Comprehens Canc Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
EM velculescu@jhmi.edu
NR 9
TC 1063
Z9 1234
U1 1
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6901
BP 934
EP 934
DI 10.1038/418934a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 588AP
UT WOS:000177677500034
PM 12198537
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, GCS
   Stenhouse, EJ
   Crossley, JA
   Aitken, DA
   Cameron, AD
   Connor, JM
AF Smith, GCS
   Stenhouse, EJ
   Crossley, JA
   Aitken, DA
   Cameron, AD
   Connor, JM
TI Development - Early-pregnancy origins of low birth weight
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasma protein-a; first-trimester; beta-hcg; papp-a; growth; igf
C1 Univ Cambridge, Rosie Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, England.
   Queen Mothers Hosp, Dept Fetal Med, Glasgow G3 8SJ, Lanark, Scotland.
   Yorkhill NHS Trust, Inst Med Genet, Glasgow G3 8SJ, Lanark, Scotland.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Glasgow
RP Smith, GCS (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Rosie Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, England.
EM gcss2@cam.ac.uk
NR 10
TC 100
Z9 108
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6892
BP 916
EP 916
DI 10.1038/417916a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 566RC
UT WOS:000176441200029
PM 12087395
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Milinski, M
   Semmann, D
   Krambeck, HJ
AF Milinski, M
   Semmann, D
   Krambeck, HJ
TI Reputation helps solve the 'tragedy of the commons'
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID indirect reciprocity; cooperation; evolution; punishment
AB The problem of sustaining a public resource that everybody is free to overuse-the 'tragedy of the commons'(1-7)-emerges in many social dilemmas, such as our inability to sustain the global climate. Public goods experiments(4), which are used to study this type of problem, usually confirm that the collective benefit will not be produced. Because individuals and countries often participate in several social games simultaneously, the interaction of these games may provide a sophisticated way by which to maintain the public resource. Indirect reciprocity(8), 'give and you shall receive', is built on reputation and can sustain a high level of cooperation, as shown by game theorists(9-11). Here we show, through alternating rounds of public goods and indirect reciprocity games, that the need to maintain reputation for indirect reciprocity maintains contributions to the public good at an unexpectedly high level. But if rounds of indirect reciprocation are not expected, then contributions to the public good drop quickly to zero. Alternating the games leads to higher profits for all players. As reputation may be a currency that is valid in many social games, our approach could be used to test social dilemmas for their solubility.
C1 Max Planck Inst Limnol, Dept Evolutionary Biol, D-24306 Plon, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Milinski, M (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Limnol, Dept Evolutionary Biol, Postfach 165, D-24306 Plon, Germany.
NR 22
TC 1027
Z9 1164
U1 9
U2 402
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 24
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6870
BP 424
EP 426
DI 10.1038/415424a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 514HR
UT WOS:000173433600048
PM 11807552
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thitamadee, S
   Tuchihara, K
   Hashimoto, T
AF Thitamadee, S
   Tuchihara, K
   Hashimoto, T
TI Microtubule basis for left-handed helical growth in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cortical microtubules; tubulin; mutant
AB Left-right asymmetry in plants can be found in helices of stalks, stems and tendrils, and in fan-like petal arrangements. The handedness in these asymmetric structures is often fixed in given species, indicating that genetic factors control asymmetric development(1). Here we show that dominant negative mutations at the tubulin intradimer interface of alpha-tubulins 4 and 6 cause left-handed helical growth and clockwise twisting in elongating organs of Arabidopsis thaliana. We demonstrate that the mutant tubulins incorporate into microtubule polymers, producing right-handed obliquely oriented cortical arrays, in the root epidermal cells. The cortical microtubules in the mutants had increased sensitivity to microtubule-specific drugs. These results suggest that reduced microtubule stability can produce left-handed helical growth in plants.
C1 Nara Inst Sci & Technol, Grad Sch Biol Sci, Ikoma 6300101, Japan.
C3 Nara Institute of Science & Technology
RP Hashimoto, T (corresponding author), Nara Inst Sci & Technol, Grad Sch Biol Sci, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma 6300101, Japan.
EM hasimoto@bs.aist-nara.ac.jp
NR 17
TC 255
Z9 290
U1 2
U2 56
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6885
BP 193
EP 196
DI 10.1038/417193a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 549RH
UT WOS:000175460200047
PM 12000963
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abers, GA
   Ferris, A
   Craig, M
   Davies, H
   Lerner-Lam, AL
   Mutter, JC
   Taylor, B
AF Abers, GA
   Ferris, A
   Craig, M
   Davies, H
   Lerner-Lam, AL
   Mutter, JC
   Taylor, B
TI Mantle compensation of active metamorphic core complexes at Woodlark rift in Papua New Guinea
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lower-crust; dentrecasteaux islands; seismic evidence; beneath; origin; region; tomography; evolution; extension; flow
AB In many highly extended rifts on the Earth, tectonic removal of the upper crust exhumes mid-crustal rocks, producing metamorphic core complexes. These structures allow the upper continental crust to accommodate tens of kilometres of extension(1), but it is not clear how the lower crust and underlying mantle respond. Also, despite removal of the upper crust, such core complexes remain both topographically high and in isostatic equilibrium. Because many core complexes in the western United States are underlain by a flat Moho discontinuity(2,3), it has been widely assumed that their elevation is supported by flow in the lower crust(4-6) or by magmatic underplating(7). These processes should decouple upper-crust extension from that in the mantle. In contrast, here we present seismic observations of metamorphic core complexes of the western Woodlark rift that show the overall crust to be thinned beneath regions of greatest surface extension. These core complexes are actively being exhumed(8) at a rate of 5-10 km Myr(-1), and the thinning of the underlying crust appears to be compensated by mantle rocks of anomalously low density, as indicated by low seismic velocities. We conclude that, at least in this case, the development of metamorphic core complexes and the accommodation of high extension is not purely a crustal phenomenon, but must involve mantle extension.
C1 Boston Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ Papua New Guinea, Dept Geol, Port Moresby, Papua N Guinea.
   Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Univ Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 Boston University; University of Papua New Guinea; Columbia University; University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa
RP Abers, GA (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM abers@bu.edu
NR 30
TC 75
Z9 90
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6900
BP 862
EP 865
DI 10.1038/nature00990
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 585YR
UT WOS:000177555600034
PM 12192406
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mu, JB
   Duan, JH
   Makova, KD
   Joy, DA
   Huynh, CQ
   Branch, OH
   Li, WH
   Su, XZ
AF Mu, JB
   Duan, JH
   Makova, KD
   Joy, DA
   Huynh, CQ
   Branch, OH
   Li, WH
   Su, XZ
TI Chromosome-wide SNPs reveal an ancient origin for Plasmodium falciparum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sequence; protein; polymorphisms; populations; complexity; regions; bottleneck; selection; evolution; malarias
AB The Malaria's Eve hypothesis, proposing a severe recent population bottleneck (about 3,000-5,000 years ago) of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, has prompted a debate about the origin and evolution of the parasite(1-6). The hypothesis implies that the parasite population is relatively homogeneous, favouring malaria control measures. Other studies, however, suggested an ancient origin and large effective population size(5,7-10). To test the hypothesis, we analysed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 204 genes on chromosome 3 of P. falciparum. We have identified 403 polymorphic sites, including 238 SNPs and 165 microsatellites, from five parasite clones, establishing chromosome-wide haplotypes and a dense map with one polymorphic marker per similar to2.3 kilobases. On the basis of synonymous SNPs and non-coding SNPs, we estimate the time to the most recent common ancestor to be similar to100,000-180,000 years, significantly older than the proposed bottleneck. Our estimated divergence time coincides approximately with the start of human population expansion(11), and is consistent with a genetically complex organism able to evade host immunity and other antimalarial efforts.
C1 NIAID, Lab Malaria & Vector Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   NIH, Informat Engn Branch, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Natl Lib Med, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
   NIH, Computat Biol Branch, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Natl Lib Med, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); University of Chicago; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM)
RP Su, XZ (corresponding author), NIAID, Lab Malaria & Vector Res, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 29
TC 116
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6895
BP 323
EP 326
DI 10.1038/nature00836
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 574BF
UT WOS:000176868000042
PM 12124624
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pasparakis, M
   Courtois, G
   Hafner, M
   Schmidt-Supprian, M
   Nenci, A
   Toksoy, A
   Krampert, M
   Goebeler, M
   Gillitzer, R
   Israel, A
   Krieg, T
   Rajewsky, K
   Haase, I
AF Pasparakis, M
   Courtois, G
   Hafner, M
   Schmidt-Supprian, M
   Nenci, A
   Toksoy, A
   Krampert, M
   Goebeler, M
   Gillitzer, R
   Israel, A
   Krieg, T
   Rajewsky, K
   Haase, I
TI TNF-mediated inflammatory skin disease in mice with epidermis-specific deletion of IKK2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf-kappa-b; severe liver degeneration; gamma-deficient mice; incontinentia pigmenti; activation; alpha; lacking; kinase; expression; receptor
AB The IkappaB kinase (IKK), consisting of the IKK1 and IKK2 catalytic subunits and the NEMO (also known as IKKgamma) regulatory subunit, phosphorylates IkappaB proteins, targeting them for degradation and thus inducing activation of NF-kappaB (reviewed in refs 1, 2). IKK2 and NEMO are necessary for NF-kappaB activation through pro-inflammatory signals(3-8). IKK1 seems to be dispensable for this function but controls epidermal differentiation independently of NF-kappaB(9-12). Previous studies suggested that NF-kappaB has a function in the growth regulation of epidermal keratinocytes(12-14). Mice lacking RelB or IkappaBalpha, as well as both mice and humans with heterozygous NEMO mutations, develop skin lesions(7,8,15-18). However, the function of NF-kappaB in the epidermis remains unclear(19). Here we used Cre/loxP-mediated gene targeting to investigate the function of IKK2 specifically in epidermal keratinocytes. IKK2 deficiency inhibits NF-kappaB activation, but does not lead to cell-autonomous hyperproliferation or impaired differentiation of keratinocytes. Mice with epidermis-specific deletion of IKK2 develop a severe inflammatory skin disease, which is caused by a tumour necrosis factor-mediated, alphabeta T-cell-independent inflammatory response that develops in the skin shortly after birth. Our results suggest that the critical function of IKK2-mediated NF-kappaB activity in epidermal keratinocytes is to regulate mechanisms that maintain the immune homeostasis of the skin.
C1 Univ Cologne, Inst Genet, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
   EMBL Mouse Biol Programme, I-00016 Monterotondo, Italy.
   Inst Pasteur, CNRS, URA 1773, Unite Biol Mol Express Gen, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Univ Cologne, Dept Dermatol, D-50924 Cologne, Germany.
   Univ Cologne, Ctr Mol Med, D-50924 Cologne, Germany.
   Univ Wurzburg, Dept Dermatol, D-97080 Wurzburg, Germany.
   ETH Honggerberg, Inst Cell Biol, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 University of Cologne; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Cologne; University of Cologne; University of Wurzburg; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Pasparakis, M (corresponding author), Univ Cologne, Inst Genet, Weyertal 121, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
EM pasparakis@embl-monterotondo.it
NR 30
TC 412
Z9 460
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6891
BP 861
EP 866
DI 10.1038/nature00820
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 563YM
UT WOS:000176285600050
PM 12075355
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smet, JH
   Deutschmann, RA
   Ertl, F
   Wegscheider, W
   Abstreiter, G
   von Klitzing, K
AF Smet, JH
   Deutschmann, RA
   Ertl, F
   Wegscheider, W
   Abstreiter, G
   von Klitzing, K
TI Gate-voltage control of spin interactions between electrons and nuclei in a semiconductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optically pumped nmr; gaas quantum-wells; level filling nu=1; phase-transitions; computation; excitations; skyrmions; resonance
AB Semiconductors are ubiquitous in device electronics, because their charge distributions can be conveniently manipulated with voltages to perform logic operations. Achieving a similar level of control over the spin degrees of freedom, either from electrons or nuclei, could provide intriguing prospects for both information processing and the study of fundamental solid-state physics issues. Here we report procedures that carry out the controlled transfer of spin angular momentum between electrons-confined to two dimensions and subjected to a perpendicular magnetic field-and the nuclei of the host semiconductor, using gate voltages only. We show that the spin transfer rate can be enhanced near a ferromagnetic ground state of the electron system, and that the induced nuclear spin polarization can be subsequently stored and 'read out'. These techniques can also be combined into a spectroscopic tool to detect the low-energy collective excitations in the electron system that promote the spin transfer. The existence of such excitations is contingent on appropriate electron-electron correlations, and these can be tuned by changing, for example, the electron density via a gate voltage.
C1 Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   Tech Univ Munich, Walter Schottky Inst, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Regensburg, Inst Expt & Angew Phys, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Technical University of Munich; University of Regensburg
RP Smet, JH (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
NR 35
TC 192
Z9 200
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 17
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6869
BP 281
EP 286
DI 10.1038/415281a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 511YC
UT WOS:000173293500033
PM 11796998
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Williams, KA
   Veenhuizen, PTM
   de la Torre, BG
   Eritja, R
   Dekker, C
AF Williams, KA
   Veenhuizen, PTM
   de la Torre, BG
   Eritja, R
   Dekker, C
TI Nanotechnology - Carbon nanotubes with DNA recognition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID room-temperature; transistors
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Dept Nanosci, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
   CSIC, Inst Biol Mol Barcelona, Barcelona 08034, Spain.
C3 Delft University of Technology; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB)
RP Williams, KA (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Dept Nanosci, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
NR 12
TC 464
Z9 523
U1 0
U2 125
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 26
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6917
BP 761
EP 761
DI 10.1038/420761a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 626WR
UT WOS:000179897300045
PM 12490938
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kelly, CK
   Bowler, MG
AF Kelly, CK
   Bowler, MG
TI Coexistence and relative abundance in forest trees
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID limiting similarity; long-term; competition; trends
AB Contemporary acceleration of biodiversity loss makes increasingly urgent the need to understand the controls of species coexistence(1,2). Tree diversity in particular plays a pivotal role in determining terrestrial biodiversity, through maintaining diversity of its dependent species(3,4) and with them, their predators and parasites. Most theories of coexistence based on the principle of limiting similarity suggest that coexistence of competing species is inherently unstable; coexistence of competitors must be maintained by external forces such as disturbance(5,6), immigration(7) or 'patchiness' of resources in space and time(8,9). In contrast, storage theory postulates stable coexistence of competing species through temporal alternation of conditions favouring recruitment of one species over the other(10,11). Here we use storage theory to develop explicit predictions for relative differences between competitors that allow us to discriminate between coexistence models. Data on tree species from a primary forest on the Mexican Pacific coast support a general dynamic of storage processes determining coexistence of similar tree species in this community, and allow us to reject all other theories of coexistence.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3RH, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford
RP Kelly, CK (corresponding author), Univ Southampton, Sch Biol Sci, Div Biodivers & Ecol, Bassett Crescent E, Southampton SO16 7PX, Hants, England.
EM c.k.kelly@soton.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 102
Z9 120
U1 0
U2 70
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6887
BP 437
EP 440
DI 10.1038/417437a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 554HZ
UT WOS:000175730900037
PM 12024212
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peters, SE
   Foote, M
AF Peters, SE
   Foote, M
TI Determinants of extinction in the fossil record
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mass extinctions; diversity; evolution
AB The causes of mass extinctions and the nature of biological selectivity at extinction events are central questions in palaeobiology. It has long been recognized, however, that the amount of sedimentary rock available for sampling may bias perceptions of biodiversity(1-7) and estimates of taxonomic rates of evolution(5-8). This problem has been particularly noted with respect to the principal mass extinctions(5-12). Here we use a new compilation of the amount of exposed marine sedimentary rock to predict how the observed fossil record of extinction would appear if the time series of true extinction rates were in fact smooth. Many features of the highly variable record of apparent extinction rates within marine animals can be predicted on the basis of temporal variation in the amount of exposed rock. Although this result is consistent with the possibility that a common geological cause determines both true extinction rates and the amount of exposed rock, it also supports the hypothesis that much of the observed short-term volatility in extinction rates is an artefact of variability in the stratigraphic record.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Peters, SE (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, 5734 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM sepeters@midway.uchicago.edu
NR 30
TC 161
Z9 184
U1 0
U2 73
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6879
BP 420
EP 424
DI 10.1038/416420a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 534UX
UT WOS:000174607800044
PM 11919629
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schoch, S
   Castillo, PE
   Jo, T
   Mukherjee, K
   Geppert, M
   Wang, Y
   Schmitz, F
   Malenka, RC
   Südhof, TC
AF Schoch, S
   Castillo, PE
   Jo, T
   Mukherjee, K
   Geppert, M
   Wang, Y
   Schmitz, F
   Malenka, RC
   Südhof, TC
TI RIM1α forms a protein scaffold for regulating neurotransmitter release at the active zone
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synaptic-vesicle fusion; c-elegans; rab3; unc-13; family; probability; exocytosis; effector
AB Neurotransmitters are released by synaptic vesicle fusion at the active zone(1,2). The active zone of a synapse mediates Ca2+-triggered neurotransmitter release, and integrates presynaptic signals in regulating this release. Much is known about the structure of active zones and synaptic vesicles, but the functional relation between their components is poorly understood(3). Here we show that RIM1alpha, an active zone protein that was identified as a putative effector for the synaptic vesicle protein Rab3A(4,5), interacts with several active zone molecules, including Munc13-1 (ref. 6) and alpha-liprins(7,8), to form a protein scaffold in the presynaptic nerve terminal. Abolishing the expression of RIM1alpha in mice shows that RIM1alpha is essential for maintaining normal probability of neurotransmitter release, and for regulating release during short-term synaptic plasticity. These data indicate that RIM1alpha has a central function in integrating active zone proteins and synaptic vesicles into a molecular scaffold that controls neurotransmitter release.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Ctr Basci Neurosci, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol Genet, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Nancy Friend Pritzker Lab, Stanford, CA 94304 USA.
   Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Neurosci, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Expt Med, Dept Mol Neurobiol, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Max Planck Society
RP Südhof, TC (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Ctr Basci Neurosci, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
NR 28
TC 480
Z9 593
U1 0
U2 45
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 17
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6869
BP 321
EP 326
DI 10.1038/415321a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 511YC
UT WOS:000173293500044
PM 11797009
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liberman, MC
   Gao, JG
   He, DZZ
   Wu, XD
   Jia, SP
   Zuo, J
AF Liberman, MC
   Gao, JG
   He, DZZ
   Wu, XD
   Jia, SP
   Zuo, J
TI Prestin is required for electromotility of the outer hair cell and for the cochlear amplifier
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID basilar-membrane; motor protein; responses; adaptation
AB Hearing sensitivity in mammals is enhanced by more than 40 dB (that is, 100-fold) by mechanical amplification thought to be generated by one class of cochlear sensory cells, the outer hair cells(1-4). In addition to the mechano-electrical transduction required for auditory sensation, mammalian outer hair cells also perform electromechanical transduction, whereby transmembrane voltage drives cellular length changes at audio frequencies in vitro(5-7). This electromotility is thought to arise through voltage-gated conformational changes in a membrane protein 8,9, and prestin has been proposed as this molecular motor(10-12). Here we show that targeted deletion of prestin in mice results in loss of outer hair cell electromotility in vitro and a 40-60 dB loss of cochlear sensitivity in vivo, without disruption of mechano-electrical transduction in outer hair cells. In heterozygotes, electromotility is halved and there is a twofold (about 6 dB) increase in cochlear thresholds. These results suggest that prestin is indeed the motor protein, that there is a simple and direct coupling between electromotility and cochlear amplification, and that there is no need to invoke additional active processes to explain cochlear sensitivity in the mammalian ear.
C1 St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Dev Neurobiol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Otol & Laryngol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirm, Eaton Peabody Lab, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Boys Town Natl Res Hosp, Omaha, NE 68131 USA.
   Univ Tennessee, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, Memphis, TN 38163 USA.
C3 St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary; Boys Town National Research Hospital; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science Center
RP Zuo, J (corresponding author), St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Dev Neurobiol, 332 N Lauderdale St, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
EM jian.zuo@stjude.org
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R01 DC004696] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 706
Z9 847
U1 2
U2 69
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6904
BP 300
EP 304
DI 10.1038/nature01059
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 594NH
UT WOS:000178056300046
PM 12239568
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gorbunova, YV
   Spitzer, NC
AF Gorbunova, YV
   Spitzer, NC
TI Dynamic interactions of cyclic AMP transients and spontaneous Ca2+ spikes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aplysia sensory neurons; gene-expression; calcium oscillations; protein-kinase; adenylyl cyclases; in-situ; camp; activation; receptor; cells
AB Transient increases of intracellular Ca2+ drive many cellular processes, ranging from membrane channel kinetics to transcriptional regulation(1-5), and links of Ca2+ to other second messengers should activate signalling networks(6-11). However, real-time kinetic interactions have been difficult to investigate. Here we report observations of spontaneous increases in concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in embryonic spinal neurons, and their dynamic interactions with Ca2+ oscillations. Blocking the production of these cAMP transients decreases the intrinsic frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ spikes, whereas inducing cAMP increases causes spike frequency to increase. Transients of cAMP in turn are absent when Ca2+ spikes are blocked, and are generated only in response to specific patterns of stimulated spikes that mimic endogenous Ca2+ kinetics. We present a mathematical model of Ca2+-cAMP reciprocity that generates the slow cAMP oscillations and reproduces the dynamics of Ca2+-cAMP interactions observed experimentally. The model predicts that this module of coupled second messengers is tuned to optimize production of cAMP transients, and that simultaneous stimulation of Ca2+ and cAMP systems produces distinct temporal patterns of oscillations of both messengers. Our findings may prove useful in the investigation of the regulation of gene expression by second-messenger transients.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Neurobiol Sect, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Mol Genet, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Spitzer, NC (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Neurobiol Sect, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 30
TC 148
Z9 170
U1 1
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6893
BP 93
EP 96
DI 10.1038/nature00835
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 569JL
UT WOS:000176599200045
PM 12097913
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knight, J
AF Knight, J
TI Microfluidics: Honey, I shrunk the lab
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 4
TC 84
Z9 100
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 474
EP 475
DI 10.1038/418474a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800011
PM 12152048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI The mouse genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 510
EP 510
DI 10.1038/420510a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bardeesy, N
   Sinha, M
   Hezel, AF
   Signoretti, S
   Hathaway, NA
   Sharpless, NE
   Loda, M
   Carrasco, DR
   DePinho, RA
AF Bardeesy, N
   Sinha, M
   Hezel, AF
   Signoretti, S
   Hathaway, NA
   Sharpless, NE
   Loda, M
   Carrasco, DR
   DePinho, RA
TI Loss of the Lkb1 tumour suppressor provokes intestinal polyposis but resistance to transformation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID peutz-jeghers-syndrome; somatic mutations; g(1) control; ink4a locus; growth; expression; mice; immortalization; activation; senescence
AB Germline mutations in LKB1 (also known as STK11) are associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), a disorder with predisposition to gastrointestinal polyposis and cancer(1). PJS polyps are unusual neoplasms characterized by marked epithelial and stromal overgrowth but have limited malignant potential(2). Here we show that Lkb1(+/-) mice develop intestinal polyps identical to those seen in individuals affected with PJS. Consistent with this in vivo tumour suppressor function, Lkb1 deficiency prevents culture-induced senescence without loss of Ink4a/Arf or p53. Despite compromised mortality, Lkb1(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts show resistance to transformation by activated Ha-Ras either alone or with immortalizing oncogenes. This phenotype is in agreement with the paucity of mutations in Ras seen in PJS polyps(3,4) and suggests that loss of Lkb1 function as an early neoplastic event renders cells resistant to subsequent oncogene-induced transformation. In addition, the Lkb1 transcriptome shows modulation of factors linked to angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodelling, cell adhesion and inhibition of Ras transformation. Together, our data rationalize several features of PJS polyposis-notably its peculiar histopathological presentation and limited malignant potential-and place Lkb1 in a distinct class of tumour suppressors.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Adult Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital
RP DePinho, RA (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Adult Oncol, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 30
TC 359
Z9 426
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6903
BP 162
EP 167
DI 10.1038/nature01045
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 592HK
UT WOS:000177931200040
PM 12226664
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, LT
   Eckmann, CR
   Kadyk, LC
   Wickens, M
   Kimble, J
AF Wang, LT
   Eckmann, CR
   Kadyk, LC
   Wickens, M
   Kimble, J
TI A regulatory cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rnas; identification; homology; complex
AB Messenger RNA regulation is a critical mode of controlling gene expression. Regulation of mRNA stability and translation is linked to controls of poly(A) tail length(1,2). Poly(A) lengthening can stabilize and translationally activate mRNAs, whereas poly(A) removal can trigger degradation and translational repression. Germline granules (for example, polar granules in flies, P granules in worms) are ribonucleoprotein particles implicated in translational control(3). Here we report that the Caenorhabditis elegans gene gld-2, a regulator of mitosis/meiosis decision and other germline events(4), encodes the catalytic moiety of a cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase (PAP) that is associated with P granules in early embryos. Importantly, the GLD-2 protein sequence has diverged substantially from that of conventional eukaryotic PAPs, and lacks a recognizable RRM (RNA recognition motif)-like domain. GLD-2 has little PAP activity on its own, but is stimulated in vitro by GLD-3. GLD-3 is also a developmental regulator, and belongs to the Bicaudal-C family of RNA binding proteins(5). We suggest that GLD-2 is the prototype for a class of regulatory cytoplasmic PAPs that are recruited to specific mRNAs by a binding partner, thereby targeting those mRNAs for polyadenylation and increased expression.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biochem, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Kimble, J (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biochem, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM jekimble@facstaff.wisc.edu
NR 31
TC 239
Z9 309
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6904
BP 312
EP 316
DI 10.1038/nature01039
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 594NH
UT WOS:000178056300049
PM 12239571
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhou, ZH
   Zhang, FC
AF Zhou, ZH
   Zhang, FC
TI A long-tailed, seed-eating bird from the Early Cretaceous of China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; origin
AB The lacustrine deposits of the Yixian and Jiufotang Formations in the Early Cretaceous Jehol Group in the western Liaoning area of northeast China are well known for preserving feathered dinosaurs, primitive birds and mammals(1-3). Here we report a large basal bird, Jeholornis prima gen. et sp. nov., from the Jiufotang Formation. This bird is distinctively different from other known birds of the Early Cretaceous period in retaining a long skeletal tail with unexpected elongated prezygopophyses and chevrons, resembling that of dromaeosaurids(4-6), providing a further link between birds and non-avian theropods(7-8). Despite its basal position in early avian evolution, the advanced features of the pectoral girdle and the carpal trochlea of the carpometacarpus of Jeholornis indicate the capability of powerful flight. The dozens of beautifully preserved ovules of unknown plant taxa in the stomach represents direct evidence for seed-eating adaptation in birds of the Mesozoic era.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS
RP Zhou, ZH (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, POB 643, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
EM zhonghe@yeah.net
NR 28
TC 209
Z9 268
U1 1
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6896
BP 405
EP 409
DI 10.1038/nature00930
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 576MU
UT WOS:000177009700035
PM 12140555
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Budd, GE
AF Budd, GE
TI A palaeontological solution to the arthropod head problem
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID burgess shale; morphology; chelicerate; expression; crustacea; evolution; position; bearing; origin
AB The composition of the arthropod head has been one of the most controversial topics in zoology, with a large number of theories being proposed to account for it over the last century(1). Although fossils have been recognized as being of potential importance in resolving the issue(2,3), a lack of consensus over their systematics(4,5) has obscured their contribution. Here, I show that a group of previously problematic Cambrian arthropods from the Burgess Shale and Chengjiang faunas form a clade close to crown- group euarthropods, the group containing myriapods, chelicerates, insects and crustaceans(6). They are characterized by modified or even absent endopods, and two pre- oral appendages. Comparison with reconstructions of the crown- group euarthropod ground plan(6) and recent investigations into onychophorans(7,8) demonstrates that these two appendages are the first antenna (of extant crustaceans) and a more anterior appendage associated with an ocular segment. The latter appendage has been reduced in all crown- group euarthropods. Its most likely relic is as a component of the labrum(9). These fossils thus tie together results from disparate living groups (onychophorans and euarthropods).
C1 Uppsala Univ, Dept Earth Sci Hist Geol & Paleontol, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
C3 Uppsala University
RP Budd, GE (corresponding author), Uppsala Univ, Dept Earth Sci Hist Geol & Paleontol, Norbyvagen 22, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
EM graham.budd@pal.uu.se
NR 31
TC 205
Z9 222
U1 0
U2 44
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 271
EP 275
DI 10.1038/417271a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100043
PM 12015599
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Okuse, K
   Malik-Hall, M
   Baker, MD
   Poon, WYL
   Kong, HY
   Chao, MV
   Wood, JN
AF Okuse, K
   Malik-Hall, M
   Baker, MD
   Poon, WYL
   Kong, HY
   Chao, MV
   Wood, JN
TI Annexin II light chain regulates sensory neuron-specific sodium channel expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nerve growth-factor; epithelial-cells; phospholipase a(2); pain pathways; nitric-oxide; sns; currents; p11; protein; rat
AB The tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel Na(V)1.8/SNS is expressed exclusively in sensory neurons and appears to have an important role in pain pathways(1,2). Unlike other sodium channels, Na(V)1.8 is poorly expressed in cell lines even in the presence of accessory beta-subunits(3). Here we identify annexin II light chain(4,5) (p11) as a regulatory factor that facilitates the expression of Na(V)1.8. p11 binds directly to the amino terminus of Na(V)1.8 and promotes the translocation of Na(V)1.8 to the plasma membrane, producing functional channels. The endogenous Na(V)1.8 current in sensory neurons is inhibited by antisense downregulation of p11 expression. Because direct association with p11 is required for functional expression of Na(V)1.8, disrupting this interaction may be a useful new approach to downregulating Na(V)1.8 and effecting analgesia(6).
C1 UCL, Dept Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Physiol, Skirball Inst Biomol Med,Mol Neurobiol Program, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Skirball Inst Biomol Med,Mol Neurobiol Program, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 University of London; University College London; New York University; New York University
RP Wood, JN (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Biol, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM J.Wood@ucl.ac.uk
NR 27
TC 217
Z9 241
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6889
BP 653
EP 656
DI 10.1038/nature00781
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 559AE
UT WOS:000176001200049
PM 12050667
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sriraman, S
   Agarwal, S
   Aydil, ES
   Maroudas, D
AF Sriraman, S
   Agarwal, S
   Aydil, ES
   Maroudas, D
TI Mechanism of hydrogen-induced crystallization of amorphous silicon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemical-vapor-deposition; microcrystalline silicon; sih3; energetics; dynamics; growth; adsorption; radicals; surfaces; films
AB Hydrogenated amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon films manufactured by plasma deposition techniques are used widely in electronic and optoelectronic devices(1,2). The crystalline fraction and grain size of these films determines electronic and optical properties; the nanocrystal nucleation mechanism, which dictates the final film structure, is governed by the interactions between the hydrogen atoms of the plasma and the solid silicon matrix. Fundamental understanding of these interactions is important for optimizing the film structure and properties. Here we report the mechanism of hydrogen-induced crystallization of hydrogenated amorphous silicon films during post-deposition treatment with an H-2 (or D-2) plasma. Using molecular-dynamics simulations(3,4) and infrared spectroscopy(5), we show that crystallization is mediated by the insertion of H atoms into strained Si-Si bonds as the atoms diffuse through the film. This chemically driven mechanism may be operative in other covalently bonded materials, where the presence of hydrogen leads to disorder-to-order transitions.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Aydil, ES (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
EM aydil@engineering.ucsb.edu; maroudas@engineering.ucsb.edu
NR 30
TC 390
Z9 416
U1 2
U2 181
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6893
BP 62
EP 65
DI 10.1038/nature00866
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 569JL
UT WOS:000176599200037
PM 12097905
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Percec, V
   Glodde, M
   Bera, TK
   Miura, Y
   Shiyanovskaya, I
   Singer, KD
   Balagurusamy, VSK
   Heiney, PA
   Schnell, I
   Rapp, A
   Spiess, HW
   Hudson, SD
   Duan, H
AF Percec, V
   Glodde, M
   Bera, TK
   Miura, Y
   Shiyanovskaya, I
   Singer, KD
   Balagurusamy, VSK
   Heiney, PA
   Schnell, I
   Rapp, A
   Spiess, HW
   Hudson, SD
   Duan, H
TI Self-organization of supramolecular helical dendrimers into complex electronic materials
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID liquid-crystalline; transport-property; hole mobility; charge; polymers
AB The discovery of electrically conducting organic crystals 1 and polymers(1-4) has widened the range of potential optoelectronic materials(5-9), provided these exhibit sufficiently high charge carrier mobilities(6-10) and are easy to make and process. Organic single crystals have high charge carrier mobilities but are usually impractical(11), whereas polymers have good processability but low mobilities(1,12). Liquid crystals exhibit mobilities approaching those of single crystals and are suitable for applications(13-18), but demanding fabrication and processing methods limit their use. Here we show that the self-assembly of fluorinated tapered dendrons can drive the formation of supramolecular liquid crystals with promising optoelectronic properties from a wide range of organic materials. We find that attaching conducting organic donor or acceptor groups to the apex of the dendrons leads to supramolecular nanometre-scale columns that contain in their cores pi-stacks of donors, acceptors or donor-acceptor complexes exhibiting high charge carrier mobilities. When we use functionalized dendrons and amorphous polymers carrying compatible side groups, these co-assemble so that the polymer is incorporated in the centre of the columns through donor-acceptor interactions and exhibits enhanced charge carrier mobilities. We anticipate that this simple and versatile strategy for producing conductive pi-stacks of aromatic groups, surrounded by helical dendrons, will lead to a new class of supramolecular materials suitable for electronic and optoelectronic applications.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Roy & Diana Vagelos Labs, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Polymer Res, D-55021 Mainz, Germany.
   Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University of Pennsylvania; Max Planck Society; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA
RP Percec, V (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Roy & Diana Vagelos Labs, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM percec@sas.upenn.edu
NR 32
TC 934
Z9 980
U1 3
U2 433
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6905
BP 384
EP 387
DI 10.1038/nature01072
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 596ZB
UT WOS:000178195400042
PM 12352988
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU O'Dowd, CD
   Jimenez, JL
   Bahreini, R
   Flagan, RC
   Seinfeld, JH
   Hämeri, K
   Pirjola, L
   Kulmala, M
   Jennings, SG
   Hoffmann, T
AF O'Dowd, CD
   Jimenez, JL
   Bahreini, R
   Flagan, RC
   Seinfeld, JH
   Hämeri, K
   Pirjola, L
   Kulmala, M
   Jennings, SG
   Hoffmann, T
TI Marine aerosol formation from biogenic iodine emissions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID boundary-layer; atmospheric particles; size; macroalgae; nucleation; chemistry; climate; release; bromine
AB The formation of marine aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei-from which marine clouds originate-depends ultimately on the availability of new, nanometre-scale particles in the marine boundary layer. Because marine aerosols and clouds scatter incoming radiation and contribute a cooling effect to the Earth's radiation budget(1), new particle production is important in climate regulation. It has been suggested that sulphuric acid-derived from the oxidation of dimethyl sulphide-is responsible for the production of marine aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei. It was accordingly proposed that algae producing dimethyl sulphide play a role in climate regulation 2, but this has been difficult to prove and, consequently, the processes controlling marine particle formation remains largely undetermined(3,4). Here, using smog chamber experiments under coastal atmospheric conditions, we demonstrate that new particles can form from condensable iodine-containing vapours, which are the photolysis products of biogenic iodocarbons emitted from marine algae. Moreover, we illustrate, using aerosol formation models, that concentrations of condensable iodine-containing vapours over the open ocean are sufficient to influence marine particle formation. We suggest therefore that marine iodocarbon emissions have a potentially significant effect on global radiative forcing.
C1 Natl Univ Ireland Univ Coll Galway, Dept Phys, Galway, Ireland.
   Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys Sci, Div Atmospher Sci, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   CALTECH, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Dept Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
   Helsinki Polytech Technol, PL 4020, FIN-00099 Helsinki, Finland.
   Inst Spectrochem & Appl Spect, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany.
C3 Ollscoil na Gaillimhe-University of Galway; University of Helsinki; California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
RP O'Dowd, CD (corresponding author), Natl Univ Ireland Univ Coll Galway, Dept Phys, Galway, Ireland.
EM colin.odowd@cmas.demon.co.uk
NR 30
TC 624
Z9 695
U1 8
U2 295
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6889
BP 632
EP 636
DI 10.1038/nature00775
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 559AE
UT WOS:000176001200043
PM 12050661
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kerp, H
AF Kerp, H
TI Palaeobotany -: Atmospheric CO2 from fossil plant cuticles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID permian paleobotany; palynology
C1 Univ Munster, Inst Geol & Palaeontol, Forschungsstelle Palaobot, D-48143 Munster, Germany.
C3 University of Munster
RP Kerp, H (corresponding author), Univ Munster, Inst Geol & Palaeontol, Forschungsstelle Palaobot, D-48143 Munster, Germany.
NR 9
TC 9
Z9 15
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 3
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6867
BP 38
EP 38
DI 10.1038/415038a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 507KZ
UT WOS:000173028800031
PM 11780108
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Downing, AL
   Leibold, MA
AF Downing, AL
   Leibold, MA
TI Ecosystem consequences of species richness and composition in pond food webs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plant diversity; biodiversity; productivity
AB Resolving current concerns about the role of biodiversity on ecosystems calls for understanding the separate roles of changes in species numbers and of composition. Recent work shows that primary productivity often, but not always, saturates with species richness within single trophic levels(1-8). However, any interpretation of such patterns must consider that variation in biodiversity is necessarily associated with changes in species composition (identity)(9-12), and that changes in biodiversity often occur across multiple trophic levels(13,14). Here we present results from a mesocosm experiment in which we independently manipulated species richness and species composition across multiple trophic levels in pond food webs. In contrast to previous studies that focused on single trophic levels, we found that productivity is either idiosyncratic or increases with respect to species richness, and that richness influences trophic structure. However, the composition of species within richness levels can have equally or more marked effects on ecosystems than average effects of richness per se. Indirect evidence suggests that richness and associated changes in species composition affect ecosystem attributes through indirect effects and trophic interactions among species, features that are highly characteristic of natural, complex ecosystems.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Downing, AL (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, 1101 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM aldownin@owu.edu
NR 30
TC 180
Z9 214
U1 1
U2 113
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6883
BP 837
EP 841
DI 10.1038/416837a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 544MH
UT WOS:000175163800048
PM 11976680
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, SP
   Lew, WS
   Bland, JAC
   Lopez-Diaz, L
   Natali, M
   Vaz, CAF
   Chen, Y
AF Li, SP
   Lew, WS
   Bland, JAC
   Lopez-Diaz, L
   Natali, M
   Vaz, CAF
   Chen, Y
TI Microstructures - Spin-engineering magnetic media
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
   CNRS, Microstruct & Microelect Lab, F-92225 Bagneux, France.
C3 University of Cambridge; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Li, SP (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
NR 7
TC 36
Z9 36
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 7
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6872
BP 600
EP 601
DI 10.1038/415600a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 519DC
UT WOS:000173709100031
PM 11832931
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, XC
   Schuler, MA
   Berenbaum, MR
AF Li, XC
   Schuler, MA
   Berenbaum, MR
TI Jasmonate and salicylate induce expression of herbivore cytochrome P450 genes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lycopersicon-esculentum; induced resistance; molecular-cloning; induced increases; helicoverpa-zea; plants; acid; defense; signal; biosynthesis
AB Jasmonate and salicylate are plant-produced signals that activate plant defence genes after herbivory(1-3) or pathogen(4) attack. Amplification of these signals, evoked by either enemy attack or experimental manipulation, leads to an increase in the synthesis of toxic compounds (allelochemicals)(5-8) and defence proteins(6,9,10) in the plants. Although the jasmonate and salicylate signal cascades activate different sets of plant defence genes(10),or even act antagonistically(11,12), there is substantial communication between the pathways(2,3,13). Jasmonate and salicylate also contribute to protecting plants against herbivores by causing plants that experience insect damage to increase their production of volatile molecules that attract natural enemies of herbivorous insects(14). In response to plant defences, herbivores increase their production of enzymes that detoxify allelochemicals, including cytochrome P450s (refs 15, 16). But herbivores are potentially vulnerable to toxic allelochemicals in the duration between ingesting toxins and induction of detoxification systems. Here we show that the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea uses jasmonate and salicylate to activate four of its cytochrome P450 genes that are associated with detoxification either before or concomitantly with the biosynthesis of allelochemicals. This ability to 'eavesdrop' on plant defence signals protects H. zea against toxins produced by host plants.
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Entomol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Cell & Struct Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Nanjing Agr Univ, Dept Plant Protect, Nanjing, Peoples R China.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Nanjing Agricultural University
RP Berenbaum, MR (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Entomol, 320 Morrill Hall, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
NR 29
TC 192
Z9 251
U1 1
U2 131
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6908
BP 712
EP 715
DI 10.1038/nature01003
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 604JF
UT WOS:000178615200038
PM 12384696
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Presley, JF
   Ward, TH
   Pfeifer, AC
   Siggia, ED
   Phair, RD
   Lippincott-Schwartz, J
AF Presley, JF
   Ward, TH
   Pfeifer, AC
   Siggia, ED
   Phair, RD
   Lippincott-Schwartz, J
TI Dissection of COPI and Arf1 dynamics in vivo and role in Golgi membrane transport
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adp-ribosylation factor-1; endoplasmic-reticulum; living cells; coatomer binding; brefeldin-a; g-protein; exchange; vesicles; mutation; clathrin
AB Cytosolic coat proteins that bind reversibly to membranes have a central function in membrane transport within the secretory pathway(1,2). One well-studied example is COPI or coatomer, a heptameric protein complex that is recruited to membranes by the GTP-binding protein Arf1. Assembly into an electron-dense coat then helps in budding off membrane to be transported between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus 2. Here we propose and corroborate a simple model for coatomer and Arf1 activity based on results analysing the distribution and lifetime of fluorescently labelled coatomer and Arf1 on Golgi membranes of living cells. We find that activated Arf1 brings coatomer to membranes. However, once associated with membranes, Arf1 and coatomer have different residence times: coatomer remains on membranes after Arf1-GTP has been hydrolysed and dissociated. Rapid membrane binding and dissociation of coatomer and Arf1 occur stochastically, even without vesicle budding. We propose that this continuous activity of coatomer and Arf1 generates kinetically stable membrane domains that are connected to the formation of COPI-containing transport intermediates. This role for Arf1/coatomer might provide a model for investigating the behaviour of other coat protein systems within cells.
C1 NICHHD, Cell Biol & Metab Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Ctr Studies & Phys Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   BioInformat Serv, Rockville, MD 20854 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD); Rockefeller University
RP Lippincott-Schwartz, J (corresponding author), NICHHD, Cell Biol & Metab Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 29
TC 213
Z9 238
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6885
BP 187
EP 193
DI 10.1038/417187a
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 549RH
UT WOS:000175460200046
PM 12000962
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Voyles, PM
   Muller, DA
   Grazul, JL
   Citrin, PH
   Gossmann, HJL
AF Voyles, PM
   Muller, DA
   Grazul, JL
   Citrin, PH
   Gossmann, HJL
TI Atomic-scale imaging of individual dopant atoms and clusters in highly n-type bulk Si
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electrical deactivation; silicon; visibility; diffusion
AB As silicon-based transistors in integrated circuits grow smaller, the concentration of charge carriers generated by the introduction of impurity dopant atoms must steadily increase. Current technology, however, is rapidly approaching the limit at which introducing additional dopant atoms ceases to generate additional charge carriers because the dopants form electrically inactive clusters(1). Using annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy, we report the direct, atomic-resolution observation of individual antimony (Sb) dopant atoms in crystalline Si, and identify the Sb clusters responsible for the saturation of charge carriers. The size, structure, and distribution of these clusters are determined with a Sb-atom detection efficiency of almost 100%. Although single heavy atoms on surfaces or supporting films have been visualized previously(2-4), our technique permits the imaging of individual dopants and clusters as they exist within actual devices.
C1 Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Agere Syst, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T; Broadcom; LSI Corporation
RP Muller, DA (corresponding author), Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
EM davidm@bell-labs.com
NR 27
TC 375
Z9 428
U1 4
U2 135
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6883
BP 826
EP 829
DI 10.1038/416826a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 544MH
UT WOS:000175163800045
PM 11976677
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Letinic, K
   Zoncu, R
   Rakic, P
AF Letinic, K
   Zoncu, R
   Rakic, P
TI Origin of GABAergic neurons in the human neocortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID local circuit neurons; cell-migration; ganglionic eminence; cerebral-cortex; forebrain; interneurons; progenitors; diversity; dynamics; monkey
AB The mammalian neocortex contains two major classes of neurons, projection and local circuit neurons(1-4). Projection neurons contain the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, while local circuit neurons are inhibitory, containing GABA(2,4). The complex function of neocortical circuitry depends on the number and diversity of GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric-acid-releasing) local circuit neurons(1-3). Using retroviral labelling in organotypic slice cultures of the embryonic human forebrain, we demonstrate the existence of two distinct lineages of neocortical GABAergic neurons. One lineage expresses Dlx1/2 and Mash1 transcription factors, represents 65% of neocortical GABAergic neurons in humans, and originates from Mash1-expressing progenitors of the neocortical ventricular and subventricular zone of the dorsal forebrain. The second lineage, characterized by the expression of Dlx1/2 but not Mash1, forms around 35% of the GABAergic neurons and originates from the ganglionic eminence of the ventral forebrain. We suggest that modifications in the expression pattern of transcription factors in the forebrain may underlie species-specific programmes for the generation of neocortical local circuit neurons(5-11) and that distinct lineages of cortical interneurons may be differentially affected in genetic and acquired diseases of the human brain.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Neurobiol Sect, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
C3 Yale University
RP Rakic, P (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Neurobiol Sect, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
EM pasko.rakic@yale.edu
NR 32
TC 551
Z9 637
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6889
BP 645
EP 649
DI 10.1038/nature00779
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 559AE
UT WOS:000176001200047
PM 12050665
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jackson, RB
   Banner, JL
   Jobbágy, EG
   Pockman, WT
   Wall, DH
AF Jackson, RB
   Banner, JL
   Jobbágy, EG
   Pockman, WT
   Wall, DH
TI Ecosystem carbon loss with woody plant invasion of grasslands
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID soil organic-carbon; vegetation change; climate; responses; budget
AB The invasion of woody vegetation into deserts, grasslands and savannas is generally thought to lead to an increase in the amount of carbon stored in those ecosystems. For this reason, shrub and forest expansion (for example, into grasslands) is also suggested to be a substantial, if uncertain, component of the terrestrial carbon sink(1-14). Here we investigate woody plant invasion along a precipitation gradient (200 to 1,100 mm yr(-1)) by comparing carbon and nitrogen budgets and soil delta(13)C profiles between six pairs of adjacent grasslands, in which one of each pair was invaded by woody species 30 to 100 years ago. We found a clear negative relationship between precipitation and changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen content when grasslands were invaded by woody vegetation, with drier sites gaining, and wetter sites losing, soil organic carbon. Losses of soil organic carbon at the wetter sites were substantial enough to offset increases in plant biomass carbon, suggesting that current land-based assessments may overestimate carbon sinks. Assessments relying on carbon stored from woody plant invasions to balance emissions may therefore be incorrect.
C1 Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
C3 Duke University; Duke University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins
RP Jackson, RB (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
EM jackson@duke.edu
NR 30
TC 821
Z9 1003
U1 17
U2 559
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 623
EP 626
DI 10.1038/nature00910
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600038
PM 12167857
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Humler, E
   Besse, J
AF Humler, E
   Besse, J
TI A correlation between mid-ocean-ridge basalt chemistry and distance to continents
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mantle convection; global correlations; hotspots; atlantic; beneath; depth; deep
AB To fully understand the structure and dynamics of the Earth's convecting mantle, the origins of temperature variations within the mantle need to be resolved. Different hypotheses have been proposed to account for these temperature variations: for example, heat coming from the decay of radioactive elements or heat flowing out of the Earth's core. In addition, theoretical studies(1-5) suggest that the thermal properties of continental masses can affect mantle convection, but quantitative data that could allow us to test these models are scarce. To address this latter problem, we have examined the chemistry of mid-ocean-ridge basalt-which reflects the temperature of the source mantle(6,7)-as a function of the distance of the ridge from the closest continental margin. No correlation is observed for oceanic ridges close to subduction zones or hotspots; subduction zones probably inhibit thermal transfer between the mantle beneath continents and ocean, whereas hotspots influence the major-element chemistry of ridge basalts, which makes their interpretation with respect to mantle temperature more difficult. However, we do observe a significant correlation for mid-oceanic basalts from the Atlantic and Indian oceans. From this, we conclude that the location of continental masses relative to active ridges influences the large-scale thermal structure of the mantle and we estimate that the mantle cools by 0.05 to 0.1degreesC per kilometre from the continental margins.
C1 Univ Denis Diderot, IPGP, Lab Geosci Marines, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
   Univ Denis Diderot, IPGP, Lab Geomagnetisme & Palaeomagnetisme, F-75252 Paris, France.
C3 Universite Paris Cite; Universite Paris Cite
RP Humler, E (corresponding author), Univ Denis Diderot, IPGP, Lab Geosci Marines, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
NR 19
TC 18
Z9 20
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6907
BP 607
EP 609
DI 10.1038/nature01052
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 602AT
UT WOS:000178483100042
PM 12374976
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Medina, JF
   Nores, WL
   Mauk, MD
AF Medina, JF
   Nores, WL
   Mauk, MD
TI Inhibition of climbing fibres is a signal for the extinction of conditioned eyelid responses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inferior olive; cerebellum; mechanisms; stimulation; prediction; flocculus; blocking; pathway; neurons
AB A fundamental tenet of cerebellar learning theories asserts that climbing fibre afferents from the inferior olive provide a teaching signal that promotes the gradual adaptation of movements(1-3). Data from several forms of motor learning provide support for this tenet(4-8). In pavlovian eyelid conditioning, for example, where a tone is repeatedly paired with a reinforcing unconditioned stimulus like periorbital stimulation, the unconditioned stimulus promotes acquisition of conditioned eyelid responses by activating climbing fibres(9-12). Climbing fibre activity elicited by an unconditioned stimulus is inhibited during the expression of conditioned responses(9-11)-consistent with the inhibitory projection from the cerebellum to inferior olive(6,13). Here, we show that inhibition of climbing fibres serves as a teaching signal for extinction, where learning not to respond is signalled by presenting a tone without the unconditioned stimulus. We used reversible infusion of synaptic receptor antagonists to show that blocking inhibitory input to the climbing fibres prevents extinction of the conditioned response, whereas blocking excitatory input induces extinction. These results, combined with analysis of climbing fibre activity in a computer simulation of the cerebellar-olivary system(14-16), suggest that transient inhibition of climbing fibres below their background level is the signal that drives extinction.
C1 Univ Texas, Sch Med, WM Keck Ctr Neurobiol Learning & Memory, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Texas, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol & Anat, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas System
RP Mauk, MD (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Sch Med, WM Keck Ctr Neurobiol Learning & Memory, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
NR 25
TC 198
Z9 234
U1 1
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6878
BP 330
EP 333
DI 10.1038/416330a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 532NP
UT WOS:000174482200045
PM 11907580
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garcés-Chávez, V
   McGloin, D
   Melville, H
   Sibbett, W
   Dholakia, K
AF Garcés-Chávez, V
   McGloin, D
   Melville, H
   Sibbett, W
   Dholakia, K
TI Simultaneous micromanipulation in multiple planes using a self-reconstructing light beam
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trapped microscopic particles; holographic optical tweezers; orbital angular-momentum
AB Optical tweezers(1) are commonly used for manipulating microscopic particles, with applications in cell manipulation (2), colloid research(3-5), manipulation of micromachines(6) and studies of the properties of light beams(7). Such tweezers work by the transfer of momentum from a tightly focused laser to the particle, which refracts and scatters the light and distorts the profile of the beam. The forces produced by this process cause the particle to be trapped near the beam focus. Conventional tweezers use gaussian light beams, which cannot trap particles in multiple locations more than a few micrometres apart in the axial direction, because of beam distortion by the particle and subsequent strong divergence from the focal plane. Bessel beams(8,9), however, do not diverge and, furthermore, if part of the beam is obstructed or distorted the beam reconstructs itself after a characteristic propagation distance(10). Here we show how this reconstructive property may be utilized within optical tweezers to trap particles in multiple, spatially separated sample cells with a single beam. Owing to the diffractionless nature of the Bessel beam, secondary trapped particles can reside in a second sample cell far removed (similar to3 mm) from the first cell. Such tweezers could be used for the simultaneous study of identically prepared ensembles of colloids and biological matter, and potentially offer enhanced control of 'lab-on-a-chip' and optically driven microstructures.
C1 Univ St Andrews, Sch Phys & Astron, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland.
C3 University of St Andrews
RP Dholakia, K (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Sch Phys & Astron, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland.
EM kd1@st-and.ac.uk
NR 20
TC 964
Z9 1074
U1 10
U2 275
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6903
BP 145
EP 147
DI 10.1038/nature01007
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 592HK
UT WOS:000177931200035
PM 12226659
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nosil, P
   Crespi, BJ
   Sandoval, CP
AF Nosil, P
   Crespi, BJ
   Sandoval, CP
TI Host-plant adaptation drives the parallel evolution of reproductive isolation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural-selection; phylogenetic inference; sexual isolation; speciation; frequency
AB Parallel evolution of similar traits in independent populations that inhabit ecologically similar environments strongly implicates natural selection as the cause of evolution(1). Parallel speciation is a special form of parallel evolution where traits that determine reproductive isolation evolve repeatedly, in closely related populations, as by-products of adaptation to ecological conditions(1,2). The outcome of such parallel evolution is that ecologically divergent pairs of populations exhibit greater levels of reproductive isolation than ecologically similar pairs of populations of a similar or younger age(2-4). The parallel evolution of reproductive isolation provides strong evidence for natural selection in the process of speciation(1), but only one conclusive example from nature is known(2). Populations of the walking-stick insect Timema cristinae that use different host-plant species have diverged in body size and shape, host preference, behaviour and the relative frequency of two highly cryptic colour-pattern morphs(5,6). Here we report that divergent selection for host adaptation, and not genetic drift, has promoted the parallel evolution of sexual isolation in this species. Our findings represent a clear demonstration that host-plant adaptation can play a crucial and repeatable role in the early stages of speciation.
C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biosci, Behav Ecol Res Grp, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93206 USA.
C3 Simon Fraser University; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Nosil, P (corresponding author), Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biosci, Behav Ecol Res Grp, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
NR 16
TC 377
Z9 442
U1 4
U2 253
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6887
BP 440
EP 443
DI 10.1038/417440a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 554HZ
UT WOS:000175730900038
PM 12024213
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bi, XP
   Corpina, RA
   Goldberg, J
AF Bi, XP
   Corpina, RA
   Goldberg, J
TI Structure of the Sec23/24-Sar1 pre-budding complex of the COPII vesicle coat
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID guanine-nucleotide-exchange; adp-ribosylation factor; endoplasmic-reticulum; membrane phospholipids; protein-transport; gtp; binding; er; activation; domain
AB COPII-coated vesicles form on the endoplasmic reticulum by the stepwise recruitment of three cytosolic components: Sar1-GTP to initiate coat formation, Sec23/24 heterodimer to select SNARE and cargo molecules, and Sec13/31 to induce coat polymerization and membrane deformation. Crystallographic analysis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sec23/24-Sar1 complex reveals a bow-tie-shaped structure, 15 nm long, with a membrane-proximal surface that is concave and positively charged to conform to the size and acidic-phospholipid composition of the COPII vesicle. Sec23 and Sar1 form a continuous surface stabilized by a non-hydrolysable GTP analogue, and Sar1 has rearranged from the GDP conformation to expose amino-terminal residues that will probably embed in the bilayer. The GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity of Sec23 involves an arginine side chain inserted into the Sar1 active site. These observations establish the structural basis for GTP-dependent recruitment of a vesicular coat complex, and for uncoating through coat-controlled GTP hydrolysis.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Goldberg, J (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM jonathan@ximpact4.ski.mskcc.org
NR 50
TC 383
Z9 497
U1 1
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6904
BP 271
EP 277
DI 10.1038/nature01040
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 594NH
UT WOS:000178056300038
PM 12239560
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Browne, J
   Tunnacliffe, A
   Burnell, A
AF Browne, J
   Tunnacliffe, A
   Burnell, A
TI Anhydrobiosis - Plant desiccation gene found in a nematode
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vitrification; dehydration; survival
C1 Natl Univ Ireland, Dept Biol, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland.
   Natl Univ Ireland, Inst Bioengn & Agroecol, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland.
   Univ Cambridge, Inst Biotechnol, Cambridge CB2 1QT, England.
C3 Maynooth University; Maynooth University; University of Cambridge
RP Browne, J (corresponding author), Natl Univ Ireland, Dept Biol, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland.
NR 12
TC 228
Z9 281
U1 1
U2 41
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6876
BP 38
EP 38
DI 10.1038/416038a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 527WU
UT WOS:000174211600031
PM 11882885
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fyodorov, DV
   Kadonaga, JT
AF Fyodorov, DV
   Kadonaga, JT
TI Dynamics of ATP-dependent chromatin assembly by ACF
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna helicase; remodeling complexes; histone octamer; iswi; transcription; mechanisms; proteins; motors; chrac
AB The assembly of DNA into chromatin is a critical step in the replication and repair of the eukaryotic genome(1-8). It has been known for nearly 20 years that chromatin assembly is an ATP-dependent process(9). ATP-dependent chromatin-assembly factor (ACF) uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis for the deposition of histones into periodic nucleosome arrays, and the ISWI subunit of ACF is an ATPase that is related to helicases(10,11). Here we show that ACF becomes committed to the DNA template upon initiation of chromatin assembly. We also observed that ACF assembles nucleosomes in localized arrays, rather than randomly distributing them. By using a purified ACF-dependent system for chromatin assembly, we found that ACF hydrolyses about 2-4 molecules of ATP per base pair in the assembly of nucleosomes. This level of ATP hydrolysis is similar to that used by DNA helicases for the unwinding of DNA(12). These results suggest that a tracking mechanism exists in which ACF assembles chromatin as an ATP-driven DNA-translocating motor. Moreover, this proposed mechanism for ACF may be relevant to the function of other chromatin-remodelling factors that contain ISWI subunits.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Mol Biol Sect, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Kadonaga, JT (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Mol Biol Sect, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 28
TC 73
Z9 99
U1 1
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6900
BP 897
EP 900
DI 10.1038/nature00929
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 585YR
UT WOS:000177555600043
PM 12192415
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gambardella, P
   Dallmeyer, A
   Maiti, K
   Malagoli, MC
   Eberhardt, W
   Kern, K
   Carbone, C
AF Gambardella, P
   Dallmeyer, A
   Maiti, K
   Malagoli, MC
   Eberhardt, W
   Kern, K
   Carbone, C
TI Ferromagnetism in one-dimensional monatomic metal chains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic circular-dichroism; orbital magnetization; surfaces; co; nanostructures; anisotropy; fe(110); w(110); model
AB Two-dimensional systems, such as ultrathin epitaxial films and superlattices, display magnetic properties distinct from bulk materials(1). A challenging aim of current research in magnetism is to explore structures of still lower dimensionality(2-6). As the dimensionality of a physical system is reduced, magnetic ordering tends to decrease as fluctuations become relatively more important(7). Spin lattice models predict that an infinite one-dimensional linear chain with short-range magnetic interactions spontaneously breaks up into segments with different orientation of the magnetization, thereby prohibiting long-range ferromagnetic order at a finite temperature(7-9). These models, however, do not take into account kinetic barriers to reaching equilibrium or interactions with the substrates that support the one-dimensional nanostructures. Here we demonstrate the existence of both short- and long-range ferromagnetic order for one-dimensional monatomic chains of Co constructed on a Pt substrate. We find evidence that the monatomic chains consist of thermally fluctuating segments of ferromagnetically coupled atoms which, below a threshold temperature, evolve into a ferromagnetic long-range-ordered state owing to the presence of anisotropy barriers. The Co chains are characterized by large localized orbital moments and correspondingly large magnetic anisotropy energies compared to two-dimensional films and bulk Co.
C1 Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Inst Phys Nanostruct, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
   Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Festkorperphys, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
   Berliner Elektronenspeicherring Gesell Synchrotro, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   CNR, Ist Struttura Mat, I-34012 Trieste, Italy.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; Helmholtz Association; Julich Research Centre; Max Planck Society; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR)
RP Gambardella, P (corresponding author), Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Inst Phys Nanostruct, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
EM pietro.gambardella@epfl.ch
NR 28
TC 788
Z9 818
U1 0
U2 214
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6878
BP 301
EP 304
DI 10.1038/416301a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 532NP
UT WOS:000174482200036
PM 11907571
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lin, J
   Wu, H
   Tarr, PT
   Zhang, CY
   Wu, ZD
   Boss, O
   Michael, LF
   Puigserver, P
   Isotani, E
   Olson, EN
   Lowell, BB
   Bassel-Duby, R
   Spiegelman, BM
AF Lin, J
   Wu, H
   Tarr, PT
   Zhang, CY
   Wu, ZD
   Boss, O
   Michael, LF
   Puigserver, P
   Isotani, E
   Olson, EN
   Lowell, BB
   Bassel-Duby, R
   Spiegelman, BM
TI Transcriptional co-activator PGC-1α drives the formation of slow-twitch muscle fibres
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID skeletal-muscle; fiber-type; mitochondrial biogenesis; coactivator pgc-1; calcineurin; expression; elements; pathway; mef2; gene
AB The biochemical basis for the regulation of fibre-type determination in skeletal muscle is not well understood. In addition to the expression of particular myofibrillar proteins, type I (slow-twitch) fibres are much higher in mitochondrial content and are more dependent on oxidative metabolism than type II (fast-twitch) fibres(1). We have previously identified a transcriptional co-activator, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1alpha), which is expressed in several tissues including brown fat and skeletal muscle, and that activates mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism(2-4).We show here that PGC-1alpha is expressed preferentially in muscle enriched in type I fibres. When PGC-1alpha is expressed at physiological levels in transgenic mice driven by a muscle creatine kinase (MCK) promoter, a fibre type conversion is observed: muscles normally rich in type II fibres are redder and activate genes of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Notably, putative type II muscles from PGC-1alpha transgenic mice also express proteins characteristic of type I fibres, such as troponin I (slow) and myoglobin, and show a much greater resistance to electrically stimulated fatigue. Using fibre-type-specific promoters, we show in cultured muscle cells that PGC-1alpha activates transcription in cooperation with Mef2 proteins and serves as a target for calcineurin signalling, which has been implicated in slow fibre gene expression. These data indicate that PGC-1alpha is a principal factor regulating muscle fibre type determination.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Med,Div Endocrinol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School
RP Spiegelman, BM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 27
TC 2173
Z9 2540
U1 8
U2 208
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6899
BP 797
EP 801
DI 10.1038/nature00904
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 583UF
UT WOS:000177428000044
PM 12181572
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hayes, T
   Haston, K
   Tsui, M
   Hoang, A
   Haeffele, C
   Vonk, A
AF Hayes, T
   Haston, K
   Tsui, M
   Hoang, A
   Haeffele, C
   Vonk, A
TI Herbicides: Feminization of male frogs in the wild
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Lab Integrat Studies Amphibian Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Hayes, T (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Lab Integrat Studies Amphibian Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM tyrone@socrates.berkeley.edu
NR 13
TC 314
Z9 429
U1 14
U2 249
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6910
BP 895
EP 896
DI 10.1038/419895a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 609MN
UT WOS:000178909700030
PM 12410298
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boutanaev, AM
   Kalmykova, AI
   Shevelyov, YY
   Nurminsky, DI
AF Boutanaev, AM
   Kalmykova, AI
   Shevelyov, YY
   Nurminsky, DI
TI Large clusters of co-expressed genes in the Drosophila genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dosage compensation; histone acetylation; transcription; locus; potentiation; activation
AB Clustering of co-expressed, non-homologous genes on chromosomes implies their co-regulation. In lower eukaryotes, coexpressed genes are often found in pairs(1,2). Clustering of genes that share aspects of transcriptional regulation has also been reported in higher eukaryotes(3,4). To advance our understanding of the mode of coordinated gene regulation in multicellular organisms, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the chromosomal distribution of co-expressed genes in Drosophila. We identified a total of 1,661 testes-specific genes, one-third of which are clustered on chromosomes. The number of clusters of three or more genes is much higher than expected by chance. We observed a similar trend for genes upregulated in the embryo and in the adult head, although the expression pattern of individual genes cannot be predicted on the basis of chromosomal position alone. Our data suggest that the prevalent mechanism of transcriptional co-regulation in higher eukaryotes operates with extensive chromatin domains that comprise multiple genes.
C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Mol Genet, Dept Mol Genet Anim, Moscow 123182, Russia.
C3 Tufts University; Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Nurminsky, DI (corresponding author), Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
EM dmitry.nurminsky@tufts.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM061549] Funding Source: Medline
NR 22
TC 264
Z9 291
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP 666
EP 669
DI 10.1038/nature01216
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 624GK
UT WOS:000179751800045
PM 12478293
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ibarra, RU
   Edwards, JS
   Palsson, BO
AF Ibarra, RU
   Edwards, JS
   Palsson, BO
TI Escherichia coli K-12 undergoes adaptive evolution to achieve in silico predicted optimal growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-silico; metabolic networks; genome sequence; reconstruction; capability; definition
AB Annotated genome sequences(1,2) can be used to reconstruct whole-cell metabolic networks(3-6). These metabolic networks can be modelled and analysed (computed) to study complex biological functions(7-11). In particular, constraints-based in silico models(12) have been used to calculate optimal growth rates on common carbon substrates, and the results were found to be consistent with experimental data under many but not all conditions(13,14). Optimal biological functions are acquired through an evolutionary process. Thus, incorrect predictions of in silico models based on optimal performance criteria may be due to incomplete adaptive evolution under the conditions examined. Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 grows sub-optimally on glycerol as the sole carbon source. Here we show that when placed under growth selection pressure, the growth rate of E. coli on glycerol reproducibly evolved over 40 days, or about 700 generations, from a sub-optimal value to the optimal growth rate predicted from a whole-cell in silico model. These results open the possibility of using adaptive evolution of entire metabolic networks to realize metabolic states that have been determined a priori based on in silico analysis.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Bioengn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Delaware, Dept Chem Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of Delaware
RP Palsson, BO (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Bioengn, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 22
TC 652
Z9 826
U1 0
U2 91
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6912
BP 186
EP 189
DI 10.1038/nature01149
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 614QM
UT WOS:000179200900048
PM 12432395
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jia, JH
   Amanal, K
   Wang, GL
   Tang, J
   Wang, B
   Jiang, J
AF Jia, JH
   Amanal, K
   Wang, GL
   Tang, J
   Wang, B
   Jiang, J
TI Shaggy/GSK3 antagonizes Hedgehog signalling by regulating Cubitus interruptus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-kinase-a; transcriptional activator; subcellular-localization; limb development; gene-expression; repressor forms; drosophila; proteolysis; suppressor; costal2
AB The Drosophila protein Shaggy (Sgg, also known as Zeste-white3, Zw3) and its vertebrate orthologue glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) are inhibitory components of the Wingless (Wg) and Wnt pathways(1). Here we show that Sgg is also a negative regulator in the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. In Drosophila, Hh acts both by blocking the proteolytic processing of full-length Cubitus interruptus, Ci (Ci155), to generate a truncated repressor form( Ci75), and by stimulating the activity of accumulated Ci155 (refs 2-6). Loss of sgg gene function results in a cell-autonomous accumulation of high levels of Ci155 and the ectopic expression of Hh-responsive genes including decapentaplegic (dpp) and wg. Simultaneous removal of sgg and Suppressor of fused, Su(fu)(7), results in wing duplications similar to those caused by ectopic Hh signalling. Ci is phosphorylated by GSK3 after a primed phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA), and mutating GSK3-phosphorylation sites in Ci blocks its processing and prevents the production of the repressor form. We propose that Sgg/GSK3 acts in conjunction with PKA to cause hyperphosphorylation of Ci, which targets it for proteolytic processing, and that Hh opposes Ci proteolysis by promoting its dephosphorylation.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Ctr Dev Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Div Cell & Mol Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas
RP Jiang, J (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Ctr Dev Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM061269] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 245
Z9 312
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6880
BP 548
EP 552
DI 10.1038/nature733
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 537JY
UT WOS:000174756500047
PM 11912487
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Syntichaki, P
   Xu, KL
   Driscoll, M
   Tavernarakis, N
AF Syntichaki, P
   Xu, KL
   Driscoll, M
   Tavernarakis, N
TI Specific aspartyl and calpain proteases are required for neurodegeneration in C-elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nematode caenorhabditis-elegans; double-stranded-rna; cell-death; genetic interference; family; identification; cathepsin; subunit; encodes; member
AB Necrotic cell death underlies the pathology of numerous human neurodegenerative conditions(1). In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, gain-of-function mutations in specific ion channel genes such as the degenerin genes deg-1 and mec-4, the acetylcholine receptor channel subunit gene deg-3 and the G(s) protein alpha-subunit gene gsa-1 evoke an analogous pattern of degenerative (necrotic-like) cell death in neurons that express the mutant proteins(2-6). An increase in concentrations of cytoplasmic calcium in dying cells, elicited either by extracellular calcium influx or by release of endoplasmic reticulum stores, is thought to comprise a major death-signalling event(7,8). But the biochemical mechanisms by which calcium triggers cellular demise remain largely unknown. Here we report that neuronal degeneration inflicted by various genetic lesions in C. elegans requires the activity of the calcium-regulated CLP-1 and TRA-3 calpain proteases and aspartyl proteases ASP-3 and ASP-4. Our findings show that two distinct classes of proteases are involved in necrotic cell death and suggest that perturbation of intracellular concentrations of calcium may initiate neuronal degeneration by deregulating proteolysis. Similar proteases may mediate necrotic cell death in humans.
C1 Fdn Res & Technol, Inst Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Iraklion 71110, Crete, Greece.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Biochem, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Tavernarakis, N (corresponding author), Fdn Res & Technol, Inst Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Iraklion 71110, Crete, Greece.
EM tavernarakis@imbb.forth.gr
NR 30
TC 245
Z9 317
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6910
BP 939
EP 944
DI 10.1038/nature01108
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 609MN
UT WOS:000178909700047
PM 12410314
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hermanson, O
   Jepsen, K
   Rosenfeld, MG
AF Hermanson, O
   Jepsen, K
   Rosenfeld, MG
TI N-CoR controls differentiation of neural stem cells into astrocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fibrillary acidic protein; nuclear receptor-corepressor; central-nervous-system; transcription; kinase; roles; gene
AB Understanding the gene programmes that regulate maintenance and differentiation of neural stem cells is a central question in stem cell biology. Virtually all neural stem cells maintain an undifferentiated state and the capacity to self-renew in response to fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2)(1-5). Here we report that a repressor of transcription, the nuclear receptor co-repressor (NCoR), is a principal regulator in neural stem cells, as FGF2-treated embryonic cortical progenitors from N-CoR gene-disrupted mice display impaired self-renewal and spontaneous differentiation into astroglia-like cells. Stimulation of wild-type neural stem cells with ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a differentiation-inducing cytokine(3), results in phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase/Akt1 kinase-dependent phosphorylation of N-CoR, and causes a temporally correlated redistribution of N-CoR to the cytoplasm. We find that this is a critical strategy for cytokine-induced astroglia differentiation and lineage-characteristic gene expression. Recruitment of protein phosphatase-1 to a specific binding site on N-CoR exerts a reciprocal effect on the cellular localization of N-CoR. We propose that repression by NCoR, modulated by opposing enzymatic activities, is a critical mechanism in neural stem cells that underlies the inhibition of glial differentiation.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Mol Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Rosenfeld, MG (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Mol Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 9500 Gilman Dr,Room 345, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 28
TC 250
Z9 316
U1 1
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6910
BP 934
EP 939
DI 10.1038/nature01156
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 609MN
UT WOS:000178909700046
PM 12410313
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Giles, J
AF Giles, J
TI Scientific uncertainty: When doubt is a sure thing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 2
TC 30
Z9 36
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 476
EP 478
DI 10.1038/418476a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800012
PM 12152049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Melchor, RN
   de Valais, S
   Genise, JF
AF Melchor, RN
   de Valais, S
   Genise, JF
TI RETRACTED: Bird-like fossil footprints from the late triassic (Retracted Article)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
AB The study of fossilized footprints and tracks of dinosaurs and other vertebrates has provided insight into the origin, evolution and extinction of several major groups and their behaviour; it has also been an important complement to their body fossil record(1-4). The known history of birds starts in the Late Jurassic epoch (around 150 Myr ago) with the record of Archaeopteryx(5), whereas the coelurosaurian ancestors of the birds date back to the Early Jurassic(6). The hind limbs of Late Triassic epoch theropods lack osteological evidence for an avian reversed hallux and also display other functional differences from birds(7). Previous references to suggested Late Triassic to Early Jurassic bird-like footprints have been reinterpreted as produced by non-avian dinosaurs having a high angle between digits II and IV8,9 and in all cases their avian affinities have been challenged(10). Here we describe well-preserved and abundant footprints with clearly avian characters from a Late Triassic redbed sequence of Argentina(11,12),at least 55 Myr before the first known skeletal record of birds. These footprints document the activities, in an environment interpreted as small ponds associated with ephemeral rivers, of an unknown group of Late Triassic theropods having some avian characters.
C1 Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, RA-6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina.
   Univ Nacl La Pampa, RA-6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina.
   Museo Paleontol Egidio Feruglio, RA-9100 Trelew, Chubut, Argentina.
C3 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET)
RP Melchor, RN (corresponding author), Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Av Uruguay 151, RA-6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina.
EM melchor_r@cpsarg.com
NR 26
TC 40
Z9 42
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6892
BP 936
EP 938
DI 10.1038/nature00818
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 566RC
UT WOS:000176441200035
PM 12087401
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Linkenhoker, BA
   Knudsen, EI
AF Linkenhoker, BA
   Knudsen, EI
TI Incremental training increases the plasticity of the auditory space map in adult barn owls
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optic tectum; sound localization; sensitive periods; experience; mechanisms; midbrain; birdsong; speech
AB The plasticity in the central nervous system that underlies learning is generally more restricted in adults than in young animals(1-4). In one well-studied example, the auditory localization pathway has been shown to be far more limited in its capacity to adjust to abnormal experience in adult than in juvenile barn owls(5). Plasticity in this pathway has been induced by exposing owls to prismatic spectacles that cause a large, horizontal shift of the visual field. With prisms, juveniles learn new associations between auditory cues, such as interaural time difference (ITD), and locations in visual space, and acquire new neurophysiological maps of ITD in the optic tectum, whereas adults do neither(6). Here we show that when the prismatic shift is experienced in small increments, maps of ITD in adults do change adaptively. Once established through incremental training, new ITD maps can be reacquired with a single large prismatic shift. Our results show that there is a substantially greater capacity for plasticity in adults than was previously recognized and highlight a principled strategy for tapping this capacity that could be applied in other areas of the adult central nervous system.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Knudsen, EI (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 26
TC 96
Z9 126
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6904
BP 293
EP 296
DI 10.1038/nature01002
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 594NH
UT WOS:000178056300044
PM 12239566
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dominguez, P
   Jacobson, AG
   Jefferies, RPS
AF Dominguez, P
   Jacobson, AG
   Jefferies, RPS
TI Paired gill slits in a fossil with a calcite skeleton
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ichnological evidence; behavior; echinoderms; mitrate
AB The chordates, hemichordates (such as acorn worms) and echinoderms (such as starfish) comprise the group Deuterostomia, well established as monophyletic(1,2). Among extant deuterostomes, a skeleton in which each plate has the crystallographic structure of a single crystal of calcite is characteristic of echinoderms and is always associated with radial symmetry and never with gill slits. Among fossils, however, such a skeleton sometimes occurs without radial symmetry. This is true of Jaekelocarpus oklahomensis, from the Upper Carboniferous of Oklahoma, USA, which, being externally almost bilaterally symmetrical, is traditionally placed in the group Mitrata (Ordovician to Carboniferous periods, 530-280 million years ago), by contrast with the bizarrely asymmetrical Cornuta (Cambrian to Ordovician periods, 540 to 440 million years ago). Using computer X-ray microtomography, we describe the anatomy of Jaekelocarpus in greater detail than formerly possible, reveal evidence of paired gill slits internally and interpret its functional anatomy. On this basis we suggest its phylogenetic position within the deuterostomes.
C1 Nat Hist Museum, Dept Palaeontol, London SW7 5BD, England.
   Univ Texas, MCDB, Patterson Labs, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Univ Complutense Madrid, Dept Palaeontol, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
C3 Natural History Museum London; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; Complutense University of Madrid
RP Jefferies, RPS (corresponding author), Nat Hist Museum, Dept Palaeontol, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD, England.
NR 24
TC 76
Z9 78
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6891
BP 841
EP U6
DI 10.1038/nature00805
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 563YM
UT WOS:000176285600044
PM 12075349
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Drescher, M
   Hentschel, M
   Kienberger, R
   Uiberacker, M
   Yakovlev, V
   Scrinzi, A
   Westerwalbesloh, T
   Kleineberg, U
   Heinzmann, U
   Krausz, F
AF Drescher, M
   Hentschel, M
   Kienberger, R
   Uiberacker, M
   Yakovlev, V
   Scrinzi, A
   Westerwalbesloh, T
   Kleineberg, U
   Heinzmann, U
   Krausz, F
TI Time-resolved atomic inner-shell spectroscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID harmonic-generation; pulses; photoionization; decay; xe
AB The characteristic time constants of the relaxation dynamics of core-excited atoms have hitherto been inferred from the linewidths of electronic transitions measured by continuous-wave extreme ultraviolet or X-ray spectroscopy. Here we demonstrate that a laser-based sampling system, consisting of a few-femtosecond visible light pulse and a synchronized sub-femtosecond soft X-ray pulse, allows us to trace these dynamics directly in the time domain with attosecond resolution. We have measured a lifetime of 7.9(-0.9)(+1.0) fs of M-shell vacancies of krypton in such a pump-probe experiment.
C1 Vienna Univ Technol, Inst Photon, A-1040 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ Bielefeld, Fak Phys, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
C3 Technische Universitat Wien; University of Bielefeld
RP Drescher, M (corresponding author), Vienna Univ Technol, Inst Photon, Gusshausstr 27, A-1040 Vienna, Austria.
EM drescher@physik.uni-bielefeld.de; ferenc.krausz@tuwien.ac.at
NR 23
TC 1323
Z9 1436
U1 3
U2 332
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6909
BP 803
EP 807
DI 10.1038/nature01143
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 607BD
UT WOS:000178769800037
PM 12397349
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shaw, PJ
   Tononi, G
   Greenspan, RJ
   Robinson, DF
AF Shaw, PJ
   Tononi, G
   Greenspan, RJ
   Robinson, DF
TI Stress response genes protect against lethal effects of sleep deprivation in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heat-shock; melanogaster; transcription; timeless; mutants; rats; homeostasis; rhythms; lesions; period
AB Sleep is controlled by two processes: a homeostatic drive that increases during waking and dissipates during sleep, and a circadian pacemaker that controls its timing(1). Although these two systems can operate independently(2,3), recent studies indicate a more intimate relationship(4,5). To study the interaction between homeostatic and circadian processes in Drosophila, we examined homeostasis in the canonical loss-of-function clock mutants period (per(01)), timeless (tim(01)), clock (Clk(jrk)) and cycle (cyc(01))(6-9). cyc(01) mutants showed a disproportionately large sleep rebound and died after 10 hours of sleep deprivation, although they were more resistant than other clock mutants to various stressors. Unlike other clock mutants, cyc(01) flies showed a reduced expression of heat-shock genes after sleep loss. However, activating heat-shock genes before sleep deprivation rescued cyc(01) flies from its lethal effects. Consistent with the protective effect of heat-shock genes, was the observation that flies carrying a mutation for the heat-shock protein Hsp83 (Hsp83(08445))(10) showed exaggerated homeostatic response and died after sleep deprivation. These data represent the first step in identifying the molecular mechanisms that constitute the sleep homeostat.
C1 Inst Neurosci, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
RP Shaw, PJ (corresponding author), Inst Neurosci, 10640 John J Hopkins Dr, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
NR 30
TC 362
Z9 432
U1 0
U2 82
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6886
BP 287
EP 291
DI 10.1038/417287a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 551YT
UT WOS:000175592100047
PM 12015603
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yeh, A
   Soh, YA
   Brooke, J
   Aeppli, G
   Rosenbaum, TF
   Hayden, SM
AF Yeh, A
   Soh, YA
   Brooke, J
   Aeppli, G
   Rosenbaum, TF
   Hayden, SM
TI Quantum phase transition in a common metal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID density-wave antiferromagnetism; spin fluctuations; normal-state; temperature; heavy; chromium; alloys; conductivity; dependence
AB The classical theory of solids, based on the quantum mechanics of single electrons moving in periodic potentials, provides an excellent description of substances ranging from semiconducting silicon to superconducting aluminium. Over the last fifteen years, it has become increasingly clear that there are substances for which the conventional approach fails. Among these are certain rare earth compounds(1,2) and transition metal oxides(3,4), including high-temperature superconductors(5,6). A common feature of these materials is complexity, in the sense that they have relatively large unit cells containing heterogeneous mixtures of atoms. Although many explanations have been put forward for their anomalous properties(7), it is still possible that the classical theory might suffice. Here we show that a very common chromium alloy has some of the same peculiarities as the more exotic materials, including a quantum critical point(8), a strongly temperature-dependent Hall resistance(4,5) and evidence for a 'pseudogap'(9). This implies that complexity is not a prerequisite for unconventional behaviour. Moreover, it should simplify the general task of explaining anomalous properties because chromium is a relatively simple system in which to work out in quantitative detail the consequences of the conventional theory of solids.
C1 NEC Res Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Bristol, HH Wills Phys Lab, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England.
C3 NEC Corporation; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Bristol
RP Aeppli, G (corresponding author), NEC Res Inst, 4 Independence Way, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
EM gabe@research.nj.nec.com
NR 28
TC 124
Z9 140
U1 0
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6906
BP 459
EP 462
DI 10.1038/nature01044
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 599RF
UT WOS:000178348400031
PM 12368850
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schenk, PM
AF Schenk, PM
TI Thickness constraints on the icy shells of the galilean satellites from a comparison of crater shapes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subsurface ocean; impact features; europa; callisto; ganymede; mission; water
AB A thin outer ice shell on Jupiter's large moon Europa would imply easy exchange between the surface and any organic or biotic material in its putative subsurface ocean(1-4). The thickness of the outer ice shell is poorly constrained, however, with model-dependent estimates ranging from a few kilometres(5,6) to ten or more kilometres(7). Here I present measurements of depths of impact craters on Europa, Ganymede and Callisto that reveal two anomalous transitions in crater shape with diameter. The first transition is probably related to temperature-dependent ductility of the crust at shallow depths (7-8 km on Europa). The second transition is attributed to the influence of subsurface oceans on all three satellites(3,8,9), which constrains Europa's icy shell to be at least 19 km thick. The icy lithospheres of Ganymede and Callisto are equally ice-rich, but Europa's icy shell has a thermal structure about 0.25-0.5 times the thicknesses of Ganymede's or Callisto's shells, depending on epoch. The appearances of the craters on Europa are inconsistent with thin-ice-shell models(1) and indicate that exchange of oceanic and surface material could be difficult.
C1 Lunar & Planetary Inst, Houston, TX 77058 USA.
RP Schenk, PM (corresponding author), Lunar & Planetary Inst, 3600 Bay Area Blvd, Houston, TX 77058 USA.
NR 29
TC 229
Z9 264
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6887
BP 419
EP 421
DI 10.1038/417419a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 554HZ
UT WOS:000175730900032
PM 12024207
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abbott, A
AF Abbott, A
TI Ion channel structures: They said it couldn't be done...
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID potassium channel; selectivity; conduction
NR 11
TC 5
Z9 7
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6895
BP 268
EP 269
DI 10.1038/418268a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 574BF
UT WOS:000176868000012
PM 12124593
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matsubayashi, K
   Maki, M
   Tsuzuki, T
   Nishioka, T
   Sato, NK
AF Matsubayashi, K
   Maki, M
   Tsuzuki, T
   Nishioka, T
   Sato, NK
TI Magnetic properties - Parasitic ferromagnetism in a hexaboride?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ca1-xlaxb6
C1 Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Phys, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
C3 Nagoya University
RP Matsubayashi, K (corresponding author), Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Phys, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
NR 6
TC 66
Z9 70
U1 1
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6912
BP 143
EP 144
DI 10.1038/420143b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 614QM
UT WOS:000179200900034
PM 12432381
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Melville, WK
   Matusov, P
AF Melville, WK
   Matusov, P
TI Distribution of breaking waves at the ocean surface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID whitecap coverage; gravity-waves; wind; dissipation; spectra; speed
AB Surface waves play an important role in the exchange of mass, momentum and energy between the atmosphere and the ocean. The development of the wave field depends on wind, wave-wave and wave-current interactions and wave dissipation owing to breaking, which is accompanied by momentum fluxes from waves to currents. Wave breaking supports air-sea fluxes of heat and gas(1,2), which have a profound effect on weather and climate. But wave breaking is poorly quantified and understood. Here we present measurements of wave breaking, using aerial imaging and analysis, and provide a statistical description of related sea-surface processes. We find that the distribution of the length of breaking fronts per unit area of sea surface is proportional to the cube of the wind speed and that, within the measured range of the speed of the wave fronts, the length of breaking fronts per unit area is an exponential function of the speed of the front. We also find that the fraction of the ocean surface mixed by breaking waves, which is important for air-sea exchange, is dominated by wave breaking at low velocities and short wavelengths.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
RP Melville, WK (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 24
TC 192
Z9 217
U1 1
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6884
BP 58
EP 63
DI 10.1038/417058a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 546ZM
UT WOS:000175307200036
PM 11986664
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sigala, N
   Logothetis, NK
AF Sigala, N
   Logothetis, NK
TI Visual categorization shapes feature selectivity in the primate temporal cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inferotemporal cortex; rhesus-monkeys; recognition; similarity; representation; expertise; images; eye
AB The way that we perceive and interact with objects depends on our previous experience with them. For example, a bird expert is more likely to recognize a bird as a sparrow, a sandpiper or a cockatiel than a non-expert(1). Neurons in the inferior temporal cortex have been shown to be important in the representation of visual objects; however, it is unknown which object features are represented and how these representations are affected by categorization training. Here we show that feature selectivity in the macaque inferior temporal cortex is shaped by categorization of objects on the basis of their visual features. Specifically, we recorded from single neurons while monkeys performed a categorization task with two sets of parametric stimuli. Each stimulus set consisted of four varying features, but only two of the four were important for the categorization task (diagnostic features). We found enhanced neuronal representation of the diagnostic features relative to the non-diagnostic ones. These findings demonstrate that stimulus features important for categorization are instantiated in the activity of single units (neurons) in the primate inferior temporal cortex.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biol Cybernet, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Sigala, N (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biol Cybernet, Spemannstr 38, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
EM natasha.sigala@tuebingen.mpg.de
NR 20
TC 440
Z9 491
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 17
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6869
BP 318
EP 320
DI 10.1038/415318a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 511YC
UT WOS:000173293500043
PM 11797008
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loubeyre, P
   Occelli, F
   LeToullec, R
AF Loubeyre, P
   Occelli, F
   LeToullec, R
TI Optical studies of solid hydrogen to 320 GPa and evidence for black hydrogen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-pressure; molecular-hydrogen; megabar pressures; metallization; dependence; deuterium; equation; state; metal
AB The quest for metallic hydrogen at high pressures represents a longstanding problem in condensed matter physics(1,2). Recent calculations(3-6) have predicted that solid hydrogen should become a molecular metal at pressures above 300 GPa, before transforming into an alkali metal; but the strong quantum nature of the problem makes the predictions difficult. Over a decade ago, an optical study(7) of hydrogen was made using a diamond anvil cell to reach 250 GPa. However, despite many subsequent efforts, quantitative studies(8-11) at higher pressures have proved difficult and their conclusions controversial. Here we report optical measurements of solid hydrogen up to a pressure of 320 GPa at 100 K. The vibron signature of the H-2 molecule persists to at least 316 GPa; no structural changes are detected above 160 GPa, and solid hydrogen is observed to turn completely opaque at 320 GPa. We measure the absorption edge of hydrogen above 300 GPa, observing features characteristic of a direct electronic bandgap. This is at odds with the most recent theoretical calculations that predict much larger direct transition energies and the closure of an indirect gap(3-6). We predict that metal hydrogen should be observed at about 450 GPa when the direct gap closes.
C1 CEA, Dept Phys Theor & Applicat, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France.
   Univ Paris 06, PMC, F-75252 Paris, France.
C3 CEA; Sorbonne Universite
RP Loubeyre, P (corresponding author), CEA, Dept Phys Theor & Applicat, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France.
NR 24
TC 370
Z9 400
U1 5
U2 89
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6881
BP 613
EP 617
DI 10.1038/416613a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 539YV
UT WOS:000174901900037
PM 11948345
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mani, RG
   Smet, JH
   von Klitzing, K
   Narayanamurti, V
   Johnson, WB
   Umansky, V
AF Mani, RG
   Smet, JH
   von Klitzing, K
   Narayanamurti, V
   Johnson, WB
   Umansky, V
TI Zero-resistance states induced by electromagnetic-wave excitation in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclotron-resonance; superconductivity; photoconductivity; oscillations; model
AB The observation of vanishing electrical resistance in condensed matter has led to the discovery of new phenomena such as, for example, superconductivity, where a zero-resistance state can be detected in a metal below a transition temperature T-c (ref. 1). More recently, quantum Hall effects were discovered from investigations of zero-resistance states at low temperatures and high magnetic fields in two-dimensional electron systems (2DESs)(2-4). In quantum Hall systems and superconductors, zero-resistance states often coincide with the appearance of a gap in the energy spectrum(1,2,4). Here we report the observation of zero-resistance states and energy gaps in a surprising setting(5) : ultrahigh-mobility GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures that contain a 2DES exhibit vanishing diagonal resistance without Hall resistance quantization at low temperatures and low magnetic fields when the specimen is subjected to electromagnetic wave excitation. Zero-resistance states occur about magnetic fields B=4/5B(f) and B=4/9B(f), where B-f=2pifm*/e;m* is the electron mass, e is the electron charge, and f is the electromagnetic-wave frequency. Activated transport measurements on the resistance minima also indicate an energy gap at the Fermi level(6). The results suggest an unexpected radiation-induced, electronic-state-transition in the GaAs/AlGaAs 2DES.
C1 Harvard Univ, Gordon McKay Lab Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Lab Phys Sci, College Pk, MD 20740 USA.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Braun Ctr Submicron Res, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Harvard University; Max Planck Society; Harvard University; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Mani, RG (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Gordon McKay Lab Appl Sci, 9 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM mani@deas.harvard.edu
NR 32
TC 647
Z9 672
U1 1
U2 119
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP 646
EP 650
DI 10.1038/nature01277
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 624GK
UT WOS:000179751800039
PM 12478287
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI The life history of the mouse in genetics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 511
EP 511
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weeks, SJ
   Currie, B
   Bakun, A
AF Weeks, SJ
   Currie, B
   Bakun, A
TI Satellite imaging - Massive emissions of toxic gas in the Atlantic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Cape Town, Ocean Space Ltd, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa.
   Univ Cape Town, IRD, IDYLE Project, Dept Oceanog, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa.
   Natl Marine Res & Informat Ctr, Swakopmund, Namibia.
C3 University of Cape Town; University of Cape Town
RP Weeks, SJ (corresponding author), Univ Cape Town, Ocean Space Ltd, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa.
NR 5
TC 100
Z9 111
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 31
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6871
BP 493
EP 494
DI 10.1038/415493b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 516PQ
UT WOS:000173564300034
PM 11823847
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Flower, R
AF Flower, R
TI A long engagement
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 William Harvey Res Inst, London EC1M 6BQ, England.
C3 University of London; Queen Mary University London
RP Flower, R (corresponding author), William Harvey Res Inst, Charterhouse Sq, London EC1M 6BQ, England.
NR 6
TC 2
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 7
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6872
BP 587
EP 587
DI 10.1038/415587a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 519DC
UT WOS:000173709100022
PM 11832920
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Snow, CD
   Nguyen, N
   Pande, VS
   Gruebele, M
AF Snow, CD
   Nguyen, N
   Pande, VS
   Gruebele, M
TI Absolute comparison of simulated and experimental protein-folding dynamics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tertiary structure; model; apomyoglobin; mechanics; secondary; pathways; kinetics; peptide; design
AB Protein folding is difficult to simulate with classical molecular dynamics. Secondary structure motifs such as alpha-helices and beta-hairpins can form in 0.1-10 mus (ref. 1), whereas small proteins have been shown to fold completely in tens of microseconds(2). The longest folding simulation to date is a single 1-mus simulation of the villin headpiece(3); however, such single runs may miss many features of the folding process as it is a heterogeneous reaction involving an ensemble of transition states(4,5). Here, we have used a distributed computing implementation to produce tens of thousands of 5-20-ns trajectories (700 mus) to simulate mutants of the designed mini-protein BBA5. The fast relaxation dynamics these predict were compared with the results of laser temperature-jump experiments. Our computational predictions are in excellent agreement with the experimentally determined mean folding times and equilibrium constants. The rapid folding of BBA5 is due to the swift formation of secondary structure. The convergence of experimentally and computationally accessible timescales will allow the comparison of absolute quantities characterizing in vitro and in silico (computed) protein folding(6).
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Biophys Program, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Ctr Biophys & Computat Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Stanford University; Stanford University; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Pande, VS (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, 1209 W Calif St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
NR 29
TC 595
Z9 682
U1 0
U2 115
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6911
BP 102
EP 106
DI 10.1038/nature01160
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 612HJ
UT WOS:000179068100045
PM 12422224
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xia, XM
   Zeng, XH
   Lingle, CJ
AF Xia, XM
   Zeng, XH
   Lingle, CJ
TI Multiple regulatory sites in large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ca2+-activated k+ channel; bk channels; skeletal-muscle; ca2+-dependent activation; gating kinetics; rat muscle; voltage; ca2+; domain; sensitivity
AB Large conductance, Ca2+- and voltage-activated K+ channels (BK) respond to two distinct physiological signals-membrane voltage and cytosolic Ca2+ (refs 1, 2). Channel opening is regulated by changes in Ca2+ concentration spanning 0.5 muM to 50 mM (refs 2-5), a range of Ca2+ sensitivity unusual among Ca2+ -regulated proteins. Although voltage regulation arises from mechanisms shared with other voltage-gated channels(6-8), the mechanisms of Ca2+ regulation remain largely unknown. One potential Ca2+-regulatory site, termed the 'Ca2+ bowl', has been located to the large cytosolic carboxy terminus(9-11). Here we show that a second region of the C terminus, the RCK domain (regulator of conductance for K+ (ref. 12)), contains residues that define two additional regulatory effects of divalent cations. One site, together with the Ca2+ bowl, accounts for all physiological regulation of BK channels by Ca2+; the other site contributes to effects of millimolar divalent cations that may mediate physiological regulation by cytosolic Mg2+ (refs 5, 13). Independent regulation by multiple sites explains the large concentration range over which BK channels are regulated by Ca2+. This allows BK channels to serve a variety of physiological roles contingent on the Ca2+ concentration to which the channels are exposed(14,15).
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Lingle, CJ (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol, Box 8054, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
NR 30
TC 312
Z9 375
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6900
BP 880
EP 884
DI 10.1038/nature00956
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 585YR
UT WOS:000177555600039
PM 12192411
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, MY
   Chen, DL
   Shiloh, A
   Luo, JY
   Nikolaev, AY
   Qin, J
   Gu, W
AF Li, MY
   Chen, DL
   Shiloh, A
   Luo, JY
   Nikolaev, AY
   Qin, J
   Gu, W
TI Deubiquitination of p53 by HAUSP is an important pathway for p53 stabilization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ubiquitin system; mdm2; phosphorylation; oncoprotein; degradation; stability; protein; proteasome; ligase
AB The p53 tumour suppressor is a short-lived protein that is maintained at low levels in normal cells by Mdm2-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent proteolysis(1-3). Stabilization of p53 is crucial for its tumour suppressor function(1-5). However, the precise mechanism by which ubiquitinated p53 levels are regulated in vivo is not completely understood. By mass spectrometry of affinity-purified p53-associated factors, we have identified herpesvirus-associated ubiquitin-specific protease(6) (HAUSP) as a novel p53-interacting protein. HAUSP strongly stabilizes p53 even in the presence of excess Mdm2, and also induces p53-dependent cell growth repression and apoptosis. Significantly, HAUSP has an intrinsic enzymatic activity that specifically deubiquitinates p53 both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, expression of a catalytically inactive point mutant of HAUSP in cells increases the levels of p53 ubiquitination and destabilizes p53. These findings reveal an important mechanism by which p53 can be stabilized by direct deubiquitination and also imply that HAUSP might function as a tumour suppressor in vivo through the stabilization of p53.
C1 Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Inst Canc Genet, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Biochem, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Gu, W (corresponding author), Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Inst Canc Genet, 1150 St Nicholas Ave, New York, NY 10032 USA.
NR 30
TC 861
Z9 1059
U1 3
U2 129
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6881
BP 648
EP 653
DI 10.1038/nature737
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 539YV
UT WOS:000174901900047
PM 11923872
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fried, SI
   Münch, TA
   Werblin, FS
AF Fried, SI
   Münch, TA
   Werblin, FS
TI Mechanisms and circuitry underlying directional selectivity in the retina
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID starburst amacrine cells; rabbit retina; ganglion-cells; mammalian retina; acetylcholine; immunoreactivity; identification; computation; morphology; responses
AB In the retina, directionally selective ganglion cells respond with robust spiking to movement in their preferred direction, but show minimal response to movement in the opposite, or null, direction(1,2). The mechanisms and circuitry underlying this computation have remained controversial(3). Here we show, by isolating the excitatory and inhibitory inputs to directionally selective cells and measuring direct connections between these cells and presynaptic neurons, that a presynaptic interneuron, the starburst amacrine cell, delivers direct inhibition to directionally selective cells. The processes of starburst cells are connected asymmetrically to directionally selective cells: those pointing in the null direction deliver inhibition; those pointing in the preferred direction do not. Starburst cells project inhibition laterally ahead of a stimulus moving in the null direction. In addition, starburst inhibition is itself directionally selective: it is stronger for movement in the null direction. Excitation in response to null direction movement is reduced by an inhibitory signal acting at a site that is presynaptic to the directionally selective cell. The interplay of these components generates reduced excitation and enhanced inhibition in the null direction, thereby ensuring robust directional selectivity.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Helen Wills Neurosci Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Werblin, FS (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 145 LSA, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 28
TC 291
Z9 357
U1 1
U2 34
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6914
BP 411
EP 414
DI 10.1038/nature01179
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 619TZ
UT WOS:000179494700038
PM 12459782
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fares, MA
   Ruiz-González, MX
   Moya, A
   Elena, SF
   Barrio, E
AF Fares, MA
   Ruiz-González, MX
   Moya, A
   Elena, SF
   Barrio, E
TI Endosymbiotic bacteria -: GroEL buffers against deleterious mutations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; evolution; expression; symbiont
C1 Univ Valencia, Inst Cavanilles Biodiversitat & Biol Evolut, Valencia 46071, Spain.
   Univ Valencia, Dept Genet, Valencia 46071, Spain.
C3 University of Valencia; University of Valencia
RP Barrio, E (corresponding author), Univ Valencia, Inst Cavanilles Biodiversitat & Biol Evolut, POB 22085, Valencia 46071, Spain.
NR 13
TC 205
Z9 233
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6887
BP 398
EP 398
DI 10.1038/417398a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 554HZ
UT WOS:000175730900028
PM 12024205
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maddox, J
AF Maddox, J
TI Maxwell's demon: Slamming the door
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
RP Maddox, J (corresponding author), 9 Pitt St, London W8 4NX, England.
NR 1
TC 8
Z9 9
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6892
BP 903
EP 903
DI 10.1038/417903a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 566RC
UT WOS:000176441200021
PM 12087385
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hirosumi, J
   Tuncman, G
   Chang, LF
   Görgün, CZ
   Uysal, KT
   Maeda, K
   Karin, M
   Hotamisligil, GS
AF Hirosumi, J
   Tuncman, G
   Chang, LF
   Görgün, CZ
   Uysal, KT
   Maeda, K
   Karin, M
   Hotamisligil, GS
TI A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-jun activation; protein-kinase; tnf-alpha; lipid-metabolism; differentiation; apoptosis; glucose; stress
AB Obesity is closely associated with insulin resistance and establishes the leading risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus, yet the molecular mechanisms of this association are poorly understood(1). The c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNKs) can interfere with insulin action in cultured cells(2) and are activated by inflammatory cytokines and free fatty acids, molecules that have been implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes(3,4). Here we show that JNK activity is abnormally elevated in obesity. Furthermore, an absence of JNK1 results in decreased adiposity, significantly improved insulin sensitivity and enhanced insulin receptor signalling capacity in two different models of mouse obesity. Thus, JNK is a crucial mediator of obesity and insulin resistance and a potential target for therapeutics.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Biol Sci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Lab Gene Regulat & Signal Transduct, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Hotamisligil, GS (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Biol Sci, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 26
TC 2676
Z9 3209
U1 4
U2 244
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6913
BP 333
EP 336
DI 10.1038/nature01137
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 617BM
UT WOS:000179340400046
PM 12447443
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dutzler, R
   Campbell, EB
   Cadene, M
   Chait, BT
   MacKinnon, R
AF Dutzler, R
   Campbell, EB
   Cadene, M
   Chait, BT
   MacKinnon, R
TI X-ray structure of a CIC chloride channel at 3.0 Å reveals the molecular basis of anion selectivity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-density maps; torpedo electroplax; ion-channel; clc-0; permeation; transmembrane; conduction; expression; mutations; pores
AB The ClC chloride channels catalyse the selective flow of Cl- ions across cell membranes, thereby regulating electrical excitation in skeletal muscle and the flow of salt and water across epithelial barriers. Genetic defects in ClC Cl- channels underlie several familial muscle and kidney diseases. Here we present the X-ray structures of two prokaryotic ClC Cl- channels from Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and Escherichia coli at 3.0 and 3.5 Angstrom, respectively. Both structures reveal two identical pores, each pore being formed by a separate subunit contained within a homodimeric membrane protein. Individual subunits are composed of two roughly repeated halves that span the membrane with opposite orientations. This antiparallel architecture defines a selectivity filter in which a Cl- ion is stabilized by electrostatic interactions with a-helix dipoles and by chemical coordination with nitrogen atoms and hydroxyl groups. These findings provide a structural basis for further understanding the function of ClC Cl- channels, and establish the physical and chemical basis of their anion selectivity.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mol Neurobiol & Biophys, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mass Spectrometry & Gaseous Ion Chem, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University
RP MacKinnon, R (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mol Neurobiol & Biophys, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 49
TC 1352
Z9 1530
U1 2
U2 164
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 17
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6869
BP 287
EP 294
DI 10.1038/415287a
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 511YC
UT WOS:000173293500034
PM 11796999
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McDaniel, L
   Houchin, LA
   Williamson, SJ
   Paul, JH
AF McDaniel, L
   Houchin, LA
   Williamson, SJ
   Paul, JH
TI Plankton blooms -: Lysogeny in marine Synechococcus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID virus; abundance; mortality; seawater
C1 Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of South Florida
RP McDaniel, L (corresponding author), Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA.
NR 10
TC 102
Z9 124
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 31
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6871
BP 496
EP 496
DI 10.1038/415496a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 516PQ
UT WOS:000173564300037
PM 11823851
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Borgdorff, AJ
   Choquet, D
AF Borgdorff, AJ
   Choquet, D
TI Regulation of AMPA receptor lateral movements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term depression; synaptic transmission; hippocampal cultures; molecular mechanisms; neurons; endocytosis; plasticity; expression; synapses; ltd
AB An essential feature in the modulation of the efficacy of synaptic transmission is rapid changes in the number of AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) receptors at post-synaptic sites on neurons(1-4). Regulation of receptor endo- and exocytosis has been shown to be involved in this process(5-14). Whether regulated lateral diffusion of receptors in the plasma membrane also participates in receptor exchange to and from post-synaptic sites remains unknown. We analysed the lateral mobility of native AMPA receptors containing the glutamate receptor subunit GluR2 in rat cultured hippocampal neurons, using single-particle tracking and video microscopy. Here we show that AMPA receptors alternate within seconds between rapid diffusive and stationary behaviour. During maturation of neurons, stationary periods increase in frequency and length, often in spatial correlation with synaptic sites. Raising intracellular calcium, a central element in synaptic plasticity, triggers rapid receptor immobilization and local accumulation on the neuronal surface. We suggest that calcium influx prevents AMPA receptors from diffusing, and that lateral receptor diffusion to and from synaptic sites acts in the rapid and controlled regulation of receptor numbers at synapses.
C1 Univ Bordeaux 2, CNRS, UMR 5091, F-33077 Bordeaux, France.
C3 Universite de Bordeaux; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Choquet, D (corresponding author), Univ Bordeaux 2, CNRS, UMR 5091, F-33077 Bordeaux, France.
NR 29
TC 417
Z9 510
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6889
BP 649
EP 653
DI 10.1038/nature00780
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 559AE
UT WOS:000176001200048
PM 12050666
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mirebeau, I
   Goncharenko, IN
   Cadavez-Pares, P
   Bramwell, ST
   Gingras, MJP
   Gardner, JS
AF Mirebeau, I
   Goncharenko, IN
   Cadavez-Pares, P
   Bramwell, ST
   Gingras, MJP
   Gardner, JS
TI Pressure-induced crystallization of a spin liquid
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pyrochlore antiferromagnet tb2ti2o7; gadolinium gallium garnet; frustrated magnet; dipolar interactions; neutron-diffraction; transition; scattering; tb2mo2o7; state; phase
AB Liquids are expected to crystallize at low temperature. The only exception is helium, which can remain liquid at 0 K, owing to quantum fluctuations(1,2). Similarly, the atomic magnetic moments (spins) in a magnet are expected to order at a temperature scale set by the Curie-Weiss temperature theta(CW) (ref. 3). Geometrically frustrated magnets represent an exception. In these systems, the pairwise spin interactions cannot be simultaneously minimized because of the lattice symmetry(4). This can stabilize a liquid-like state of short-range-ordered fluctuating moments well below theta(CW) (refs 5-7). Here we use neutron scattering to observe the spin liquid state in a geometrically frustrated system, Tb(2)Ti(2)O(7), under conditions of high pressure (similar to9 GPa) and low temperature (, 1 K). This compound is a three-dimensional magnet with theta(CW) = -19 K, where the negative value indicates antiferromagnetic interactions. At ambient pressure Tb(2)Ti(2)O(7) remains in a spin liquid state down to at least 70 mK (ref. 8). But we find that, under high pressure, the spins start to order or 'crystallize' below 2.1 K, with antiferromagnetic order coexisting with liquid-like fluctuations. These results indicate that a spin liquid/solid mixture can be induced by pressure in geometrically frustrated systems.
C1 CE Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Lab Leon Brillouin, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   UCL, Dept Chem, London WC1H OAJ, England.
   Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
   Canadian Inst Adv Res, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada.
   Natl Res Council Canada, Neutron Program Mat Res, Chalk River, ON KOJ 1J0, Canada.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of London; University College London; University of Waterloo; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR); National Research Council Canada
RP Mirebeau, I (corresponding author), CE Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Lab Leon Brillouin, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM mirebea@llb.saclay.cea.fr
NR 27
TC 161
Z9 171
U1 1
U2 77
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6911
BP 54
EP 57
DI 10.1038/nature01157
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 612HJ
UT WOS:000179068100033
PM 12422211
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Makse, HA
   Kurchan, J
AF Makse, HA
   Kurchan, J
TI Testing the thermodynamic approach to granular matter with a numerical model of a decisive experiment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mechanics; fluctuations; flow; foam
AB Edwards has proposed(1-3) a thermodynamic description of dense, slowly flowing granular matter, in which the grains (the 'atoms' of the system) interact with inelastic forces and enduring contacts. In Edwards' ensemble-one of the very few generalizations of standard statistical mechanics-thermodynamic quantities are computed as flat averages over configurations in which the grains are static or jammed, leading to a natural definition of configurational temperature. But the approach is not justified from first principles and hence, in the absence of explicit tests of its validity, has not been widely accepted. Here we report a numerical experiment involving a realistic model of slowly sheared granular matter; our results strongly support the thermodynamic description. Considering particles of different sizes in a slowly sheared dense granular system, we extract an effective temperature from a relation connecting their diffusivity and mobility. We then perform an explicit computation to show that the effective temperature measured from this relation coincides with the Edwards configurational temperature. Our approach, which is specifically conceived to be reproducible in the laboratory, may thus render the Edwards temperature accessible to experiments.
C1 CUNY City Coll, Levich Inst, New York, NY 10031 USA.
   CUNY City Coll, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10031 USA.
   Ecole Super Phys & Chim Ind Ville Paris, PMMH, F-75231 Paris, France.
C3 City University of New York (CUNY) System; City College of New York (CUNY); City University of New York (CUNY) System; City College of New York (CUNY); Sorbonne Universite; Universite PSL; Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI); Universite Paris Cite
RP Makse, HA (corresponding author), CUNY City Coll, Levich Inst, New York, NY 10031 USA.
EM makse@mailaps.org
NR 26
TC 281
Z9 308
U1 1
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 7
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6872
BP 614
EP 617
DI 10.1038/415614a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 519DC
UT WOS:000173709100038
PM 11832938
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tuckerman, ME
   Marx, D
   Parrinello, M
AF Tuckerman, ME
   Marx, D
   Parrinello, M
TI The nature and transport mechanism of hydrated hydroxide ions in aqueous solution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-dynamics simulation; liquid water; proton; solvation; model; clusters; naoh; h3o+
AB Compared to other ions, protons (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) exhibit anomalously high mobilities in aqueous solutions(1). On a qualitative level, this behaviour has long been explained by 'structural diffusion'-the continuous interconversion between hydration complexes driven by fluctuations in the solvation shell of the hydrated ions. Detailed investigations have led to a clear understanding of the proton transport mechanism at the molecular level(2-8). In contrast, hydroxide ion mobility in basic solutions has received far less attention(2,3,9,10), even though bases and base catalysis play important roles in many organic and biochemical reactions and in the chemical industry. The reason for this may be attributed to the century-old notion(11) that a hydrated OH- can be regarded as a water molecule missing a proton, and that the transport mechanism of such a 'proton hole' can be inferred from that of an excess proton by simply reversing hydrogen bond polarities(11-18). However, recent studies(2,3) have identified OH- hydration complexes that bear little structural similarity to proton hydration complexes. Here we report the solution structures and transport mechanisms of hydrated hydroxide, which we obtained from first-principles computer simulations that explicitly treat quantum and thermal fluctuations of all nuclei(19-21). We find that the transport mechanism, which differs significantly from the proton hole picture, involves an interplay between the previously identified hydration complexes(2,3) and is strongly influenced by nuclear quantum effects.
C1 NYU, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   NYU, Courant Inst Math Sci, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   Ruhr Univ Bochum, Lehrstuhl Theoret Chem, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
C3 New York University; New York University; Ruhr University Bochum; Max Planck Society
RP Tuckerman, ME (corresponding author), NYU, Dept Chem, 4 Washington Pl, New York, NY 10003 USA.
NR 32
TC 906
Z9 1004
U1 10
U2 398
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6892
BP 925
EP 929
DI 10.1038/nature00797
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 566RC
UT WOS:000176441200032
PM 12087398
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Monney, L
   Sabatos, CA
   Gaglia, JL
   Ryu, A
   Waldner, H
   Chernova, T
   Manning, S
   Greenfield, EA
   Coyle, AJ
   Sobel, RA
   Freeman, GJ
   Kuchroo, VK
AF Monney, L
   Sabatos, CA
   Gaglia, JL
   Ryu, A
   Waldner, H
   Chernova, T
   Manning, S
   Greenfield, EA
   Coyle, AJ
   Sobel, RA
   Freeman, GJ
   Kuchroo, VK
TI Th1-specific cell surface protein Tim-3 regulates macrophage activation and severity of an autoimmune disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemokine receptor expression; central-nervous-system; cd4(+) t-cells; cutting edge; lymphocytes; th1; encephalomyelitis; therapy; antigen; subsets
AB Activation of naive CD4(+) T-helper cells results in the development of at least two distinct effector populations, Th1 and Th2 cells(1-3). Th1 cells produce cytokines (interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, tumour-necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and lymphotoxin) that are commonly associated with cell-mediated immune responses against intracellular pathogens, delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions 4, and induction of organ-specific autoimmune diseases(5). Th2 cells produce cytokines (IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) that are crucial for control of extracellular helminthic infections and promote atopic and allergic diseases(4). Although much is known about the functions of these two subsets of T-helper cells, there are few known surface molecules that distinguish between them(6). We report here the identification and characterization of a transmembrane protein, Tim-3, which contains an immunoglobulin and a mucin-like domain and is expressed on differentiated Th1 cells. In vivo administration of antibody to Tim-3 enhances the clinical and pathological severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a Th1-dependent autoimmune disease, and increases the number and activation level of macrophages. Tim-3 may have an important role in the induction of autoimmune diseases by regulating macrophage activation and/or function.
C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Neurol, Ctr Neurol Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Adult Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Millennium Pharmaceut, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 95305 USA.
   VA Hlth Care Syst, Palo Alto, CA USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd; Millennium Pharmaceuticals; Stanford University
RP Kuchroo, VK (corresponding author), Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Neurol, Ctr Neurol Dis, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 24
TC 1404
Z9 1773
U1 7
U2 118
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 31
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6871
BP 536
EP 541
DI 10.1038/415536a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 516PQ
UT WOS:000173564300049
PM 11823861
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Milly, PCD
   Wetherald, RT
   Dunne, KA
   Delworth, TL
AF Milly, PCD
   Wetherald, RT
   Dunne, KA
   Delworth, TL
TI Increasing risk of great floods in a changing climate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trends
AB Radiative effects of anthropogenic changes in atmospheric composition are expected to cause climate changes, in particular an intensification of the global water cycle(1) with a consequent increase in flood risk(2). But the detection of anthropogenically forced changes in flooding is difficult because of the substantial natural variability(3); the dependence of streamflow trends on flow regime(4,5) further complicates the issue. Here we investigate the changes in risk of great floods-that is, floods with discharges exceeding 100-year levels from basins larger than 200,000 km(2)-using both streamflow measurements and numerical simulations of the anthropogenic climate change associated with greenhouse gases and direct radiative effects of sulphate aerosols(6). We find that the frequency of great floods increased substantially during the twentieth century. The recent emergence of a statistically significant positive trend in risk of great floods is consistent with results from the climate model, and the model suggests that the trend will continue.
C1 US Geol Survey, GFDL, NOAA, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA.
   NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA.
C3 National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP Milly, PCD (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, GFDL, NOAA, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA.
NR 13
TC 1305
Z9 1547
U1 8
U2 663
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 31
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6871
BP 514
EP 517
DI 10.1038/415514a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 516PQ
UT WOS:000173564300043
PM 11823857
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lardner, B
   bin Lakim, M
AF Lardner, B
   bin Lakim, M
TI Tree-hole frogs exploit resonance effects
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID call duration; gray; acoustics; burrow; choice
C1 Field Museum Nat Hist, Div Amphibians & Reptiles, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
   Sabah Pk, Res & Educ Div, Kota Kinabalu 88806, Sabah, Malaysia.
C3 Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago)
RP Lardner, B (corresponding author), Field Museum Nat Hist, Div Amphibians & Reptiles, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
NR 12
TC 80
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 475
EP 475
DI 10.1038/420475a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600033
PM 12466831
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alam, MA
   Smith, RK
   Weir, BE
   Silverman, PJ
AF Alam, MA
   Smith, RK
   Weir, BE
   Silverman, PJ
TI Thindielectric films - Uncorrelated breakdown of integrated circuits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Agere Syst, Murray Hill, NJ 07076 USA.
C3 Broadcom; LSI Corporation
RP Alam, MA (corresponding author), Agere Syst, Murray Hill, NJ 07076 USA.
EM alam@agere.com
NR 10
TC 60
Z9 63
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6914
BP 378
EP 378
DI 10.1038/420378a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 619TZ
UT WOS:000179494700028
PM 12459774
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nestle, FO
   Speidel, H
   Speidel, MO
AF Nestle, FO
   Speidel, H
   Speidel, MO
TI Metallurgy - High nickel release from 1-and 2-euro coins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID contact-dermatitis
C1 Univ Zurich Hosp, Dept Dermatol, CH-8901 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Dept Mat, Inst Met, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 University of Zurich; University Zurich Hospital; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Nestle, FO (corresponding author), Univ Zurich Hosp, Dept Dermatol, CH-8901 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 6
TC 90
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6903
BP 132
EP 132
DI 10.1038/419132a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 592HK
UT WOS:000177931200030
PM 12226655
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Simonson, AB
   Lake, JA
AF Simonson, AB
   Lake, JA
TI The transorientation hypothesis for codon recognition during protein synthesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli ribosome; phenylalanine transfer-rna; aminoacyl-transfer-rna; elongation-factor tu; ef-tu; angstrom resolution; a-site; subunit; mechanism; binding
AB During decoding, a codon of messenger RNA is matched with its cognate aminoacyl-transfer RNA and the amino acid carried by the tRNA is added to the growing protein chain. Here we propose a molecular mechanism for the decoding phase of translation: the transorientation hypothesis. The model incorporates a newly identified tRNA binding site and utilizes a flip between two tRNA anticodon loop structures, the 5'-stacked and the 3'-stacked conformations. The anticodon loop acts as a three-dimensional hinge permitting rotation of the tRNA about a relatively fixed codon-anticodon pair. This rotation, driven by a conformational change in elongation factor Tu involving GTP hydrolysis, transorients the incoming tRNA into the A site from the D site of initial binding and decoding, where it can be proofread and accommodated. The proposed mechanisms are compatible with the known structures, conformations and functions of the ribosome and its component parts including tRNAs and EF-Tu, in both the GTP and GDP states.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Lake, JA (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 45
TC 14
Z9 16
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6878
BP 281
EP 285
DI 10.1038/416281a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 532NP
UT WOS:000174482200032
PM 11907568
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hurst, WJ
   Tarka, SM
   Powis, TG
   Valdez, F
   Hester, TR
AF Hurst, WJ
   Tarka, SM
   Powis, TG
   Valdez, F
   Hester, TR
TI Archaeology: Cacao usage by the earliest Maya civilization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rio-azul; vessels
C1 Hershey Foods Tech Ctr, Hershey, PA 17033 USA.
   Univ Texas, Dept Anthropol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Hurst, WJ (corresponding author), Hershey Foods Tech Ctr, POB 805, Hershey, PA 17033 USA.
NR 11
TC 109
Z9 132
U1 4
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6895
BP 289
EP 290
DI 10.1038/418289a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 574BF
UT WOS:000176868000029
PM 12124611
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moreno, E
   Basler, K
   Morata, G
AF Moreno, E
   Basler, K
   Morata, G
TI Cells compete for Decapentaplegic survival factor to prevent apoptosis in Drosophila wing development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cellular growth; dpp; gradient; brinker; death; compartments; parameters; division; sequence; homolog
AB During the growth of Drosophila imaginal discs a process called 'cell competition'(1) eliminates slow-proliferating but otherwise viable cells. We report here that cell competition requires the function of the brinker (brk) gene, whose expression is normally repressed by Decapentaplegic (Dpp) signalling(2-4) but is upregulated in slow-growing Minute/+ cells. Excess brk expression activates the c-Jun amino-terminal kinase pathway, which in turn triggers apoptosis in these cells. We propose that slow-proliferating cells upregulate Brk levels owing to a disadvantage in competing for, or in transducing, the Dpp survival signal. This sequence of events might represent a general mechanism by which weaker cells are eliminated from a growing population, and might serve as a method of controlling cell number and optimizing tissue fitness and hence organ function.
C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Mol Biol, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   UAM, CSIC, Ctr Biol Mol, Madrid 28049, Spain.
C3 University of Zurich; Autonomous University of Madrid; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM)
RP Basler, K (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Inst Mol Biol, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM basler@molbio.unizh.ch; gmorata@cbm.uam.es
NR 27
TC 385
Z9 448
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6882
BP 755
EP 759
DI 10.1038/416755a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 542FU
UT WOS:000175033500046
PM 11961558
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huppert, HE
   Woods, AW
AF Huppert, HE
   Woods, AW
TI The role of volatiles in magma chamber dynamics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eruption; pressure; volcano; water
AB Many andesitic volcanoes exhibit effusive eruption activity(1), with magma volumes as large as 10(7)-10(9) m(3) erupted at rates of 1-10 m(3) s(-1) over periods of years or decades. During such eruptions, many complex cycles in eruption rates have been observed, with periods ranging from hours to years(2-7). Longer-term trends have also been observed, and are thought to be associated with the continuing recharge of magma from deep in the crust and with waning of overpressure in the magma reservoir. Here we present a model which incorporates effects due to compressibility of gas in magma. We show that the eruption duration and volume of erupted magma may increase by up to two orders of magnitude if the stored internal energy associated with dissolved volatiles can be released into the magma chamber. This mechanism would be favoured in shallow chambers or volatile-rich magmas and the cooling of magma by country rock may enhance this release of energy, leading to substantial increases in eruption rate and duration.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Appl Math & Theoret Phys, Inst Theoret Geophys, Cambridge CB3 9EW, England.
   BP Inst Multiphase Flow, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; BP; University of Cambridge
RP Huppert, HE (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Appl Math & Theoret Phys, Inst Theoret Geophys, Silver St, Cambridge CB3 9EW, England.
EM heh1@esc.cam.ac.uk
NR 23
TC 197
Z9 223
U1 2
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 493
EP 495
DI 10.1038/nature01211
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600042
PM 12466839
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rafkin, SCR
   Maria, MRVS
   Michaels, TI
AF Rafkin, SCR
   Maria, MRVS
   Michaels, TI
TI Simulation of the atmospheric thermal circulation of a martian volcano using a mesoscale numerical model
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID system
AB Mesoscale (< 100 km) atmospheric phenomena are ubiquitous on Mars, as revealed by Mars Orbiter Camera images(1-3). Numerical models provide an important means of investigating martian atmospheric dynamics, for which data availability is limited. But the resolution of general circulation models, which are traditionally used for such research, is not sufficient to resolve mesoscale phenomena(4-6). To provide better understanding of these relatively small-scale phenomena, mesoscale models have recently been introduced(7-9). Here we simulate the mesoscale spiral dust cloud observed over the caldera of the volcano Arsia Mons by using the Mars Regional Atmospheric Modelling System. Our simulation uses a hierarchy of nested models with grid sizes ranging from 240 km to 3 km, and reveals that the dust cloud is an indicator of a greater but optically thin thermal circulation that reaches heights of up to 30 km, and transports dust horizontally over thousands of kilometres.
C1 San Jose State Univ, Dept Meteorol, San Jose, CA 95117 USA.
C3 California State University System; San Jose State University
RP Rafkin, SCR (corresponding author), San Jose State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 1 Washington Sq, San Jose, CA 95117 USA.
EM rafkin@metsun1.met.sjsu.edu
NR 12
TC 81
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6908
BP 697
EP 699
DI 10.1038/nature01114
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 604JF
UT WOS:000178615200033
PM 12384691
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McKane, RB
   Johnson, LC
   Shaver, GR
   Nadelhoffer, KJ
   Rastetter, EB
   Fry, B
   Giblin, AE
   Kielland, K
   Kwiatkowski, BL
   Laundre, JA
   Murray, G
AF McKane, RB
   Johnson, LC
   Shaver, GR
   Nadelhoffer, KJ
   Rastetter, EB
   Fry, B
   Giblin, AE
   Kielland, K
   Kwiatkowski, BL
   Laundre, JA
   Murray, G
TI Resource-based niches provide a basis for plant species diversity and dominance in arctic tundra
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alaskan tundra; amino-acids; competition; nitrogen; growth; trees
AB Ecologists have long been intrigued by the ways co-occurring species divide limiting resources. Such resource partitioning, or niche differentiation, may promote species diversity by reducing competition(1,2). Although resource partitioning is an important determinant of species diversity and composition in animal communities(3), its importance in structuring plant communities has been difficult to resolve(4). This is due mainly to difficulties in studying how plants compete for belowground resources(5). Here we provide evidence from a N-15-tracer field experiment showing that plant species in a nitrogen-limited, arctic tundra community were differentiated in timing, depth and chemical form of nitrogen uptake, and that species dominance was strongly correlated with uptake of the most available soil nitrogen forms. That is, the most productive species used the most abundant nitrogen forms, and less productive species used less abundant forms. To our knowledge, this is the first documentation that the composition of a plant community is related to partitioning of differentially available forms of a single limiting resource.
C1 US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA.
   Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA.
   US Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, USDA, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA.
   Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
   Appalachian Mt Club, Gorham, NH 03581 USA.
C3 United States Environmental Protection Agency; Kansas State University; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); United States Forest Service; Marine Biological Laboratory - Woods Hole; University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks
RP McKane, RB (corresponding author), US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA.
EM mckane.bob@epa.gov
NR 26
TC 748
Z9 889
U1 14
U2 451
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 3
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6867
BP 68
EP 71
DI 10.1038/415068a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 507KZ
UT WOS:000173028800040
PM 11780117
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sheehy, AM
   Gaddis, NC
   Choi, JD
   Malim, MH
AF Sheehy, AM
   Gaddis, NC
   Choi, JD
   Malim, MH
TI Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed by the viral Vif protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-immunodeficiency-virus; type-1 vif; dna-synthesis; sor gene; rna; cells; gag; restriction; replication; efficient
AB Viruses have developed diverse non-immune strategies to counteract host-mediated mechanisms that confer resistance to infection. The Vif (virion infectivity factor) proteins are encoded by primate immunodeficiency viruses, most notably human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). These proteins are potent regulators of virus infection and replication and are consequently essential for pathogenic infections in vivo(1-6). HIV-1 Vif seems to be required during the late stages of virus production(3,6) for the suppression of an innate antiviral phenotype that resides in human T lymphocytes(7,8). Thus, in the absence of Vif, expression of this phenotype renders progeny virions non-infectious. Here, we describe a unique cellular gene, CEM15, whose transient or stable expression in cells that do not normally express CEM15 recreates this phenotype, but whose antiviral action is overcome by the presence of Vif. Because the Vif: CEM15 regulatory circuit is critical for HIV-1 replication, perturbing the circuit may be a promising target for future HIV/AIDS therapies.
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Sch Med, Div Human Genet, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Kings Coll London, Guys Kings & St Thomas Sch Med, Dept Infect Dis, London SE1 9RT, England.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia; University of London; King's College London
RP Malim, MH (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM michael.malim@kcl.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 1961
Z9 2532
U1 3
U2 114
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 646
EP 650
DI 10.1038/nature00939
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600044
PM 12167863
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Slivan, SM
AF Slivan, SM
TI Spin vector alignment of Koronis family asteroids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID collisional evolution; lightcurve inversion; optimization methods
AB Studies of asteroid families-groups of asteroids that formed from the fragmentation of larger bodies-are of broad interest to solar system researchers because they can provide insights into collisional processes, as well as the interior structures, strengths, and compositions of asteroids. It is generally accepted that members of the Koronis family were created by collisional disruption of a homogeneous parent body 1 and therefore share the same formation age and subsequent collisional history. The temporal variations in observed brightnesses of the Koronis family members (a consequence of their rotation) are, however, larger than expected(2). Preferential alignment of spin vectors had been proposed 2 as a possible explanation, but recent modelling 3 predicted that family formation yields random spin vectors among the resulting fragments. Both hypotheses have been untested by observations. Here I show that the actual distribution of spin vectors among the largest members of the Koronis family falls within markedly nonrandom 'spin clusters'. Reconciling models of family formation and evolution with the unexpected alignments of spin obliquities and correlations with spin rates presents a new challenge in understanding asteroid collisional processes.
C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Slivan, SM (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, 77 Massachusetts Ave,Rm 54-410, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 19
TC 86
Z9 92
U1 2
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6902
BP 49
EP 51
DI 10.1038/nature00993
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 589YF
UT WOS:000177788600032
PM 12214227
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goodman, MB
   Ernstrom, GG
   Chelur, DS
   O'Hagan, R
   Yao, CA
   Chalfie, M
AF Goodman, MB
   Ernstrom, GG
   Chelur, DS
   O'Hagan, R
   Yao, CA
   Chalfie, M
TI MEC-2 regulates C-elegans DEG/ENaC channels needed for mechanosensation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; membrane-protein; stomatin; neurons; amiloride; subunits; degeneration; sensitivity; mutations; member
AB Touch sensitivity in animals relies on nerve endings in the skin that convert mechanical force into electrical signals. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, gentle touch to the body wall is sensed by six mechanosensory neurons(1) that express two amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel proteins (DEG/ENaC). These proteins, MEC-4 and MEC-10, are required for touch sensation and can mutate to cause neuronal degeneration(2,3). Here we show that these mutant or 'd' forms of MEC-4 and MEC-10 produce a constitutively active, amiloride-sensitive ionic current when co-expressed in Xenopus oocytes, but not on their own. MEC-2, a stomatin-related protein needed for touch sensitivity(4), increased the activity of mutant channels about 40-fold and allowed currents to be detected with wild-type MEC-4 and MEC-10. Whereas neither the central, stomatin-like domain of MEC-2 nor human stomatin retained the activity of full-length MEC-2, both produced amiloride-sensitive currents with MEC-4d. Our findings indicate that MEC-2 regulates MEC-4/MEC-10 ion channels and raise the possibility that similar ion channels may be formed by stomatin-like proteins and DEG/ENaC proteins that are co-expressed in both vertebrates and invertebrates(5-8). Some of these channels may mediate mechanosensory responses.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Chalfie, M (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
EM mc21@columbia.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R37 GM030997] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 273
Z9 348
U1 1
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 1039
EP 1042
DI 10.1038/4151039a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000049
PM 11875573
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Berglund, GI
   Carlsson, GH
   Smith, AT
   Szöke, H
   Henriksen, A
   Hajdu, J
AF Berglund, GI
   Carlsson, GH
   Smith, AT
   Szöke, H
   Henriksen, A
   Hajdu, J
TI The catalytic pathway of horseradish peroxidase at high resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray; radiation-damage; atomic-resolution; crystal-structure; synchrotron-radiation; angstrom resolution; protein crystals; activation; reductase; electron
AB A molecular description of oxygen and peroxide activation in biological systems is difficult, because electrons liberated during X-ray data collection reduce the active centres of redox enzymes catalysing these reactions(1-5). Here we describe an effective strategy to obtain crystal structures for high-valency redox intermediates and present a three-dimensional movie of the X-ray-driven catalytic reduction of a bound dioxygen species in horseradish peroxidase (HRP). We also describe separate experiments in which high-resolution structures could be obtained for all five oxidation states of HRP, showing such structures with preserved redox states for the first time.
C1 Univ Uppsala, Ctr Biomed, Dept Biochem, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Sussex, Sch Biol Sci, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
   Univ Copenhagen, Dept Chem, Prot Struct Grp, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
C3 Uppsala University; University of Sussex; University of Copenhagen
RP Hajdu, J (corresponding author), Univ Uppsala, Ctr Biomed, Dept Biochem, Box 576, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
NR 30
TC 864
Z9 980
U1 8
U2 302
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6887
BP 463
EP 468
DI 10.1038/417463a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 554HZ
UT WOS:000175730900044
PM 12024218
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sambrano, GR
   Chandy, G
   Choi, S
   Decamp, D
   Hsueh, R
   Lin, KM
   Mock, D
   O'Rourke, N
   Roach, T
   Shu, HJ
   Sinkovits, B
   Verghese, M
   Bourne, H
AF Sambrano, GR
   Chandy, G
   Choi, S
   Decamp, D
   Hsueh, R
   Lin, KM
   Mock, D
   O'Rourke, N
   Roach, T
   Shu, HJ
   Sinkovits, B
   Verghese, M
   Bourne, H
TI Unravelling the signal-transduction network in B lymphocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lymphoma-cells; wehi-231; activation; chemokines; expression
AB The Alliance for Cellular Signaling has chosen the mouse B lymphocyte as a model system to understand basic principles that govern cellular signalling. Progress to that end has focused initially on establishing a reproducible experimental cell system and characterizing essential signalling responses. Although unravelling this complex network will take years, findings revealed in the interim will prove immensely useful to the scientific community at large.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Pharmacol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego Supercomp Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   San Francisco Vet Adm Med Ctr, Dept Rheumatol, San Francisco, CA 94121 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Stanford University; California Institute of Technology; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of California System; University of California San Diego; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); San Francisco VA Medical Center
RP Sambrano, GR (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM sambrano@cmp.ucsf.edu
NR 22
TC 22
Z9 24
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP 708
EP 710
DI 10.1038/nature01305
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 624GK
UT WOS:000179751800055
PM 12478302
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knutti, R
   Stocker, TF
   Joos, F
   Plattner, GK
AF Knutti, R
   Stocker, TF
   Joos, F
   Plattner, GK
TI Constraints on radiative forcing and future climate change from observations and climate model ensembles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 20th-century temperature-change; ocean-atmosphere model; carbon uptake; attribution; sensitivity
AB The assessment of uncertainties in global warming projections is often based on expert judgement, because a number of key variables in climate change are poorly quantified. In particular, the sensitivity of climate to changing greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere and the radiative forcing effects by aerosols are not well constrained, leading to large uncertainties in global warming simulations(1). Here we present a Monte Carlo approach to produce probabilistic climate projections, using a climate model of reduced complexity. The uncertainties in the input parameters and in the model itself are taken into account, and past observations of oceanic and atmospheric warming are used to constrain the range of realistic model responses. We obtain a probability density function for the present-day total radiative forcing, giving 1.4 to 2.4 W m(-2) for the 5-95 per cent confidence range, narrowing the global-mean indirect aerosol effect to the range of 0 to -1.2 W m(-2). Ensemble simulations for two illustrative emission scenarios suggest a 40 per cent probability that global-mean surface temperature increase will exceed the range predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), but only a 5 per cent probability that warming will fall below that range.
C1 Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
C3 University of Bern
RP Stocker, TF (corresponding author), Univ Bern, Inst Phys, Sidlerstr 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
EM stocker@climate.unibe.ch
NR 29
TC 272
Z9 291
U1 1
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6882
BP 719
EP 723
DI 10.1038/416719a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 542FU
UT WOS:000175033500037
PM 11961550
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haskell, JP
   Ritchie, ME
   Olff, H
AF Haskell, JP
   Ritchie, ME
   Olff, H
TI Fractal geometry predicts varying body size scaling relationships for mammal and bird home ranges
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ecology; scales; laws
AB Scaling laws that describe complex interactions between organisms and their environment as a function of body size offer exciting potential for synthesis in biology(1-4). Home range size, or the area used by individual organisms, is a critical ecological variable that integrates behaviour, physiology and population density and strongly depends on organism size(5-7). Here we present a new model of home range-body size scaling based on fractal resource distributions, in which resource encounter rates are a function of body size. The model predicts no universally constant scaling exponent for home range, but defines a possible range of values set by geometric limits to resource density and distribution. The model unifies apparently conflicting earlier results and explains differences in scaling exponents among herbivorous and carnivorous mammals and birds(5-18). We apply the model to predict that home range increases with habitat fragmentation, and that the home ranges of larger species should be much more sensitive to habitat fragmentation than those of smaller species.
C1 Utah State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
   Syracuse Univ, Dept Biol, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA.
   Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Trop Natl Conservat & Vertebrate Ecol Grp, NL-6708 PD Wageningen, Netherlands.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; Utah State University; Syracuse University; Wageningen University & Research
RP Haskell, JP (corresponding author), Utah State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
EM jhaskell@cc.usu.edu
NR 30
TC 265
Z9 311
U1 4
U2 122
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6897
BP 527
EP 530
DI 10.1038/nature00840
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 579EE
UT WOS:000177162800039
PM 12152078
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roy, PJ
   Stuart, JM
   Lund, J
   Kim, SK
AF Roy, PJ
   Stuart, JM
   Lund, J
   Kim, SK
TI Chromosomal clustering of muscle-expressed genes in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polycistronic transcription; genome; domains; protein; map
AB Chromosomes are divided into domains of open chromatin, where genes have the potential to be expressed, and domains of closed chromatin, where genes are not expressed(1). Classic examples of open chromatin domains include 'puffs' on polytene chromosomes in Drosophila and extended loops from lampbrush chromosomes(2,3). If multiple genes were typically expressed together from a single open chromatin domain, the position of co-expressed genes along the chromosomes would appear clustered. To investigate whether co-expressed genes are clustered, we examined the chromosomal positions of the genes expressed in muscle of Caenorhabditis elegans at the first larval stage. Here we show that co-expressed genes in C. elegans are clustered in groups of 2-5 along the chromosomes, suggesting that expression from a chromatin domain can extend over several genes. These observations reveal a higher-order organization of the structure of the genome, in which the order of genes along the chromosome is correlated with their expression in specific tissues.
C1 Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Med Informat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Kim, SK (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 20
TC 337
Z9 405
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6901
BP 975
EP 979
DI 10.1038/nature01012
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 588AP
UT WOS:000177677500044
PM 12214599
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hahnloser, RHR
   Kozhevnikov, AA
   Fee, MS
AF Hahnloser, RHR
   Kozhevnikov, AA
   Fee, MS
TI An ultra-sparse code underlies the generation of neural sequences in a songbird
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zebra finch song; nucleus robustus-archistriatalis; identification; birdsong; vocalizations; connections; plasticity; behavior; system; sleep
AB Sequences of motor activity are encoded in many vertebrate brains by complex spatio-temporal patterns of neural activity; however, the neural circuit mechanisms underlying the generation of these pre-motor patterns are poorly understood. In songbirds, one prominent site of pre-motor activity is the forebrain robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA), which generates stereotyped sequences of spike bursts during song(1) and recapitulates these sequences during sleep(2). We show that the stereotyped sequences in RA are driven from nucleus HVC (high vocal centre), the principal pre-motor input to RA(3,4). Recordings of identified HVC neurons in sleeping and singing birds show that individual HVC neurons projecting onto RA neurons produce bursts sparsely, at a single, precise time during the RA sequence. These HVC neurons burst sequentially with respect to one another. We suggest that at each time in the RA sequence, the ensemble of active RA neurons is driven by a subpopulation of RA-projecting HVC neurons that is active only at that time. As a population, these HVC neurons may form an explicit representation of time in the sequence. Such a sparse representation, a temporal analogue of the 'grandmother cell'(5) concept for object recognition, eliminates the problem of temporal interference during sequence generation and learning attributed to more distributed representations(6,7).
C1 Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Biol Computat Res Dept, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Fee, MS (corresponding author), Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Biol Computat Res Dept, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
NR 30
TC 778
Z9 947
U1 1
U2 63
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6902
BP 65
EP 70
DI 10.1038/nature00974
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 589YF
UT WOS:000177788600037
PM 12214232
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Batterham, RL
   Cowley, MA
   Small, CJ
   Herzog, H
   Cohen, MA
   Dakin, CL
   Wren, AM
   Brynes, AE
   Low, MJ
   Ghatei, MA
   Cone, RD
   Bloom, SR
AF Batterham, RL
   Cowley, MA
   Small, CJ
   Herzog, H
   Cohen, MA
   Dakin, CL
   Wren, AM
   Brynes, AE
   Low, MJ
   Ghatei, MA
   Cone, RD
   Bloom, SR
TI Gut hormone PYY3-36 physiologically inhibits food intake
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neuropeptide-y receptor; peptide-yy; arcuate nucleus; body-weight; neurons; system; release; leptin; analog; rat
AB Food intake is regulated by the hypothalamus, including the melanocortin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) systems in the arcuate nucleus(1). The NPY Y2 receptor (Y2R), a putative inhibitory presynaptic receptor, is highly expressed on NPY neurons(2) in the arcuate nucleus, which is accessible to peripheral hormones(3). Peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36), a Y2R agonist(4), is released from the gastrointestinal tract postprandially in proportion to the calorie content of a meal(5-7). Here we show that peripheral injection of PYY3-36 in rats inhibits food intake and reduces weight gain. PYY3-36 also inhibits food intake in mice but not in Y2r-null mice, which suggests that the anorectic effect requires the Y2R. Peripheral administration of PYY3-36 increases c-Fos immunoreactivity in the arcuate nucleus and decreases hypothalamic Npy messenger RNA. Intra-arcuate injection of PYY3-36 inhibits food intake. PYY3-36 also inhibits electrical activity of NPY nerve terminals, thus activating adjacent pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons(8). In humans, infusion of normal postprandial concentrations of PYY3-36 significantly decreases appetite and reduces food intake by 33% over 24 h. Thus, postprandial elevation of PYY3-36 may act through the arcuate nucleus Y2R to inhibit feeding in a gut-hypothalamic pathway.
C1 Imperial Coll Fac Med, London W12 0NN, England.
   Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Oregon Natl Primate Res Ctr, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA.
   Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Vollum Inst, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
   Garvan Inst Med Res, Neurobiol Program, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
C3 Imperial College London; Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon National Primate Research Center; Oregon Health & Science University; Garvan Institute of Medical Research
RP Bloom, SR (corresponding author), Imperial Coll Fac Med, Hammersmith Campus,Du Cane Rd, London W12 0NN, England.
NR 23
TC 1814
Z9 2188
U1 2
U2 153
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6898
BP 650
EP 654
DI 10.1038/nature00887
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 581RA
UT WOS:000177305600045
PM 12167864
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kops, GJPL
   Dansen, TB
   Polderman, PE
   Saarloos, I
   Wirtz, KWA
   Coffer, PJ
   Huang, TT
   Bos, JL
   Medema, RH
   Burgering, BMT
AF Kops, GJPL
   Dansen, TB
   Polderman, PE
   Saarloos, I
   Wirtz, KWA
   Coffer, PJ
   Huang, TT
   Bos, JL
   Medema, RH
   Burgering, BMT
TI Forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a protects quiescent cells from oxidative stress
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; glucose deprivation; gene-expression; kinase; cytotoxicity; activation; akt/pkb; signals
AB Reactive oxygen species are required for cell proliferation but can also induce apoptosis(1). In proliferating cells this paradox is solved by the activation of protein kinase B (PKB; also known as c-Akt), which protects cells from apoptosis(2). By contrast, it is unknown how quiescent cells that lack PKB activity are protected against cell death induced by reactive oxygen species. Here we show that the PKB-regulated Forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a (also known as FKHR-L1) protects quiescent cells from oxidative stress by directly increasing their quantities of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) messenger RNA and protein. This increase in protection from reactive oxygen species antagonizes apoptosis caused by glucose deprivation. In quiescent cells that lack the protective mechanism of PKB-mediated signalling, an alternative mechanism is induced as a consequence of PKB inactivity. This mechanism entails the activation of Forkhead transcription factors, the transcriptional activation of MnSOD and the subsequent reduction of reactive oxygen species. Increased resistance to oxidative stress is associated with longevity. The model of Forkhead involvement in regulating longevity stems from genetic analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans(3-6), and we conclude that this model also extends to mammalian systems.
C1 Univ Med Ctr Utrecht, Dept Physiol Chem, NL-3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Ctr Biomed Genet, NL-3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Utrecht, Inst Biomembranes, Dept Biochem Lipids, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Med Ctr Utrecht, Dept Pulm Dis, NL-3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pediat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Biol, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Utrecht University; Utrecht University Medical Center; Utrecht University; Utrecht University; Utrecht University Medical Center; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Netherlands Cancer Institute
RP Burgering, BMT (corresponding author), Univ Med Ctr Utrecht, Dept Physiol Chem, NL-3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands.
NR 27
TC 1367
Z9 1551
U1 2
U2 139
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6904
BP 316
EP 321
DI 10.1038/nature01036
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 594NH
UT WOS:000178056300050
PM 12239572
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matter, N
   Herrlich, P
   König, H
AF Matter, N
   Herrlich, P
   König, H
TI Signal-dependent regulation of splicing via phosphorylation of Sam68
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna; cd44; kinase; transduction; activation; selection; domains; binding; mitosis; variant
AB Evolution of human organismal complexity from a relatively small number of genes(1,2-)only approximately twice that of worm or fly-is explained mainly by mechanisms generating multiple proteins from a single gene, the most prevalent of which is alternative pre-messenger-RNA splicing(1,3,4). Appropriate spatial and temporal generation of splice variants demands that alternative splicing be subject to extensive regulation, similar to transcriptional control. Activation by extracellular cues of several cellular signalling pathways can indeed regulate alternative splicing(5-8). Here we address the link between signal transduction and splice regulation. We show that the nuclear RNA-binding protein Sam68 is a new extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) target. It binds exonic splice-regulatory elements of an alternatively spliced exon that is physiologically regulated by the Ras signalling pathway, namely exon v5 of CD44. Forced expression of Sam68 enhanced ERK-mediated inclusion of the v5-exon sequence in mRNA. This enhancement was impaired by mutation of ERK-phosphorylation sites in Sam68, whereas ERK phosphorylation of Sam68 stimulated splicing of the v5 exon in vitro. Finally, Ras-pathway-induced alternative splicing of the endogenous CD44-v5 exon was abolished by suppression of Sam68 expression. Our data define Sam68 as a prototype regulator of alternative splicing whose function depends on protein modification in response to extracellular cues.
C1 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Toxicol & Genet, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
   Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Genet, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
RP König, H (corresponding author), Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Toxicol & Genet, Postfach 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
EM harald.koenig@itg.fzk.de
NR 26
TC 379
Z9 441
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6916
BP 691
EP 695
DI 10.1038/nature01153
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 624GK
UT WOS:000179751800051
PM 12478298
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gillooly, JF
   Charnov, EL
   West, GB
   Savage, VM
   Brown, JH
AF Gillooly, JF
   Charnov, EL
   West, GB
   Savage, VM
   Brown, JH
TI Effects of size and temperature on developmental time
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic-development time; n-p stoichiometry; incubation-temperature; life-history; body-size; egg size; zooplankton; growth; reproduction; longevity
AB Body size and temperature are the two most important variables affecting nearly all biological rates and times(1-7). The relationship of size and temperature to development is of particular interest, because during ontogeny size changes and temperature often varies(8-12).Here we derive a general model, based on first principles of allometry and biochemical kinetics, that predicts the time of ontogenetic development as a function of body mass and temperature. The model fits embryonic development times spanning a wide range of egg sizes and incubation temperatures for birds and aquatic ectotherms (fish, amphibians, aquatic insects and zooplankton). The model also describes nearly 75% of the variation in post-embryonic development among a diverse sample of zooplankton. The remaining variation is partially explained by stoichiometry, specifically the whole-body carbon to phosphorus ratio. Development in other animals at other life stages is also described by this model. These results suggest a general definition of biological time that is approximately invariant and common to all organisms.
C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
   Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Phys, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
C3 University of New Mexico; The Santa Fe Institute; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Gillooly, JF (corresponding author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
EM gillooly@unm.edu
NR 30
TC 627
Z9 657
U1 4
U2 458
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6884
BP 70
EP 73
DI 10.1038/417070a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 546ZM
UT WOS:000175307200039
PM 11986667
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Belkaid, Y
   Piccirillo, CA
   Mendez, S
   Shevach, EM
   Sacks, DL
AF Belkaid, Y
   Piccirillo, CA
   Mendez, S
   Shevach, EM
   Sacks, DL
TI CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells control Leishmania major persistence and immunity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID azar dermal leishmaniasis; interferon-gamma; kala-azar; dendritic cells; activation; interleukin-10; il-10; skin; expression; disease
AB The long-term persistence of pathogens in a host that is also able to maintain strong resistance to reinfection, referred to as concomitant immunity, is a hallmark of certain infectious diseases, including tuberculosis and leishmaniasis. The ability of pathogens to establish latency in immune individuals often has severe consequences for disease reactivation(1-3). Here we show that the persistence of Leishmania major in the skin after healing in resistant C57BL/6 mice is controlled by an endogenous population of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. These cells constitute 5-10% of peripheral CD4(+) T cells in naive mice and humans, and suppress several potentially pathogenic responses in vivo, particularly T-cell responses directed against self-antigens(4). During infection by L. major, CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells accumulate in the dermis, where they suppress-by both interleukin-10-dependent and interleukin-10-independent mechanisms-the ability of CD4(+)CD25(-) effector T cells to eliminate the parasite from the site. The sterilizing immunity achieved in mice with impaired IL-10 activity is followed by the loss of immunity to reinfection, indicating that the equilibrium established between effector and regulatory T cells in sites of chronic infection might reflect both parasite and host survival strategies.
C1 NIAID, Parasit Dis Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIAID, Immunol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP Belkaid, Y (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp, Div Mol Immunol, Res Fdn, 3333 Burnet Ave,MLC 7021, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA.
FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [ZIAAI000224, ZIAAI000494] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 26
TC 1416
Z9 1683
U1 0
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6915
BP 502
EP 507
DI 10.1038/nature01152
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 621VK
UT WOS:000179611600045
PM 12466842
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Friml, J
   Wisniewska, J
   Benkova, E
   Mendgen, K
   Palme, K
AF Friml, J
   Wisniewska, J
   Benkova, E
   Mendgen, K
   Palme, K
TI Lateral relocation of auxin efflux regulator PIN3 mediates tropism in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transport; gravitropism; thaliana; roots; seedlings
AB Long-standing models propose that plant growth responses to light or gravity are mediated by asymmetric distribution of the phytohormone auxin(1-3). Physiological studies implicated a specific transport system that relocates auxin laterally, thereby effecting differential growth(4); however, neither the molecular components of this system nor the cellular mechanism of auxin redistribution on light or gravity perception have been identified. Here, we show that auxin accumulates asymmetrically during differential growth in an efflux-dependent manner. Mutations in the Arabidopsis gene PIN3, a regulator of auxin efflux, alter differential growth. PIN3 is expressed in gravity-sensing tissues, with PIN3 protein accumulating predominantly at the lateral cell surface. PIN3 localizes to the plasma membrane and to vesicles that cycle in an actin-dependent manner. In the root columella, PIN3 is positioned symmetrically at the plasma membrane but rapidly relocalizes laterally on gravity stimulation. Our data indicate that PIN3 is a component of the lateral auxin transport system regulating tropic growth. In addition, actin-dependent relocalization of PIN3 in response to gravity provides a mechanism for redirecting auxin flux to trigger asymmetric growth.
C1 Max Planck Gesell, Max Delbruck Lab, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
   Univ Tubingen, Zentrum Mol Biol Pflanzen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Inst Gen & Mol Biol, Dept Biotechnol, PL-87100 Torun, Poland.
   Univ Konstanz, Lehrstuhl Phytopathol, D-78457 Constance, Germany.
   Univ Freiburg, Inst Biol 2, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Nicolaus Copernicus University; University of Konstanz; University of Freiburg
RP Friml, J (corresponding author), Max Planck Gesell, Max Delbruck Lab, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
EM jiri.friml@zmbp.uni-tuebingen.de; palme@mpiz-koeln.mpg.de
NR 26
TC 1123
Z9 1313
U1 4
U2 319
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 14
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6873
BP 806
EP 809
DI 10.1038/415806a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 521HE
UT WOS:000173833900050
PM 11845211
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cervelli, P
   Segall, P
   Johnson, K
   Lisowski, M
   Miklius, A
AF Cervelli, P
   Segall, P
   Johnson, K
   Lisowski, M
   Miklius, A
TI Sudden aseismic fault slip on the south flank of Kilauea volcano
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID global positioning system; rapid deformation; mauna-loa; hawaii; earthquake; beneath
AB One of the greatest hazards associated with oceanic volcanoes is not volcanic in nature, but lies with the potential for catastrophic flank failure(1,2). Such flank failure can result in devastating tsunamis and threaten not only the immediate vicinity, but coastal cities along the entire rim of an ocean basin(3). Kilauea volcano on the island of Hawaii, USA, is a potential source of such flank failures(3,4) and has therefore been monitored by a network of continuously recording geodetic instruments, including global positioning system (GPS) receivers, tilt meters and strain meters. Here we report that, in early November 2000, this network recorded transient southeastward displacements, which we interpret as an episode of aseismic fault slip. The duration of the event was about 36 hours, it had an equivalent moment magnitude of 5.7 and a maximum slip velocity of about 6 cm per day. Inversion of the GPS data reveals a shallow-dipping thrust fault at a depth of 4.5 km that we interpret as the down-dip extension of the Hilina Pali-Holei Pali normal fault system. This demonstrates that continuously recording geodetic networks can detect accelerating slip, potentially leading to warnings of volcanic flank collapse.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA.
C3 Stanford University; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Cervelli, P (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Mitchell Bldg, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM cervelli@sumo.wr.usgs.gov
NR 29
TC 124
Z9 140
U1 1
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 28
PY 2002
VL 415
IS 6875
BP 1014
EP 1018
DI 10.1038/4151014a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 525MF
UT WOS:000174075000042
PM 11875566
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bidartondo, MI
   Redecker, D
   Hijri, I
   Wiemken, A
   Bruns, TD
   Domínguez, L
   Sérsic, A
   Leake, JR
   Read, DJ
AF Bidartondo, MI
   Redecker, D
   Hijri, I
   Wiemken, A
   Bruns, TD
   Domínguez, L
   Sérsic, A
   Leake, JR
   Read, DJ
TI Epiparasitic plants specialized on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon transfer; specificity; diversity; identification; associations; variability; mutualism; primers; glomus; roots
AB Over 400 non-photosynthetic species from 10 families of vascular plants obtain their carbon from fungi and are thus defined as myco-heterotrophs(1). Many of these plants are epiparasitic on green plants from which they obtain carbon by 'cheating' shared mycorrhizal fungi(2-7). Epiparasitic plants examined to date depend on ectomycorrhizal fungi for carbon transfer and exhibit exceptional specificity for these fungi(3-7), but for most mycoheterotrophs neither the identity of the fungi nor the sources of their carbon are known. Because many myco-heterotrophs grow in forests dominated by plants associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; phylum Glomeromycota), we proposed that epiparasitism would occur also between plants linked by AMF. On a global scale AMF form the most widespread mycorrhizae, thus the ability of plants to cheat this symbiosis would be highly significant. We analysed mycorrhizae from three populations of Arachnitis uniflora (Corsiaceae, Monocotyledonae), five Voyria species and one Voyriella species (Gentianaceae, Dicotyledonae), and neighbouring green plants. Here we show that non-photosynthetic plants associate with AMF and can display the characteristic specificity of epiparasites. This suggests that AMF mediate significant inter-plant carbon transfer in nature.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Basel, Inst Bot, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
   Inst Multidisciplinario Biol Vegetal, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Basel; University of Sheffield
RP Bidartondo, MI (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 30
TC 205
Z9 247
U1 1
U2 129
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 2002
VL 419
IS 6905
BP 389
EP 392
DI 10.1038/nature01054
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 596ZB
UT WOS:000178195400044
PM 12353033
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zheng, N
   Schulman, BA
   Song, LZ
   Miller, JJ
   Jeffrey, PD
   Wang, P
   Chu, C
   Koepp, DM
   Elledge, SJ
   Pagano, M
   Conaway, RC
   Conaway, JW
   Harper, JW
   Pavletich, NP
AF Zheng, N
   Schulman, BA
   Song, LZ
   Miller, JJ
   Jeffrey, PD
   Wang, P
   Chu, C
   Koepp, DM
   Elledge, SJ
   Pagano, M
   Conaway, RC
   Conaway, JW
   Harper, JW
   Pavletich, NP
TI Structure of the Cul1-Rbx1-Skp1-F boxSkp2 SCF ubiquitin ligase complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anaphase-promoting complex; cyclin-e; crystal-structure; protein; subunit; identification; degradation; proteolysis; mechanisms; p27(kip1)
AB SCF complexes are the largest family of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases and mediate the ubiquitination of diverse regulatory and signalling proteins. Here we present the crystal structure of the Cul1-Rbx1-Skp1-F box(Skp2) SCF complex, which shows that Cul1 is an elongated protein that consists of a long stalk and a globular domain. The globular domain binds the RING finger protein Rbx1 through an intermolecular beta-sheet, forming a two-subunit catalytic core that recruits the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. The long stalk, which consists of three repeats of a novel five-helix motif, binds the Skp1-F box(Skp2) protein substrate-recognition complex at its tip. Cul1 serves as a rigid scaffold that organizes the Skp1-F box(Skp2) and Rbx1 subunits, holding them over 100 Angstrom apart. The structure suggests that Cul1 may contribute to catalysis through the positioning of the substrate and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, and this model is supported by Cul1 mutations designed to eliminate the rigidity of the scaffold.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Verna & Marrs Mclean Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   NYU, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Med Ctr, Kaplan Comprehens Canc Ctr, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Stowers Inst Med Res, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; New York University; New York University; Stowers Institute for Medical Research
RP Pavletich, NP (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM nikola@xray2.mskcc.org
FU NIA NIH HHS [R01 AG011085] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute on Aging [R01AG011085] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 50
TC 1263
Z9 1539
U1 7
U2 177
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6882
BP 703
EP 709
DI 10.1038/416703a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 542FU
UT WOS:000175033500033
PM 11961546
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McKee, CF
   Tan, JC
AF McKee, CF
   Tan, JC
TI Massive star formation in 100,000 years from turbulent and pressurized molecular clouds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; orion; protostars; accretion; collapse; cluster; cores; gas
AB Massive stars (with mass m(*) > 8 solar masses M.) are fundamental to the evolution of galaxies, because they produce heavy elements, inject energy into the interstellar medium, and possibly regulate the star formation rate. The individual star formation time, t(*f), determines the accretion rate of the star; the value of the former quantity is currently uncertain by many orders of magnitude(1-6) , leading to other astrophysical questions. For example, the variation of t(*f) with stellar mass dictates whether massive stars can form simultaneously with low-mass stars in clusters. Here we show that t(*f) is determined by the conditions in the star's natal cloud, and is typically similar to10(5) yr. The corresponding mass accretion rate depends on the pressure within the cloud-which we relate to the gas surface density-and on both the instantaneous and final stellar masses. Characteristic accretion rates are sufficient to overcome radiation pressure from similar to100M. protostars, while simultaneously driving intense bipolar gas outflows. The weak dependence of t(*f) on the final mass of the star allows high- and low-mass star formation to occur nearly simultaneously in clusters.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Princeton Univ Observ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Princeton University
RP McKee, CF (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM cmckee@mckee.berkeley.edu
NR 30
TC 317
Z9 343
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 2002
VL 416
IS 6876
BP 59
EP 61
DI 10.1038/416059a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 527WU
UT WOS:000174211600035
PM 11882889
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Benoist, C
   Mathis, D
AF Benoist, C
   Mathis, D
TI Mast cells in autoimmune disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID myelin basic-protein; experimental allergic neuritis; tumor-necrosis-factor; multiple-sclerosis; proinflammatory cytokine; neutrophil recruitment; induced arthritis; murine model; mechanisms; innate
AB Mast cells are known to be the primary responders in allergic reactions, orchestrating strong responses to minute amounts of allergens. Several recent observations indicate that they may also have a key role in coordinating the early phases of autoimmune diseases, particularly those involving auto-antibodies.
C1 Joslin Diabet Ctr, Sect Immunol & Immunogenet, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Joslin Diabetes Center, Inc.; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Benoist, C (corresponding author), Joslin Diabet Ctr, Sect Immunol & Immunogenet, 1 Joslin Pl, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM cbdm@joslin.harvard.edu
NR 55
TC 244
Z9 342
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 26
PY 2002
VL 420
IS 6917
BP 875
EP 878
DI 10.1038/nature01324
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 626WR
UT WOS:000179897300069
PM 12490961
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ganichev, SD
   Ivchenko, EL
   Bel'kov, VV
   Tarasenko, SA
   Sollinger, M
   Weiss, D
   Wegscheider, W
   Prettl, W
AF Ganichev, SD
   Ivchenko, EL
   Bel'kov, VV
   Tarasenko, SA
   Sollinger, M
   Weiss, D
   Wegscheider, W
   Prettl, W
TI Spin-galvanic effect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-gas; relaxation; injection; semiconductors; transport
AB There is much recent interest in exploiting the spin of conduction electrons in semiconductor heterostructures together with their charge to realize new device concepts(1). Electrical currents are usually generated by electric or magnetic fields, or by gradients of, for example, carrier concentration or temperature. The electron spin in a spin-polarized electron gas can, in principle, also drive an electrical current, even at room temperature, if some general symmetry requirements are met. Here we demonstrate such a 'spin-galvanic' effect in semiconductor heterostructures, induced by a non-equilibrium, but uniform population of electron spins. The microscopic origin for this effect is that the two electronic sub-bands for spin-up and spin-down electrons are shifted in momentum space and, although the electron distribution in each sub-band is symmetric, there is an inherent asymmetry in the spin-flip scattering events between the two sub-bands. The resulting current flow has been detected by applying a magnetic field to rotate an optically oriented non-equilibrium spin polarization in the direction of the sample plane. In contrast to previous experiments, where spin-polarized currents were driven by electric fields in semiconductor(2,3),we have here the complementary situation where electron spins drive a current without the need of an external electric field.
C1 Univ Regensburg, Fak Phys, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
   RAS, AF Ioffe Physicotech Inst, St Petersburg 194021, Russia.
   Tech Univ Munich, Walter Schottky Inst, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
C3 University of Regensburg; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Ioffe Physical Technical Institute; Technical University of Munich
RP Ganichev, SD (corresponding author), Univ Regensburg, Fak Phys, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
EM sergey.ganichev@physik.uni-regensburg.de
NR 27
TC 491
Z9 528
U1 0
U2 140
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 2002
VL 417
IS 6885
BP 153
EP 156
DI 10.1038/417153a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 549RH
UT WOS:000175460200037
PM 12000954
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lin, SJ
   Kaeberlein, M
   Andalis, AA
   Sturtz, LA
   Defossez, PA
   Culotta, VC
   Fink, GR
   Guarente, L
AF Lin, SJ
   Kaeberlein, M
   Andalis, AA
   Sturtz, LA
   Defossez, PA
   Culotta, VC
   Fink, GR
   Guarente, L
TI Calorie restriction extends Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan by increasing respiration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID superoxide-dismutase; protein sir2; metabolism; extension; longevity; overexpression; catalase; stress; nad
AB Calorie restriction (CR) extends lifespan in a wide spectrum of organisms and is the only regimen known to lengthen the lifespan of mammals(1-4). We established a model of CR in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this system, lifespan can be extended by limiting glucose or by reducing the activity of the glucose-sensing cyclic-AMP-dependent kinase (PKA)(5). Lifespan extension in a mutant with reduced PKA activity requires Sir2 and NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)(5). In this study we explore how CR activates Sir2 to extend lifespan. Here we show that the shunting of carbon metabolism toward the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle and the concomitant increase in respiration play a central part in this process. We discuss how this metabolic strategy may apply to CR in animals.
C1 MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Johns Hopkins University
RP Guarente, L (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Biol, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM leng@mit.edu
NR 28
TC 863
Z9 1049
U1 1
U2 115
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 2002
VL 418
IS 6895
BP 344
EP 348
DI 10.1038/nature00829
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 574BF
UT WOS:000176868000047
PM 12124627
DA 2026-03-09
ER

